1730:
1394:, who dispensed the viaticum for the journey of life (qut) and fortune (ulug) and watched over the cosmic order and the political and social order. People prayed to him and sacrificed to him a white horse as the offering. The khagan, who came from him and derived his authority from him, was raised on a felt saddle to meet him. Tengri issued decrees, brought pressure to bear on human beings, and enforced capital punishment, often by striking the offender with lightning. The many secondary powers – sometimes named deities, sometimes spirits or simply said to be sacred, and almost always associated with Tengri – were the Earth, the Mountain, Water, the Springs, and the Rivers; the possessors of all objects, particularly of the land and the waters of the nation; trees, cosmic axes, and sources of life; fire, the symbol of the family and alterego of the shaman; the stars, particularly the sun and the moon, the Pleiades, and Venus, whose image changes over time;
1758:
1746:
1676:
4215:, p. 372: "These results suggest that Turk cultural customs were imposed by an East Asian minority elite onto central steppe nomad populations, resulting in a small detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, we also find that steppe nomad ancestry in this period was extremely heterogeneous with several individuals being genetically distributed at the extremes of the first principal component (Figure 2) separating Eastern and Western descent. Based on this notable heterogeneity, we interpret that during Medieval times, the steppe populations were exposed to gradual admixture from the East, while interacting with incoming west Eurasians. The strong variation is a direct window into ongoing admixture processes and to the multi-ethnic cultural organization of this period."
266:
1692:
1261:
660:
6189:
4419:, p. 897: See figure 4, B for admixture proportions in earlyMed_Turk. "...it is clear that these individuals have genetic profiles that differ from the preceding Xiongnu period, suggesting new sources of gene flow into Mongolia at this time that displace them along PC3 (Figure 2)...The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
648:
5873:
875:
1803:
1490:. The authors suggested that central Asian nomadic populations may have been Turkicized by an East Asian minority elite, resulting in a small but detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, these authors also found that Türkic period individuals were extremely genetically diverse, with some individuals being of complete West Eurasian descent. To explain this diversity of ancestry, they propose that there were also incoming West Eurasians moving eastward on the Eurasian steppe during the Türkic period, resulting in admixture.
4294:: "Türk (550-750 CE). Göktürkic tribes of the Altai Mountains established a political structure across Eurasia beginning in 552 CE, with an empire that ruled over Mongolia from 581-742 CE (Golden, 1992). A brief period of disunion occurred between 659-682 CE, during which the Chinese Tang dynasty laid claim over Mongolia...We analyzed individuals from 5 Türk sites in this study: Nomgonii Khundii (NOM), Shoroon Bumbagar (Türkic mausoleum; TUM), Zaan-Khoshuu (ZAA), Uliastai River Lower Terrace (ULI), and Umuumur uul (UGU)."
1429:
1398:, the great goddess who is none other than the goddess of the earth and placenta; the threshold and the doorjamb; personifications of Time, the Road, Desire, etc.; heroes and ancestors embodied in the banner, in tablets with inscriptions, and in idols; and spirits wandering or fixed in Penates or in all kinds of holy objects. These and other powers have an uneven force which increases as objects accumulate, as trees form a forest, stones form a cairn, arrows form a quiver, and drops of water form a lake.
1570:
1640:
origin for the population of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on
Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the royal Ashina family.
881:
1628:. However, the Ashina did not show close genetic affinity with central-steppe Türks and early medieval Türks, who exhibit a high (but variable) degree of West Eurasian ancestry, which indicates that there was genetic sub-structure within the Türkic empire. For example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62% of their genome, while the remaining 38% was derived from West Eurasians (
1711:
3798:(...) Über die Ethnogenese dieses Stammes ist viel gerätselt worden. Auffallend ist, dass viele zentrale Begriffe iranischen Ursprungs sind. Dies betrifft fast alle Titel (...). Einige Gelehrte wollen auch die Eigenbezeichnung türk auf einen iranischen Ursprung zurückführen und ihn mit dem Wort "Turan", der persischen Bezeichnung für das Land jeneseits des Oxus, in Verbindung bringen.
1757:
78:
4306:: "We observe a clear signal of male-biased WSH admixture among the EIA Sagly/Uyuk and during the Türkic period (i.e., more positive Z scores; Figure 5B), which also corresponds to the decline in the Y chromosome lineage Q1a and the concomitant rise of the western Eurasian lineages such as R and J (Figure S2A)."
615:
may have kept the Göktürk tradition alive by claiming descent from the Ashina. When tribal leaders built their khanates, ruling over assorted tribes and tribal unions, the collected people identified themselves politically with the leadership. Turk became the designation for all subjects of the Turk
1639:
The Ashina was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age
Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, and was genetically closer to East Asians, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various Turkic-speaking groups in central Asia, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of
1729:
1340:) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men. The restored Göktürk Khaganate intervened in the war between Tang and Khitan tribes. However, after the death of Bilge Qaghan, the Göktürks could no longer subjugate other Turk tribes in the grasslands. In 744, allied with the Tang dynasty, the
1675:
528:). This is consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a recurrent element of Altaic political culture and as such may have been imbibed by the Göktürks from their predecessors in Mongolia. "Blue" is traditionally associated with the East as it used in the
4318:: "The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
2948:"In the upper scene, long-haired Turkic servants attend an individual seated inside the yurt proper, and in the lower scene, hunters are seen riding down game. The setting must be the Kazakh steppes over which the Turks had taken control from the Hepthalites."
567:
originally meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'". Hakan
Aydemir (2022) also contends that
1745:
1319:
a qaghan and again revolted against the Tang dynasty. Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian surrendered to Pei
Xingjian. On 5 December 681, 54 Göktürks, including Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian, were publicly executed in the Eastern Market of
1643:
Two Türk remains (GD1-1 and GD2-4) analysed in a 2024 paper, were found to display only little to no West
Eurasian ancestry. One of the Türk remains (GD1-1) was derived entirely from an Ancient Northeast Asian source (represented by
1184:, the capital of Tang. The emperor Taizong of the Tang, in spite of the limited resources at his disposal, managed to turn them back. Later, Taizong sent his troops to Mongolia and defeated the main force of Göktürk army in
2767:
786:, likewise Xiongnu-associated, by ancestral lineage. However, Lee and Kuang (2017) state that Chinese sources do not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks s descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation.
4431:, p. 4: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)."
827:
According to
Charles Holcombe, the early Turk population was rather heterogeneous and many of the names of Turk rulers, including the two founding members, are not even Turkic. This is supported by evidence from the
1648:
or
Khovsgol_LBA and Xianbei_Mogushan_IA), while the other Türk remain (GD2-4) displayed an "admixed profile" deriving c. 48−50% ancestry from Ancient Northeast Asians, c. 47% ancestry from an ancestry maximised in
3680:
Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative
Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 201 of
3326:
Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative
Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 203 of
1521:
during the Türkic period in
Mongolia. Admixture between East and West Eurasian ancestors of the Türkic samples was dated to 500 AD, which is 8 generations prior. Three of the Türkic-affiliated males carried the
616:
empires. Nonetheless, subordinate tribes and tribal unions retained their original names, identities, and social structures. Memory of the Göktürks and the Ashina had faded by the turn of the millennium. The
856:
in origin. Whatever language the Ashina may have spoken originally, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a common culture.
4463:
Lee, Juhyeon; Sato, Takehiro; Tajima, Atsushi; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Tsogtbaatar, Batmunkh; Nakagome, Shigeki; Miyake, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Noriyuki; Jeong, Choongwon; Gakuhari, Takashi (1 March 2024).
1497:
burial sites in Mongolia. The authors described the Türk samples as highly diverse, carrying on average 40% West Eurasian, and 60% East Eurasian ancestry. West Eurasian ancestry in the Türks combined
1691:
1142:
in Siege of Yanmen (615 AD) with 100,000 cavalry troops. After the collapse of the Sui dynasty, the Göktürks intervened in the ensuing Chinese civil wars, providing support to the northeastern rebel
1134:
won the competition. However, the Göktürk empire was divided to Eastern and Western empires. Weakened by the civil war, Yami Qaghan declared allegiance to the Sui dynasty. When Sui began to decline,
2760:
548:
2753:
1203:
decided to pardon the Göktürk nobles and offered them positions as imperial guards. However, the proposition was ended by a plan for the assassination of the emperor. On 19 May 639
583:
The name as used by the Göktürks only applied to themselves, the Göktürk khanates, and their subjects. The Göktürks did not consider other Turkic speaking groups such as the
7195:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
5709:
1620:
origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. The results are consistent with a
6779:
2796:
4451:
Ashina individual clustered with ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunter‐gatherers.
