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553:, probably from the 6th century, is the largest and finest of a group of early temples in a distinct local style. The bare castle-like appearance of the central square tower today probably does not reflect the original design, as the upper parts of the structure around it are missing. Above the plain walls the sloping top includes three large gavakshas on each face, two below and one above, which are unusual in actually being open, rather than in shallow
623:
348:
450:
20:
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591:
of the south, the nāsī ("kudu" in Tamil). He allows an early period of "gradual differentiation" as the nāsī evolves from the gavaksha, the first to appear. In a detailed analysis of the parts of the motif, he points to several differences of form. Among other characteristics of the nāsī, the motif
187:
in relief, presumably representing the ceiling of a thatched roof. Below that is a curved relief of a line of elephants. The entrance leads into the side of the hall, so unlike most later window frame examples, the arch bears no great relationship to the space it leads into. The immediately
299:
81:) is a Sanskrit word which means "bull's or cow's eye". In Hindu temples, their role is envisioned as symbolically radiating the light and splendour of the central icon in its sanctum. Alternatively, they are described as providing a window for the deity to gaze out into the world.
214:, and inside that a curving lattice in low relief that represents the receding roof timbers of the inside of a notional building. At the bottom, a small area, more or less semi-circular, represents the far wall of the structure, and may be plain (e.g.
398:
265:
At the entrance to Cave 19 at Ajanta, four horizontal zones of the decoration use repeated "chaitya arch" motifs on an otherwise plain band (two on the projecting porch, and two above). There is a head inside each arch. Early examples include
492:
with "split and superimposed" blind gavakshas, also with wide frames. This was to be the style of gavaksha that had already been widely adopted for the decoration of Hindu and Jain temples, and is seen in simplified form in the
Buddhist
84:
Like the whole of the classic chaitya, the form originated in the shape of the wooden thatched roofs of buildings, none of which have survived; the earliest version replicating such roofs in stone is at the entrance to the non-Buddhist
484:, the window on the facade has developed considerably. The main window is smaller, and now bears no relation to the roof inside (which still has the traditional ribs). It has only two of the traditional projections imitating
430:
676:
535:, complete by 730 if not before, and perhaps begun as a Buddhist excavation, may be one of the earliest examples of the full style. The motif spread to South India, for example the 7th and 8th century temples at
707:
382:
160:
from early
Buddhist sites in India, and was evidently widely used for roofs made from plant materials in ancient Indian architecture. Simple versions of similar structures remain in use today by the
531:, where the motifs cover most of the surface but do not actually interlock. This is of the 6th century at the latest, but perhaps restoring a design of as early as the 2nd or 3rd century. Cave 15 at
653:
692:
602:
366:
108:-like frame, spreading rather wide, around a circular or semi-circular medallion, which may contain a sculpture of a figure or head. An early stage is shown in the entrance to Cave 9 at the
112:, where the chaitya arch window frame is repeated several times as a decorative motif. Here, and in many similar early examples, the interior of the arch in the motif contains low relief
512:
developed. This is a very large developed gavaksha motif fixed on the outside of the temple tower over its entrance, normally standing vertical, although the tower slopes inwards.
73:
hall, around the single large window. In later forms it develops well beyond this type, and becomes a very flexible unit, "the most common motif of Hindu temple architecture".
128:
622:
519:
towers or other surfaces could be taken up by grids of interlocking gavaksha motifs, often called "gavaksha mesh" or honeycomb. Early examples include the
Buddhist
328:
188:
neighbouring cave in the same rock face has a plain undecorated recess at the entrance, which originally may have held a porch of similar design in plant materials.
104:
in decoration, and evolved versions continue into Hindu decoration, long after actual chaityas had ceased to be built. In these cases it can become an elaborate
312:
747:
727:
414:
468:
638:
488:
beam-ends, and a wide decorative frame that spreads over several times the width of the actual window opening. Two doors to the sides have
1099:
1109:
262:
noted in the nineteenth century: "Everywhere ... in India architectural decoration is made up of small models of large buildings".
347:
65:
and later Indian structural temples and other buildings. In its original form, the arch is shaped like the cross-section of a
1104:
1084:
1066:
1049:
1031:
1010:
62:
592:
has no frame at the base, the interior of the window is often blank (perhaps originally painted), and there is often a
210:
window motifs as decoration. In these the inside of the arch has a series of square-ended projections representing the
502:
373:
259:
1024:
Indian Temple
Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries
718:
206:
halls use the same ogee shape for the main window needed to illuminate the interior, and often also have small
557:, like almost all later gavakshas. Originally statues stood behind them, of which very little now remains.
