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to the
Tapestry. Some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be Harold or if the panel shows two instances of Harold in sequence of his death the figure standing to the left of the central figure commonly thought to be Harold, and then lying to the right almost supine being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks which is longer than the currently shown arrow and without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the standing figure currently depicted with an arrow to the eye; while stitch marks for where such a spear may have been removed can be seen in the Tapestry. In 1816,
576:
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nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched. Many believe the figure with an arrow in his eye to be Harold as the name "Harold" is above him. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the
Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that Harold suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence.
42:
4812:
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4800:
825:
1096:
991:
914:("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of Harold being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition. The sources for how Harold met his death are contradictory, thus modern historians have not been able to produce a definitive story without finding something that will compromise any hypothesis.
976:
mother, who offered for the body of her beloved son its weight in gold. For the Duke thought it unseemly to receive money for such merchandise, and equally he considered it wrong that Harold should be buried as his mother wished, since so many men lay unburied because of his avarice. They said in jest that he who had guarded the coast with such insensate zeal should be buried by the seashore.
4869:
4776:
771:
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744:, though limited but persuasive evidence from the time survives to confirm this, in the form of its depiction in the Bayeux Tapestry (shown above left). Although later Norman sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, the reason may have been that all the nobles of the land were present at Westminster for the feast of
4824:
1026:
a powerfully built man of about 5ft 6in in height, aged over 60 years and with traces of arthritis." It was suggested that the contents of the coffin had been opened at a much earlier date and vandalised, as the skull was missing and the remaining bones damaged in a way that was inconsistent with decomposition
713:
763:, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, Harold disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day, the invasion force of Harald Hardrada, accompanied by Tostig, landed at the mouth of the
1025:
having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as Harold's were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place. The exhumation in 1954 had revealed the remains of a man in a coffin. " was made of
Horsham stone, magnificently finished, and contained the thigh and pelvic bones of
975:
The two brothers of the King were found near him and Harold himself, stripped of all badges of honour, could not be identified by his face but only by certain marks on his body. His corpse was brought into the Duke's camp, and
William gave it for burial to William, surnamed Malet, and not to Harold's
929:
In the panel of the Bayeux
Tapestry with the inscription "Hic Harold Rex Interfectus Est" ("Here King Harold is killed") a figure standing below the inscription is currently depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye. This, however, may have been a late 18th or early 19th century modification
617:
Later Norman chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for Harold's journey: that he was seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the
English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and
809:
as "plainly mythical", before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald
Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother Harold would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The
688:
wrote of Harold that he "was distinguished by his great size and strength of body, his polished manners, his firmness of mind and command of words, by a ready wit and a variety of excellent qualities. But what availed so many valuable gifts, when good faith, the foundation of all virtues, was
431:
When Harold
Harefoot died in 1040, Harthacnut ascended the English throne and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin. Harthacnut's death in 1042 probably involved Godwin in a role as
938:
to make a copy of the Bayeux
Tapestry. He included in his reproduction previously damaged or missing parts of the work with his own hypothesised depictions. This is when the arrow first appears. It has been proposed that the supine figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic
535:
and soon afterwards drove them into exile, but they raised an army which forced the king to restore them to their positions a year later. Earl Godwin died in 1053, and Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex, which made him the most powerful lay figure in
England after the king.
528:, who was in revolt against Henry. During this campaign, Sweyn returned to England and attempted to secure a pardon from the king, but Harold and Beorn refused to return any of their lands, and Sweyn, after leaving the royal court, took Beorn hostage and later killed him.
736:, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and commending his widow and the kingdom to Harold's "protection". The intent of this charge remains ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent Harold. When the
681:, and other Norman sources, then state that Harold swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English throne. After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to claim that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had broken this alleged oath.
479:. Harold is called "earl" when he appears as a witness in a will that may date to 1044; but, by 1045, Harold regularly appears as an earl in documents. One reason for his appointment to East Anglia may have been a need to defend against the threat from King
1163:
to be buried. What happened to her after 1066, is not known. Also, after their defeat at the Battle of Northam the fate of the sons is unclear although some later sources suggest they took refuge at the Danish court with their grandmother, aunt and sister.
606:. Scholars disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have believed he had been offered the succession, but some acts of Edward are inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return his nephew
810:
rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men." Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was Harold Godwinson himself.
1864:, whereby the kingdoms of the first to die were to pass to the survivor. Magnus had thus gained a claim to Denmark on Harthacnut's death but had not pursued this other crown. Hardrada, uncle and heir of Magnus, now claimed England on this basis.
467:(originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown. Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020.
509:, or "in the Danish manner", and was accepted by most laypeople in England at the time. Any children of such a union were considered legitimate. Harold probably entered the relationship in part to secure support in his new earldom.
1087:) by the Orthodox Church. Supporters of Harold's sainthood view him as a potential Martyr or Passion Bearer. Among English-speaking Orthodox Christians there has been some interest in creating iconography and localised veneration.
3204:
3655:
1961:. When the Anglo-Saxons were evangelized although by church law concubinage would not have been legally ratified, it was largely acknowledged by custom. Edith's marriage was described as
1053:, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends also grew up that Harold had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury.
1013:, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King Harold's burial. A request to exhume a grave in
1156:. Because of the chronology it is likely that the boys would have been twins and born after the demise of their father. Another possibility is that Ulf was the son of Edith the Fair.
876:) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle.