1802:
7164:
2893:
The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric Beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts
1629:
6146:
265:
7227:
3519:, vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)
5714:
1113:
5027:
874:
7197:
5861:
5704:
4516:
2873:
1502:
1513:
ancestry in the Türks was largely inherited from male ancestors, which also corresponds with the marked increase of paternal haplogroups such as
517:"lid", semantically stretchable to "helmet", as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.
4674:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
1710:
4985:
4885:
4866:
4819:
4736:
4587:
4544:
3640:
3377:
2941:
2901:
728:
confederation, specifically, the Northern Xiongnu tribes or southern Xiongnu "who settled along the northern Chinese frontier", according to
1353:
1593:
3009:(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17
1172:
Although the Göktürk Khaganate once provided support to the Tang dynasty in the early period of the civil war during the collapse of the
1180:. The Göktürks began to attack and raid the northern border of the Tang Empire and once marched their main force of 100,000 soldiers to
7232:
6887:
824:, the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest.
4957:
4942:
4925:
4907:
4849:
4799:
4778:
4681:
3791:
3665:
3615:
3245:
3126:
809:". Such archaizing was a common literary topos, implying similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.
720:
4752:
4092:
4950:
Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity
2444:
1126:. However, the war ended due to the division of Turkic nobles and their civil war for the throne of Khagan. With the support of
7252:
7222:
6488:
5644:
7257:
6940:
5672:
359:
6774:
642:
50:
1600:(551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of the first Khagans, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in
7159:
6188:
5719:
4948:
Nechaeva, Ekaterina (2011). "The "Runaway" Avars and Late Antique Diplomacy". In Ralph W. Mathisen, Danuta Shanzer (ed.).
1068:
686:
3210:
1454:
in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite Türk soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD. 50% of the samples of
7247:
7242:
7237:
6822:
3206:
2786:
5020:
4014:
3970:
3947:
3903:
3707:
3456:
5854:
5839:
4070:"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')"
1767:, a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE,
1281:
5453:
4876:
Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-Tsung (Reign 626–49): The Consolidator". In Denis Twitchett; John Fairbank (eds.).
3018:
Faruk Sümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)
1304:
844:
points out that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, who were of an undetermined ethnic origin, adopted
1260:
6708:
5624:
5304:
4977:
4745:
1167:
732:. However, this view is contested. Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國) (
647:
4899:
3757:
Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.
2801:
572:
originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre-
5818:
3991:
3924:
3880:
2781:
1661:. The authors argue that these findings are "providing a new piece of information on this understudied period".
6536:
5239:
5143:
4811:
4770:
2998:
2708:
2354:
2333:
1577:
1506:
1371:
1367:
659:
39:
35:
4144:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina (2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".
248:, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of
7217:
6564:
6508:
6255:
6251:
6091:
5909:
5904:
5699:
5682:
5367:
5013:
4579:
2362:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1375:
1294:
1200:
43:
3917:
3484:
1428:
6801:
6159:
6136:
5951:
5847:
5726:
5687:
5677:
5044:
4565:
A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire
4069:
3535:
3401:
2659:
2524:
2325:
1535:
1510:
1494:
1363:
927:
866:
245:
31:
5694:
3432:
3263:"TÜRK Adının Kökeni Üzerine (On the origin of the ethnonym TÜRK 'Turkic, Turkish') + an English abstract"
1378:, controlling much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745. The rulers were named "
7031:
6985:
6593:
5667:
5634:
5619:
4837:
4720:
4669:
2238:
1720:
1697:
1576:(551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of the Göktürk khagans, belonged genetically to the
1569:
841:
4505:
3873:
3470:
2862:
506:
2995:
2960:
880:
7184:
6247:
5966:
5921:
4616:
4153:
3282:"Some remarks on the Turkicisation of the Mongols in post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe"
2012:
1613:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
729:
5629:
3566:, vol. 95(4): p. 391 of 385–396. cited in Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300
6925:
6544:
6169:
5991:
5609:
5599:
5407:
5221:
4330:: "Table S2, S2C_SexHaplogroups, Supplementary Materials GUID: E914F9CE-9ED4-4E0F-9172-5A54A08E9F6B
3131:
2963:
2513:
2506:
2492:
2102:
1411:
1250:
1176:, the conflicts between the Göktürks and Tang finally broke out when Tang was gradually reunifying
1139:
969:
837:
829:
611:
exclusively for the Göktürks, whom they portrayed as enemy aliens in their royal inscriptions. The
596:
336:
315:
298:
282:
270:
184:
5214:
4534:
3367:
2813:
6920:
6742:
5976:
5269:
5186:
4708:
4650:
4399:
4195:
3309:
3102:
3069:
2817:
2609:
2480:
1645:
1273:
1238:
1204:
1127:
529:
5535:
5412:
3121:
782:, some researchers (e.g. Duan, Lung, etc.) proposed that Göktürks belonged in particular to the
7061:
6980:
6733:
6480:
6154:
6066:
6041:
6031:
6026:
5996:
5936:
5639:
5604:
5542:
5392:
5274:
4981:
4971:
4953:
4938:
4921:
4903:
4881:
4862:
4845:
4815:
4795:
4774:
4732:
4677:
4642:
4583:
4540:
4486:
4391:
4274:
4256:
4187:
4179:
3787:
3661:
3636:
3611:
3559:
3373:
3301:
3241:
2937:
2931:
2897:
2891:
2468:
2234:
2165:
1658:
1467:
1463:
1315:
defeated Ashina Nishufu and his army. Ashina Nishufu was killed by his men. Ashide Wenfu made
1193:
1185:
853:
1229:). However, they did not succeed and fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the
852:) titles. German Turkologist W.-E. Scharlipp points out that many common terms in Turkic are
7026:
7006:
6784:
6560:
6548:
6540:
6528:
6504:
6496:
6484:
6465:
6418:
6320:
6283:
6174:
6111:
6106:
6071:
6021:
5946:
5926:
5916:
5886:
5731:
5397:
5279:
5200:
4762:
4700:
4632:
4624:
4603:
4476:
4383:
4371:
4264:
4246:
4238:
4169:
4161:
3515:
3293:
2586:
2456:
2279:
2182:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2048:
2003:
1994:
1977:
1539:
1523:
1450:
1341:
1079:
1026:
958:
849:
833:
813:
702:
469:
387:
241:
201:
1653:(represented by Han_2000BP), and 3−5% ancestry from a West Eurasian source (represented by
6862:
6839:
6812:
6552:
6524:
6520:
6492:
6461:
6398:
6355:
6338:
6164:
6126:
6061:
6046:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5986:
5981:
5971:
5961:
5941:
5931:
5899:
5551:
5496:
5460:
5382:
5377:
4756:
4612:
3995:
3928:
3884:
3488:
2673:
2645:
2343:
2156:
2147:
2129:
2066:
2039:
2030:
1682:
1325:
1037:
936:
845:
817:
794:
793:
on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the
775:
652:
552:
502:
437:
426:
4465:"Medieval genomes from eastern Mongolia share a stable genetic profile over a millennium"
2830:
2826:
2822:
1588:
yellow area), supporting the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Gökturks.
520:
Göktürk is sometimes interpreted as either "Celestial Turk" or "Blue Turk" (i.e. because
492:
219:
4749:
4620:
4443:"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"
4372:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"
4157:
3281:
3146:
Golden, Peter B. "Türks and Iranians: Aspects of Türk and Khazaro-Iranian Interaction".
607:
are not referred to as Türks. Similarly, the Uyghurs called themselves Uyghurs and used
7174:
7071:
7051:
6945:
6930:
6895:
6796:
6769:
6568:
6556:
6532:
6512:
6473:
6438:
6422:
6383:
6288:
6278:
6197:
6131:
6116:
6096:
6081:
6076:
6051:
6036:
5956:
5894:
5877:
5530:
5525:
5425:
5259:
5228:
5207:
5109:
5086:
4269:
4226:
3451:
2666:
2265:
2255:
2138:
2120:
2111:
2057:
2021:
1815:
1791:
1597:
1573:
1337:
1308:
887:
733:
694:
664:
604:
556:
537:
372:
351:
249:
229:
155:
281:, the endonym of the ruling clan of the historical ethnic group which was attested as
7211:
7107:
7097:
6900:
6789:
6688:
6516:
6434:
6404:
6348:
6333:
6298:
6205:
6121:
6101:
6086:
5752:
5614:
5520:
5471:
5402:
5297:
5289:
5193:
5163:
5076:
4712:
4442:
4403:
4251:
4199:
3313:
2733:
2722:
2572:
1914:
1764:
1459:
1316:
1257:. However, many Göktürk generals still remained loyal in service to the Tang Empire.