588:
449:
802:
100:
The "chaitya arch" around the large window above the entrance frequently appears repeated as a small
191:
183:, a non-Buddhist religious and philosophical group of the period. A band below the arch contains a
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head at the top of the motif. In general, the form is less linear, and more heavily ornamented.
584:
441:
101:
50:
32:
408:, 1st century BCE. The chaitya arch window frame is repeated several times as a decorative motif.
275:
105:
1080:
1062:
1045:
1035:
1027:
1014:
1006:
1054:
868:
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238:, apparently representing lattice railings, similar to those shown edging the balconies and
231:
223:
153:
86:
24:
234:
cave 18, over doorway). Often the areas around these window or gable motifs have bands of
156:
and other sites appears as a feature of both sacred and secular buildings represented in
663:
629:
196:
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109:
66:
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184:
161:
113:
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683:
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546:
536:
515:
By the end of the 7th century, and perhaps earlier, the entire faces of large
295:
243:
133:
1077:
The
Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
569:
540:
528:
498:
389:
19:
792:
to examples from the Gupta period, when contemporary texts use that term.
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659:
520:
516:
509:
489:
180:
645:
613:
550:
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203:
70:
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distinguishes between the gavaksha, which he largely restricts to the
480:
By around 650, the time of the last rock-cut chaitya hall, Cave 10 at
372:
Development of the
Chaitya Arch from Lomas Rishi Cave, from a book by
699:
554:
532:
485:
481:
473:
421:
335:
303:
251:
239:
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141:
117:
49:
in Tamil, also nāsī) are the terms most often used to describe the
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440:, late 5th century, also with four zones using the "chaitya arch"
211:
190:
149:
127:
94:
18:
738:
565:
171:
The rock-cut Lomas Rishi Cave was excavated during the reign of
58:
54:
1044:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
698:
Elaborated gavakshas at the early 9th-century Jain Cave 32 at
218:
over side galleries), show a different lattice pattern (e.g.
628:
Two chaitya arch motifs on top of each other. Hindu temple,
23:
The earliest surviving chaitya arch, at the entrance to the
682:
560:
Gavakshas are prominent in some temples of the 8th century
69:. It is called a chaitya arch when used on the facade of a
872:, vol. 38, no. 2, 1956, pp. 127–129, (Review of Zimmer)
568:, among the earliest monumental Hindu temples in modern
16:
Motif centred on an arch in Indian rock-cut architecture
226:
cave 18, above), or a decorative motif (e.g. Cave 9,
666:
and small gavaksha motifs, Jambulingeshwara Temple,
1042:
788:. Harle, 49, 166, 276. Harle restricts use of
294:Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of
8:
392:railings (replica), representing a building
769:
598:
472:The last chaitya hall window, Cave 10,
284:
254:. This is especially the case at the
318:Interior of a rock-cut chaitya hall,
7:
1061:, Volume 1, 1996 (originally 1946),
587:of the north, and its cousin in the
242:of the fort-palace in the relief of
686:includes gavakshas in several forms
404:Exterior of chaitya hall, Cave 9,
14:
616:, c. late 6th / early 7th century
116:imitating receding roof timbers (
746:
726:
713:"Honeycomb" of gavakshas on the
706:
691:
675:
652:
637:
621:
601:
448:
429:
413:
397:
381:
365:
346:
327:
311:
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61:that decorates many examples of
1003:Hinduism and the Religious Arts
917:Harle, 112, 132, 201; Hardy, 40
179:in the 3rd century BC, for the
1026:, 1995, Abhinav Publications,
926:Kramrisch, 240–241; Harle, 140
258:, in an early example of what
1:
508:Also in the 7th century, the
248:War over the Buddha's Relics
138:War over the Buddha's Relics
63:Indian rock-cut architecture
881:Harle, 48; Michell, 217–218
839:Harle, 48; Michell, 217–218
503:Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh
298:circa 500 BCE adapted from
250:, South Gate, Stupa no. 1,
140:, South Gate, Stupa no. 1,
1126:
562:group on the Dieng plateau
1100:Hindu temple architecture
1110:Ornaments (architecture)
803:"Glossary of Indian Art"
719:Vamana Temple, Khajuraho
420:Chaitya arch motif in a
334:Chaitya arch motif in a
57:, circular or horseshoe
1079:, 1989, Penguin Books,
1005:, 2000, A&C Black,
971:Michell (1988), 160–161
857:Hardy, 38; Harle, 43–48
589:Dravidian architecture
477:
199:
195:Piled-up gavakshas at
152:-end form seen at the
145:
89:, one of the man-made
28:
1105:Buddhist architecture
471:
436:Entrance to Cave 19,
353:Side wall inside the
194:
131:
22:
899:Quoted in Hardy, 18
733:Candi Bima temple,
585:Nagara architecture
33:Indian architecture
830:Elgood (2000), 103
670:, 7th-8th century.
