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The glacier equilibrium line is the line separating the glacial accumulation area above from the ablation area below. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and its change over the years is a key indicator of the health of a glacier. A long term monitoring of the ELA may be used as indication to
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Areas of study within glaciology include glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. A glaciologist is a person who studies glaciers. A glacial geologist studies glacial deposits and glacial erosive features on the landscape. Glaciology and glacial geology are key areas of polar
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frozen to the ground in the accumulation area. When the stress due to the additional volume in the accumulation area increases, the pressure melting point of the ice at its base may be reached, the basal glacier ice will melt, and the glacier will surge on a film of meltwater.
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A glacier is an extended mass of ice formed from snow falling and accumulating over a long period of time; glaciers move very slowly, either descending from high mountains, as in valley glaciers, or moving outward from centers of accumulation, as in
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and the glacier will melt back. During times in which the volume input to the glacier by precipitation is equivalent to the ice volume lost from calving, evaporation, and melting, the glacier has a steady-state condition.
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is at a melting point temperature throughout the year, from its surface to its base. This allows the glacier to slide on a thin layer of meltwater. Most glaciers in alpine regions are temperate glaciers.
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Brittle failure (breaking of ice) under the stress raised when movement is too rapid to be accommodated by creep. It happens, for example, as the central part of a glacier moves faster than the edges.
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The tunnel that is formed by hydraulic erosion of ice and rock below an ice sheet margin. The tunnel valley is what remains of it in the underlying rock when the ice sheet has melted.
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Glaciers can be identified by their geometry and the relationship to the surrounding topography. There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish:
393:, northern Pakistan 2017. Several glaciers flow into the Shimshal Valley, and are prone to blocking the river. Khurdopin glacier surged in 2016–17, creating a sizable lake.
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Some glaciers show periods where the glacier is advancing at an extreme rate, that is typically 100 times faster than what is considered normal, it is referred to as a
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and will advance. Conversely, if the loss of volume (from evaporation, sublimation, melting, and calving) exceeds the accumulation, the glacier shows a
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Crevasse formed near the head of a glacier, where the mass of ice has rotated, sheared and torn itself apart in the manner of a geological fault.
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is usually slow. Its velocity varies from a few centimeters to a few meters per day. The rate of movement depends upon the factors listed below:
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Alpine – ice flows down the valleys of mountainous areas and forms a tongue of ice moving towards the plains below. Alpine glaciers tend to make
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is experiencing an accumulation input by precipitation (snow or refreezing rain) that exceeds the output by ablation, the glacier shows a
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shows cold ice with temperatures well below the freezing point from its surface to its base. It is frozen to its bed. A
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Accumulated debris that has been carried by a glacier and deposited at its sides (lateral moraine) or at its foot (
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more rugged by adding and improving the scale of existing features. Various features include large ravines called
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Glaciers of
Shimsal Valley from space, May 13, 2017. Khurdopin glacier has dammed the Shimshal River, forming a
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Area at the top of a glacier (often a cirque) where snow accumulates and feeds the glacier.
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add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
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of three or more cirques around a single mountain. It is an extreme case of an arête.
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Glaciology
Laboratory, Universidad de Chile-Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia
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101:. The moraine is the high bank of debris in the top left hand quarter of the image.
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Collective name for the morphologic structures in/on/under/around a glacier.
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Institute of
Meteorology and Geophysics, Univ. of Innsbruck, Austria.
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433:. This is caused mainly due to a long lasting accumulation period on
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287:. This mountain glacier is one of many coming down from the interior
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1015:. 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York; Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Wastage of the glacier through sublimation, ice melting and iceberg
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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Continental – an ice sheet found today, only in high latitudes (
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Snow, Ice, and
Permafrost Group, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Large subglacial elongated hills transverse to former ice flow.
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Spire of rock, also known as a pyramidal peak, formed by the
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zone – where the formation of ice is faster than its removal.
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Bowl shaped depression excavated by the source of a glacier.
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Scientific study of ice and natural phenomena involving ice
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of the rock, part of the rock leaves with the flowing ice.
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Visible peak of a mountain otherwise covered by a glacier.
222:. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of
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Alternating thin sedimentary beds (coarse and fine) of a
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International
Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS)
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Arctic and Alpine
Research Group, University of Alberta
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may not follow
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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When a lock of stagnant ice leaves a depression or pit.
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National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado
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1197:Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)
1187:World Data Centre for Glaciology, Cambridge, UK
516:An acute ridge of rock where two cirques meet.
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1227:Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo
355:(or wastage) zone – when the sum of melting,
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718:Stratified drift builds up low, steep hills.
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921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
557:Movement (of ice) in a constant direction.
1162:International Glaciological Society (IGS)
1148:Learn how and when to remove this message
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694:From front of glaciers, found on a plain.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:Benn, Douglas I. and David J. A. Evans.
774:Smooth elongated hills composed of till.
