291:(including broadcasters and studios) have contended that the use of VPNs and similar services to evade geo-blocking by online video services is a violation of copyright laws, as the foreign service does not hold the rights to make its content available in the user's country—thus infringing and undermining the rights held by a local rights holder. Accessing online video services from outside the country in which they operate is typically considered a violation of their respective
334:—a definition which could include VPN services that market themselves specifically for the purpose of evading geo-blocking. Prior to the passing of this amendment in June 2015, Turnbull acknowledged that VPN services have "a wide range of legitimate uses, not least of which is the preservation of privacy—something which every citizen is entitled to secure for themselves—and have no oversight, control or influence over their customers’ activities."
92:, the inventor of one of the first systems capable of identifying a user's geographical location via their IP address. is typically used for geo-blocking. This technology have become widely used in fraud prevention, advertising, and content localization, which are integral to geo-blocking applications. The result of the checks is used to determine whether the system will approve or deny access to the
350:" strategy, which would, among other changes, aim to end the use of "unjustified" geo-blocking between EU countries, arguing that "too many Europeans cannot use online services that are available in other EU countries, often without any justification; or they are re-routed to a local store with different prices. Such discrimination cannot exist in a
433:
infringement by violating their exclusive territorial rights to content in the country, and misrepresenting the alleged legality of the services in promotional material. In particular, Spark argued that the use of VPNs to access foreign video on demand services was cannibalizing its own domestic service
Lightbox. At least two smaller providers (
404:
treatment based on nationality or place of residence if this is justified by objective criteria. In some cases, industry-specific legislation (such as transport or health) may also apply that addresses this issue. In addition, the
Regulation does not affect the TFEU rules, including the non-discrimination rules.
310:
that helped to illicitly increase its market share, and criticizing the company for not taking further steps to prevent usage of the service outside of regions where they have licenses to their content, such as detecting ineligible users via their payment method. On 14 January 2016, Netflix announced
278:
introduced a similar feature known as "global mode"; initially intended for travellers to enable access to local websites blocked in New
Zealand, the service was re-launched in July 2014 as a feature to all Slingshot subscribers. The consumer-focused re-launch focused on its ability to provide access
432:
notices to several ISPs offering VPN services for the purpose of evading geo-blocking, demanding that they pledge to discontinue the operation of these services by 15 April 2015, and to inform their customers that such services are "unlawful". The companies accused the ISPs of facilitating copyright
403:
The prohibition of direct or indirect discrimination on the basis of citizenship is a fundamental principle of EU law. In situations not covered by this
Regulation, Article 20 (2) of the Services Directive (2006/123 / EC) may apply. According to this provision, sellers can only apply a difference of
384:
The rules apply to the means of payment accepted on the site. A payment method cannot be refused because the customer or his / or her bank is located in another EU Member State or because the means of payment was issued in another EU Member State. Other payment terms and higher transaction costs are
368:
The geo-blocking regulation aims to provide more options for consumers and businesses in the EU internal market. It addresses the problem that (potential) customers cannot buy goods and services from sellers located in another Member State for reasons related to their citizenship, place of residence
176:
of Paris ruled that Yahoo! must prevent French users from accessing its auction sites where Nazi memorabilia were being sold, in violation of
Article R645-1 of the French Criminal Code, and it was demonstrated that IP geolocation could be used to filter at least 90% of traffic coming from France.
372:
The new rules only apply if the other party is a consumer or a company that purchases services or products exclusively for end use (B2C, B2B). Geo-blocking regulation does not apply if products are sold to business customers for commercial purposes. The
Geoblocking Ordinance does not completely
380:
It is not permitted to deny website visitors access to it or automatically redirect them to another website depending on their location. Redirection is only allowed with the consent of the visitor. Similar rules apply to apps as well: they must be able to download and use them throughout the
249:
However, many services, including
Netflix, Hulu, and even Knowledge, have implemented measures to recognize and limit or block the use of VPNs by identifying IP addresses associated with such services. This limits users' ability to access geo-blocked content through VPNs or anonymizers.
