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357:, a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algirdas name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algirdas, and grandsons of Gediminas, and great-grandsons of Skalmantas." This discovery led to the belief that Skalmantas was the long-sought ancestor of the Gediminids. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvydas, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauskas disagrees, believing Skalmantas was Butvydas' brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.
412:
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346:. For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis; according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.
486:; his Orthodox subjects reproached him with leaning towards the Latin heresy, while the pagan Lithuanians accused him of abandoning the ancient gods. Gediminas disentangled himself from his difficulties by repudiating his former promises; by refusing to receive the papal legates who arrived at Riga in September 1323, and by dismissing the Franciscans from his territories. This led Gediminas to maintain paganism in Lithuania,even if more than twice as many Orthodox Christians lived in his realm than pagans.
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467:, the king of Denmark, the Dominican and Franciscan orders, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilnius, when Gediminas confirmed his promises and undertook to be baptised as soon as the papal legates arrived. A compact was then signed at Vilnius, in the name of the whole Christian World, between Gediminas and the delegates, confirming the promised privileges.
498:
for the next four years, besides ratifying the treaty made between
Gediminas and the archbishop of Riga. Nevertheless, disregarding the censures of the church, the Order resumed the war with Gediminas by murdering one of his delegates sent to welcome the Grand Master for his arrival to Riga in 1325. He had in the meantime improved his position by an alliance with
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More titles: Illustris princeps dominus
Gedemyndis Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque rex, rex Lithuaniae Godemundis Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque rex, Gedeminne Dei gratia Letphanorum Ruthenorumque rex, princeps et dux Semigallie, rex Litwinorum, illustris dominus Rex Letwinorum, Ghodeminne
497:
At the same time
Gediminas privately informed the papal legates at Riga through his ambassadors that his difficult position compelled him to postpone his steadfast resolve of being baptised, and the legates showed their confidence in him by forbidding the neighbouring states to war against Lithuania
528:
His strategy was to gain the support of the Pope and other
Catholic powers in his conflict with the Teutonic Order by granting a favourable status to Catholics living within his realm and feigning a personal interest in the Christian religion. While he allowed Catholic clergy to enter his realm for
617:
While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous
Ruthenian principalities in the south and east. Gediminas conquered a long series of cities across Belarus and northern Ukraine as well, but the various stages of these
996:
imperial scribe John of Bremen made a copy of three letters sent by
Gediminas on 26 May to the recipients in Saxony, his transcripts contain also a detailed description of the oval waxy seal which was attached to the letter. According to the notary's transcript, the oval seal of Gediminas had a
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Gediminas was born in about 1275. Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gediminas' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that
Gediminas was either his
454:
towns, offering a free access into his domains to men of every order and profession from nobles and knights to tillers of the soil. The immigrants were to choose their own settlements and be governed by their own laws. Priests and monks were also invited to come and build churches at
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as half-brother to
Algirdas. Other historians support this claim by arguing this would explain Gediminas' otherwise mysterious designation of a middle son, Jaunutis, as his succession would be understandable if Jaunutis were the first-born son of Gediminas and a second wife.
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Gediminas was known for protecting
Catholics and Orthodox people in addition to pagans, and he is known for improving the efficiency of the Lithuanian Army. Also, he is known for building a chain of fortresses as well as numerous castles in towns including
618:
battles are impossible to follow. Especially from 1325 to 1340, sources about
Eastern campaigns being few and conflicting, and the date of every salient event exceedingly doubtful. One of his most important territorial accretions, the principality of
560:. Therefore, it is still unclear whether the letters sent to the Pope were an actual request for conversion or simply a diplomatic maneuver. Nevertheless, Gediminas began a new baptism campaign in 1340–41 to prevent the Teutonic Knights aggression.
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the purpose of ministering to his Catholic subjects and to temporary residents, he savagely punished any attempt to convert pagan Lithuanians or to insult their native religion. Thus in about 1339–1340 he executed two
1164:
and died in 1344 or 1345. Most modern historians and reference works say Gediminas' wife was Jewna, dismissing Vida and Olga as fictitious, since no sources other than this chronicle mention the other two wives.