1218:
1057:
980:
790:
592:
510:
465:
415:
119:
4654:
4598:
1716:
1701:
1493:
A 2020 study analyzed genetic data from 7 early medieval Türk skeletal remains from
7086:
6872:
6500:
6442:
6426:
6388:
6240:
6210:
5823:
5491:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5284:
5168:
5125:
5096:
5091:
5071:
5066:
5061:
4784:
3809:
3211:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk""
3064:
3059:
2696:
2408:
2375:
2304:
1869:
1423:
1359:
1312:
1277:
1246:
1234:
1189:
1177:
1155:
1147:
1017:
783:
714:
672:
588:
573:
533:
278:
237:
107:
103:
5335:
7180:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
4856:
4573:
1207:
and his tribesmen directly assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang at Jiucheng Palace (
7076:
6728:
6673:
6378:
6308:
5557:
5506:
5501:
5476:
5387:
5322:
5317:
5254:
5173:
5153:
5055:
4967:
3427:
3348:"BATTLE AND HUNTING SCENES IN TURKIC ROCK ART OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN ALTAI"
3097:
2347:
1833:
1650:
1441:
1415:
1321:
1254:
1242:
1181:
1173:
1131:
1123:
1122:
The Göktürks reached their peak in the late 6th century and began to invade the
993:
947:
821:
763:
690:
677:
617:
600:
450:
386:
The ethnonym was also recorded in various other Middle Asian languages, such as
277:
The common name "Göktürk" emerged from the misreading of the word "Kök" meaning
151:
4242:
3529:
1150:
in 622 and 623. Liu enjoyed a long string of success but was finally routed by
7056:
7021:
6877:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6718:
6683:
6056:
5649:
5417:
5328:
5312:
5178:
5158:
5116:
4628:
4165:
3446:
3214:
2684:
2633:
2560:
2432:
2420:
1681:
Battle scene depicting Turkic horsemen, typical braided hair style, Chaganka,
1654:
1633:
1608:. The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian
1437:
1303:
Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi, who were Turkic leaders of the Chanyu Protectorate (
1135:
1101:
1006:
802:
233:
147:
4704:
4490:
4395:
4260:
4183:
3984:
3474:
3305:
7102:
7081:
7046:
7041:
7016:
6990:
6950:
6935:
6905:
6808:
6759:
6430:
6343:
6303:
6224:
6220:
5439:
5432:
4481:
4464:
3297:
3092:
2548:
2396:
2220:
2196:
1968:
1878:
1498:
1265:
1230:
1192:
in 630 AD. With the submission of the Turkic tribes, the Tang conquered the
1151:
1143:
806:
767:
525:
159:
7091:
6668:
5102:
4646:
4278:
4191:
3579:
p. 99-100, cited Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300
1344:
defeated the last Göktürk Khaganate and controlled the Mongolian Plateau.
532:
of central Asia, thus meaning "Turks of the East". The name of the ruling
7133:
7066:
7011:
6960:
6915:
6764:
6738:
6713:
6663:
6638:
6455:
6268:
6232:
6216:
5767:
5594:
5574:
5446:
3606:
3422:
2621:
2290:
2210:
2192:
1905:
1842:
1768:
1601:
1419:
1329:
1269:
1090:
758:
706:
521:
135:
131:
4637:
4174:
17:
7143:
7123:
7036:
6653:
6648:
6628:
6581:
6450:
6368:
6313:
6293:
6273:
6263:
6228:
5802:
5792:
2836:
2791:
2597:
2384:
1959:
1923:
1887:
1860:
1851:
1824:
1407:
1226:
1048:
779:
778:. Pointing to the Ashina's association with the Northern tribes of the
749:
741:
725:
625:
612:
584:
4387:
1214:
1211:
1208:
563:
is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that the noun
477:
474:
367:
364:
7169:
7128:
6910:
6867:
6817:
6678:
6633:
6623:
6607:
6601:
6586:
6576:
6412:
6373:
6363:
6328:
5828:
5787:
5762:
5747:
5584:
5264:
5132:
4841:
4691:
Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
3988:
3921:
3877:
3601:
3262:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1433:
1391:
1379:
1333:
1300:
918:
909:
898:
820:, where they 'engaged in metal working for the Rouran'. According to
482:
209:
163:
4878:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I
4370:
Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin (17 January 2023).
3347:
4724:
7138:
6723:
6658:
6393:
5797:
5777:
5772:
5757:
5589:
5579:
5249:
5081:
4227:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
2536:
2224:
2206:
1896:
1772:
1609:
1605:
1568:
1471:
1455:
1427:
1259:
1222:
832:, which include several non-Turkic lexemes, possibly representing
771:
745:
698:
682:
658:
646:
621:
264:
77:
1245:
and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the
7179:
6955:
3478:
1736:
1395:
1390:
Their religion was polytheistic. The great god was the sky god,
798:
269:
A funerary depiction of long haired Türks in the Kazakh steppe.
5843:
5009:
1117:
The First Turkic Khaganate and contemporary polities, circa 576
441:
5782:
2863:"Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi"
1332:
revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day
82:
Gökturk petroglyphs from modern Mongolia (6th to 8th century).
4506:"THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB"
3786:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 18.
4599:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
1801:
1462:, while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups
1196:. From then on, the Eastern Turks were subjugated to China.
5005:
4729:
Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes
4725:"Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks"
3498:
3496:
3346:
Konstantinov, Nikita; Soenov, Vasilii; Черемисин, Дмитрий.
1735:
The Sogdian merchant An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in his
4937:(突厥史). Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press (中国社会科学出版社)
4152:(7705). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 369–374.
1505:
ancestry, while the East Eurasian ancestry was related to
1486:, while one specimen carried the West Eurasian haplogroup
1311:
as qaghan and revolted against the Tang dynasty. In 680,
3765:
3763:
2978:
1636:), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE.
1616:. Approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of
326:
309:
293:
195:
3026:
3024:
2979:"Абай атындағы Қазақ ұлттық педагогикалық университеті"
1751:
An Jia (right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left).
7165:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
4794:(Древние тюрки ;Drevnie ti︠u︡rki). Moscow: AST, 2007.
3336:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors, Page 34
3238:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
651:
Hunting scene from the Göktürk period, from Chaganka,
4806:
Skaff, Jonathan Karem (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.).
551:, the word Türk meant "strong" in Old Turkic; though
505:, where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet.
244:
as the main power in the region and established the
7152:
7116:
6999:
6973:
6886:
6838:
6831:
6752:
6701:
6616:
6196:
6145:
5885:
5811:
5740:
5658:
5567:
5470:
5366:
5238:
5142:
5043:
1138:began to assault its territory and even surrounded
701:, whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the
141:
125:
113:
97:
87:
66:
4918:The Origins of the Ethnic Groups of Northern China
4046:Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.103，Vol.194 & Vol.195
2870:Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research
4513:The Journal of International Civilization Studies
4338:
4336:
4094:Altbuddhistische Kultstätten Chinesisch Turkistan
3531:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
1806:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3286:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
4997:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
4134:, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 128, 130, 70, 73.
4131:
4119:
4110:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 60, 62, 127, 130.
4107:
1233:and were killed. Ashina Hexiangu was exiled to
816:, the Turks lived for generations north of the
4212:
3402:"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art"
2973:
2971:
2816:, fictional character based on Göktürk prince
681:reports that in that year, on 18 October, the
5855:
5021:
4896:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
4834:"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"
4428:
4342:
3240:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 542–543.
3117:
3115:
3113:
2761:
1474:belonged mainly to East Eurasian haplogroups
30:For empires established by the Gökturks, see
8:
7198:State with limited international recognition
4920:(中国北方诸族的源流). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju (中华书局)
4838:Rannie ti︠u︡rki: ocherki istorii i ideologii
4058:Asian Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy, Page 315
2956:
2954:
2856:
2854:
2852:
61:
4858:The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907
4597:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
4365:
4363:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
464:According to Chinese sources, Tūjué meant "
6835:
6613:
6142:
5862:
5848:
5840:
5028:
5014:
5006:
4536:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
3828:Book of Sui 隋書 Vol. 2 Vol. 51 & Vol.84
3369:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
2768:
2754:
2260:
1787:
1154:and other Tang generals and executed. The
60:
4973:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
4636:
4480:
4268:
4250:
4173:
4122:, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 44, 87, 88.
4031:Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol. 6 & Vol.194
3502:
3267:Türk Dunyası Sosyal Bilimler - Sempozyumu
3265:. In Şahin, İbrahim; Akgün, Atıf (eds.).
3055:
3053:
3051:
2797:Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
724:, the Ashina clan was a component of the
675:, who were first attested to in 439. The
628:did not claim descent from the Göktürks.
331:. It is generally accepted that the name
3861:Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.2 & Vol.194
3846:Old book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.2 & Vol. 67
3839:
3837:
3733:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
2996:Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig
2961:Kultegin's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig
2918:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
236:. The Göktürks, under the leadership of
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3193:
2848:
2731:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2313:
2288:
2263:
1790:
1671:
671:The Göktürk rulers originated from the
501:), reportedly because the shape of the
497:
224:
4748:, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate" (
4539:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228.
