2010:
2101:
182:
1948:
3998:
4004:
4010:
137:
159:
2005:
Glyptodonts are thought to have been herbivores that fed on low lying vegetation, with mixed feeding or grazing based diets. Some glyptodonts were likely selective feeders, while others were likely bulk feeders. Damage to some glyptodont carapaces suggested to be caused by tail club impacts suggests
1976:, with the underside of the body and the top of the head also being protected with osteoderms. This protection reached a thickness of 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in). The vertebrae of the back were extensively fused to each other. The limbs were short and robustly built, with the
1980:
being wide. The head was short and blunt, with deep jaws. The teeth were grooved, and were evergrowing. The tail was covered in rings composed of osteoderms, which allowed the tail to flex. In many glyptodonts (members of the "Austral clade" other than
2323:
Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Varela, Luciano; Góis, Flávio; Moura, Jorge Felipe; Villa, Chiara; Fariña, Richard A. (June 2021). "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications".
615:, reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height, and maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes. They had short, deep skulls, a fused vertebral column, and a large bony carapace made up of hundreds of individual scutes. Some glyptodonts had
1989:), the end of the tail was covered in a completely fused "caudal tube". The end of caudal tubes of at least some glyptodonts are covered in depressions which in life are suggested to have been anchoring points for horny, likely
1396:, which probably originated in Northern South America, while the second is the unnamed "Austral clade", containing the majority of glyptodont diversity, which as the name suggests probably originated in Southern South America.
2088:
display distinctive fracture marks on the skull roof that occurred around the time of death, suggested to have been caused by a deliberate percussive blow to a relatively thin part of the skull by a club or stone tool.
2076:, and the importance of human vs climatic factors in these extinctions has been the subject of contention. Several sites across South America are suggested to document hunting of glyptodonts by the recently arrived
1971:
reached a height of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) and 4 metres (13 ft) in length, with a body mass of over two tonnes. The body of glyptodonts was covered in a large immobile carapace made up of hundreds of bony
630:, around 38 million years ago, and they spread to southern North America after the continents became connected around 2.7 million years ago. The best-known genus within the group is
2205:
Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G. C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J. C.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; MacPhee, R. D.E.; Poinar, H. N. (2016-02-22).
2271:
Carlini, Alfredo A.; Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D.; Jaimes, Arturo; Aguilera, Orangel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Iriarte, José; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (December 2022).
4156:
2129:"Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos"
2497:
Barasoain, Daniel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Croft, Darin A.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Contreras, Víctor H.; Miño-Boilini, Ángel R.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (June 2022).
2499:"A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America"
2443:
Gibb, Gillian C.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Kuch, Melanie; Enk, Jacob; Moraes-Barros, Nadia; Superina, Mariella; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Delsuc, Frédéric (2015).
2819:
4230:
4130:
2021:
2009:
4220:
1993:
spikes, allowing for the tail to function as an effective weapon when swung. These "tail clubs" are similar in construction to those of
698:, along with most other large animals in the Americas. Evidence has been found suggesting that they were hunted by recently arrived
4215:
2812:
150:
2673:
4225:
683:. Other authors have continued to use Glyptodontidae. Based on the morphology of the inner ear, a close relationship with
181:
2069:
2033:
695:
2127:
Mitchell, Kieren J.; Scanferla, Agustin; Soibelzon, Esteban; Bonini, Ricardo; Ochoa, Javier; Cooper, Alan (July 2016).
2394:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation"
2273:"Damaged glyptodontid skulls from Late Pleistocene sites of northwestern Venezuela: evidence of hunting by humans?"