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Despite Gediminas' chief goal to save Lithuania from German attacks, he still died as a pagan reigning over semi-pagan lands. Also, he was equally bound to his pagan kinsmen in Samogitia, to his
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Vjachaslaў Nasevіch. Gedzimin // Vialikaje kniastva Litoŭskaje: Encyklapedyja. U 3 t. / red. G. P. Paškoŭ і іnš. T. 1: Abalenskі — Kadencyja. — Minsk: Belaruskaja Encyklapedyja, 2005. S. 519.
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Slavonic and East European review, Volume 32; Published by the Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1953
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to various recipients in western Europe. Their contents are known only from later copies, some of which contain a description of the Gediminas' seal. On 18 July 1323 in
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521:. In addition, these heartland pagans together with the Orthodox Rus' threatened Gediminas with death if he decided to convert; a similar scenario also happened to
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in Lithuania for preaching Christianity. Gediminas also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized. This action was supported by the
513:
Baptizing himself would have implications for Gediminas domestically; it would have offended the staunchly pagan inhabitants of the major Lithuanian regions of
946:, which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called
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541:. Gediminas ordered them to renounce Christianity, and had them killed when they refused. Five more friars were executed in 1369 for the same offence.
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821:, who stood on a hill, howling in an odd manner as if thousand of wolves would be howling at once. He consulted his vision with his priest
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bishops, who were devoted to the knights, questioned the authority of Gediminas' letters and denounced him as an enemy of the faith at a
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447:, Frederic Lobestat. Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian Order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.
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On receiving a favourable reply from the Holy See, Gediminas issued circular letters, dated 25 January 1323, to the principal
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2947:. Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. 1953.
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twelve corners edging, at the middle of the edging was an image of a man with long hairs, who sat on a throne and held a
825:
who told him the dream spoke of a city that must be built at the exact place and decided to build a fortification on the
435:
soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights, informing him of the privileges already granted to the
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Pirmųjų Lietuvos didžiosios kunigaikštystės monetų ypatybės [The peculiarities of the earliest Lithuanian coins]
411:
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Some arguments state that Gediminas had two wives, one pagan and another Orthodox. This case is supported only by the
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in his life and kept Lithuania pagan, despite several negotiations. In addition, Gediminas strictly distinguished
764:, who was unable to control the unrest in the country, as a result of which he was deposed in 1345 by his brother
640:
From about 23 km (14 mi) south west of Kiev, Gediminas defeated Stanislav of Kiev and his allies in the
3340:
1035:). The cross' usage in a pagan ruler's seal is explained as a diplomatic action because Gediminas did not accept
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799:, and laid the foundations of the state's expansion while sometimes referred as the "true" state founder.
537:, Ulrich and Martin, who had gone beyond the authority granted them and had publicly preached against the
699:. However, Gediminas offsetted the influence of Muscovy in northern Russia, and assisted the republic of
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The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since
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In addition from promoting paganism, the Jewish community of Lithuania prospered during his reign.
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219:
474:, the latest acquisition of the knights on Polish soil, gave them a ready weapon against him. The
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757:, with his favourite servant and several German slaves being burned on the pyre with the corpse.
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817:. According to a legend, possibly set in 1322 while he was on a hunting trip, he dreamt of an
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2801:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press.
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Grand Duke Gediminas's authentic symbols did not survive to this day. In 1323 Gediminas sent
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683:, a great regional power at the time, while expanding Lithuania's border almost towards the
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In modern historiography, he is also regarded as founder of Vilnius, the modern capital of
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de koningh van Lettowen, koning Gedeminne van Lettowen, Gedeminne de koninge van Lethowen.
842:
807:
754:
633:
436:
2544:
Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration
954:, in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself
471:
2392:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 38, 46.
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1252:
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1056:
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951:
668:, were installed in Kiev. After these conquests, Lithuania stretched very close to the
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401:
261:
2443:
Religious language of a Belarusian Tatar kitab: a cultural monument of Islam in Europe
2369:. Vol. IX. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. p. 335.