4469:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
3769:
3588:
3547:
3372:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228.
3181:
3042:
3030:
2930:Mierse, William E. (1 December 2022).
1657:). The GD2-4 belonged to the paternal
580:"heap up, collect, gather, assemble".
4522:from the original on 26 October 2020.
4416:
4354:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4225:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
3782:Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1992).
3745:
3721:
3690:
2879:from the original on 24 October 2020.
1509:. The authors also observed that the
1241:, on 13 August 639 Taizong installed
762:, they were "mixed Hu (barbarians)" (
240:(d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the
7:
4447:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
4376:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3633:Interpreters in Early Imperial China
3562:, (1999), "A türkök eredetmondája",
3269:(in Turkish). İzmir: Ege University.
3261:Aydemir, Hakan (2–3 December 2022).
3160:
2933:Artifacts from the Ancient Silk Road
1594:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
319:
302:
286:
188:
98:Regions with significant populations
93:Ancestral to some Turkic populations
4533:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
3400:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (August 2009).
3366:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
1624:of the royal Ashina family and the
1412:Kara-Khanid Khanate § Genetics
4808:Military Culture in Imperial China
740:) which was situated north of the
25:
3784:Die frühen Türken in Zentralasien
3127:History of the Northern Dynasties
1237:. After the unsuccessful raid of
721:History of the Northern Dynasties
7228:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
6187:
5871:
4828:Yu. Zuev (I︠U︡. A. Zuev) (2002)
4676:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3610:, Vol.197), 辺防13 北狄4 突厥上, 1988,
1756:
1744:
1728:
1709:
1690:
1674:
1444:, Mingoi, Maya cave, 550–600 CE.
879:
873:
76:
7170:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
5645:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
4731:. București: Ed. Acad. Române.
4572:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004).
2833:satellites named after Göktürks
1582:
1354:List of Khagans of the Göktürks
1199:After a vigorous court debate,
347:, which means 'created, born'.
335:is ultimately derived from the
4880:. Cambridge University Press.
4861:. University of Hawaii Press.
3635:. John Benjamins. p. 48.
3213:. bartleby.com. Archived from
2861:Altınkılıç, Arzu Emel (2020).
2839:exoplanet named after Gökturks
1592:A 2023 study published in the
1458:belonged to the West Eurasian
1188:four years later and captured
487:
363:
214:
1:
7160:Organization of Turkic States
5668:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
4952:. Ashgate. pp. 175–181.
2890:Lloyd, Keith (10 June 2020).
1792:History of the Turkic peoples
1448:A genetic study published in
1432:A Turk (center) mourning the
812:As part of the heterogeneous
687:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
4930:Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正) (1992)
4693:The Medieval History Journal
4068:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2009).
3207:American Heritage Dictionary
2787:Horses in East Asian warfare
1424:Golden Horde § Genetics
1366:, which then split into the
744:and had been founded by the
549:American Heritage Dictionary
327:
310:
294:
196:
5715:Tang Western Turk campaigns
4844:, Daik-Press, p. 233,
4429:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
4343:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023
3660:. 上海人民出版社. pp. 39–41.
2598:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
2445:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
1470:. The extracted samples of
1416:Kimek tribe § Genetics
1282:National Museum of Mongolia
789:Chinese sources linked the
27:Turkic people in Inner Asia
7274:
5705:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
5625:Turks in the Tang military
5305:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
4978:Cambridge University Press
4913:Zhu, Xueyuan (朱学渊) (2004)
4855:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
4746:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
4575:The Turks in World History
4243:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
4213:Damgaard & Marchi 2018
4091:Grünwedel, Albert (1912).
2896:. Routledge. p. 153.
2205:Chief gods and goddesses:
1704:, 7th century CE, Mongolia
1685:region, 5th-6th century AD
1405:
1362:of the Göktürks ruled the
1351:
1292:
1168:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
1165:
864:
655:region, 5th-6th century AD
640:
559:points out that "the word
354:historical sources as the
48:
29:
7233:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
7193:
6185:
4995:West, Barbara A. (2008),
4900:Brill Academic Publishers
4767:The Empire of the Steppes
4629:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
4563:Christian, David (1998).
4252:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
4166:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
3816:(Ancient Turks), p. 22-25
3658:Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele
2936:. ABC-CLIO. p. 126.
2802:Silver Deer of Bilge Khan
2626:11th century–13th century
1530:, two carried haplogroup
473:
205:
146:
130:
118:
102:
92:
75:
67:
6775:Timeline of the Göktürks
5240:Western Turkic Khaganate
5144:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
4812:Harvard University Press
4771:Rutgers University Press
4705:10.1177/0971945818775373
3184:, pp. 133–134, 136.
2999:Bain Tsokto inscriptions
2709:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
2355:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2334:Western Turkic Khaganate
2280:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1578:Ancient Northeast Asians
1507:Ancient Northeast Asians
1420:Kipchaks § Genetics
1372:Western Turkic Khaganate
1368:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
643:Timeline of the Göktürks
339:migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜
51:Göktürk (disambiguation)
40:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
36:Western Turkic Khaganate
5368:Second Turkic Khaganate
4580:Oxford University Press
4482:10.47248/hpgg2404010004
3600:杜佑, 《通典》, 北京: 中華書局出版, (
3487:16 October 2013 at the
3298:10.1556/062.2018.71.2.1
2363:Second Turkic Khaganate
1622:North-East Asian origin
1618:Ancient Northeast Asian
1408:Karluks § Genetics
1376:Second Turkic Khaganate
1295:Second Turkic Khaganate
1280:valley. Located in the
44:Second Turkic Khaganate
7253:Extinct Turkic peoples
7223:Turkic peoples of Asia
6489:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5045:First Turkic Khaganate
4935:A History of the Turks
4721:Golden, Peter Benjamin
3826:Wei 魏, Zheng 徵 (656).
3575:Vásáry, István (2007)
3536:University of Helsinki
2525:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2326:First Turkic Khaganate
1807:
1589:
1445:
1364:First Turkic Khaganate
1285:
1249:to settle between the
1158:was then established.
929:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
867:First Turkic Khaganate
848:and Tokharian (or non-
668:
656:
555:supports this theory,
540:term for "deep blue",
274:
246:First Turkic Khaganate
32:First Turkic Khaganate
7258:Former confederations
6986:Proto-Turkic language
6617:Extinct Turkic groups
5635:Tonyukuk inscriptions
5620:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
3631:Lung, Rachel (2011).
3280:Lee, Joo-Yup (2018).
2634:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
2266:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
1805:
1721:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
1698:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
1572:
1511:Western Steppe Herder
1431:
1263:
842:Peter Benjamin Golden
662:
650:
268:
142:Related ethnic groups
7185:World Turks Qurultai
5673:Göktürk–Persian wars
5513:Mengchi Protectorate
5484:Kunling Protectorate
4132:Damgaard et al. 2018
4120:Damgaard et al. 2018
4108:Damgaard et al. 2018
3236:Clauson, G. (1972).
2916:Xiu Ouyang, (1073),
1596:analyzed the DNA of
1540:maternal haplogroups
1524:paternal haplogroups
1162:Conquest by the Tang
1124:Sui dynasty of China
1114:class=notpageimage|
730:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
595:to be Türks. In the
536:may derive from the
509:(1991) pointed to a
49:For other uses, see
7248:8th century in Asia
7243:7th century in Asia
7238:6th century in Asia
6926:Karachay-Cherkessia
5819:Göktürk family tree
5610:Orkhon inscriptions
5600:Old Turkic language
5408:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
4755:16 May 2005 at the
4621:2018Natur.557..369D
4158:2018Natur.557..369D
4044:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945).
4029:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945).
3994:22 May 2010 at the
3942:Ouyang Xiu et al.,
3927:22 May 2010 at the
3883:22 May 2010 at the
3859:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945).
3844:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945).
3577:Eski İç Asya Tarihi
2964:Orkhon inscriptions
2782:Göktürk family tree
2514:Eastern Kara-Khanid
2507:Western Kara-Khanid
2493:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1542:were identified as
1268:(684–731) found in
1251:Great Wall of China
1146:against the rising
1140:Emperor Yang of Sui
830:Orkhon inscriptions
784:Tiele confederation
752:. According to the
705:in the vicinity of
597:Orkhon inscriptions
524:is associated with
371:; reconstructed in
350:They were known in
271:Miho funerary couch
63:
7117:Traditional sports
6921:Kabardino-Balkaria
6541:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
5454:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
5270:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
5187:Ashina Jiesheshuai
4504:Narantsatsral, D.
4237:(4): 890–904.e29.