744:
2805:
919:
2606:"Tooth wear and diets of extant and fossil xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra) – Applying a new mesowear approach"
2546:"The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs"
2637:"Evaluating Habitats and Feeding Habits Through Ecomorphological Features in Glyptodonts (Mammalia, Xenarthra)"
2073:
4003:
4009:
3879:
3830:
3641:
878:
724:
523:
313:
2636:
2072:, simultaneously with the vast majority of other large mammals in the Americas. These extinctions followed
4029:
3997:
2789:
2771:
902:
722:. For example, an Early Miocene glyptodont with many primitive features (comparatively to other species),
3155:
4182:
4061:
3627:
3375:
1961:
293:
2445:"Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans"
1678:
669:(giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos). For this reason, glyptodonts and all armadillos but
573:
3788:
3506:
513:
4117:
3746:
3725:
3620:
3275:
3245:
3235:
3225:
2941:
2716:
2333:
2284:
2218:
2140:
644:
403:
283:
3570:
3389:
3352:
3185:
4210:
4108:
3954:
3893:
3865:
3858:
3823:
3732:
3676:
3648:
3175:
3135:
3105:
2106:
1820:
1510:
583:
553:
543:
413:
343:
333:
323:
3809:
3145:
3125:
3072:
2927:
2900:
3914:
3774:
3543:
3429:
3285:
3205:
2976:
2948:
2605:
2526:
2368:
2349:
2182:
593:
463:
261:
176:
3439:
3412:
3400:
3265:
3255:
3165:
3115:
2890:
2797:
4187:
4066:
3215:
2635:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Cassini, Guillermo H.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana (2011-09-30).
626:
The earliest widely recognised fossils of glyptodonts in South
America are known from the late
4169:
3781:
3368:
2750:
2732:
2703:
Politis, Gustavo G.; Messineo, Pablo G.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Lindsey, Emily L. (March 2019).
2583:
2565:
2518:
2474:
2425:
2302:
2246:
2174:
2166:
2064:
1771:
734:
719:
473:
4174:
4161:
3978:
2705:"Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas"
643:, with their relationships to modern armadillos being contested. In 2016, an analysis of the
3802:
3697:
3044:
2992:
2778:
2740:
2724:
2685:
2652:
2644:
2617:
2573:
2557:
2510:
2464:
2456:
2415:
2405:
2341:
2292:
2236:
2226:
2156:
2148:
2039:
1623:
1575:
691:
493:
46:
3690:
3560:
3496:
3382:
3029:
2783:
2080:, which may have played a role in their extinction. At the Muaco and Taima-Taima sites in
1977:
1947:
1729:
1384:. The first is the traditional Glyptodontinae, which is includes the well known genera of
1038:
363:
27:
2720:
2337:
2288:
2222:
2144:
2128:
1380:
Glyptodonts are divided into two major groups, which split during or prior to the Early
3900:
3872:
3837:
3533:
3487:
3459:
3006:
2985:
2934:
2745:
2704:
2689:
2578:
2545:
2498:
2469:
2444:
2420:
2393:
1272:
1006:
803:
676:
662:
620:
563:
243:
4204:
3739:
3669:
3580:
3361:
3051:
3022:
2918:
2674:"Tail blow energy and carapace fractures in a large glyptodont (Mammalia, Xenarthra)"
2530:
2353:
2077:
2052:
1450:
1392:
1204:
Analysis of inner ear morphology corroborates this position, while also finding that
739:
715:
699:
690:
Glyptodonts abruptly became extinct approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the
423:
94:
3925:
3886:
3704:
3524:
3513:
3338:
3058:
3037:
2186:
1994:
1534:
1287:
1250:
1060:
1021:
815:
756:
666:
654:
373:
4052:
2621:
2410:
2345:
4143:
4102:
3851:
3844:
3753:
3711:
3634:
3326:
3295:
3088:
2955:
2648:
2206:
2048:
1796:
1661:
1426:
1330:
1312:
1228:
790:
684:
533:
433:
383:
303:
69:
50:
2514:
2297:
2272:
3968:
3961:
3907:
3816:
3767:
3683:
3662:
3590:
3550:
3476:
3305:
2962:
2369:"Andean Highlands In Chile Yield Ancient South American Armored Mammal Fossil"
2231:
2096:
2060:
2056:
1990:
1973:
1952:
1837:
1712:
1205:
1098:
1074:
984:
830:
748:
649:
503:
453:
353:
168:
114:
79:
4093:
2736:
2569:
2544:
Blanco, R. Ernesto; Jones, Washington W.; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2009-11-22).