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3453:
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649:
1346:
1335:
680:
354:
2497:
Political parties of Eastern Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era
514:
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3252:
1633:. Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. Winter 1969. Archived from
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1044:
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214:
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Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai: Istorija, Volume 36, Alna litera, 1997
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2490:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–549.
1753:
1063:) in legal documents (e.g. in a 1338 Peace and Trade Agreement, concluded in
914:"Gediminas, by the grace of God, king of the Lithuanians and many Ruthenians"
636:
named after the founder of Vilnius, although it was built considerably later.
3264:
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1307:, one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and its historical coats of arms.
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432:
427:. For this purpose, he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the
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Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345
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837:, where the place of his vision was pointed out. This event inspired the
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The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525
942:(both meaning "King of Lithuania"). Gediminas' right to use the Latin
459:
and Navahrudak. In October 1323, representatives of the archbishop of
3153:
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1108:
1002:
830:
788:
Gediminas Monument with the howling Iron Wolf in Vilnius next to the
735:
657:
623:
483:
405:
2822:
Chartularium Lithuaniae res gestas magni ducis Gedeminne illustrans
404:, which desired to conquer them. Gediminas allied himself with the
2467:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1153:
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664:, brother of Gediminas, and Algimantas, son of Mindaugas from the
628:
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488:
479:
410:
393:
349:
Recent research indicates that Gediminias' ancestor may have been
312:
dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over
2374:
1180:
He is said to have left seven sons and six daughters including:
882:
645:
611:
460:
3026:
2688:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija.
300:). During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the
2953:
Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai: Istorija, Volume 36
2215:
2213:
1881:, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 2
881:
In September 2019, a monument to Gediminas was unveiled in
734:. At first he moved the capital to the newly built town of
506:
baptized for the sake of betrothing her to Władysław's son
904:
Gedeminne Dei gratia Letwinorum et multorum Ruthenorum rex
703:, which acknowledged his overlordship, to break away from
2390:
Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas
2105:"Monument to Duke Gedymin of Lithuania unveiled in Lida"
753:
as a part of a pagan ceremony in 1342, which included a
396:. However, these possessions were all threatened by the
1217:) initially ruled Vilnius after the death of his father
922:
In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds
738:, but in c. 1320 re-established a permanent capital in
675:
While exploiting Ruthenian weakness in the wake of the
2025:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1385:
1383:
2667:
Varieties of religious conversion in the Middle Ages
3426:
3417:
3339:
3326:
3288:
3186:
3162:
3143:
3119:
3110:
3087:
3078:
1313:, a cap used by the Lithuanian monarchs until 1569.
1091:'s chronicles, who wrote that during the battle at
745:Gediminas died in 1341, presumably killed during a
245:
233:
172:
160:
144:
123:
110:
106:
96:
86:
78:
71:
39:
2919:Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights
1140:It is uncertain how many wives Gediminas had. The
1099:, Lithuania) Tilman Zumpach, head of the Teutonic
795:He was a founder of a new Lithuanian dynasty; the
590:— Gediminas's titles mentioned in his 26 May 1323
1829:Christianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals
1025:Gediminas', by the grace of God, the King of the
493:A peace agreement between Gediminas and the Order
364:in 1316 at the age of 40 and ruled for 25 years.
2641:. Lithuanian Institute of History. p. 402.
2063:"Lithuanian Coins in Circulation, Issue of 1996"
1020:S DEI GRACIA GEDEMINNI LETHWINOR ET RUTKENOR REG
2780:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500
2622:. Institute for the Study of Man. p. 362.
2599:Ingrao, Charles W.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008).
1867:Gedimino laiškai [Letters of Gediminas]
687:. He also secured an alliance with the nascent
571:
353:. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that
2582:The Avignon papacy and the Crusades, 1305-1378
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
1989:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1111:, however, he didn't describe its appearance.
1103:, burned the Lithuanian banner with a flaming
648:sending Stanislav, the last descendant of the
431:. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope
3038:
2618:Jones-Bley, Karlene; Huld, Martin E. (1996).