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179:and natural phenomena that involve ice.
32:This article includes a list of general
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901:. Nazia printers, Delhi. p. 269.
230:. The discoveries of water ice on the
1207:North Cascade Glacier Climate Project
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965:Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
803:International Glaciological Society
182:Glaciology is an interdisciplinary
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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985:Hambrey, Michael and Jürg Alean.
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1202:Glacial structures – photo atlas
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1067:Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics
1049:Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics
646:A post-glacial lake in a cirque.
364:Glacier equilibrium line and ELA
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1013:Principles of Glacier Mechanics
963:Greve, Ralf and Heinz Blatter.
132: 'frost, ice' and
1273:Articles related to Glaciology
1:
899:Text book of Physical Geology
842:Williams, Richard S. (1987).
419:negative glacier mass balance
415:positive glacier mass balance
171:) is the scientific study of
1549:Geological history of Earth
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1065:van der Veen, Cornelis J.
1047:van der Veen, Cornelis J.
999:Cambridge University Press
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1563:Composition and structure
1516:Index of geology articles
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869:10.3189/S0260305500000987
477:Subglacial water dynamics
89:on a glacier joining the
1217:Caltech Glaciology Group
1025:Paterson, W. Stanley B.
897:Mahapatra, G.B. (1994).
474:Thickness of the glacier
155: 'subject matter';
1055:; A. A. Balkema, 1999.
1027:The Physics of Glaciers
942:Glaciers and Glaciation
53:more precise citations.
793:Continental Glaciation
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385:Khurdopin glacier and
305:continental glaciation
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281:Sirmilik National Park
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1812:Environmental geology
1346:Environmental science
1258:Glaciology Commission
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675:municipality, Finland
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293:Byam Martin Mountains
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1771:Planetary geophysics
1118:improve this article
848:Annals of Glaciology
257:continental glaciers
2615:Atmospheric science
2437:Moraine-dammed lake
2264:Subglacial eruption
1873:Petroleum geologist
1837:Forensic geophysics
1807:Engineering geology
1554:Timeline of geology
1506:Glossary of geology
1341:Atmospheric science
1130:footnote references
860:1987AnGla...9..254W
743:Drowned drumlin in
482:Glacial Terminology
113:in Antarctica, 2016
2707:Quaternary science
2604:Physical geography
2269:Subglacial volcano
2252:Volcanic relations
1899:Geology portal
1827:Geologic modelling
1766:Geophysical survey
1718:Geodetic astronomy
1644:Structural geology
1605:Historical geology
1536:History of geology
1511:History of geology
1501:Outline of geology
1391:Physical geography
1242:2009-01-16 at the
1011:Hooke, Roger LeB.
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1817:Planetary geology
1733:Planetary geodesy
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981:978-3-642-03414-5
844:"Summary Remarks"
813:Irish Sea Glacier
667:A kettle pond in
463:temperate glacier
435:subpolar glaciers
341:Zones of glaciers
301:alpine glaciation
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569:Glacial landform
446:The movement of
442:Rate of movement
391:Gilgit-Baltistan
186:that integrates
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1021:0-521-54416-5
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506:precipitation
503:
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500:Ablation zone
498:
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491:
489:
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471:of the slope.
470:
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459:polar glacier
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197:
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185:
184:Earth science
180:
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174:
154:
151:
150:
142:
138:
135:
134:Ancient Greek
131:
130:
129:
123:
119:
112:
109:Glaciologist
107:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2011
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2687:
2655:Soil science
2650:Oceanography
2624:Biogeography
2546:
2415:Depositional
2405:Zungenbecken
2403:
2334:Glacial lake
2329:Glacial horn
2243:Mass balance
2231:Measurements
2167:Accumulation
2091:Glacier head
2086:Glacier cave
2030:Rock glacier
1921:
1909:
1890:
1790:Applications
1761:Geomagnetism
1685:Hydrogeology
1679:
1618:Paleontology
1613:Stratigraphy
1580:Geochemistry
1442:
1430:
1418:
1396:Soil science
1381:Oceanography
1365:
1144:
1138:October 2020
1135:
1120:by removing
1107:
1066:
1048:
1026:
1012:
986:
964:
940:
898:
878:
851:
847:
837:
735:Unstratified
678:
604:
600:
462:
458:
445:
426:
424:
418:
414:
408:
403:glacial lake
367:
347:Accumulation
316:
304:
300:
298:
277:Bylot Island
261:
253:
228:anthropology
181:
166:study of ice
147:
144:
137:
125:
117:
116:
65:
56:
37:
2633:Climatology
2619:Meteorology
2520:Outwash fan
2515:Kettle hole
2399:Valley step
2379:Trough lake
2359:Ribbon lake
2319:Finger lake
2061:Bergschrund
1861:Occupations
1842:Meteoritics
1708:Cartography
1664:Volcanology
1649:Geodynamics
1401:Volcanology
1376:Meteorology
854:: 254–255.
