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The glacier equilibrium line is the line separating the glacial accumulation area above from the ablation area below. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and its change over the years is a key indicator of the health of a glacier. A long term monitoring of the ELA may be used as indication to
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Areas of study within glaciology include glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. A glaciologist is a person who studies glaciers. A glacial geologist studies glacial deposits and glacial erosive features on the landscape. Glaciology and glacial geology are key areas of polar
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frozen to the ground in the accumulation area. When the stress due to the additional volume in the accumulation area increases, the pressure melting point of the ice at its base may be reached, the basal glacier ice will melt, and the glacier will surge on a film of meltwater.
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A glacier is an extended mass of ice formed from snow falling and accumulating over a long period of time; glaciers move very slowly, either descending from high mountains, as in valley glaciers, or moving outward from centers of accumulation, as in
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and the glacier will melt back. During times in which the volume input to the glacier by precipitation is equivalent to the ice volume lost from calving, evaporation, and melting, the glacier has a steady-state condition.
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is at a melting point temperature throughout the year, from its surface to its base. This allows the glacier to slide on a thin layer of meltwater. Most glaciers in alpine regions are temperate glaciers.
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Brittle failure (breaking of ice) under the stress raised when movement is too rapid to be accommodated by creep. It happens, for example, as the central part of a glacier moves faster than the edges.
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The tunnel that is formed by hydraulic erosion of ice and rock below an ice sheet margin. The tunnel valley is what remains of it in the underlying rock when the ice sheet has melted.
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Glaciers can be identified by their geometry and the relationship to the surrounding topography. There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish:
404:, northern Pakistan 2017. Several glaciers flow into the Shimshal Valley, and are prone to blocking the river. Khurdopin glacier surged in 2016–17, creating a sizable lake.
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Some glaciers show periods where the glacier is advancing at an extreme rate, that is typically 100 times faster than what is considered normal, it is referred to as a
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and will advance. Conversely, if the loss of volume (from evaporation, sublimation, melting, and calving) exceeds the accumulation, the glacier shows a
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Crevasse formed near the head of a glacier, where the mass of ice has rotated, sheared and torn itself apart in the manner of a geological fault.
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is usually slow. Its velocity varies from a few centimeters to a few meters per day. The rate of movement depends upon the factors listed below:
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Alpine – ice flows down the valleys of mountainous areas and forms a tongue of ice moving towards the plains below. Alpine glaciers tend to make
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is experiencing an accumulation input by precipitation (snow or refreezing rain) that exceeds the output by ablation, the glacier shows a
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shows cold ice with temperatures well below the freezing point from its surface to its base. It is frozen to its bed. A
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Accumulated debris that has been carried by a glacier and deposited at its sides (lateral moraine) or at its foot (
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more rugged by adding and improving the scale of existing features. Various features include large ravines called
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Glaciers of
Shimsal Valley from space, May 13, 2017. Khurdopin glacier has dammed the Shimshal River, forming a
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Area of a glacier in which the annual loss of ice through ablation exceeds the annual gain from
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Area at the top of a glacier (often a cirque) where snow accumulates and feeds the glacier.
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add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
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of three or more cirques around a single mountain. It is an extreme case of an arête.
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Glaciology
Laboratory, Universidad de Chile-Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia
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112:. The moraine is the high bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the image.
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Collective name for the morphologic structures in/on/under/around a glacier.
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Institute of
Meteorology and Geophysics, Univ. of Innsbruck, Austria.
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444:. This is caused mainly due to a long lasting accumulation period on
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298:. This mountain glacier is one of many coming down from the interior
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1026:. 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York; Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Wastage of the glacier through sublimation, ice melting and iceberg
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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Continental – an ice sheet found today, only in high latitudes (
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Snow, Ice, and
Permafrost Group, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Large subglacial elongated hills transverse to former ice flow.
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Spire of rock, also known as a pyramidal peak, formed by the
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zone – where the formation of ice is faster than its removal.