2522:
2306:
2170:
3944:
3934:
3795:
3760:
3718:
3065:
3015:
2875:
2860:
2829:
2460:
2044:
1599:
1467:
1386:
1215:
1115:
776:
752:
632:
616:
612:
483:
443:
393:
233:
193:
145:
119:
63:
23:
16:
Subfamily of extinct mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans
2754:
2728:
2672:
Alexander, R. McNeill; Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (May 1999).
2587:
2561:
2478:
2429:
2250:
2178:
2081:
639:
Glyptodonts were historically considered to constitute the distinct family
4087:
4046:
3655:
2848:
1558:
213:
109:
104:
89:
84:
74:
54:
675:(long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos) were relocated to a new family,
136:
4135:
3597:
3419:
3315:
3195:
2657:
2241:
2161:
1381:
854:
671:
653:
found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the
158:
124:
99:
4148:
2782:
2152:
2854:
2842:
2017:
711:
627:
223:
203:
42:
4023:
2042:, all then-living glyptodont species, which belonged to the genera
2008:
2006:
that tail clubs may have been used in combat between rival males.
1946:
730:
658:
608:
270:
20:
2068:, abruptly became extinct around 12,000 years ago as part of the
4122:
4027:
2873:
2801:
2392:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
2207:"The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts"
2550:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
3974:
3950:
3940:
3608:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3539:
3502:
3472:
3435:
3425:
3408:
3349:
3334:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3003:
2973:
2915:
2896:
2886:
1327:
1309:
702:, which may have played a role in their extinction.
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
4077:
4036:
3924:
3607:
3523:
3486:
3457:
3399:
3348:
3325:
3086:
3002:
2972:
2914:
2084:State in northwestern Venezuela, several skulls of
755:and a number of other types of xenarthrans (e.g.,
2610:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2020:, early Miocene, in the permanent collection of
737:formed about three million years ago, the genus
679:, and glyptodonts were demoted to the subfamily
2813:
8:
2604:Saarinen, Juha; Karme, Aleksis (June 2017).
2200:
2198:
2196:
2074:the first arrival of humans in the Americas
4024:
3465:
3345:
3094:
2911:
2907:
2870:
2820:
2806:
2798:
1208:are the closest relatives of glyptodonts:
157:
135:
34:
2744:
2678:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2656:
2577:
2468:
2419:
2409:
2296:
2240:
2230:
2160:
729:was discovered at a now-elevated site in
2326:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2114:
1399:Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022:
725:Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis
2599:
2597:
2022:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
710:Glyptodonts first evolved during the
7:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2318:
2316:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1812:
1788:
1763:
1704:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1615:
1591:
1550:
1526:
1502:
1442:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1302:
1265:
1243:
1221:
1211:
1090:
1066:
1013:
1001:
971:
894:
870:
846:
822:
810:
783:
771:
2772:Glyptodont article at ScienceBlogs
2690:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00606.x
14:
2367:Case Western Reserve University.
733:and described in 2007. After the
718:, which remained their center of
4231:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
4008:
4002:
3996:
2099:
2070:end-Pleistocene extinction event
1414:Traditional Glyptodontinae
696:end-Pleistocene extinction event
180:
166:Illustration of the skeleton of
2449:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2503:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2277:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
151:Natural History Museum, Vienna
1:
1967:The largest glyptodonts like
2622:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.027
2411:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
2346:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189
2034:Late Pleistocene extinctions
743:spread north as part of the
19:Not to be confused with the
611:of large, heavily armoured
4247:
4221:Lutetian first appearances
2515:10.1007/s10914-021-09599-w
2298:10.1186/s13358-022-00253-3
2031:
745:Great American Interchange
18:
3994:
3468:
3097:
2910:
2882:
2869:
2837:
2232:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039
1834:
1817:
1810:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1761:
1726:
1709:
1702:
1675:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1620:
1613:
1596:
1589:
1572:
1555:
1548:
1531:
1524:
1507:
1500:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1325:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1241:
1226:
1219:
1112:
1095:
1088:
1071:
1064:
1035:
1018:
1011:
999:
976:
969:
916:
899:
892:
875:
868:
851:
844:
827:
820:
808:
788:
781:
276:
269:
177:Scientific classification
175:
165:
156:
143:
134:
37:
2832:and their extinct allies
687:has also been proposed.