1034:, that says Harold was buried by the sea. The location of the grave, at Bosham Church, is also consistent with William of Poitiers' description as it is only a small distance from
487:
in 1045 against Magnus. Sweyn, Harold's elder brother, had been named an earl in 1043. It was also around the time that Harold was named an earl that he began a relationship with
412:
Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of that reign. On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported
3648:
2518:
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894:, Bishop of Amiens, says that Harold was lanced and his body dismembered by four knights, probably including Duke William. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as
759:
formally declared William the rightful heir of the throne of England and nobles flocked to his cause. In preparation of the invasion, Harold assembled his troops on the
794:
on 20 September 1066. Harold led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by surprise. On 25 September, in the
4683:
3641:
436:, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045, Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith.
755:
on the Normandy coast. Initially, William struggled to gain support for his cause, however, after claiming that Harold had broken an oath sworn on sacred relics,
730:
At the end of 1065, King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma without clarifying his preference for the succession. He died on 5 January 1066, according to the
1873:
Stothard's is the first record of the Bayeux Tapestry after it was damaged during the French Revolution and before repairs were carried out in the 19th century.
3163:
Grainge, Christine; Grainge, Gerald (1999). "Interpretations: The Pevensey Expedition: Brilliantly Executed plan or near disaster". In Morillo, Stephen (ed.).
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1806:
Edward may not have been blameless in this situation, as at least one other man, Sweyn II of Denmark, also thought Edward had promised him the succession.
751:
In early January 1066, upon hearing of Harold's coronation, William began plans to invade England, building approximately 700 warships and transports at
3044:
Foys, Martin (2010). "Pulling the Arrow Out: The Legend of Harold's Death and the Bayeux Tapestry". In Foys; Overbey, Karen Eileen; Terkla, Dan (eds.).
1060:, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of Harold's other sons, Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of
4954:
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1137:. After her husband's death, at the Battle of Hastings, the pregnant Ealdgyth had been collected, from London, by her brothers, the Northern earls,
921:
Harold's death depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, reflecting the tradition that Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. The annotation above states
2932:
4575:
1056:
Harold's son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087. Ulf threw his lot in with
719:. "Here sits Harold King of the English. Archbishop Stigand". Scene immediately after crowning of Harold by (according to the Norman tradition)
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700:. This led to Harold's marriage alliance with the northern earls but fatally split his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King
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on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 240 miles (390 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in
594:. There is much speculation about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers state that King Edward had previously sent
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The widely held belief that Harold died by an arrow to the eye is a subject of much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle,
3503:
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2522:
848:
On 12 September 1066, William's fleet sailed from Normandy. Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at
503:, lands in Harold's new earldom. The relationship was a form of marriage that was not blessed or sanctioned by the Church, known as
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influence in England under the restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who had spent more than 25 years in exile in
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Some historians have suggested that Harold and Ealdgyth's union was childless, others ascribe two children to Ealdgyth, named
298:
1941:
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Brooks, N. P.; Walker, H. E. (1997). "The Authority and Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry". In Gameson, Richard (ed.).
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1009:, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her. Harold's strong association with
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and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September, the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at
521:
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4698:
4616:
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1834:, who appears to have looked favourably on Harold, was writing after the Conquest and may have been intentionally vague.
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convened the next day they selected Harold to succeed, and his coronation followed on 6 January, most likely held in
409:(reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut named him Earl of Wessex.
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Due to a doubling of taxation by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to plunge England into civil war, Harold supported
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There is a tradition that Edith the Fair took the broken body of her husband Harold Godwinson to the Church at
861:
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Harold was married to Edith the Fair for approximately twenty years and had at least five children with her.
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van Kempen, Ad F. J. (November 2016). "'A mission he bore – to Duke William he came': Harold Godwineson's
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led a force that defeated a raid by Godwine and Edmund, sons of Harold Godwinson, who had sailed from
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425:
420:, but managed to switch sides in 1037 — although not without becoming involved in the 1036 murder of
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convened and chose Harold to succeed him; he was probably the first English monarch to be crowned in
321:
153:
83:
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41:
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of Norway. It is possible that Harold led some of the ships from his earldom that were sent to
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187:
96:
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1815:
1762:
1541:
1526:
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1115:
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controversially view King Harold as a saint, though he has not been officially glorified (
1057:
1039:
890:("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by
837:
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in 1069. In 1068, Diarmait presented another Irish king with Harold's battle standard.
1006:
824:
598:, the archbishop of Canterbury, to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, Duke
520:. In 1049, Harold was in command of a ship or ships that were sent with a fleet to aid
492:
488:
484:
388:
368:
313:
172:
3409:. English Historical Documents 1042-1189. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Oxford: Routledge.
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The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The Reign of Harold and the Interregnum
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1030:. The description of the remains is not unlike the fate of the king, recorded in the
760:
752:
631:
396:
2818:
1145:, and taken to Chester for safety. It is not known what happened to her thereafter.
4642:
4370:
4127:
1297:
1126:, a daughter of William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage.
1095:
990:
952:
376:
286:
3722:
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before marching his army back south to meet William at Hastings two weeks later.
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3330:(108). Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society: 3–34.
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1963:
1045:
There were legends of Harold's body being given a proper funeral years later in
998:
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141:
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Who also claimed the English crown through a succession pact concluded between
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Harold then apparently accompanied William to battle against William's enemy,
639:
512:
Harold's elder brother Sweyn was exiled in 1047 after abducting the abbess of
413:
70:
3273:
2800:
906:, recount that Harold died by an arrow wound to his head. An earlier source,
642:. William arrived soon afterward and ordered Guy to turn Harold over to him.