3217:on 16 January 2007
2818:Ashina Jiesheshuai
2808:In popular culture
2610:Khwarazmian Empire
2481:Karluk Yabgu State
2219:Epics and heroes:
1808:
1590:
1534:, and one carried
1446:
1286:
1274:Arkhangai Province
1239:Ashina Jiesheshuai
1205:Ashina Jiesheshuai
1128:Emperor Wen of Sui
669:
657:
275:
7205:
7204:
6981:Old Turkic script
6969:
6968:
6780:Timeline 500–1300
6697:
6696:
6183:
6182:
6042:Kipchak languages
5997:Karamanli Turkish
5837:
5836:
5700:Göktürk civil war
5695:Goguryeo–Tang War
5640:Ongin inscription
5605:Old Turkic script
5543:Anxi Protectorate
4987:978-0-521-24304-9
4887:978-0-521-21446-9
4868:978-0-8248-2465-5
4821:978-0-674-03109-8
4738:978-973-1871-96-7
4589:978-0-19-988425-4
4546:978-1-83860-868-2
4388:10.1111/jse.12938
3642:978-90-272-2444-6
3379:978-1-83860-868-2
2943:978-1-4408-5829-1
2903:978-1-000-06627-2
2778:
2777:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2685:Qarlughid Kingdom
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2549:Pecheneg Khanates
2542:
2530:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2469:Oghuz Yabgu State
2462:
2450:
2438:
2433:Türgesh Khaganate
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2367:
2359:
2338:
2330:
2296:
2271:
2246:
2245:
2173:
2172:
1985:
1984:
1796:
1723:, 7th century CE.
1659:haplogroup D-M174
1626:Göktürk Khaganate
1587:
1217:, in present-day
1194:Mongolian Plateau
1186:Battle of Yinshan
997:
984:
712:According to the
663:Turkic horseman (
547:According to the
325:
308:
292:
194:
189:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
169:
168:
68:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
16:(Redirected from
7265:
7027:Tibetan Buddhism
7007:Turkic mythology
6888:Autonomous areas
6840:Sovereign states
6836:
6614:
6596:
6571:
6468:
6445:
6407:
6358:
6323:
6284:Crimean Karaites
6258:
6235:
6191:
6143:
6022:Khorasani Turkic
5876:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5841:
5732:Battle of Bolchu
5727:Li-Sun rebellion
5280:Sy Yabghu Khagan
5030:
5023:
5016:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4963:
4933:
4916:
4891:
4872:
4831:
4825:
4790:
4742:
4716:
4687:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4640:
4593:
4568:
4551:
4550:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4441:Meng, Hailiang.
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4382:(6): 1056–1064.
4367:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4254:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4177:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3950:
3944:New Book of Tang
3940:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3516:New Book of Tang
3512:
3506:
3500:
3491:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3397:
3384:
3383:
3363:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3119:
3108:
3107:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2858:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2737:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2587:Sultanate of Rum
2576:
2564:
2561:Ghaznavid Empire
2552:
2540:
2528:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2457:Uyghur Khaganate
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2385:Khazar Khaganate
2365:
2357:
2336:
2328:
2294:
2269:
2261:
2256:Pre-14th century
2233:Major concepts:
2188:
2187:
2183:Turkic Mythology
2000:
1999:
1995:Turkic Languages
1978:Crimean Karaites
1915:Cherniye Klobuki
1821:
1820:
1795:pre–14th century
1794:
1788:
1760:
1748:
1732:
1713:
1694:
1678:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1495:Turkic Khaganate
1436:, surrounded by
1374:, and later the
1342:Uyghur Khaganate
1108:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
982:
976:
974:
965:
963:
954:
952:
943:
941:
932:
930:
923:
921:
914:
912:
905:
903:
894:
892:
883:
877:
814:Rouran Khaganate
703:Rouran Khaganate
526:celestial realms
499:
489:
480:
370:
330:
324:romanized:
323:
321:
313:
307:romanized:
306:
304:
297:
291:romanized:
290:
288:
242:Rouran Khaganate
226:
216:
207:
199:
193:romanized:
192:
190:
88:Total population
80:
64:
21:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7189:
7148:
7112:
6995:
6965:
6882:
6863:Northern Cyprus
6827:
6813:Altai Mountains
6748:
6693:
6612:
6592:
6537:North Macedonia
6479:
6460:
6417:
6403:
6399:Siberian Tatars
6354:
6339:Khorasani Turks
6319:
6246:
6215:
6192:
6179:
6141:
6062:Ottoman Turkish
5982:Karachay-Balkar
5881:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5838:
5833:
5807:
5736:
5660:
5654:
5568:Göktürk culture
5563:
5552:Tokhara Yabghus
5497:Ashina Yuanqing
5474:
5466:
5461:El Bilga Khatun
5383:Qapaghan Qaghan
5378:Ilterish Qaghan
5370:
5362:
5242:
5234:
5146:
5138:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4931:
4914:
4888:
4875:
4869:
4854:
4829:
4822:
4805:
4788:
4757:Wayback Machine
4739:
4719:
4690:
4684:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4613:Nature Research
4596:
4590:
4571:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3996:Wayback Machine
3989:Academia Sinica
3983:
3979:
3973:
3964:
3953:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3929:Wayback Machine
3922:Academia Sinica
3916:
3912:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3885:Wayback Machine
3878:Academia Sinica
3872:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3570:
3560:Harmatta, János
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3528:Xu Elina-Qian,
3527:
3523:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3489:Wayback Machine
3481:
3479:Academia Sinica
3469:
3465:
3459:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3421:
3417:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3058:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2810:
2774:
2745:
2744:
2674:Tughlaq dynasty
2646:Delhi Sultanate
2344:Tokhara Yabghus
2305:Tiele (Gaoche)
2270:202 BCE–13th CE
2258:
2248:
2247:
2191:Belief system:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2130:Karachay-Balkar
1997:
1987:
1986:
1818:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1763:Panel from the
1761:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1719:cavalry mural,
1714:
1705:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1667:
1583:
1538:. The analyzed
1426:
1404:
1388:
1356:
1350:
1326:Ilterish Qaghan
1297:
1291:
1201:Emperor Taizong
1170:
1164:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:Paleo-Siberians
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:
994:
992:
990:
985:
981:
979:
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
961:
959:
957:
955:
950:
948:
946:
944:
939:
937:
935:
933:
928:
926:
924:
919:
917:
915:
910:
908:
906:
901:
899:
897:
895:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
818:Altai Mountains
795:Pannonian Avars
776:Northwest China
645:
639:
634:
553:Gerhard Doerfer
530:cardinal system
503:Altai Mountains
462:
392:Türkit ~ Türküt
375:as romanized: *
303:𐰚𐰇𐰜:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜
263:
258:
177:Celestial Turks
83:
71:
69:
59:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7271:
7269:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7175:Turkic Academy
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7072:Khalwati order
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7052:Bektashi Order
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6931:Karakalpakstan
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:Altai Republic
6892:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6797:Nomadic empire
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6565:Western Thrace
6471:
6470:
6469:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6289:Crimean Tatars
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:Siberian Tatar
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5531:Ashina Huaidao
5528:
5526:Ashina Huseluo
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5426:Ashina Duoxifu
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5260:Heshana Qaghan
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5229:Ashina Shibobi
5225:
5218:
5211:
5208:Ashina Nishufu
5204:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5110:Empress Ashina
5106:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Ishbara Qaghan
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5051:
5049:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4928:
4911:
4892:
4886:
4873:
4867:
4852:
4826:
4820:
4803:
4782:
4763:Grousset, René
4760:
4743:
4737:
4717:
4699:(2): 291–327.
4688:
4682:
4666:
4594:
4588:
4569:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4525:
4496:
4455:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4359:
4347:
4345:, pp. 3–4
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4217:
4205:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4097:. p. 180.
4083:
4060:
4051:
4036:
4021:
4011:Zizhi Tongjian
4002:
3977:
3967:Zizhi Tongjian
3951:
3935:
3910:
3900:Zizhi Tongjian
3891:
3866:
3851:
3833:
3818:
3802:
3792:
3774:
3772:, p. 126.
3759:
3750:
3748:, p. 291.
3738:
3736:, p. 114.
3726:
3724:, p. 295.
3714:
3704:Zizhi Tongjian
3695:
3683:
3673:
3666:
3648:
3641:
3623:
3593:
3591:, p. 300.
3581:
3568:
3552:
3550:, p. 306.
3540:
3521:
3507:
3505:, p. 249.
3503:Christian 1998
3492:
3463:
3452:Zizhi Tongjian
3439:
3415:
3385:
3378:
3353:
3338:
3329:
3319:
3292:(2): 128–129.
3272:
3253:
3246:
3228:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3165:
3163:, p. 829.
3153:
3138:
3109:
3076:
3047:
3045:, p. 292.