3831:Parapropalaehoplophorus
2649:10.5710/AMGH.v48i3(364)
879:Chaetophractus villosus
765:Cladogram of Cingulata
665:(fairy armadillos) and
524:Parapropalaehoplophorus
4216:Prehistoric cingulates
3880:Pseudoneothoracophorus
2790:Encyclopedia Americana
2729:10.1126/sciadv.aau4546
2562:10.1098/rspb.2009.1144
2024:
1964:
903:Chaetophractus nationi
4183:Paleobiology Database
4062:Paleobiology Database
2461:10.1093/molbev/msv250
2012:
1962:Robert Bruce Horsfall
1950:
1498:"Austral clade"
4226:Holocene extinctions
645:mitochondrial genome
3866:Propalaehoplophorus
2721:2019SciA....5.4546P
2556:(1675): 3971–3978.
2338:2021JSAES.10803189T
2289:2022SwJP..141...11C
2223:2016CBio...26.R155D
2145:2016MolEc..25.3499M
2107:Paleontology portal
2015:Propalaehoplophorus
1983:Propalaehoplophorus
1511:Propalaehoplophorus
554:Propalaehoplophorus
3376:Parastegosimpsonia
2977:Pachyarmatheriidae
2784:"Glyptodont"
2038:At the end of the
2025:
1965:
4198:
4197:
4170:Open Tree of Life
4030:Taxon identifiers
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3782:Neosclerocalyptus
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3369:Nanoastegotherium
3082:
3081:
2153:10.1111/mec.13695
2139:(14): 3499–3508.
2133:Molecular Ecology
2065:Neosclerocalyptus
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1772:Neosclerocalyptus
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1690:
1689:
1679:Pseudohoplophorus
1488:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1050:
1049:
958:
957:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
735:Isthmus of Panama
720:species diversity
694:, as part of the
602:
601:
574:Pseudoplohophorus
474:Neosclerocalyptus
265:
4238:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4125:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4025:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3976:
3952:
3942:
3803:Palaehoplophorus
3789:Neothoracophorus
3698:Eosclerocalyptus
3610:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3541:
3507:Chlamydophractus
3504:
3474:
3466:
3437:
3427:
3410:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3313:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3095:
3005:
2993:Pachyarmatherium
2975:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2871:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2779:Ernest Ingersoll
2759:
2758:
2748:
2709:Science Advances
2700:
2694:
2693:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2404:(12): e3000494.
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2217:(4): R155–R156.
2202:
2191:
2190:
2164:
2124:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2040:Late Pleistocene
1813:
1789:
1764:
1705:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1624:Eosclerocalyptus
1616:
1592:
1576:Palaehoplophorus
1551:
1527:
1503:
1443:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1329:
1311:
1303:
1266:
1244:
1222:
1212:
1091:
1067:
1039:Calyptophractus
1014:
1002:
972:
895:
871:
847:
823:
811:
784:
772:
762:
761:
692:Late Pleistocene
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
514:Paraeucinepeltus
511:
501:
494:Palaehoplophorus
491:
481:
471:
461:
451:
441:
431:
421:
411:
401:
391:
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
291:
281:
260:
255:
185:
184:
161:
139:
129:
66:
47:Late Pleistocene
41:Temporal range:
35:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4032:
4022:
4013:
3984:
3920:
3747:Heteroglyptodon
3726:Glyptodontidium
3691:Eleutherocercus
3621:Andinoglyptodon
3603:
3561:Macroeuphractus
3519:
3497:Calyptophractus
3482:
3462:
3445:
3395:
3383:Riostegotherium
3344:
3321:
3276:Prostegotherium
3246:Mazzoniphractus
3236:Macrochorobates
3226:Lumbreratherium
3091:
3078:
3030:Machlydotherium
2998:
2968:
2942:Parapeltecoelus
2906:
2878:
2865:
2833:
2826:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2715:(3): eaau4546.