475:
Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 and, around that time, Harold became
405:
and a native of Sussex. Godwin began his political career by supporting King
4365:
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1913:
1119:
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in 1058, and replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing
433:
334:. In late September, he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant
4023:
3335:
3210:. Chichester: Consistory Court of the Diocese of Chichester. Archived from
2987:. Vol. 13 (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press – via
3381:. Vol. 1 Bk 3. Translated by Forester, Thomas. London: Henry G. Bohn.
3167:. Warfare in History. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 130–142.
947:
626:, and was blown off course, landing at Ponthieu. He was captured by Count
4652:
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3902:
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The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results
3405:
William of Poitiers (1953). Douglas, David; Greenaway, George W. (eds.).
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17:
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1001:: the lower three storeys of the tower are Saxon, the top storey Norman
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235:
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The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls
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Ross, Margaret Clunies (1985). "Concubinage in Anglo-Saxon England".
1945:
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677:. William presented Harold with weapons and arms, knighting him. The
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by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left from
603:
157:
127:
3129:(3rd, reprinted ed.). Cambridge: University Press. p. 29.
748:, and not because of any usurpation of the throne on Harold's part.
2958:
Anglo-Norman Studies III: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1980
844:(Here have fallen dead Leofwine and Gyrth, brothers of King Harold)
424:, half-brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King
4403:
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3097:(1999). "Interpretations: The Battle". In Morillo, Stephen (ed.).
1933:
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737:
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401:
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Fleming, Robin (23 September 2010). "Harold II (1022/3?–1066)".
2783:
Arnold, Nick (2014). "The Defeat of the sons of Harold in 1069".
860:, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built
3769:
3244:"The Arrow in King Harold's Eye: The Legend That Just Won't Die"
2976:
951:
The spot where Harold reportedly died, which became the site of
791:
657:, Harold is recorded as rescuing two of William's soldiers from
567:. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat and death in 1063.
339:
4407:
3637:
586:
shows Harold touching two altars at Bayeux as the duke watches.
391:
of England and Denmark. Ulf and Estrid's son would become King
4834:
1099:
13th century version of Harold's crowning, from an anonymous
798:, Harold defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed.
673:, where he surrendered the fortress's keys at the point of a
2608:
2606:
2381:
2379:
1967:(in the Danish fashion) which means unblessed by the church.
555:. He led a series of successful campaigns (1062–63) against
289:. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the
3485:
BBC Historic Figures: Harold II (Godwineson) (c. 1020–1066)
2824:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
981:
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum,
630:, and was then taken as a hostage to the count's castle at
316:. He became a powerful earl after the death of his father,
2933:"The Debate concerning the remains found in Bosham Church"
516:. Sweyn's lands were divided between Harold and a cousin,
2497:
2495:
2493:
3101:. Warfare in History. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
2737:
2735:
1986:
1984:
602:, and that at this later date, Harold was sent to swear
2683:
2681:
1903:
Harold was thought to have been in his 40s at his death
868:. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at
2624:
2207:
2205:
4764:
539:
In 1055, Harold drove back the Welsh, who had burned
531:
In 1051, Edward appointed an enemy of the Godwins as
2722:
2720:
1944:. In 1068 and 1069, Diarmait lent them the fleet of
842:
HIC CECIDERUNT LEVVINE ET GYRÐ FRATRES HAROLDI REGIS
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491:, who appears to have been the heiress to lands in
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186:
165:
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134:
116:
112:
89:
79:
69:
61:
54:
34:
3378:The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy
2817:
2414:. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. p. 149.
2864:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty
2299:
1843:This was in preference to Edward's great-nephew,
717:HIC RESIDET HAROLD REX ANGLORUM. STIGANT ARCHIEPS
4684:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
2521:. London: College of Antiquaries. Archived from
3490:Portraits of King Harold II (Harold Godwineson)
3472:at the official website of the British monarchy
3319:Orthodox Christianity and the English Tradition
2648:
2324:"Westminster Abbey Official site – Coronations"
1830:Frank Barlow points out that the author of the
973:
293:on 14 October 1066, the decisive battle of the
3262:Maund, K.L. (23 September 2004). "Ealdgyth ".
2436:
2091:. London: Hambledon & London. p. 35.
1885:also known as Edyth Swannesha (Edith Swanneck)
590:In 1064, Harold was apparently shipwrecked at
324:, died without an heir on 5 January 1066, the
4419:
3649:
3367:. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2612:
1928:with a fleet of 64 ships to the mouth of the
582:("Harold made an oath to Duke William"): the
8:
3268:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3023:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2939:. The Bosham Online Magazine. Archived from
2259:
2257:
967:states that the body of Harold was given to
4739:
4216:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1005:Another source states that Harold's widow,
963:The account of the contemporary chronicler
726:(d. 1072). Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry.
696:against his brother, and replaced him with
4426:
4412:
4404:
4393:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
4292:
4208:
3686:
3681:
3656:
3642:
3634:
3508:
3496:
3065:"Shot through the eye and who's to blame?"
2501:
1166:
31:
2999:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
2543:
1948:for their attempted invasions of England.
1936:. They had escaped to Leinster after the
2223:
2089:House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty
1818:, in which the place is called in Latin
4847:
4771:
3265:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3048:. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 158–75.