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Bowl shaped depression excavated by the source of a glacier.
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Scientific study of ice and natural phenomena involving ice
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of the rock, part of the rock leaves with the flowing ice.
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Visible peak of a mountain otherwise covered by a glacier.
233:. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of
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Alternating thin sedimentary beds (coarse and fine) of a
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International
Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS)
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Arctic and Alpine
Research Group, University of Alberta
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may not follow
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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When a lock of stagnant ice leaves a depression or pit.
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National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado
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894:Khurdopin glacier & Shimshal River, Pakistan
1208:Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)
1198:World Data Centre for Glaciology, Cambridge, UK
527:An acute ridge of rock where two cirques meet.
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1238:Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo
366:(or wastage) zone – when the sum of melting,
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1265:Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre)
729:Stratified drift builds up low, steep hills.
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1223:Centre for Glaciology, University of Wales
932:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
568:Movement (of ice) in a constant direction.
1173:International Glaciological Society (IGS)
1159:Learn how and when to remove this message
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705:From front of glaciers, found on a plain.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:Benn, Douglas I. and David J. A. Evans.
785:Smooth elongated hills composed of till.
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190:and natural phenomena that involve ice.
43:This article includes a list of general
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912:. Nazia printers, Delhi. p. 269.
241:. The discoveries of water ice on the
1218:North Cascade Glacier Climate Project
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976:Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
814:International Glaciological Society
193:Glaciology is an interdisciplinary
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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996:Hambrey, Michael and Jürg Alean.
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2573:Template:Periglacial environment
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1213:Glacial structures – photo atlas
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1078:Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics
1060:Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics
657:A post-glacial lake in a cirque.
375:Glacier equilibrium line and ELA
34:
1024:Principles of Glacier Mechanics
974:Greve, Ralf and Heinz Blatter.
143: 'frost, ice' and
1284:Articles related to Glaciology
1:
910:Text book of Physical Geology
853:Williams, Richard S. (1987).
430:negative glacier mass balance
426:positive glacier mass balance
182:) is the scientific study of
1560:Geological history of Earth
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1076:van der Veen, Cornelis J.
1058:van der Veen, Cornelis J.
1010:Cambridge University Press
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1574:Composition and structure
1527:Index of geology articles
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880:10.3189/S0260305500000987
488:Subglacial water dynamics
100:on a glacier joining the
1228:Caltech Glaciology Group
1036:Paterson, W. Stanley B.
908:Mahapatra, G.B. (1994).
485:Thickness of the glacier
166: 'subject matter';
1066:; A. A. Balkema, 1999.
1038:The Physics of Glaciers
953:Glaciers and Glaciation
64:more precise citations.
804:Continental Glaciation
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396:Khurdopin glacier and
316:continental glaciation
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292:Sirmilik National Park
186:, or, more generally,
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2511:Giant current ripples
1823:Environmental geology
1357:Environmental science
1269:Glaciology Commission
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686:municipality, Finland
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304:Byam Martin Mountains
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119:
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1782:Planetary geophysics
1129:improve this article
859:Annals of Glaciology
268:continental glaciers
2626:Atmospheric science
2448:Moraine-dammed lake
2275:Subglacial eruption
1884:Petroleum geologist
1848:Forensic geophysics
1818:Engineering geology
1565:Timeline of geology
1517:Glossary of geology
1352:Atmospheric science
1141:footnote references
871:1987AnGla...9..254W
754:Drowned drumlin in
493:Glacial Terminology
124:in Antarctica, 2016
2718:Quaternary science
2615:Physical geography
2280:Subglacial volcano
2263:Volcanic relations
1910:Geology portal
1838:Geologic modelling
1777:Geophysical survey
1729:Geodetic astronomy
1655:Structural geology
1616:Historical geology
1547:History of geology
1522:History of geology
1512:Outline of geology
1402:Physical geography
1253:2009-01-16 at the
1022:Hooke, Roger LeB.