2702:
2701:
2697:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2211:Current Biology
2204:
2203:
2194:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2036:
2030:
2003:
1978:pectoral girdle
1945:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1751:
1742:
1730:Eleutherocercus
1691:
1489:
1480:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1051:
959:
950:
941:
932:
708:
607:are an extinct
404:Glyptodontidium
364:Eleutherocercus
284:Andinoglyptodon
259:
253:
179:
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
61:
60:
58:
39:
31:
28:Giant armadillo
17:
12:
11:
5:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4127:
4114:
4109:Glyptodontidae
4099:
4083:
4081:
4079:Glyptodontidae
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4058:
4042:
4040:
4038:Glyptodontinae
4034:
4033:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3901:Trachycalyptus
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3873:Protoglyptodon
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3838:Phlyctaenopyga
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3612:Glyptodontinae
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3571:Paleurphractus
3564:
3554:
3547:
3537:
3534:Chaetophractus
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3488:Chlamyphorinae
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3460:Chlamyphoridae
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3390:Stegosimpsonia
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3353:Astegotheriini
3343:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3186:Epipeltecoelus
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3007:Pampatheriidae
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2986:Neoglyptatelus
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2935:Epipeltephilus
2931:
2923:
2921:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2775:
2767:
2766:External links
2764:
2761:
2760:
2695:
2664:
2627:
2593:
2536:
2509:(2): 263–282.
2484:
2455:(3): 621–642.
2435:
2384:
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2256:
2192:
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2110:
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2091:
2032:Main article:
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1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:Chlamyphorinae
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
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1080:
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1070:
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1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:Chlamyphorinae
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
980:Glyptodontinae
975:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
943:
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891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
874:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
850:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
826:
821:
819:
809:
807:
804:Chlamyphoridae
799:
798:
795:
794:
787:
782:
780:
770:
767:
766:
707:
704:
681:Glyptodontinae
677:Chlamyphoridae
663:Chlamyphorinae
661:consisting of
641:Glyptodontidae
600:
599:
598:
597:
587:
577:
567:
564:Protoglyptodon
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
274:
273:
267:
266:
257:Glyptodontinae
251:
247:
246:
244:Chlamyphoridae
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
173:
172:
163:
162:
154:
153:
141:
140:
132:
131:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
67:
62:38–0.011
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4243:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:Pedrolypeutes
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3894:Stromatherium
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:Prodaedicurus
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:Paraglyptodon
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:Glyptotherium
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:Glyptostracon
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:Daedicuroides
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:Coscinocercus
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:Clypeotherium
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:Castellanosia
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:Proeuphractus
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:Astegotherium
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:Eocoleophorus
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:Barrancatatus
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:Acantharodeia
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:Scirrotherium
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:Kraglievichia
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:Peltephilidae
2913:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2774:, with photos
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
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2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
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2589:
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2580:
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2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
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2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
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2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2374:
2373:Science Daily
2370:
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2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