3020:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2844:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216
2672:
2448:
2397:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2211:
1990:
1980:
1881:
1879:
1799:
580:HAROLD SACRAMENTUM FECIT VVILLELMO DUCI
2960:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2846:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman.
2765:
2753:
2741:
2687:
2636:
2572:. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 63–92.
2472:
2385:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2311:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1129:In about January 1066, Harold married
463:(in that order); and three daughters:
2726:
2711:
2424:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1646:
1618:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1327:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1234:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
828:Gyrth and his brother's death at the
634:, 24.5 km (15.2 mi) up the
383:(c. 1015/1016), the daughter of King
27:Anglo-Saxon King of England (r. 1066)
7:
3480:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3407:Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum
3205:"Consistory Court Judgment CH 79/03"
3123:; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (2003).
3046:Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations
2699:
2660:
2597:
2555:
2484:
2460:
416:instead of Cnut's initial successor
4581:Companions of William the Conqueror
1860:, king of England and Denmark, and
297:. Harold's death marked the end of
2931:Bosham Online (25 November 2003).
2913:The Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry
2116:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. p. 31.
1940:in 1066 where they were hosted by
25:
3494:National Portrait Gallery, London
1131:Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar
1101:Life of King Edward the Confessor
320:. After his brother-in-law, King
308:Harold Godwinson was a member of
4955:English people of Danish descent
4867:
4850:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
3388:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King
3364:Dictionary of National Biography
3075:(10). London: History Today Ltd.
2570:The Study of the Bayeux Tapestry
2515:Society of Antiquaries of London
2114:Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King
1847:, who had yet to reach maturity.
1133:, and widow of the Welsh prince
936:Society of Antiquaries of London
278:– 14 October 1066), also called
40:
4975:Monarchs of England before 1066
3693:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
3390:. Gloucestershire: Wrens Park.
2895:. Cambridge: University Press.
1032:Carmen de Hastingae Proeliormen
395:in 1047. Godwin was the son of
387:(died 1014) and sister of King
138:14 October 1066 (aged about 44)
3690:Monarchs of England until 1603
3235:1066: The Year of the Conquest
3126:Handbook of British Chronology
638:from its mouth at what is now
310:a prominent Anglo-Saxon family
1:
4930:Anglo-Saxons killed in battle
4910:11th-century English monarchs
2956:Brown, R. Allen, ed. (1980).
2892:A Military History of Ireland
774:Coin of King Harold Godwinson
522:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
361:
299:Anglo-Saxon rule over England
272:
120:
3310:The Fall of Orthodox England
3282:UK public library membership
3242:Livingston, Michael (2022).
3144:Gibson, Margaret T. (1978).
3037:UK public library membership
2975:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
1105:Cambridge University Library
653:past the fortified abbey of
526:Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
4742:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
4674:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
4300:British monarchs after the
3441:and his covert ambitions".
3185:William, King and Conqueror
3148:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2649:Bartlett & Jeffery 1997
2361:, pp. 142-143, pp. 150-151.
1957:The pagan English had been
1170:Family of Harold Godwinson
1081:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1068:) but were defeated at the
925:, " King Harold is killed".
887:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
618:had been driven across the
65:5 January – 14 October 1066
46:Harold Godwinson, from the
5006:
4980:Norman conquest of England
3432:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3293:. London: Windmill Books.
2437:Grainge & Grainge 1999
2410:Sturluson, Snorri (1966).
1118:, Harold was at some time
923:Harold Rex interfectus est
902:and Henry of Huntingdon's
872:(near the present town of
817:
805:, in a story described by
704:("Hard Ruler") of Norway.
661:. They pursued Conan from
647:Conan II, Duke of Brittany
349:
4970:Monarchs killed in action
4485:Battle of Stamford Bridge
4388:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4228:
4211:
4207:
3684:
3680:
3612:
3604:
3594:
3585:
3577:
3570:
3560:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3511:
3354:"Adeliza (d 1066?)"
3321:. English Orthodox Trust.
2910:Bernstein, David (1986).
1740:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1301:
1283:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
796:Battle of Stamford Bridge
614:, from Hungary in 1057.
571:Harold in northern France
39:
3424:Freeman, Edward Augustus
3317:Philips, Andrew (1995).
3095:Freeman, Edward Augustus
3081:Freeman, Edward Augustus
2937:Bosham Community Website
1062:Diarmait mac Máel na mBó
983:William of Poitiers 1953
934:was commissioned by the
721:Archbishop of Canterbury
533:Archbishop of Canterbury
4960:English Roman Catholics
4714:Trial of Penenden Heath
4622:Malcolm III of Scotland
3455:10.1111/1468-2281.12147
3308:Moss, Vladimir (2011).
3188:. London: I.B. Tauris.
3002:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
2996:DeVries, Kelly (1999).
2984:Encyclopædia Britannica
2867:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2785:Report and Transactions
2241:Encyclopædia Britannica
912:L'Ystoire de li Normant
352:Ancestry of the Godwins
282:, was the last crowned
4945:Earls of Herefordshire
4935:Deaths by arrow wounds
4740:
4500:Siege of Exeter (1068)
3504:Society of Antiquaries
3165:The Battle of Hastings
3099:The Battle of Hastings
3089:. New York: Macmillan.
3029:10.1093/ref:odnb/12360
2916:. Univ of Chicago Pr.
2861:Barlow, Frank (2013).
2816:Barlow, Frank (1970).