898:Gediminas' normal Latin style is as follows:
573:"Gediminas, by the grace of God, the King of
8:
2945:Slavonic and East European review, Volume 32
2669:. University Press of Florida. p. 208.
2388:Vytautas Spečiūnas, ed. (2004). "Jaunutis".
2145:
2143:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1801:
1718:
1374:
1172:, a late 15th-century chronicle, mentioning
878:as an important figure of national history.
27:Grand Duke of Lithuania from c. 1316 to 1341
2716:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220.
2620:The Indo-Europeanization of northern Europe
2001:
1018:
902:
285:from 1315 or 1316 until his death in 1341.
269:
3423:
3336:
3116:
3084:
3045:
3031:
3023:
2991:
2424:
1766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1714:
1712:
1625:
1623:
1461:
1459:
626:with the daughter of the Galician prince.
622:, was obtained by the marriage of his son
45:
36:
2937:The new encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5
2763:. East European Monographs. p. 325.
2445:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 457.
1958:
1956:
1610:
1608:
1575:The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5
1358:
1356:
1354:
1319:, a tower in Lithuania's capital Vilnius.
1013:was engraved around the man along with a
2761:The contest for the legacy of Kievan Rus
2603:. Purdue University Press. p. 458.
2584:. Oxford University Press. p. 348.
2365:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1953–1966). "Jaunė".
2049:
2037:
2013:
1678:
1676:
1523:
1521:
1503:
1465:
1451:
1336:Gediminas' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18
1124:
969:German sources also titled Gediminas as
958:". However, the pope did call Gediminas
525:, which he desperately wanted to avoid.
1852:
1667:
1655:
1362:
1328:
652:to ever rule Kiev, into exile first in
502:, king of Poland, and had his daughter
372:Gediminas inherited land consisting of
342:' son, his brother, his cousin, or his
2863:The New Baltic States and Their Future
2742:A Concise History of the Baltic States
2412:
2330:"The Historical Lithuanian State Flag"
2316:
2219:
2204:
2161:
2149:
2134:
2088:Kūlgrinda – Giesmės Valdovui Gediminui
1977:
1962:
1935:
1911:
1813:
1759:
1691:
1614:
1563:
1107:and then mortally wounded the King of
863:, meaning "Hymns to Ruler Gediminas".
790:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania
780:Gediminas on a 2021 stamp of Lithuania
2865:. Methuen & co. ltd. p. 274.
2782:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 488.
2546:. Universal-Publishers. p. 560.
2291:"Gediminas | grand duke of Lithuania"
1973:
1971:
1923:
1826:Guyda Armstrong; Ian N. Wood (2000).
1780:
1729:
1727:
1703:
1391:"Gediminas | grand duke of Lithuania"
1347:Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2
760:He was succeeded by one of his sons,
7:
2893:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 298.
2828:(in Latin and Lithuanian). Vilnius:
2639:The history of Lithuania before 1795
2237:"Apie Lietuvos karalių Gediminą (I)"
2192:M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum
1947:
1899:
1734:Kasekamp, Andres (9 November 2017).
1599:
852:commemorative coin, issued in 1996.
845:, who gave the story a poetic form.
408:against the Teutonic Order in 1319.
2955:(in Lithuanian). Alna litera. 1997.
2561:Grossman, Leonid Petrovich (1979).
2065:. Bank of Lithuania. Archived from
1087:is mentioned for the first time in
1067:, between the Grand Duke Gediminas
848:Gediminas is depicted on a silver
810:with a sculpture for him on base.
25:
2962:East European quarterly: Volume 2
2921:. Osprey Publishing. p. 96.
2910:The first generation of Gediminas
2693:Nowakowska, Natalia, ed. (2019).
1528:Baranauskas, Tomas (1996-11-23).
1187:(Duchy of Kernavė) (c. 1288–1348)
859:released an album in 2009 titled
679:, Gediminas avoided war with the
644:. He then besieged and conquered
2714:The history of the Baltic States
2565:. Ayer Publishing. p. 191.