229:
are among the foreign video services widely used through these means by foreign users. Its popularity among VPN users in the country prompted
Netflix to officially establish an Australian version of its service in 2014. In response to complaints over the quality of domestic coverage by
180:
Other noted uses include blocking access from countries that a particular website is not relevant to (especially if the majority of traffic from that country is malicious), and voluntarily blocking access to content or services that are illegal under local laws. This can include
364:
The
European Union has approved the Regulation on Measures to Combat Unjustified Geoblocking and Other Forms of Discrimination Based on Citizenship, Place of Residence or Location of a Person in the Internal Market, which entered into force on 3 December 2018.
841:"Yahoo! Inc., a Delaware Corporation, Plaintiff-appellee, v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et L'antisemitisme, a French Association; L'union Des Etudiants Juifs De France, a French Association, Defendants-appellants, 433 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2006)"
156:
by online stores can be enforced by geo-blocking, forcing users to buy products online from a foreign version of a site where prices may be unnecessarily higher than those of their domestic version (although the inverse is often the case). The
124:
The ownership of exclusive territorial rights to audiovisual works may differ between regions, requiring the providers of the content to disallow access for users outside of their designated region; for example, although an online service,
279:
to U.S. online video services. Unlike manually-configured VPN services, Global Mode was implemented passively at the ISP level and was automatically activated based on a whitelist, without any further user intervention.
96:
or to particular content. The geolocation may also be used to modify the content provided, for example, the currency in which goods are quoted, the price or the range of goods that are available, besides other aspects.
1066:
1596:
448:
On 24 June 2015, it was announced that the media companies reached an out-of-court settlement, in which ByPass
Network Services, who operates the service, would discontinue it effective 1 September 2015.
1210:
369:
or location, and therefore discriminate against them when they try to get access to the best offers, prices or terms of sale compared to the nationals or residents of the member state of the sellers.
295:; some services have implemented measures to block VPN users, despite there being legitimate uses for such proxy services, under the assumption that they are using them to evade geographic filtering.
213:
services can be used to evade geo-blocks. A user can, for example, access a website using a U.S. IP address in order to access content or services that are not available from outside the country.
1273:
686:
961:
357:
On 1 April 2018, new digital media portability rules took effect, which requires paid digital media services to offer "roaming" within the EU. This means that, for example, a subscriber to
758:
810:
1475:
904:
1709:
1415:
631:
873:
1505:
1445:
935:
1058:
1032:
1359:
1656:
1235:
1535:
1385:
100:
The term is most commonly associated with its use to restrict access to premium multimedia content on the Internet, such as films and television shows, primarily for
1588:
437:
and Unlimited Internet) announced that they would pull their VPN services in response to the legal concerns. However, CallPlus, the parent company of Slingshot and
161:" has been cited as an example of this phenomenon, which has led to governmental pressure to restrict how geo-blocking can be used in this manner in the country.
1566:
1202:
354:." However, proposals issued by the European Commission on 25 May 2016 excluded the territorial licensing of copyrighted audiovisual works from this strategy.
1626:
721:
1749:
999:
788:
1265:
287:
The legality of circumventing geo-blocking to access foreign video services under local copyright laws is unclear and varies by country. Members of the
678:
818:
574:
326:, states that users violating an "international commercial arrangement to protect copyright in different countries or regions" is not illegal under
1717:
957:
320:
246:
from British and Canadian broadcasters. Unlike NBC's coverage, this foreign coverage only used a geo-block and did not require a TV subscription.
750:
133:
had already licensed exclusive rights to its programming to different broadcasters (such as in Canada, where HBO licensed its back-catalogue to
896:
1467:
311:
its intent to strengthen measures to prevent subscribers from accessing regional versions of the service that they are not authorized to use.