2793:Devonshire Association
2300:Ordericus Vitalis 1853
1108:
1091:Marriages and children
1021:in December 2003, the
1002:
988:
960:
926:
908:Amatus of Montecassino
850:Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
845:
775:
727:
649:. While crossing into
600:William II of Normandy
587:
318:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
301:. He was succeeded by
251:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
4839:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
4699:Council of Winchester
4689:Harrying of the North
4679:Council of Lillebonne
4449:William the Conqueror
3351:Round, J. H. (1885).
3289:Morris, Marc (2012).
3182:Hagger, Mark (2012).
3063:Foys, Martin (2016).
1894:5.5 feet (1.7 m)
1143:Morcar of Northumbria
1098:
1019:Diocese of Chichester
993:
950:
920:
896:William of Malmesbury
827:
784:Morcar of Northumbria
773:
715:
578:
543:. Harold also became
439:Godwin and Gytha had
367:–1053), the powerful
303:William the Conqueror
4940:Earls of East Anglia
4925:Anglo-Saxon warriors
4915:Anglo-Norse monarchs
4597:Edward the Confessor
4495:Burning of Southwark
4270:William III & II
3835:Henry the Young King
3785:Edward the Confessor
3753:Æthelred the Unready
3547:Edward the Confessor
3386:Walker, Ian (2000).
3336:10.1093/past/108.1.3
3274:10.1093/ref:odnb/307
2820:Edward the Confessor
2087:Mason, Emma (2004).
1135:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
1066:High King of Ireland
1047:Waltham Abbey Church
1038:and in sight of the
900:Gesta Regum Anglorum
557:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
426:Edward the Confessor
373:Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
356:Harold was a son of
322:Edward the Confessor
261:Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
154:Waltham Abbey, Essex
84:Edward the Confessor
4990:Shipwreck survivors
4817:Anglo-Saxon England
4754:William of Poitiers
4704:Revolt of the Earls
4648:Battle, East Sussex
4627:Matilda of Flanders
4556:Eustace of Boulogne
4464:Sweyn II of Denmark
4218:Union of the Crowns
3588:Earl of East Anglia
3554:King of the English
3443:Historical Research
3291:The Norman Conquest
3203:Hill, Mark (2003).
2756:, pp. 168–170.
2675:, pp. 253–254.
2639:, pp. 181–182.
2558:, pp. 171–175.
2546:, pp. 148–152.
2475:, pp. 183–187.
2463:, pp. 161–163.
2451:, pp. 150–164.
2439:, pp. 130–142.
2388:, pp. 154–165.
2302:, pp. 459–460.
2290:, pp. 165–166.
2175:, pp. 127–128.
2112:Rex, Peter (2005).
1017:was refused by the
965:William of Poitiers
694:Northumbrian rebels
477:Earl of East Anglia
393:Sweyn II of Denmark
381:Estrid Svendsdatter
160:, Sussex (disputed)
56:King of the English
4985:People from Bosham
4920:Anglo-Saxon people
4526:Leofwine Godwinson
4490:Battle of Hastings
4302:Acts of Union 1707
4265:James II & VII
3958:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3743:Edgar the Peaceful
3572:Peerage of England
3328:Past & Present
3312:. Lulu Publishing.
3217:on 3 December 2020
2943:on 3 February 2009
2791:. Barnstable: The
2613:Bosham Online 2003
2525:on 24 October 2022
2412:King Harald's Saga
1938:Battle of Hastings
1862:Magnus I of Norway
1845:Edgar the Ætheling
1161:Waltham Holy Cross
1109:
1036:Chichester Harbour
1003:
961:
927:
846:
830:Battle of Hastings
820:Battle of Hastings
814:Battle of Hastings
776:
733:Vita Ædwardi Regis
728:
596:Robert of Jumièges
588:
291:Battle of Hastings
4762:
4761:
4709:Council of London
4590:Associated people
4576:Roger de Breteuil
4566:Robert of Mortain
4531:Hereward the Wake
4480:Battle of Fulford
4401:
4400:
4384:
4383:
4287:
4286:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
3748:Edward the Martyr
3632:
3631:
3595:Succeeded by
3561:Succeeded by
3513:Harold Godwinson
3397:978-0-905778-46-4
3373:Ordericus Vitalis
3300:978-0-09-953744-1
3280:(Subscription or
3195:978-1-78076-354-5
3174:978-0-85115-619-4
3155:978-0-19-822462-4
3136:978-0-86193-106-4
3108:978-0-85115-619-4
3055:978-1-8438-3470-0
3035:(Subscription or
3009:978-1-8438-3027-6
2978:"Harold II"
2967:978-0-85115-141-0
2923:978-0-226-04400-2
2902:978-0-5216-2989-8
2874:978-0-5827-8440-6
2853:978-0-582-49504-3
2831:978-0-5200-1671-2
2768:, pp. 34–56.
2625:Fryde et al. 2003
2579:978-0-85115-664-4
2519:"Bayeux Tapestry"
2337:, pp. 38–39.
2278:, pp. 71–72.
2266:, pp. 69–70.
2199:, pp. 24–25.
2139:, pp. 18–19.
2123:978-0-7394-7185-2
2098:978-1-85285-389-1
2077:, pp. 17–18.
2053:, pp. 13–15.