2460:
2339:. 5 January 2015. Archived from
1483:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
1430:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
1144:mentions three wives: Vida from
950:("King or Duke") in one source;
855:The Lithuanian folk music group
567:Incorporation of Ruthenian lands
425:united all the Lithuanian tribes
288:He is considered the founder of
2960:University of Colorado (1968).
2660:. Foreign Languages Pub. House.
2518:. Stratford House. p. 392.
2181:Sajauskas, Stanislovas (2004).
874:) is also widely celebrated in
3064:List of early Lithuanian dukes
2744:. Cambridge University Press.
2733:The Teutonic knights in Latvia
2684:Nikžentaitis, Alvydas (1989).
1736:A history of the Baltic states
1009:in his left hand, moreover, a
1:
2917:Turnbull, Stephen R. (2003).
2874:. Random House. p. 734.
2695:Remembering the Jagiellonians
2658:Lithuania, land of the Niemen
2514:Chase, Thomas George (1946).
2499:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1055.
419:in Eastern Europe until 1434.
275:
127:
114:
3405:Stanisław August Poniatowski
3380:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
3069:List of Lithuanian monarchs
2817:Rowell, Stephen Christopher
2759:Pelenski, Jaroslaw (1998).
2523:Christiansen, Eric (1980).
2026:University of Colorado 1968
1738:(second ed.). London.
1283:Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia
924:Princeps et Dux Semigalliae
58:as depicted in the Sapieha
3519:
2637:Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2000).
2527:. Macmillan. p. 273.
1990:Jones-Bley & Huld 1996
1170:Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik
1118:
1005:) in his right hand and a
861:Giesmės Valdovui Gediminui
711:Domestic affairs and death
691:by marrying his daughter,
179:
32:Gediminas (disambiguation)
29:
3451:
3058:
3011:
3002:
2994:
2964:. University of Colorado.
2740:Plakans, Andrejs (2011).
2495:Bugajski, Janusz (2002).
2190:(in Lithuanian). Kaunas:
1024:
974:
806:monument was unveiled in
642:Battle on the Irpin River
44:
3498:Grand dukes of Lithuania
3112:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2731:Olins, Peter Z. (1928).
2712:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
2601:The Germans and the East
2580:Housley, Norman (1986).
1542:(278): 6. Archived from
594:, which was sent to the
581:, the ruler and duke of
417:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
139:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3005:Grand Duke of Lithuania
2870:Smith, Hedrick (1991).
2665:Muldoon, James (1997).
2487:Encyclopædia Britannica
2441:Akiner, Shirin (2009).
2296:Encyclopedia Britannica
2002:Ingrao & Szabo 2008
1832:. Brepols. p. 23.
1396:Encyclopedia Britannica
1075:Everhard von Monheim).
338:predecessor Grand Duke
283:Grand Duke of Lithuania
73:Grand Duke of Lithuania
52:Grand Duke of Lithuania
3390:Augustus II the Strong
2797:Rowell, S. C. (1994).
2778:Purton, Peter (2009).
2542:Ertl, Alan W. (2008).
2516:The story of Lithuania
2367:Lietuvių enciklopedija
2335:President of Lithuania
1631:"Letters of Gediminas"
1137:
1132:- predecessors of the
1071:and the Master of the
1019:
938:, mirroring the Latin
903:
792:
781:
726:
637:
614:
587:
494:
420:
270:
265:
3395:Stanisław Leszczyński
3355:Anna the Jagiellonian
3314:Sigismund II Augustus
3280:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
3053:Monarchs of Lithuania
2908:Tęgowski, J. (1999).
2889:Taylor, Neil (2008).
2861:Rutter, Owen (1925).
2656:Metelsky, G. (1959).
2235:(11 September 2016).