1407:
1165:
478:
330:. However, an amendment to Australian copyright law allows courts to order the blocking of websites that primarily engage in "facilitating"
173:
865:
1497:
306:'s president of international distribution, describing the international usage of Netflix over VPN services as being "semi-sanctioned"
190:
238:
in order to access the online content, a large number of American viewers used VPN services to stream foreign online coverage of the
1437:
615:
361:
in one EU country must still be able to access their home country's version of the service when travelling into other EU countries.
202:
1303:
1243:
927:
397:
When selling goods and offering, either deliver them to a specific area or collect them in a specific place (for example, a store).
441:, objected to the claims, arguing that the Global Mode service was "completely legal", and accused the broadcasters of displaying
1024:
299:
1351:
1648:
88:
of a network connection to estimate the physical location of the user. The IP address location tracking, a field pioneered by
1687:
1527:
1381:
653:
129:
is only available to residents of the United States, and cannot be offered in other countries because its parent network
605:
1764:
1759:
1754:
544:
1558:
445:. Later that month, it was reported that the broadcasters planned to go forward with legal action against CallPlus.
713:
1618:
272:
138:
81:
983:
780:
582:
327:
303:
164:
Geo-blocking is also applied to enforce compliance with local laws and regulations. One notable example is the
840:
473:
206:
1744:
1107:
518:
438:
421:
413:
351:
331:
307:
186:
1325:
347:
61:
388:
In certain situations, it is no longer allowed to apply other general conditions to foreign customers:
149:
may also vary between regions, or the service may not even be available in the user's country at all.
1680:"THE PROBLEM OF GEOBLOCKING AND GEODISCRIMINATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CREATING A SINGLE DIGITAL MARKET"
394:
when providing services in a physical location, such as renting cars or selling tickets for an event;
243:
239:
153:
137:), who may offer their own, similar service specific to their own region and business model (such as
109:
65:
523:
468:
463:
536:
108:
reasons. There are other uses for geo-blocking, such as blocking malicious traffic or to enforce
1171:
1161:
991:
611:
434:
417:
30:"Geofilter" redirects here. For image filter feature in the mobile application Snapchat, see
528:
458:
429:
323:
222:
85:
376:
Geo-blocking regulations prohibit geo-blocking and geo-discrimination in three situations:
166:
Ligue contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme et Union des étudiants juifs de France v. Yahoo!
275:
182:
169:
142:
113:
57:
1295:
343:
1738:
632:"Using Geo-IP filtering to block connections coming to or from a geographic location"
442:
288:
235:
158:
1352:"Netflix says it will do more to stop customers from bypassing country restrictions"
540:
1649:"Geo-blocking regulation - Questions and Answers | Shaping Europe's digital future"
292:
1679:
1157:
Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
269:
226:
89:
649:
1175:
928:"Sites block users, shut down activities and flood inboxes as GDPR rules loom"
532:
373:
prohibit geoblocking and geo-discrimination: it only prohibits certain forms.
210:
134:
69:
39:
1133:
995:
958:"Blocking 500 Million Users Is Easier Than Complying With Europe's New Rules"
503:
1059:"Some U.S. viewers turn to CBC amid complaints about NBC's Olympic coverage"
254:
105:
101:
77:
73:
1266:"Bell Media president says using VPNs to skirt copyright rules is stealing"
1155:
17:
483:
253:
In 2009, Venezuela subsidized the launch of the communications satellite
185:, and various international websites blocking access to users within the
141:). For similar reasons, the library of content available on subscription
31:
1710:"Global Mode "completely legal" as CallPlus dismisses industry backlash"
1025:"New Zealand ISP's 'Global Mode' gives users access to Netflix and more"
1088:
679:"HBO is cracking down on Canadians accessing streaming service HBO Now"
391:
when providing digital services such as cloud services and web hosting;
358:
262:
258:
218:
146:
126:
93:
811:"IT pricing: DBCDE tells inquiry geoblocking legislation problematic"
502:
Abdou, AbdelRahman; Matrawy, Ashraf; van Oorschot, Paul (June 2015).