1918:Brian of Brittany
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1070:Battle of Northam
943:Burial and legacy
904:Historia Anglorum
788:Battle of Fulford
757:Pope Alexander II
742:Westminster Abbey
669:, and finally to
655:Mont Saint-Michel
628:Guy I of Ponthieu
471:Powerful nobleman
346:Family background
332:Westminster Abbey
266:
265:
144:, Sussex, England
16:(Redirected from
4997:
4895:Harold Godwinson
4880:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4837:Harold Godwinson
4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4745:
4454:Harold Godwinson
4428:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4293:
4253:Richard Cromwell
4243:The Protectorate
4233:James I & VI
4209:
3790:Harold Godwinson
3710:Edward the Elder
3703:Alfred the Great
3687:
3682:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3627:Merged in Crown
3605:Preceded by
3578:Preceded by
3544:Preceded by
3534:
3527:
3509:
3500:
3458:
3449:(246): 591–612.
3433:
3410:
3401:
3382:
3368:
3356:
3347:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3285:
3277:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3248:Medievalists.net
3238:
3237:. Penguin Books.
3226:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3199:
3178:
3159:
3140:
3112:
3090:
3076:
3059:
3040:
3032:
3013:
2992:
2980:
2971:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2927:
2906:
2883:Bartlett, Thomas
2878:
2857:
2835:
2823:
2812:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:, pp. 3–34.
2697:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1176:
1175:
1167:
986:
932:Charles Stothard
803:Snorri Sturluson
608:Edward the Exile
545:Earl of Hereford
441:several children
422:Alfred Aetheling
375:, whose brother
366:
363:
277:
274:
269:Harold Godwinson
125:
122:
44:
35:Harold Godwinson
32:
21:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4965:House of Godwin
4950:Earls of Wessex
4885:
4884:
4883:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:sister projects
4841:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4730:Bayeux Tapestry
4718:
4662:
4658:Tower of London
4631:
4585:
4561:Eadric the Wild
4516:Gyrth Godwinson
4504:
4468:
4459:Harald Hardrada
4437:
4435:Norman Conquest
4432:
4402:
4397:
4380:
4307:
4283:
4248:Oliver Cromwell
4224:
4199:
4194:
4041:Constantine III
3950:
3775:Harold Harefoot
3765:Edmund Ironside
3676:
3671: and
3662:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3600:
3591:
3583:
3566:
3557:
3549:
3533:14 October 1066
3528:
3522:
3521:
3518:House of Godwin
3514:
3466:
3461:
3436:
3422:
3418:
3416:Further reading
3413:
3404:
3398:
3385:
3371:
3359:Stephen, Leslie
3350:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3301:
3288:
3279:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3146:Lanfranc of Bec
3143:
3137:
3121:Greenway, D. E.
3115:
3109:
3093:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3043:
3034:
3016:
3010:
2995:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2930:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2881:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2838:
2832:
2815:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2502:Livingston 2022
2500:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:, pp. 7–9.
2423:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:, pp. 7–9.
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1816:Bayeux Tapestry
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1550:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1313:
1288:
1279:
1139:Edwin of Mercia
1116:Orderic Vitalis
1093:
1058:Robert Curthose
1040:English Channel
987:
980:
945:
882:
843:
841:
838:Bayeux Tapestry
822:
816:
780:Edwin of Mercia
710:
702:Harald Hardrada
686:Orderic Vitalis
684:The chronicler
679:Bayeux Tapestry
663:Dol-de-Bretagne
620:English Channel
612:Edmund Ironside
584:Bayeux Tapestry
573:
481:Magnus the Good
473:
465:Edith of Wessex
418:Harold Harefoot
407:Edmund Ironside
385:Sweyn Forkbeard
379:was married to
364:
354:
348:
336:Harald Hardrada
295:Norman Conquest
275:
230:
182:
178:Edith of Mercia
161:
139:
126:
123:
108:
50:
48:Bayeux Tapestry
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5003:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:from Wikiquote
4864:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
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4759:
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4756:
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4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Danish attacks
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Edgar Ætheling
4609:
4607:Edith the Fair
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
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4225:
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4212:
4205:
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4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4144:Edward Balliol
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:Constantine II
4001:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
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3895:
3890:
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3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3796:Edgar Ætheling
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
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3694:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3615:Earl of Wessex
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3593:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:Regnal titles
3536:
3535:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3465:
3464:External links
3462:
3460:
3459:
3434:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3383:
3369:
3348:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3286:
3259:
3239:
3231:Howarth, David
3227:
3200:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3113:
3107:
3091:
3077:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2972:
2966:
2953:
2928:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2887:Jeffery, Keith
2879:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2830:
2813:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2744:, p. 128.
2731:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2602:
2585:
2578:
2560:
2548:
2544:Bernstein 1986
2536:
2506:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2402:
2400:, p. 365.
2390:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2349:, p. 111.
2339:
2327:
2316:
2314:, p. 251.
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2253:
2228:
2216:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2122:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2017:, p. 451.
2007:
1995:
1993:, p. 230.
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1922:Alan the Black
1905:
1896:
1887:
1875:
1866:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1808:
1798:
1797:
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1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:Edith the Fair
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
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1422:
1420:
1418:
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1412:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
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1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
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1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:Thorkelsdóttir
1284:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1092:
1089:
1007:Edith the Fair
978:
944:
941:
881:
878:
818:Main article:
815:
812:
807:Edward Freeman
709:
706:
610:, son of King
572:
569:
493:Cambridgeshire
489:Edith the Fair
472:
469:
389:Cnut the Great
369:earl of Wessex
347:
344:
314:Cnut the Great
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
190:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
173:Edith the Fair
169:
167:
163:
162:
152:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
100:
97:Edgar Ætheling
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
75:6 January 1066
73:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5002:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4768:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4735:Domesday Book
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:Miscellaneous
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Ralph de Gael
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:Odo of Bayeux
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:Alexander III
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:Constantine I
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
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3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3456:
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3440:
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3431:
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3425:
3421:
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3415:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
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3374:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:History Today
3066:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:Barlow, Frank
2837:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:, p. 78.