3035:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2988:
2967:
2950:
2942:
2922:
2909:
2902:
2882:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2667:Khalji dynasty
2663:
2660:Mamluk dynasty
2653:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2622:Kerait Khanate
2617:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1816:Turkic peoples
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1598:Empress Ashina
1574:Empress Ashina
1403:
1400:
1387:
1384:
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1338:Inner Mongolia
1309:Ashina Nishufu
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1046:
1035:
1024:
1015:
1004:
991:
978:
967:
956:
945:
934:
925:
916:
907:
896:
885:
878:
872:
871:
870:
865:Main article:
862:
859:
695:Northern Liang
665:Tomb of An Jia
638:
635:
633:
630:
605:Yenisei Kyrgyz
557:Gerard Clauson
538:Khotanese Saka
511:Khotanese-Saka
461:
458:
416:Khotanese Saka
373:Middle Chinese
352:Middle Chinese
262:
259:
257:
254:
250:Turkic peoples
167:
166:
156:Yenisei Kyrgyz
144:
143:
139:
138:
128:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7270:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7199:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:Organizations
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7108:Vattisen Yaly
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:Bashkortostan
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6790:Turkification
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6405:Baraba Tatars
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:Common Turkic
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6137:Western Yugur
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Crimean Tatar
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Orkhon Valley
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Ashina Buzhen
5519:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5473:
5472:Western Turks
5469:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Tengri Qaghan
5401:
5399:
5398:Yollıg Khagan
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:El Kulug Shad
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:Ishbara Tolis
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:Ashide Fengji
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:Ashina She'er
5198:
5195:
5194:Ashina Funian
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Qilibi Qaghan
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Taspar Qaghan
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4959:9780754668145
4955:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4943:7-5004-0432-8
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4926:7-101-03336-9
4923:
4919:
4912:
4909:
4908:0-391-04173-8
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:Wink, André.
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4850:9985-4-4152-9
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4800:5-17-024793-1
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4779:0-8135-1304-9
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4683:9783447032742
4679:
4675:
4671:
4670:Golden, Peter
4667:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:, Figure S4A.
4356:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3814:Drevnie Turki
3811:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:3-534-11689-5
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:Holcombe 2001
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3667:7-208-00110-3
3663:
3659:
3656:Duan (1988).
3652:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3617:
3616:7-101-00258-7
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3247:0-19-864112-5
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3196:, p. 39.
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:, p. 20.
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2875:
2872:: 1101–1110.
2871:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2734:Ottoman State
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:Bahri dynasty
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2573:Seljuk Empire
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:Sabiri People
2372:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:Tomb of Anjia
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:-related and
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:haplogroup R1
1457:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:Ashina Funian
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Linyou County
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1001:
988:
975:
964:
953:
942:
931:
922:
913:
904:
893:
891:
882:
876:
868:
860:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:(平涼), now in
769:
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
674:
666:
661:
654:
649:
644:
636:
631:
629:
627:
624:Uyghurs, and
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
490:
484:
479:
476:
471:
467:
466:combat helmet
459:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
317:
312:
300:
296:
284:
280:
272:
267:
260:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Turkic people
227:
221:
217:
211:
203:
198:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
124:
121:
120:Orkhon Turkic
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
86:
79:
74:
65:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7087:Qalandariyya
7062:Christianity
6873:Turkmenistan
6811: /
6802:Turco-Mongol
6643:
6241:Azerbaijanis
5824:Ashina tribe
5659:Göktürk wars
5492:Ashina Mishe
5413:Özmiş Khagan
5357:Ashina Tuizi
5350:Tardush Shad
5343:Ashina Duzhi
5285:Duolu Qaghan
5215:Ashide Wenfu
5179:Chebi Qaghan
5169:Illig Qaghan
5164:Chulo Qaghan
5159:Shibi Qaghan
5126:Yangsu Tegin
5097:Tulan Qaghan
5092:Bagha Qaghan
5082:Ashina Anluo
5072:Muqan Qaghan
5067:Issik Qaghan
5062:Bumin Qaghan
5036:
5002:
4996:
4972:
4968:Sinor, Denis
4949:
4934:
4932:(in Chinese)
4917:
4915:(in Chinese)
4895:
4877:
4857:
4833:
4830:(in Russian)
4807:
4792:The Göktürks
4791:
4789:(in Russian)
4785:Gumilev, Lev
4766:
4728:
4696:
4692:
4673:
4658:. Retrieved
4638:1887/3202709
4608:
4602:
4574:
4567:. Blackwell.
4564:
4535:
4528:
4512:
4499:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4379:
4375:
4350:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4208:
4175:1887/3202709
4149:
4145:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4030:
4024:
4018:(in Chinese)
4010:
4009:Sima Guang,
4005:
3999:(in Chinese)
3980:
3974:(in Chinese)
3966:
3965:Sima Guang,
3943:
3938:
3932:(in Chinese)
3913:
3907:(in Chinese)
3899:
3898:Sima Guang,
3894:
3888:(in Chinese)
3869:
3860:
3854:
3845:
3827:
3821:
3813:
3810:Lev Gumilyov
3805:
3797:
3783:
3777:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3711:(in Chinese)
3703:
3702:Sima Guang,
3698:
3686:
3676:
3657:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3620:(in Chinese)
3605:
3596:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3564:Magyar Nyelv
3563:
3555:
3543:
3530:
3524:
3514:
3510:
3482:(in Chinese)
3466:
3460:(in Chinese)
3450:
3442:
3436:(in Chinese)
3426:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3368:
3341:
3332:
3322:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3256:
3237:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3201:
3194:Findley 2004
3189:
3177:
3168:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3135:(in Chinese)
3125:
3106:(in Chinese)
3096:
3073:(in Chinese)
3065:Book of Zhou
3063:
3060:Linghu Defen
3038:
3014:
3005:
2991:
2982:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2732:
2721:
2707:
2697:Golden Horde
2695:
2683:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2585:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2409:Kangar Union
2407:
2395:
2383:
2374:
2341:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2289:
2278:
2264:
1642:
1638:
1591:
1492:
1449:
1447:
1389:
1382:" (Qaghan).
1360:Ashina tribe
1357:
1313:Pei Xingjian
1307:), declared
1298:
1278:Orkhon River
1247:Yellow River
1198:
1190:Illig Qaghan
1178:China proper
1171:
1156:Tang dynasty
1136:Shibi Khagan
1121:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1008:
889:
826:
811:
788:
757:
753:
737:
719:
715:Book of Zhou
713:
711:
676:
670:
608:
582:
577:
574:Proto-Turkic
569:
564:
560:
546:
541:
519:
514:
496:
486:
463:
453:
446:
440:
433:
429:
422:
418:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
380:
376:
355:
349:
344:
340:
332:
276:
273:, circa 570.
238:Bumin Qaghan
232:in medieval
223:
213:
180:
176:
172:
170:
108:Eastern Asia
58:Ethnic group
55:
7077:Malamatiyya
6729:Pan-Turkism
6709:Grey Wolves
6674:Oghuz Turks
6594:Afghanistan
6379:Qarai Turks
6309:Karakalpaks
6077:Sakha/Yakut
5967:Fuyü Gïrgïs
5922:Azerbaijani
5661:and battles
5630:Ülüş system
5558:Turk Shahis
5507:Ashina Zhen
5502:Ashina Xian
5477:Jimi system
5393:Bilgä Qaǧan
5388:Inel Qaghan
5318:Irbis Seguy
5275:Külüg Sibir
5255:Niri Qaghan
5154:Yami Qaghan
5056:Ashina Tuwu
4615:: 369–373.
4475:(1): 1–11.
4074:Transoxiana
3948:Vol. 215-I.
3770:Golden 1992
3618:, p. 5401.
3589:Golden 2018
3548:Golden 2018
3428:Book of Wei
3406:Transoxiana
3182:Golden 1992
3148:Turcologica
3098:Book of Sui
3043:Golden 2018
3031:Golden 2011
2348:Turk Shahis
2295:71 BC–?? AD
2013:Azerbaijani
1834:Oghuz Turks
1651:Han Chinese
1612:haplogroup
1442:Kizil Caves
1255:Gobi Desert
1243:Qilibi Khan
1174:Sui dynasty
1132:Yami Qaghan
822:Denis Sinor
754:Book of Sui
697:in eastern
691:Juqu Mujian
678:Book of Sui
673:Ashina clan
618:Karakhanids
601:Toquz Oghuz
534:Ashina clan
451:Old Tibetan
197:Türük Bodun
152:Toquz Oghuz
70:Türük Bodun
7212:Categories
7057:Burkhanism
7022:Aiyy Faith
6941:Nakhchivan
6878:Uzbekistan
6858:Kyrgyzstan
6853:Kazakhstan
6848:Azerbaijan
6719:Burkhanism
6545:Montenegro
6509:Dodecanese
6170:Old Uyghur
6155:Old Turkic
6057:Old Turkic
5992:Karakalpak
5650:Qara bodun
5536:Ashina Xin
5418:Ashina Shi
5329:Bagha Shad
5313:Yukuk Shad
5117:Apa Qaghan
4417:Jeong 2020
4355:Jeong 2020
4328:Jeong 2020
4316:Jeong 2020
4304:Jeong 2020
4292:Jeong 2020
3812:, (1967),
3746:Sinor 1990
3722:Sinor 1990
3691:Sinor 1990
3447:Sima Guang
3221:7 December
3150:(105): 25.