1468:"EU announces plans to banish geo-blocking, modernize copyright law"
751:"Sony Pictures mad at Netflix's failure to block overseas VPN users"
412:
In April 2015, a group of media companies in New Zealand, including
84:
queries in the case of a mobile device, accounts, and measuring the
64:. In a geo-blocking scheme, the user's location is determined using
1438:"Europe Will Abolish Geo-Blocking and Other Copyright Restrictions"
897:"DraftKings Leaves Door Unlocked for Barred Fantasy Sports Players"
1528:"Netflix, Amazon given quotas for EU-produced video, face new tax"
1203:"New Zealand ISPs may be sued for letting users bypass geoblocks"
984:"U.S. News Outlets Block European Readers Over New Privacy Rules"
425:
214:
1619:"European travelers can now watch Netflix like they're at home"
1408:"Australia passes controversial anti-piracy web censorship law"
261:'s programming by enabling it to avoid geo-blocking efforts by
1559:"You can now use your Netflix subscription anywhere in the EU"
231:
130:
35:
1589:"EU plans to let you stream your movies, TV and sport abroad"
1382:"Site blocking laws could drag VPNs into the anti-piracy net"
1326:"BBC blocks international iPlayer viewers ahead of US launch"
1296:"Hulu attempts to block international viewers who use VPNs"
1134:"Why is Wikimedia (still) blocking contributions via VPNs?"
569:
567:
565:
607:
Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World
236:
be a subscriber to a participating pay television provider
504:"CPV: Delay-based Location Verification for the Internet"
1236:"In New Zealand, a legal battle looms over streaming TV"
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
895:
Glanz, James; Williams, Jacqueline (13 November 2015).
112:, location-aware authentication, fraud prevention, and
1498:"Europe's Geoblocking Decision: What You Need to Know"
1089:"Netflix says, 'You seem to be using a VPN or proxy.'"
708:
706:
704:
1108:"How does Hulu detect VPNs? Why some VPNs don't work"
152:
Geo-blocking can be used for other purposes as well.
866:"How to block traffic from other countries in Linux"
511:
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
27:
Internet censorship based upon geographical location
1230:
1228:
781:"The 'Australia tax' is real, geo-blocking to stop"
714:"Netflix VPN access locked down for overseas users"
1019:
1017:
205:. When IP address-based geo-blocking is employed,
575:"Global mode spat: We've got the legal paperwork"
673:
671:
1052:
1050:
745:
743:
741:
739:
319:In Australia, a policy FAQ published by then
8:
610:. Oxford: Oxford Academic. pp. 49–64.
650:"HBO Now users outside US to be 'cut off'"
283:Legality of circumvention for online video
1057:Szklarski, Cassandra (10 February 2014).
926:Hern, Alex; Waterson, Jim (24 May 2018).
522:
68:techniques, such as checking the user's
34:. For the general principle of applying
494:
234:, along with a requirement for viewers
189:due to concerns of liability under the
116:(where gambling laws vary by region).
1690:from the original on 27 November 2021
1659:from the original on 27 November 2021
1276:from the original on 20 November 2015
907:from the original on 16 November 2015
479:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
7:
1599:from the original on 9 February 2017
1362:from the original on 14 January 2016
656:from the original on 30 October 2021
550:from the original on 26 October 2019
302:revealed statements by Keith LeGoy,
58:restricts access to Internet content
1750:Criticism of intellectual property
1538:from the original on 20 April 2019
1508:from the original on 20 April 2019
1388:from the original on 25 April 2015
1306:from the original on 20 April 2019
1213:from the original on 20 April 2019
1069:from the original on 20 April 2019
1035:from the original on 16 April 2015
876:from the original on 30 April 2015
724:from the original on 18 April 2015
191:General Data Protection Regulation
32:Snapchat § Core functionality
25:
1629:from the original on 1 April 2018
1569:from the original on 1 April 2018
1418:from the original on 23 June 2015
791:from the original on 26 June 2015
689:from the original on 14 June 2017
1478:from the original on 7 July 2017
1448:from the original on 24 May 2019
1002:from the original on 26 May 2018
964:from the original on 25 May 2018
938:from the original on 24 May 2018
761:from the original on 26 May 2019
300:Sony Pictures Entertainment hack
1160:. Haymarket Books. p. 68.