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:, p. 59.
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2627:, p. 29.
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:, p. 43.
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:, p. 11.
2225:
2224:Chisholm 1911
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2187:, p. 22.
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2163:, p. 20.
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:, p. 74.
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:, p. 16.
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:, p. 12.
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:, p. 10.
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1682:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1592:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:the Confessor
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:According to
1112:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Bosham Church
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
995:Bosham Church
992:
985:, p. 229
984:
977:
972:
970:
969:William Malet
966:
958:
954:
949:
942:
940:
937:
933:
924:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
839:
835:
831:
826:
821:
813:
811:
808:
804:
801:According to
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
772:
768:
766:
762:
761:Isle of Wight
758:
754:
753:Dives-sur-Mer
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
725:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
403:
399:, probably a
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
338:of Norway in
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
312:with ties to
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
270:
262:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
189:
185:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:
133:
129:
119:
115:
111:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4900:1020s births
4874:
4862:from Commons
4857:
4836:
4643:Battle Abbey
4453:
4392:
4371:Elizabeth II
4299:
4215:
4142:
4120:
4111:Alexander II
4028:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3938:
3927:
3850:
3833:
3821:
3794:
3789:
3757:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3626:
3620:1st creation
3619:
3613:
3586:
3552:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3406:
3387:
3377:
3362:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3290:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:
3234:
3221:11 September
3219:. Retrieved
3212:the original
3184:
3164:
3145:
3125:
3117:Fryde, E. B.
3098:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3045:
3018:
2998:
2982:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2936:
2912:
2891:
2863:
2843:
2819:
2788:
2784:
2761:
2749:
2707:
2695:
2673:Philips 1995
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2569:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2509:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2449:Freeman 1999
2444:
2432:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2398:Freeman 1869
2393:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2288:Freeman 1869
2283:
2276:Howarth 1983
2271:
2264:Howarth 1983
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2219:
2212:Fleming 2010
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1991:DeVries 1999
1962:
1953:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1869:
1852:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1496:
1158:
1147:
1128:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1078:
1055:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1004:
974:
971:for burial:
962:
953:Battle Abbey
928:
922:
911:
903:
899:
885:
883:
847:
800:
777:
750:
731:
729:
716:
691:
683:
644:
636:River Canche
616:
589:
579:
538:
530:
511:
504:
474:
443:— six sons:
438:
430:
411:
400:
377:Ulf the Earl
355:
325:
307:
287:English king
279:
268:
267:
29:
4905:1066 deaths
4793:Middle Ages
4749:Norman yoke
4376:Charles III
4361:Edward VIII
4091:Alexander I
4071:Malcolm III
4046:Kenneth III
3946:Elizabeth I
3908:Richard III
2766:Arnold 2014
2754:Barlow 2013
2742:Barlow 2013
2688:Barlow 2013
2637:Walker 2000
2473:Morris 2012
2386:Morris 2012
2371:Hagger 2012
2359:Morris 2012
2347:Gibson 1978
2335:Hagger 2012
2312:Barlow 1970
2237:"Harold II"
2197:Walker 2000
2185:Walker 2000
2173:Walker 2000
2161:Walker 2000
2149:Barlow 1970
2137:Walker 2000
2075:Walker 2000
2063:Walker 2000
2051:Walker 2000
2039:Walker 2000
2027:Walker 2000
2015:Barlow 1988
2003:Walker 2000
1964:more danico
1517:ap Llywelyn
1028:post mortem
999:West Sussex
957:East Sussex
870:Senlac Hill
506:More danico
365: 1001
327:Witenagemot
284:Anglo-Saxon
276: 1022
142:Senlac Hill
124: 1022
99:(uncrowned)
80:Predecessor
4889:Categories
4876:Quotations
4509:Combatants
4351:Edward VII
4341:William IV
4331:George III
4260:Charles II
4155:Robert III
4101:Malcolm IV
4076:Donald III
4051:Malcolm II
4036:Kenneth II
3918:Henry VIII
3878:Richard II
3873:Edward III
3807:William II
3780:Harthacnut
3623:1053–1066
3592:1052–1053
3284:required.)
3039:required.)
2989:Wikisource
2947:3 February
2809:5840886678
2727:Maund 2004
2712:Round 1885
2425:Brown 1980
2246:21 January
1975:References
1959:polygynous
1858:Harthacnut
1023:Chancellor
862:earthworks
689:wanting?"
640:Le Touquet
563:, king of
514:Leominster
447:, Harold,
414:Harthacnut
350:See also:
71:Coronation
4829:Biography
4636:Locations
4366:George VI
4336:George IV
4326:George II
4238:Charles I
4220:from 1603
4170:James III
4150:Robert II
4106:William I
4081:Duncan II
4009:Malcolm I
3999:Donald II
3923:Edward VI
3913:Henry VII
3898:Edward IV
3868:Edward II
3858:Henry III
3841:Richard I
3802:William I
3723:Æthelstan
3564:William I
3470:Harold II
3439:Commentum
2801:0309-7994
2795:: 33–56.