691:sand/gravel
673:Suomussalmi
520:Bergschrund
455:Temperature
208:meteorology
204:climatology
111:Erin Pettit
51:introducing
2787:Glaciology
2781:Categories
2688:Glaciology
2668:Geobiology
2663:Edaphology
2547:Glaciology
2530:Urstromtal
2510:Kame delta
2462:Till plain
2259:Jökulhlaup
2217:Starvation
2096:Ice divide
2010:Ice stream
1822:Geobiology
1797:Biogeology
1776:Seismology
1753:Geophysics
1680:Glaciology
1585:Mineralogy
1366:Glaciology
1361:Geophysics
1069:. 2nd ed.
1029:. 3rd ed.
989:. 2nd ed.
823:Cryosphere
683:Stratified
630:Where the
627:/Quarrying
334:Antarctica
313:topography
279:glacier,
263:research.
188:geophysics
120:(from
118:Glaciology
99:Swiss Alps
34:references
2797:Water ice
2697:Limnology
2693:Hydrology
2292:Erosional
2284:Landforms
2155:Processes
2136:Randkluft
2131:Penitente
2076:Dirt cone
2005:Ice shelf
2000:Ice sheet
1995:Ice field
1868:Geologist
1723:Geomatics
1590:Petrology
1494:Overviews
1371:Hydrology
1122:excessive
1075:CRC Press
1053:Rotterdam
991:Cambridge
917:cite book
755:-unsorted
747:, Ireland
547:molecular
330:Greenland
212:hydrology
2792:Glaciers
2735:Category
2659:Pedology
2552:Category
2490:Diluvium
2485:Alpentor
2394:U-valley
2238:Ice core
2207:Plucking
2162:Ablation
2146:Terminus
2071:Crevasse
2066:Blue ice
1966:Glaciers
1420:Category
1240:Archived
1077:, 2013.
1037:, 1994.
1001:, 2004.
995:New York
987:Glaciers
975:, 2009.
973:Springer
953:, 1998.
787:See also
770:Drumlins
762:Moraines
745:Clew Bay
679:Source:
636:cohesion
632:adhesion
625:Plucking
561:Fracture
488:Ablation
469:Gradient
448:glaciers
431:Svalbard
387:Shimshal
377:Movement
353:Ablation
250:Overview
173:glaciers
85:Lateral
2759:Commons
2673:Geology
2432:Moraine
2422:Drumlin
2349:Nunatak
2212:Retreat
2177:Calving
2121:Moraine
2106:Icefall
2044:Anatomy
2015:Ledoyom
1990:Ice cap
1923:Geology
1911:Geology
1700:Geodesy
1487:Geology
1444:Commons
1356:Geology
1351:Geodesy
1323:Outline
1116:Please
1108:use of
856:Bibcode
798:Ice cap
698:Kettles
689:Outwash
597:Nunatak
577:Moraine
494:calving
411:glacier
409:When a
389:River,
357:calving
318:cirques
289:ice cap
285:Nunavut
220:ecology
216:biology
192:geology
160:
128:glacies
95:Zermatt
87:moraine
47:improve
2747:Portal
2525:Sandur
2369:Suncup
2354:P-form
2304:Cirque
2187:Motion
2126:Moulin
1985:Cirque
1980:Aufeis
1432:Portal
1081:
1059:
1041:
1033:etc.;
1031:Oxford
1019:
1005:
979:
971:etc.;
969:Berlin
957:
951:Arnold
947:London
905:
722:Varves
706:Eskers
601:Rognon
549:level.
543:stress
528:Cirque
323:arêtes
240:Europa
218:, and
36:, but
2495:Esker
2324:Fjord
2299:Arête
2222:Surge
2182:Creep
2141:Sérac
1973:Types
1673:Water
1328:Index
829:Notes
714:Kames
669:Hossa
545:at a
537:Creep
512:Arête
267:Types
244:Pluto
149:logos
141:λόγος
136:
124:
122:Latin
2557:List
2505:Kame
2374:Tarn
2274:Tuya
2081:Firn
1079:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1017:ISBN
1003:ISBN
993:and
977:ISBN
955:ISBN
923:link
903:ISBN
753:Till
642:Tarn
613:Horn
589:Névé
553:Flow
321:and
242:and
236:Mars
232:Moon
226:and
157:lit.
1124:or
864:doi
177:ice
2783::
2695:/
2661:/
2657:/
2648:/
2639:/
2635:/
2626:/
2617:/
1256:–
1073:;
1051:.
997:;
967:.
949:;
945:.
919:}}
915:{{
889:^
862:.
850:.
846:.
671:,
585:).
373:.
295:.
283:,
275:A
259:.
238:,
234:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
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190:,
97:,
93:,
2596:e
2589:t
2582:v
1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
1479:e
1472:t
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