3122:Li Yanshou
2844:References
2421:Turk Shahi
2103:Karakalpak
1655:Sarmatians
1646:SlabGrave1
1634:Afanasievo
1438:Tocharians
1406:See also:
1324:. In 682,
1009:ZHANGZHUNG
803:Hungarians
689:overthrew
667:, 579 CE).
641:See also:
493:Wade–Giles
460:Definition
337:Old-Turkic
316:Old Turkic
299:Old Turkic
283:Old Turkic
234:Inner Asia
220:Wade–Giles
185:Old Turkic
181:Blue Turks
7103:Zahediyeh
7098:Safaviyya
7047:Bayramiye
7042:Batiniyya
7017:Shamanism
7000:Religions
6991:Turkology
6951:Tatarstan
6936:Khakassia
6906:Chuvashia
6832:Locations
6809:Tian Shan
6785:Migration
6760:Turkestan
6743:Hungarian
6734:Turkesism
6431:Kryashens
6419:Astrakhan
6344:Krymchaks
6304:Karachays
6225:Telengits
6221:Kumandins
6147:Alphabets
5977:Ili Turki
5887:Languages
5710:Xueyantuo
5560:(665–870)
5554:(625-758)
5440:Kul Tigin
5433:Kulun Beg
5371:(682–744)
5336:Böri Shad
5243:(581–657)
5147:(581–630)
5048:(552–581)
4713:166026934
4491:2770-5005
4404:255690237
4396:1674-4918
4261:0092-8674
4200:256769352
4184:0028-0836
4080:: Fig.16.
3920:十三年 七月庚戌
3904:Vol. 195.
3876:十三年 四月戊寅
3708:Vol. 159.
3477:五年) 九月丙戌
3457:Vol. 123.
3433:Vol. 4-I.
3314:133847698
3306:0001-6446
3161:West 2008
3093:Wei Zheng
2983:kaznpu.kz
2831:Göktürk-3
2827:Göktürk-2
2823:Göktürk-1
2738:1299–1922
2713:1250–1517
2701:1242–1502
2689:1224–1266
2650:1206–1526
2638:1136–1225
2614:1077–1231
2602:1067–1239
2577:1037–1194
2397:Xueyantuo
2239:Grey wolf
2221:Ergenekon
2197:Shamanism
1969:Krymchaks
1879:Kutrigurs
1499:Sarmatian
1266:Kul Tigin
1231:Wei River
1152:Li Shimin
1144:Liu Heita
1041:KHAGANATE
1028:BYZANTINE
861:Expansion
838:Yeniseian
807:Scythians
768:Pingliang
381:tɦut-kyat
377:dwət-kuɑt
311:Kök Türük
256:Etymology
228:) were a
225:T'u-chüeh
160:Xueyantuo
114:Languages
7218:Göktürks
7067:Hurufism
7012:Tengrism
6961:Xinjiang
6916:Gagauzia
6765:Mongolia
6739:Turanism
6714:Kemalism
6702:Politics
6664:Kipchaks
6644:Göktürks
6639:Dughlats
6493:Bulgaria
6481:Abkhazia
6456:Turkmens
6439:Nağaybäk
6269:Bashkirs
6233:Tubalars
6217:Chelkans
6211:Altaians
6165:Cyrillic
6067:Pecheneg
6032:Krymchak
5937:Chagatai
5910:Southern
5905:Northern
5720:Conquest
5595:Kurultai
5575:Tengrism
5447:Tonyukuk
5037:Göktürks
4970:(1990).
4902:, 2002.
4773:, 1970.
4753:Archived
4723:(2011).
4672:(1992).
4660:11 April
4655:13670282
4647:29743675
4611:(7705).
4517:Archived
4279:33157037
4192:29743675
4015:Vol. 203
3992:Archived
3987:元年 十月乙酉
3971:Vol. 202
3925:Archived
3881:Archived
3681:197–239.
3607:Tongdian
3485:Archived
3423:Wei Shou
3327:197–239.
3209:(2000).
3172:Wink 64.
3132:Vol. 99.
3103:Vol. 84.
3095:et al.,
3070:Vol. 50.
3062:et al.,
2874:Archived
2565:963–1186
2553:860–1091
2541:856–1335
2529:848–1036
2497:840–1212
2473:750–1055
2449:743–1035
2389:618–1048
2316:Göktürks
2291:Dingling
2193:Tengrism
2166:Krymchak
1906:Kipchaks
1843:Saragurs
1784:See also
1602:Xianyang
1526:J2a and
1402:Genetics
1386:Religion
1370:and the
1330:Tonyukuk
1322:Chang'an
1299:In 679,
1270:Khashaat
1264:Bust of
1253:and the
1235:Lingbiao
1182:Chang'an
938:SASANIAN
759:Tongdian
756:and the
707:Gaochang
603:and the
522:sky blue
507:Róna-Tas
320:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚
287:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜
173:Göktürks
136:Buddhism
132:Tengrism
126:Religion
62:Gökturks
18:Gokturks
7144:Chovgan
7124:Kyz kuu
7037:Alevism
6974:Studies
6770:History
6753:Origins
6684:Türgesh
6654:Khazars
6649:Karluks
6629:Bulgars
6604:(Sakha)
6582:Uyghurs
6561:Tunisia
6549:Romania
6529:Lebanon
6497:Croatia
6485:Algeria
6474:Turkish
6466:Iranian
6451:Tofalar
6423:Chinese
6384:Qashqai
6369:Naimans
6314:Kazakhs
6294:Dolgans
6279:Chuvash
6274:Chulyms
6264:Balkars
6256:Georgia
6252:Armenia
6229:Teleuts
6206:Afshars
6198:Peoples
6175:Persian
6112:Turkmen
6107:Turkish
6072:Qashqai
6027:Kipchak
5947:Chuvash
5927:Bashkir
5803:Elteber
5793:Tarkhan
4787:(2007)
4617:Bibcode
4557:Sources
4270:7664836
4154:Bibcode
3124:(李延寿),
2920:, p. 39
2837:Gokturk
2792:Khazars
2485:756–940
2461:744–840
2437:699–766
2425:665-850
2413:659–750
2401:628–646
2366:682–744
2358:581–650
2337:581–657
2329:552–581
2094:Qasgqai
2085:Chuvash
2076:Bashkir
2049:Turkmen
2004:Turkish
1960:Dolgans
1924:Uyghurs
1888:Karluks
1861:Bulgars
1852:Utigurs
1825:Onogurs
1717:Göktürk
1702:Göktürk
1700:mural,
1665:Gallery
1584:
1536:R1a-Z93
1532:C-F3830
1289:Revival
1227:Shaanxi
1060:Khitans
1050:TUYUHUN
890:Kyrgyzs
854:Iranian
846:Iranian
840:words.
780:Xiongnu
766:) from
750:Xianbei
742:Xiongnu
726:Xiongnu
693:of the
637:Origins
632:History
626:Seljuks
613:Khazars
585:Uyghurs
515:tturakä
498:Tou-mou
470:Chinese
447:Dolgwol
430:to̤ro̤x
388:Sogdian
360:Chinese
202:Chinese
148:Türgesh
104:Central
7134:Kokpar
7129:Jereed
7092:Rifaʽi
7082:Qadiri
6911:Crimea
6868:Turkey
6818:Otuken
6679:Shatuo
6669:K'o-sa
6634:Cumans
6624:Bulaqs
6608:Yugurs
6602:Yakuts
6587:Uzbeks
6577:Tuvans
6553:Serbia
6525:Kosovo
6521:Israel
6505:Cyprus
6462:Afghan
6435:Mishar
6413:Tatars
6374:Nogais
6364:Kumyks
6349:Kyrgyz
6334:Khalaj
6329:Khakas
6299:Gagauz
6127:Uyghur
6047:Kyrgyz
6017:Khazar
6012:Khalaj
6007:Khakas
6002:Kazakh
5987:Karaim
5972:Gagauz
5962:Dolgan
5942:Chulym
5932:Bulgar
5895:Afshar
5880:topics
5878:Turkic
5829:Ashide
5812:Family
5788:Khatun
5763:Yabghu
5748:Khagan
5741:Titles
5683:Second
5585:Otuken
5475:under
5323:Hallig
5265:Sheguy
5133:Tamgan
5103:Istämi
4984:
4956:
4941:
4924:
4906:
4884:
4865:
4848:
4842:Almaty
4818:
4798:
4777:
4750:online
4735:
4711:
4680:
4653:
4645:
4604:Nature
4586:
4543:
4489:
4402:
4394:
4277:
4267:
4259:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4146:Nature
3790:
3664:
3639:
3614:
3602:Du You
3538:, 2005
3376:
3312:
3304:
3244:
2940:
2900:
2814:Kürşat
2157:Karaim
2148:Gagauz
2067:Kyrgyz
2040:Uyghur
2031:Kazakh
1951:Yakuts
1942:Kumyks
1933:Tatars
1580:(ANA,
1451:Nature
1434:Buddha
1422:, and
1392:Tengri
1380:Khagan
1348:Rulers
1334:Hohhot
1305:單于大都護府
1301:Ashide
1103:TOCHA-
1082:Tungus
1030:EMPIRE
996:NORTH.