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1828:Planetary geology
1744:Planetary geodesy
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992:978-3-642-03414-5
855:"Summary Remarks"
824:Irish Sea Glacier
678:A kettle pond in
474:temperate glacier
446:subpolar glaciers
352:Zones of glaciers
312:alpine glaciation
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16:(Redirected from
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2648:Paleoclimatology
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1739:Gravity of Earth
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829:List of glaciers
670:Glacial deposits
630:headward erosion
594:terminal moraine
580:Glacial landform
457:The movement of
453:Rate of movement
402:Gilgit-Baltistan
197:that integrates
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1193:Glaciers online
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1100:External links
1098:
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1082:Boca Raton, FL
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661:Tunnel valley
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517:precipitation
514:
512:
511:Ablation zone
509:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
487:
484:
482:of the slope.
481:
478:
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471:
470:polar glacier
467:
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224:
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211:geomorphology
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Earth science
191:
189:
185:
165:
162:
161:
153:
149:
146:
145:Ancient Greek
142:
141:
140:
134:
130:
123:
120:Glaciologist
118:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2011
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Glaciological
2768:
2756:
2744:
2698:
2666:Soil science
2661:Oceanography
2635:Biogeography
2557:
2426:Depositional
2416:Zungenbecken
2414:
2345:Glacial lake
2340:Glacial horn
2254:Mass balance
2242:Measurements
2178:Accumulation
2102:Glacier head
2097:Glacier cave
2041:Rock glacier
1932:
1920:
1901:
1801:Applications
1772:Geomagnetism
1696:Hydrogeology
1690:
1629:Paleontology
1624:Stratigraphy
1591:Geochemistry
1453:
1441:
1429:
1407:Soil science
1392:Oceanography
1376:
1155:
1149:October 2020
1146:
1131:by removing
1118:
1077:
1059:
1037:
1023:
997:
975:
951:
909:
889:
862:
858:
848:
746:Unstratified
689:
615:
611:
473:
469:
456:
437:
435:
429:
425:
419:
414:glacial lake
378:
358:Accumulation
327:
315:
311:
309:
288:Bylot Island
272:
264:
239:anthropology
192:
177:study of ice
158:
155:
148:
136:
128:
127:
76:
67:
48:
2644:Climatology
2630:Meteorology
2531:Outwash fan
2526:Kettle hole
2410:Valley step
2390:Trough lake
2370:Ribbon lake
2330:Finger lake
2072:Bergschrund
1872:Occupations
1853:Meteoritics
1719:Cartography
1675:Volcanology
1660:Geodynamics
1412:Volcanology
1387:Meteorology
865:: 254–255.
702:sand/gravel
684:Suomussalmi
531:Bergschrund
466:Temperature
219:meteorology
215:climatology
122:Erin Pettit
62:introducing
2798:Glaciology
2792:Categories
2699:Glaciology
2679:Geobiology
2674:Edaphology
2558:Glaciology
2541:Urstromtal
2521:Kame delta
2473:Till plain
2270:Jökulhlaup
2228:Starvation
2107:Ice divide
2021:Ice stream
1833:Geobiology
1808:Biogeology
1787:Seismology
1764:Geophysics
1691:Glaciology
1596:Mineralogy
1377:Glaciology
1372:Geophysics
1080:. 2nd ed.
1040:. 3rd ed.
1000:. 2nd ed.
834:Cryosphere
694:Stratified
641:Where the
638:/Quarrying
345:Antarctica
324:topography
290:glacier,
274:research.