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2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:Glyptotherium
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:Glyptotherium
2050:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:Propanochthus
1815:
1814:
1808:
1807:
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1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1784:Hoplophorini
1783:
1782:
1779:
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1700:Doedicurinae
1699:
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1668:
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1451:Glyptotherium
1445:
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1393:Glyptotherium
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757:ground sloths
754:
750:
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740:Glyptotherium
736:
732:
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726:
721:
717:
716:South America
713:
705:
703:
701:
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688:
686:
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660:
656:
652:
651:
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624:
622:
619:, similar to
618:
617:clubbed tails
614:
610:
606:
596:
595:
588:
586:
585:
584:Stromatherium
578:
576:
575:
568:
566:
565:
558:
556:
555:
548:
546:
545:
544:Prodaedicurus
538:
536:
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526:
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518:
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506:
505:
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496:
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488:
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426:
425:
424:Glyptotherium
418:
416:
415:
414:Glyptostracon
408:
406:
405:
398:
396:
395:
388:
386:
385:
378:
376:
375:
368:
366:
365:
358:
356:
355:
348:
346:
345:
344:Daedicuroides
338:
336:
335:
334:Cranithlastus
328:
326:
325:
324:Clypeotherium
318:
316:
315:
314:Castellanosia
308:
306:
305:
298:
296:
295:
288:
286:
285:
278:
277:
275:
272:
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242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
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3926:Tolypeutinae
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3887:Stromaphorus
3885:
3878:
3871:
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3843:
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3810:Palaeopeltis
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3780:
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3682:
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3647:
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3628:Asterostemma
3626:
3619:
3611:
3596:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3542:
3532:
3525:Euphractinae
3514:Chlamyphorus
3512:
3505:
3495:
3475:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3411:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3339:Stegotherium
3337:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3146:Chasicotatus
3144:
3134:
3126:Archaeutatus
3124:
3114:
3104:
3073:Yuruatherium
3071:
3064:
3059:Tonnicinctus
3057:
3050:
3043:
3038:Pampatherium
3036:
3028:
3021:
3014:
2991:
2984:
2961:
2956:Peltephilus
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2928:Anantiosodon
2926:
2901:Saltatherium
2899:
2889:
2859:Superorder:
2788:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2684:(1): 41–49.
2681:
2677:
2667:
2640:
2630:
2613:
2609:
2553:
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2539:
2506:
2502:
2452:
2448:
2438:
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2397:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2362:
2329:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2214:
2210:
2136:
2132:
2085:
2078:Paleoindians
2043:
2037:
2014:
2004:
1995:ankylosaurid
1987:Eucinepeltus
1986:
1982:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1818:
1795:
1794:
1770:
1769:
1728:
1727:
1711:
1710:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1659:
1622:
1621:
1598:
1597:
1574:
1573:
1557:
1556:
1535:Eucinepeltus
1533:
1532:
1509:
1508:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1448:
1425:
1424:
1406:Glyptodonts
1398:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1326:
1308:
1288:Tolypeutinae
1286:
1271:
1251:Euphractinae
1249:
1227:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1114:
1113:
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1096:
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1061:Tolypeutinae
1037:
1036:
1022:Chlamyphorus
1020:
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983:
979:
977:
918:
917:
901:
900:
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876:
853:
852:
829:
828:
816:Euphractinae
789:
738:
723:
709:
700:Paleoindians
689:
680:
670:
667:Tolypeutinae
655:sister group
648:
640:
638:
631:
625:
621:ankylosaurid
604:
603:
592:
582:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
512:
502:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
392:
382:
374:Eucinepeltus
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
294:Asterostemma
292:
282:
256:
167:
144:
32:
4144:iNaturalist
4103:Wikispecies
3915:Xiphuroides
3852:Plohophorus
3845:Plaxhaplous
3775:Metopotoxus
3754:Hoplophorus
3712:Glyptatelus
3635:Boreostemma
3544:Doellotatus
3430:Pliodasypus
3327:Dasypodinae
3296:Punatherium
3286:Pucatherium
3206:Hemiutaetus
3089:Dasypodidae
2949:Peltecoelus
2658:11336/69574
2643:: 305–319.
2641:Ameghiniana
2242:11336/49579
2162:11336/48521
2049:Hoplophorus
1997:dinosaurs.
1943:Description
1797:Hoplophorus
1662:Plohophorus
1427:Boreostemma
1331:Glyptodonts
1313:Pampatheres
1229:Dasypodidae
1206:pampatheres
791:Dasypodidae
749:pampatheres
685:pampatheres
623:dinosaurs.