983:NORTH.
973:GUPTAS
960:CHALU-
949:ALCHON
940:EMPIRE
920:CHENLA
850:Altaic
834:Uralic
685:ruler
599:, the
593:Kyrgyz
591:, and
576:verb *
542:āššɪna
513:word,
495::
488:Dōumóu
485::
483:pinyin
472::
449:, and
438:Korean
427:Rouran
423:Ttrūka
419:Ttūrka
396:tr'wkt
362::
279:Ashina
261:Origin
222::
212::
210:pinyin
204::
164:Shatuo
42:, and
7139:Jigit
7032:Islam
6946:Sakha
6724:Jadid
6659:Kimek
6569:Yemen
6557:Syria
6533:Libya
6513:Egypt
6501:Crete
6443:Volga
6427:Lipka
6394:Shors
6389:Salar
6356:China
6321:China
6132:Uzbek
6117:Tuvan
6097:Tatar
6082:Salar
6052:Nogai
6037:Kumyk
5957:Cuman
5900:Altai
5798:Ishad
5778:Tudun
5773:Boyla
5768:Bagha
5758:Tegin
5688:Third
5678:First
5590:Suyab
5580:Asena
5250:Tardu
4709:S2CID
4651:S2CID
4520:(PDF)
4509:(PDF)
4400:S2CID
4196:S2CID
3310:S2CID
2877:(PDF)
2866:(PDF)
2537:Qocho
2235:Sheka
2225:Asena
2211:Ülgen
2207:Kayra
2139:Tuvan
2121:Kumyk
2112:Sakha
2058:Tatar
2022:Uzbek
1897:Kimek
1870:Sabir
1773:China
1769:Xi'an
1683:Altai
1610:mtDNA
1606:China
1472:mtDNA
1456:Y-DNA
1223:Baoji
1105:RIANS
1092:GOGU-
971:LATER
900:CHAM-
772:Gansu
746:Sakas
699:Gansu
683:Tuoba
653:Altai
622:Qocho
589:Tiele
454:Drugu
434:türǖg
412:trukč
408:trwkc
406:>
404:turkt
400:trwkt
379:>
356:Tūjué
345:Törük
341:Türük
314:, or
295:Türük
215:Tūjué
6956:Tuva
6823:Oğuz
6689:Uzes
6517:Iraq
6248:Iran
6122:Urum
6102:Tofa
6087:Shor
5917:Äynu
5753:Shad
4982:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4939:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4904:ISBN
4882:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4846:ISBN
4816:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4775:ISBN
4733:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4662:2020
4643:PMID
4584:ISBN
4541:ISBN
4487:ISSN
4392:ISSN
4275:PMID
4257:ISSN
4231:Cell
4188:PMID
4180:ISSN
3788:ISBN
3662:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3473:七年 (
3374:ISBN
3302:ISSN
3242:ISBN
3223:2006
2938:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2237:and
2223:and
2209:and
2195:and
1737:yurt
1632:and
1630:BMAC
1562:and
1517:and
1503:BMAC
1484:A15c
1482:and
1476:C4b1
1466:and
1396:Umay
1358:The
1328:and
1148:Tang
1094:RYEO
1039:AVAR
1019:CHEN
986:ZHOU
962:KYAS
951:HUNS
801:and
799:Huns
718:and
609:Türk
578:türü
570:Türk
565:Türk
561:Türk
333:Türk
328:Türk
171:The
106:and
6591:in
6478:in
6353:in
6318:in
6245:in
5783:Beg
4840:),
4701:doi
4633:hdl
4625:doi
4609:557
4477:doi
4384:doi
4265:PMC
4247:hdl
4239:doi
4235:183
4170:hdl
4162:doi
4150:557
3294:doi
1614:F1d
1528:J1a
1488:H2a
1480:A14
911:576
836:or
748:or
738:sâk
736:: *
468:" (
383:).
179:or
7214::
6567:,
6563:,
6559:,
6555:,
6551:,
6547:,
6543:,
6539:,
6535:,
6531:,
6527:,
6523:,
6519:,
6515:,
6511:,
6507:,
6503:,
6499:,
6495:,
6491:,
6487:,
6483:,
6464:,
6441:,
6437:,
6433:,
6429:,
6425:,
6421:,
6254:,
6250:,
6231:,
6227:,
6223:,
6219:,
4980:.
4976:.
4898:.
4832:,
4814:.
4810:.
4769:.
4765:.
4759:).
4727:.
4707:.
4697:21
4695:.
4649:.
4641:.
4631:.
4623:.
4607:.
4601:.
4582:.
4578:.
4515:.
4511:.
4485:.
4471:.
4467:.
4449:.
4445:.
4398:.
4390:.
4380:61
4378:.
4374:.
4362:^
4335:^
4273:.
4263:.
4255:.
4245:.
4233:.
4229:.
4194:.
4186:.
4178:.
4168:.
4160:.
4148:.
4078:14
4076:.
4072:.
4013:,
3985:開耀
3969:,
3954:^
3946:,
3918:貞觀
3902:,
3874:貞觀
3836:^
3796:.
3762:^
3706:,
3604:,
3534:,
3495:^
3475:太延
3471:永和
3455:,
3449:,
3431:,
3425:,
3410:14
3408:.
3404:.
3388:^
3356:^
3308:.
3300:.
3290:71
3288:.
3284:.
3130:,
3112:^
3101:,
3079:^
3068:,
3050:^
3023:^
2981:.
2970:^
2953:^
2868:.
2851:^
2829:,
2825:,
2350:)
2346:,
1771:,
1604:,
1566:.
1564:U7
1560:H1
1558:,
1556:C4
1554:,
1552:B4
1550:,
1548:D2
1546:,
1544:D4
1478:,
1440:.
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1336:,
1276:,
1272:,
1225:,
1221:,
1130:,
999:QI
902:PA
797:,
791:Hu
774:,
764:雜胡
734:MC
709:.
620:,
587:,
544:.
491:;
481:;
456:.
442:돌궐
436:,
425:,
414:;
410:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
322:,
318::
305:,
301::
289:,
285::
252:.
218:;
208:;
206:突厥
200:;
191:,
187::
175:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
134:,
38:,
34:,
7200:.
7094:*
6745:)
6741:(
5863:e
5856:t
5849:v
5463:)
5459:(
5456:)
5452:(
5449:)
5445:(
5442:)
5438:(
5435:)
5431:(
5428:)
5424:(
5359:)
5355:(
5352:)
5348:(
5345:)
5341:(
5338:)
5334:(
5331:)
5327:(
5307:)
5303:(
5300:)
5296:(
5231:)
5227:(
5224:)
5220:(
5217:)
5213:(
5210:)
5206:(
5203:)
5199:(
5196:)
5192:(
5189:)
5185:(
5135:)
5131:(
5128:)
5124:(
5119:)
5115:(
5112:)
5108:(
5105:)
5101:(
5058:)
5054:(
5029:e
5022:t
5015:v
4990:.
4962:.
4910:.
4890:.
4871:.
4836:(
4824:.
4802:.
4781:.
4741:.
4715:.
4703::
4686:.
4664:.
4635::
4627::
4619::
4592:.
4549:.
4493:.
4479::
4473:4
4406:.
4386::
4281:.
4249::
4241::
4202:.
4172::
4164::
4156::
4048:.
4033:.
3863:.
3848:.
3830:.
3693:.
3670:.
3645:.
3412:.
3382:.
3350:.
3316:.
3296::
3250:.
3225:.
2985:.
2946:.
2906:.
2769:e
2762:t
2755:v
2342:(
1775:.
1739:.
1519:J
1515:R
1468:O
1464:Q
1284:.
1215:宮
1212:成
1209:九
805:“
478:鍪
475:兜
445:/
432:/
421:/
390:*
368:厥
365:突
358:(
343:/
183:(
53:.
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