346:announced the adoption of its "
960:. Bloomberg L.P. 25 May 2018.
1:
1653:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
1132:Brown, Ian (31 March 2024).
1106:Walsh, Ray (26 June 2024).
321:Minister for Communications
174:Tribunal de grande instance
1781:
29:
533:10.1109/TDSC.2015.2451614
273:internet service provider
604:Goldsmith, Jack (2006).
328:Australian copyright law
304:Sony Pictures Television
298:Leaked e-mails from the
1678:Mirolyubova, Svetlana.
815:Computerworld Australia
474:Blackout (broadcasting)
265:, an American company.
207:virtual private network
1154:Davis, Stuart (2023).
422:Sky Network Television
332:copyright infringement
289:entertainment industry
187:European Economic Area
60:based upon the user's
1655:. 20 September 2018.
1242:. IDG. Archived from
348:Digital Single Market
257:, in part to amplify
62:geographical location
1686:. 2020 № 10: 17–21.
872:. 27 December 2013.
757:. 10 December 2014.
244:2014 Winter Olympics
240:2012 Summer Olympics
201:Geo-blocking can be
172:) case in 2000. The
154:Price discrimination
110:price discrimination
66:Internet geolocation
1765:Market segmentation
1760:Geographic position
1755:Internet censorship
1358:. 14 January 2016.
469:Internet censorship
464:IP address blocking
342:On 6 May 2015, the
56:is technology that
1063:The Globe and Mail
988:The New York Times
901:The New York Times
1684:Law and Economics
1557:Priday, Richard.
1474:. 27 March 2015.
1332:. 20 October 2015
1302:. 26 April 2014.
1167:978-1-64259-812-4
685:. 22 April 2015.
652:. 21 April 2015.
435:Lightwire Limited
145:services such as
16:(Redirected from
1772:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:on 10 April 2015
1716:. Archived from
1714:Computerworld NZ
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1645:
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1292:
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1262:
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1255:
1253:
1251:
1246:on 24 April 2015
1240:Computerworld AU
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
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1199:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1145:
1144:
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862:
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851:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
821:on 22 April 2015
817:. Archived from
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
747:
734:
733:
731:
729:
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666:
665:
663:
661:
646:
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639:
628:
622:
621:
601:
595:
594:
592:
590:
585:on 24 April 2015
581:. Archived from
571:
560:
559:
557:
555:
549:
526:
508:
499:
459:Regional lockout
430:cease and desist
385:also prohibited.
324:Malcolm Turnbull
86:end-to-end delay
21:
1780:
1779:
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1774:
1773:
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1600:
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1556:
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1541:
1539:
1534:. 25 May 2016.
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1504:. 25 May 2016.
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1003:
990:. 25 May 2018.
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941:
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506:
501:
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496:
492:
455:
428:, jointly sent
410:
340:
317:
285:
199:
183:online gambling
170:LICRA v. Yahoo!
143:video on demand
122:
114:online gambling
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1778:
1776:
1768:
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1610:
1580:
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1519:
1489:
1459:
1444:. 6 May 2015.
1429:
1399:
1373:
1343:
1317:
1287:
1257:
1224:
1181:
1166:
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772:
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683:Financial Post
667:
641:
623:
616:
596:
561:
524:10.1.1.696.691
517:(2): 130–144.
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454:
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409:
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344:European Union
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