1262:Casimir III of Poland
1203:(Duchy of Navhrudak,
1128:
962:when addressing him (
910:Which translates as:
787:
779:
724:Kazimierz Alchimowicz
718:
689:Grand Duchy of Moscow
632:
606:
492:
414:
360:Gediminas became the
281:– December 1341) was
3419:Kingdom of Lithuania
3400:August III the Saxon
3375:John II Casimir Vasa
3080:Kingdom of Lithuania
2337:(Dalia Grybauskaitė)
1305:Columns of Gediminas
1237:and protectorate of
1134:Jagiellonian dynasty
936:Koningh van Lettowen
934:he is styled simply
926:(Prince and Duke of
804:Millennium of Russia
720:Funeral of Gediminas
695:, to the grand duke
30:For other uses, see
3350:Henry III of Valois
3309:Sigismund I the Old
3188:House of Gediminids
2563:Confession of a Jew
2474:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1950:, pp. 548–549.
1277:Wenceslaus of Płock
1142:Bychowiec Chronicle
1121:Family of Gediminas
1047:from the region of
966:, "king or duke").
930:). In contemporary
539:Lithuanian religion
500:Wladislaus Lokietek
3365:Sigismund III Vasa
3290:House of Jagiellon
3164:House of Mindaugas
3121:House of Mindaugas
3089:House of Mindaugas
2985:2011-10-01 at the
2980:Viduramžių Lietuva
2319:, p. 380-385.
2222:, p. 133-149.
2111:. 8 September 2019
1914:, pp. 116–117
1879:Vilnius University
1816:, pp. 222–223
1546:on October 6, 2007
1281:Eufemija, married
1275:Elžbieta, married
1239:Duchy of Samogitia
1138:
889:Titles and symbols
793:
782:
727:
638:
615:
495:
445:Archbishop of Riga
421:
368:Choice of religion
3503:Lithuanian pagans
3465:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3413:
3412:
3385:John III Sobieski
3370:Ladislaus IV Vasa
3328:Polish–Lithuanian
3322:
3321:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3220:
3145:House of Monomakh
3106:
3105:
3021:
3020:
3012:Succeeded by
2912:. Poznań-Wrocław.
2900:978-1-84162-247-7
2808:978-0-521-45011-9
2789:978-1-84383-449-6
2751:978-0-521-54155-8
2704:978-1-138-56239-4
2610:978-1-55753-443-9
2553:978-1-59942-983-0
2452:978-3-447-03027-4
2233:Bučys, Algimantas
1873:(in Lithuanian).
1839:978-25-03-51087-3
1802:Christiansen 1980
1538:(in Lithuanian).
1375:Christiansen 1980
1290:(Duchy of Lutsk,
1215:Duchy of Zaslawye
1093:Bayernburg Castle
1089:Wigand of Marburg
1085:Lithuanian banner
839:Romantic movement
531:Franciscan friars
470:On his raid upon
255:
254:
16:(Redirected from
3510:
3424:
3337:
3299:Casimir Jagellon
3255:
3243:
3231:
3214:
3117:
3085:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3024:
2995:Preceded by
2992:
2978:
2965:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2913:
2904:
2885:
2872:The new Russians
2866:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2827:
2812:
2793:
2774:
2755:
2736:
2727:
2708:
2689:
2680:
2661:
2652:
2633:
2614:
2595:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2519:
2510:
2491:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:on 18 March 2012
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:on 27 April 2019
1627:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1530:"Gedimino kilmė"
1525:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1317:Gediminas' Tower
1271:Simeon of Moscow
1225:Duchy of Vitebsk
1195:Duchy of Polatsk
1162:Eastern Orthodox
1034:
1022:
979:
971:Rex de Owsteiten
964:regem sive ducem
906:
666:Olshanski family
608:Gediminas Castle
599:
465:bishop of Dorpat
415:Position of the
398:Teutonic Knights
374:Lithuania proper
298:Iron Wolf legend
280:
277:
273:
183:
132:
129:
119:
116:
49:
37:
21:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3443:
3409:
3360:Stephen Báthory
3330:
3318:
3284:
3182:
3158:
3139:
3102:
3074:
3073:
3054:
3051:
3017:
3008:
3000:
2987:Wayback Machine
2977:(in Lithuanian)
2976:
2973:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
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2860:
2851:
2849:
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2809:
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2522:
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2440:
2436:
2431:
2425:Nowakowska 2019
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2364:
2362:(in Lithuanian)
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:on 7 April 2022
2328:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:(in Lithuanian)
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2243:(in Lithuanian)
2231:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2187:
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2179:
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2082:
2072:
2070:
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2056:
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2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
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1549:
1547:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1485:(in Lithuanian)
1479:"Gediminaičiai"
1477:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1433:(in Lithuanian)
1423:
1422:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1301:
1251:Maria, married
1235:Duchy of Trakai
1123:
1117:
1081:
986:
896:
891:
843:Adam Mickiewicz
841:, particularly
808:Veliky Novgorod
774:
755:human sacrifice
713:
677:Mongol invasion
634:Gediminas Tower
601:
589:
569:
370:
335:
330:
278:
229:
177:
176:
165:
156:
133:
130:
117:
67:
54:Gediminas with
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3454:Titular rulers
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3428:House of Urach
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3221:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2972:
2971:External links
2969:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2867:
2858:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2750:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2709:
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2590:
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2520:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2482:Chisholm, Hugh
2457:
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2432:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2398:
2380:
2354:
2321:
2309:
2282:
2254:
2224:
2209:
2207:, p. 329.
2197:
2166:
2154:
2139:
2122:
2096:
2080:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1818:
1806:
1794:
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1773:
1744:
1723:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1619:
1604:
1602:, p. 548.
1577:
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1508:
1496:
1470:
1455:
1444:
1409:
1379:
1367:
1350:
1339:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1311:Gediminas' Cap
1308:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1253:Dmitry of Tver
1249:
1248:
1247:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1205:Black Ruthenia
1198:
1188:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1080:
1077:
1073:Livonian Order
985:
982:
952:Pope John XXII
920:
919:
915:
908:
907:
895:
892:
890:
887:
866:Gediminas (as
819:iron clad wolf
773:
770:
712:
709:
705:Great Novgorod
620:Halych-Volynia
570:
568:
565:
402:Livonian Order
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56:Gediminas' Cap
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41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3494:
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3488:City founders
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3307:
3305:
3302:
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3297:
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2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:1-84176-561-9
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:Baltic Cities
2887:
2883:
2881:0-679-41294-8
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2848:
2846:5-415-01700-3
2842:
2836:
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2824:
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2818:
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2810:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2770:0-521-54155-7
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2723:0-313-32355-0
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:. Routledge.
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2676:0-8130-1509-X
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2648:9986-810-13-2
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2469:public domain
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2100:
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2068:
2064:
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2055:
2051:
2050:Metelsky 1959
2046:
2043:
2040:, p. 157
2039:
2038:Grossman 1979
2034:
2031:
2028:, p. 140
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Turnbull 2003
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1992:, p. 210
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
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1941:
1938:, p. 154
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:, p. 356
1925:
1920:
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1902:, p. 402
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1876:
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1854:
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1693:
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1669:
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1504:Tęgowski 1999
1500:
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1467:
1466:Bugajski 2002
1462:
1460:
1456:
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1452:Pelenski 1998
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2067:the original
2057:
2052:, p. 37
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1866:
1860:
1853:Muldoon 1997
1848:
1828:
1821:
1809:
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1776:
1735:
1721:, p. 15
1706:, p. 24
1699:
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1668:Muldoon 1997
1663:
1656:Housley 1986
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1617:, p. 22
1571:
1559:
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1544:the original
1539:
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1499:
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1370:
1365:, p. 51
1363:Plakans 2011
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355:Zadonshchina
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3483:1341 deaths
3343:(1569–1795)
3292:(1440–1569)
3275:Švitrigaila
3190:(1285–1440)
3166:(1269–1285)
3147:(1267–1269)
3123:(1263–1267)
3091:(1236–1263)
2833: [
2735:. B. Lamey.