199:geophysics
131:(from
129:Glaciology
110:Swiss Alps
45:references
2808:Water ice
2708:Limnology
2704:Hydrology
2303:Erosional
2295:Landforms
2166:Processes
2147:Randkluft
2142:Penitente
2087:Dirt cone
2016:Ice shelf
2011:Ice sheet
2006:Ice field
1879:Geologist
1734:Geomatics
1601:Petrology
1505:Overviews
1382:Hydrology
1133:excessive
1086:CRC Press
1064:Rotterdam
1002:Cambridge
928:cite book
766:-unsorted
758:, Ireland
558:molecular
341:Greenland
223:hydrology
2803:Glaciers
2746:Category
2670:Pedology
2563:Category
2501:Diluvium
2496:Alpentor
2405:U-valley
2249:Ice core
2218:Plucking
2173:Ablation
2157:Terminus
2082:Crevasse
2077:Blue ice
1977:Glaciers
1431:Category
1251:Archived
1088:, 2013.
1048:, 1994.
1012:, 2004.
1006:New York
998:Glaciers
986:, 2009.
984:Springer
964:, 1998.
798:See also
781:Drumlins
773:Moraines
756:Clew Bay
690:Source:
647:cohesion
643:adhesion
636:Plucking
572:Fracture
499:Ablation
480:Gradient
459:glaciers
442:Svalbard
398:Shimshal
388:Movement
364:Ablation
261:Overview
184:glaciers
96:Lateral
2770:Commons
2684:Geology
2443:Moraine
2433:Drumlin
2360:Nunatak
2223:Retreat
2188:Calving
2132:Moraine
2117:Icefall
2055:Anatomy
2026:Ledoyom
2001:Ice cap
1934:Geology
1922:Geology
1711:Geodesy
1498:Geology
1455:Commons
1367:Geology
1362:Geodesy
1334:Outline
1127:Please
1119:use of
867:Bibcode
809:Ice cap
709:Kettles
700:Outwash
608:Nunatak
588:Moraine
505:calving
422:glacier
420:When a
400:River,
368:calving
329:cirques
300:ice cap
296:Nunavut
231:ecology
227:biology
203:geology
171:
139:glacies
106:Zermatt
98:moraine
58:improve
2758:Portal
2536:Sandur
2380:Suncup
2365:P-form
2315:Cirque
2198:Motion
2137:Moulin
1996:Cirque
1991:Aufeis
1443:Portal
1092:
1070:
1052:
1044:etc.;
1042:Oxford
1030:
1016:
990:
982:etc.;
980:Berlin
968:
962:Arnold
958:London
916:
733:Varves
717:Eskers
612:Rognon
560:level.
554:stress
539:Cirque
334:arêtes
251:Europa
229:, and
47:, but
2506:Esker
2335:Fjord
2310:Arête
2233:Surge
2193:Creep
2152:Sérac
1984:Types
1684:Water
1339:Index
840:Notes
725:Kames
680:Hossa
556:at a
548:Creep
523:Arête
278:Types
255:Pluto
160:logos
152:λόγος
147:
135:
133:Latin
2568:List
2516:Kame
2385:Tarn
2285:Tuya
2092:Firn
1090:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1014:ISBN
1004:and
988:ISBN
966:ISBN
934:link
914:ISBN
764:Till
653:Tarn
624:Horn
600:Névé
564:Flow
332:and
253:and
247:Mars
243:Moon
237:and
168:lit.
1135:or
875:doi
188:ice
2794::
2706:/
2672:/
2668:/
2659:/
2650:/
2646:/
2637:/
2628:/
1267:–
1084:;
1062:.
1008:;
978:.
960:;
956:.
930:}}
926:{{
900:^
873:.
861:.
857:.
682:,
596:).
384:.
306:.
294:,
286:A
270:.
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217:,
213:,
209:,
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201:,
108:,
104:,
2607:e
2600:t
2593:v
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1490:e
1483:t
1476:v
1315:e
1308:t
1301:v
1162:)
1156:(
1151:)
1147:(
1143:.
1125:.
936:)
922:.
883:.
877::
869::
863:9
614:/
610:/
519:.
507:.
343:/
180:'
174:'
164:)
156:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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