605:Glyptodonts
594:Xiphuroides
534:Plaxhaplous
464:Metopotoxus
434:Hoplophorus
384:Glyptatelus
304:Boreostemma
250:Subfamily:
51:Divisaderan
38:Glyptodonts
4211:Cingulates
4205:Categories
3969:Tolypeutes
3962:Priodontes
3908:Urotherium
3817:Panochthus
3768:Lomaphorus
3684:Doedicurus
3663:Comaphorus
3591:Prozaedyus
3551:Euphractus
3477:Proeutatus
3440:Propraopus
3413:Anadasypus
3401:Dasypodini
3306:Stenotatus
3266:Prodasypus
3256:Meteutatus
3166:Coelutatus
3156:Chorobates
3116:Amblytatus
2963:Ronwolffia
2891:Noatherium
2830:armadillos
2828:Genera of
2378:2007-12-14
2332:: 103189.
2093:References
2061:Doedicurus
2057:Panochthus
2028:Extinction
2013:Detail of
1991:keratinous
1974:osteoderms
1969:Doedicurus
1953:Doedicurus
1838:Panochthus
1713:Doedicurus
1099:Tolypeutes
1075:Priodontes
985:Doedicurus
831:Euphractus
753:armadillos
650:Doedicurus
613:armadillos
504:Panochthus
454:Lomaphorus
354:Doedicurus
262:Burmeister
169:Doedicurus
4053:Q23015579
3945:Kuntinaru
3935:Cabassous
3796:Neuryurus
3761:Kelenkura
3719:Glyptodon
3216:Isutaetus
3066:Vassallia
3016:Holmesina
2876:Cingulata
2861:Xenarthra
2841:Kingdom:
2737:2375-2548
2616:: 42–54.
2570:0962-8452
2531:245945029
2523:1064-7554
2398:PLOS Biol
2354:234062118
2307:1664-2376
2283:(1): 11.
2171:0962-1083
2045:Glyptodon
1958:Glyptodon
1600:Kelenkura
1468:Glyptodon
1387:Glyptodon
1216:Cingulata
1116:Cabassous
777:Cingulata
747:, as did
706:Evolution
633:Glyptodon
484:Neuryurus
444:Kelenkura
394:Glyptodon
234:Cingulata
200:Kingdom:
194:Eukaryota
146:Glyptodon
24:Glyptodon
4088:Wikidata
4047:Wikidata
3656:Cochlops
2855:Mammalia
2849:Chordata
2847:Phylum:
2843:Animalia
2781:(1920).
2755:30854426
2588:19710060
2479:26556496
2430:31800571
2251:26906483
2179:27158910
1559:Cochlops
240:Family:
224:Mammalia
214:Chordata
210:Phylum:
204:Animalia
190:Domain:
149:fossil,
55:Lujanian
4175:3617143
4136:3239782
4123:4471446
4094:Q132641
3979:Vetelia
3598:Zaedyus
3420:Dasypus
3316:Utaetus
3196:Eutatus
2853:Class:
2746:6402857
2717:Bibcode
2579:2825778
2470:4760074
2421:6892540
2334:Bibcode
2285:Bibcode
2219:Bibcode
2187:3720645
2141:Bibcode
2001:Ecology
1972:scutes/
1382:Miocene
1009:
855:Zaedyus
818:
806:
779:
672:Dasypus
230:Order:
220:Class:
26:or the
4162:102001
4149:537549
3045:Plaina
2753:
2743:
2735:
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2018:scutes
1005:
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802:
775:
712:Eocene
628:Eocene
271:Genera
43:Eocene
4188:43568
4157:IRMNG
4067:93607
2527:S2CID
2350:S2CID
2183:S2CID
731:Chile
659:clade
657:of a
609:clade
21:genus
4131:GBIF
2751:PMID
2733:ISSN
2584:PMID
2566:ISSN
2519:ISSN
2475:PMID
2426:PMID
2303:ISSN
2247:PMID
2175:PMID
2167:ISSN
2063:and
1985:and
1956:and
1390:and
264:1879
70:PreꞒ
4118:EoL
2741:PMC
2725:doi
2686:doi
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2653:hdl
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2558:doi
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