576:Nāsīs of the south
478:
455:Modern hut of the
322:, the ribs in wood
276:Varaha Cave Temple
200:
146:
29:
1075:Michell, George,
1069:, 9788120802223,
1055:Kramrisch, Stella
1034:, 9788170173120,
1013:, 9780304707393,
1001:Elgood, Heather,
464:Later development
1117:
1059:The Hindu Temple
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869:The Art Bulletin
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610:Gop Surya temple
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525:Mahabodhi Temple
501:, and the Hindu
495:Mahabodhi Temple
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331:
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291:
232:Pandavleni Caves
224:Pandavleni Caves
154:Lomas Rishi Cave
87:Lomas Rishi Cave
27:, 3rd century BC
25:Lomas Rishi Cave
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756:(Five Rathas),
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632:, 8th century.
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202:Early rock-cut
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962:Harle, 136–138
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741:, 8th century
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664:Shiva Nataraja
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630:Osian, Jodhpur
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608:North roof of
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53:centred on an
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890:Harle, 48, 54
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758:Mahabalipuram
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735:Dieng temples
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523:tower at the
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388:Scene on the
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274:9 and 19 and
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222:main front),
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177:Maurya Empire
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166:Nilgiri Hills
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91:Barabar Caves
88:
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52:
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38:
34:
26:
21:
1076:
1071:google books
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1036:google books
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1015:google books
1002:
989:Michell, 105
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844:
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817:
806:. Retrieved
797:
789:
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781:
777:
772:
644:Gavaksha at
579:
559:
545:
514:
507:
479:
438:Ajanta Caves
406:Ajanta Caves
280:Mamallapuram
272:Ajanta Caves
268:Ellora Caves
264:
247:
201:
170:
147:
137:
132:The city of
110:Ajanta Caves
99:
83:
78:
74:
67:barrel vault
45:
44:
41:chandrashala
40:
36:
30:
1020:Hardy, Adam
778:candraśālās
754:Bhima Ratha
564:in central
457:Toda people
374:Percy Brown
359:Bedse Caves
340:Bedse Caves
320:Bhaja Caves
256:Bedse Caves
236:latticework
220:Bhaja Caves
216:Bhaja Caves
162:Toda people
148:The arched
124:First stage
1094:Categories
1085:0140081445
1067:8120802225
1050:0300062176
1032:8170173124
1011:0304707392
996:References
953:Harle, 134
944:Harle, 201
908:Harle, 276
808:2015-05-18
790:candraśālā
776:properly:
684:Pattadakal
668:Pattadakal
594:kirtimukha
581:Adam Hardy
547:Gop Temple
537:Pattadakal
302:relief at
296:Kusinagara
244:Kusinagara
134:Kusinagara
848:Harle, 48
821:Harle, 48
721:, 1050-75
570:Indonesia
541:Karnataka
529:Bodh Gaya
499:Bodh Gaya
490:pediments
424:at Ajanta
390:Bodh Gaya
106:cartouche
715:shikhara
660:Sukanasa
521:shikhara
517:shikhara
510:sukanasa
476:, c. 650
181:Ajivikas
75:Gavākṣha
37:gavaksha
782:gavākṣa
717:of the
646:Nalanda
614:Gujarat
572:.
551:Gujarat
355:chaitya
246:in the
240:loggias
204:chaitya
185:lattice
175:in the
164:of the
158:reliefs
136:in the
118:purlins
114:lattice
79:gavaksa
71:chaitya
1083:
1065:
1048:
1030:
1009:
700:Ellora
555:relief
533:Ellora
486:purlin
482:Ellora
474:Ellora
422:vihara
336:vihara
304:Sanchi
252:Sanchi
228:Ajanta
212:joists
208:relief
173:Ashoka
142:Sanchi
765:Notes
662:with
442:motif
150:gable
102:motif
95:Bihar
51:motif
1081:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1007:ISBN
786:kūḍu
739:Java
566:Java
300:this
270:10,
168:.
77:(or
59:arch
55:ogee
46:kudu
549:in
539:in
497:at
357:at
338:at
278:at
120:).
97:.
93:in
39:or
31:In
1096::
1057:,
1022:,
784:,
780:,
737:,
612:,
543:.
527:,
505:.
282:.
230:,
35:,
811:.
376:.
306:.
144:.
43:(
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