2413:Kiaupa 2000
2317:Rowell 2003
2263:"Gediminas"
2220:Rowell 2003
2205:Rowell 1994
2162:Rowell 1994
2150:Rowell 1994
2135:Rowell 1994
2115:9 September
1978:Taylor 2008
1963:Rutter 1925
1936:Purton 2009
1912:Kiaupa 2000
1814:Rowell 1994
1692:Kiaupa 2000
1615:Akiner 2009
1564:Kiaupa 2000
1425:"Gediminas"
1083:In 1337, a
1057:Rus' people
1045:Lithuanians
1031:Rus' people
1027:Lithuanians
977:Aukštaitija
747:coup d'état
575:Lithuanians
519:Aukštaitija
508:Casimir III
441:Franciscans
292:'s capital
279: 1275
131: 1341
118: 1275
87:Predecessor
3493:Gediminids
3472:Categories
3197:Butigeidis
3135:Vaišvilkas
3009:1316–1341
1924:Smith 1991
1781:Olins 1928
1704:Chase 1946
1550:2007-03-10
1324:References
1269:, married
1260:, married
1191:Narimantas
1174:Narimantas
1160:, who was
1130:Gediminids
1061:Ruthenians
1023:(English:
973:(English:
932:Low German
928:Semigallia
829:of rivers
827:confluence
797:Gediminids
583:Semigallia
579:Ruthenians
556:allies in
437:Dominicans
382:Navahrudak
362:Grand Duke
351:Skalmantas
310:Gediminids
302:Baltic Sea
271:Gedeminnus
240:Gediminids
195:Narimantas
3304:Alexander
3265:Skirgaila
3212:Gediminas
3178:Daumantas
3173:Traidenis
3098:Mindaugas
2686:Gediminas
2476:(1911). "
1948:Bain 1911
1900:Ertl 2008
1762:cite book
1754:989048338
1600:Bain 1911
1288:Liubartas
1201:Karijotas
1041:Lithuania
857:Kūlgrinda
815:Lithuania
749:. He was
693:Anastasia
685:Black Sea
670:Black Sea
596:Germanian
523:Mindaugas
515:Žemaitija
452:Hanseatic
433:John XXII
378:Samogitia
328:Biography
306:Black Sea
290:Lithuania
266:Gedeminne
258:Gediminas
225:Liubartas
200:Karijotas
154:Lithuania
97:Successor
82:1316–1341
60:Genealogy
40:Gediminas
3270:Vytautas
3253:Kęstutis
3229:Algirdas
3224:Jaunutis
3202:Butvydas
3130:Treniota
3015:Jaunutis
2983:Archived
2852:18 April
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2375:55020366
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2302:18 April
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2247:22 April
2241:Alkas.lt
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1641:23 April
1489:13 March
1437:13 March
1299:See also
1292:Volhynia
1245:Vytautas
1231:Kęstutis
1221:Algirdas
1211:Jaunutis
1185:Manvydas
1150:Smolensk
1146:Courland
1101:riflemen
1097:Veliuona
1053:Ruthenia
1029:and the
975:King of
868:Hiedymin
823:Lizdeika
766:Algirdas
762:Jaunutis
751:cremated
554:Catholic
546:Orthodox
476:Prussian
429:Holy See
400:and the
386:Podlasie
250:Butvydas
215:Kęstutis
210:Algirdas
205:Jaunutis
190:Manvydas
150:Veliuona
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18:Gedminas
3458:italics
3456:are in
3341:Elected
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3207:Vytenis
2998:Vytenis
2484:(ed.).
2478:Gedymin
2471::
2434:Sources
2092:Discogs
1875:Vilnius
1402:25 June
1267:Aigusta
1158:Polotsk
1065:Vilnius
1037:baptism
1007:sceptre
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872:Gedymin
740:Vilnius
732:Vilnius
662:Theodor
654:Bryansk
598:cities.
558:Masovia
550:Belarus
535:Bohemia
472:Dobrzyń
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390:Polotsk
344:hostler
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322:Bohemia
318:Hungary
304:to the
294:Vilnius
235:Dynasty
180:more...
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