2700:Ross 1985
2661:Moss 2011
2598:Hill 2003
2556:Foys 2010
2485:Foys 2016
2461:Foys 2010
1930:River Taw
1916:in 1069,
1914:midsummer
1508:of Mercia
1499:Godwinson
1314:the Great
1280:of Wessex
1120:betrothed
1085:canonised
659:quicksand
434:kingmaker
371:, and of
280:Harold II
130:, England
105:(crowned)
103:William I
90:Successor
18:Godwinson
4653:Pevensey
4551:Waltheof
4356:George V
4346:Victoria
4321:George I
4190:James VI
4175:James IV
4165:James II
4138:David II
4133:Robert I
4122:Margaret
4056:Duncan I
3965:Donald I
3903:Edward V
3893:Henry VI
3883:Henry IV
3863:Edward I
3829:Henry II
3728:Edmund I
3717:Ælfweard
3675:monarchs
3669:Scottish
3476:Harold 3
3426:(1871).
3375:(1853).
3233:(1983).
3083:(1869).
2889:(1997).
2842:(1988).
2517:(2020).
1942:Diarmait
1537:Wulfnoth
1532:Leofwine
1515:Gruffydd
1506:Ealdgyth
1298:Earl Ulf
1154:Wulf/Ulf
979:—
866:Hastings
854:Pevensey
834:scene 52
746:Epiphany
651:Brittany
632:Beaurain
592:Ponthieu
553:Normandy
541:Hereford
524:against
485:Sandwich
461:Wulfnoth
457:Leofwine
397:Wulfnoth
4805:Royalty
4781:England
4767:Portals
4617:Ealdred
4602:Stigand
4473:Battles
4442:Leaders
4274:Mary II
4180:James V
4160:James I
4096:David I
4061:Macbeth
3993:Eochaid
3888:Henry V
3823:Matilda
3817:Stephen
3812:Henry I
3673:British
3667:,
3665:English
3526:c. 1022
3492:at the
3361:(ed.).
2776:Sources
1926:Ireland
1768:Gunhild
1124:Adeliza
836:of the
786:at the
724:Stigand
561:Gwynedd
497:Suffolk
211:Gunhild
166:Spouses
4667:Events
4546:Tostig
4541:Morcar
4185:Mary I
4066:Lulach
4030:Amlaíb
4024:Cuilén
4014:Indulf
3940:Philip
3935:Mary I
3738:Eadwig
3733:Eadred
3608:Godwin
3598:Ælfgār
3581:Ælfgār
3529:
3394:
3344:650572
3342:
3297:
3278:
3192:
3171:
3152:
3133:
3105:
3052:
3033:
3006:
2964:
2920:
2899:
2871:
2850:
2828:
2807:
2799:
2576:
2120:
2095:
1946:Dublin
1820:Belrem
1780:Harold
1758:Magnus
1753:Edmund
1748:Godwin
1549:Edward
1522:Tostig
1497:Harold
1305:Estrid
1278:Godwin
1150:Harold
1011:Bosham
874:Battle
858:Sussex
698:Morcar
667:Rennes
624:Bosham
604:fealty
549:Norman
449:Tostig
358:Godwin
257:Mother
247:Father
241:Godwin
221:Harold
206:Magnus
201:Edmund
196:Godwin
158:Bosham
149:Burial
128:Wessex
4859:Media
4536:Edwin
4086:Edgar
3986:Giric
3852:Louis
3759:Sweyn
3558:1066
3531:Died:
3524:Born:
3357:. In
3340:JSTOR
3253:4 May
3215:(PDF)
3208:(PDF)
2529:4 May
1934:Devon
1794:Notes
1763:Gytha
1542:Edith
1527:Gyrth
1485:Sweyn
1287:Gytha
1079:Some
1074:Devon
1051:Essex
880:Death
864:near
790:near
738:Witan
708:Reign
675:lance
671:Dinan
565:Wales
518:Beorn
501:Essex
453:Gyrth
445:Sweyn
402:thegn
236:House
216:Gytha
188:Issue
156:, or
140:near
62:Reign
4316:Anne
4279:Anne
4272:and
4128:John
3937:and
3929:Jane
3846:John
3770:Cnut
3392:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3255:2023
3223:2023
3190:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2949:2009
2918:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2805:OCLC
2797:ISSN
2574:ISBN
2531:2023
2248:2020
2118:ISBN
2093:ISBN
1920:and
1832:Vita
1312:Cnut
1152:and
1141:and
792:York
782:and
765:Tyne
499:and
459:and
340:York
135:Died
117:Born
4019:Dub
3979:Áed
3478:at
3451:doi
3332:doi
3270:doi
3025:doi
2789:146
1932:in
1912:At
1773:Ulf
1122:to
1103:in
1072:in
1049:in
997:in
955:in
910:'s
898:'s
892:Guy
665:to
559:of
428:.
226:Ulf
4891::
3447:89
3445:.
3338:.
3246:.
3119:;
3073:66
3071:.
3067:.
2981:.
2935:.
2885:;
2803:.
2787:.
2734:^
2719:^
2680:^
2605:^
2588:^
2492:^
2378:^
2256:^
2239:.
2204:^
1983:^
1878:^
1042:.
832:,
767:.
495:,
455:,
451:,
362:c.
305:.
273:c.
121:c.
4845::
4769::
4427:e
4420:t
4413:v
3657:e
3650:t
3643:v
3457:.
3453::
3400:.
3346:.
3334::
3303:.
3276:.
3272::
3257:.
3225:.
3198:.
3177:.
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