681:
140:
379:. These stone blocks were sometimes placed on top of a tree trunk set deep into the ground. This created greater resiliency for the hammer. Beating of the cutch by hand takes about one hour using a fifteen-pound hammer. The goldbeater follows a pattern and sets up a rhythm, striking the packet with up to seventy strokes a minute. The packet is rotated and turned over to ensure that the gold inside expands evenly in all directions. The original small squares of gold are beaten until they have expanded to the outer edges of the four inch square cutch. The gold is taken out of the cutch and each piece is cut into four pieces with a knife. Using the pincers, these squares of gold are put into a second packet called the
670:
690:
928:
197:
661:
652:
735:. The mosaics were made of stone, tile or glass backed on gold leaf walls, giving the church a beautifully intricate backdrop. The Athenian marble columns supporting the nave are even older, and either come from the first basilica, or from another antique Roman building; thirty-six are marble and four granite, pared down, or shortened to make them identical by Ferdinando Fuga, who provided them with identical gilt-bronze capitals. The 14th century
699:
279:
436:
43:
418:
771:
291:
638:"Gold" frames made without leafing are also available for a considerably lower price, but traditionally some form of gold or metal leaf was preferred when possible and gold leafed (or silver leafed) moulding is still commonly available from many of the companies that produce commercially available moulding for use as picture frames.
269:
follows the ancient production process. The forging process has been tempered by more than a dozen processes such as gold bar, leaf beat, twisting, opening, assembly, issuing, and foil cutting. It is also called "playing gold leaf". According to the needs of different products, a proportion of silver
398:
powder. This process prevents the delicate gold leaf from sticking to the skins. The mold is beaten with an 8-pound (3.6 kg) hammer for three to four hours until it has been beaten into a circle about six inches (15 cm) in diameter. The finished leaf forms an unbroken sheet of gold with a
308:
and color of gold leaf vary depending on the amount of silver or copper added to the gold. Most goldbeaters make 22 karat leaf. The gold and its alloy are put in a crucible and melted in a furnace. The liquid gold is poured into a mold to cast it into a bar. The bar of gold is put through a rolling
805:
chambers, as well as the offices of a number of members of parliament, senators, and senior administration for both legislative houses. It is also the location of several ceremonial spaces, such as the Hall of Honour, the
Memorial Chamber, and Confederation Hall. Capping the Senate chamber is a
270:
and copper is added; the metal is then melted into liquid form, poured into an iron tank, cooled to form gold bars, hammered into thin slices, cut into small gold pieces, and then covered with gold foil and hammered into gold foil repeatedly at high temperature.
349:
680:
409: in). After the leaves are taken out of the mold, they are conventionally cut into a three-and-three-eighths-inch (8.6 cm) square and packaged in tissue-paper books containing twenty-five leaves.
341:, are used. Using wooden pincers, the preparer picks up each square of gold and places it in the center of each skin. When the cutch is filled with the small gold squares, it is wrapped in several bands of
265:
representative items. Modern gold-leaf artists combine ancient traditional crafts with modern technology to make traditional gold leaf. Forging skills are more sophisticated. Gold-foil production in
877:
who opened it in 1873. One of the restaurant's most famous features is the 'glistering' ceiling of gold mosaic, coved at the sides and patterned all over with lines and ornaments in blue and white
386:
The gold is taken out of the shoder and placed on a leather-covered surface. The gold is thin enough now that the cutter can simply blow on it to flatten it out. Using a wooden implement called a
1287:
309:
mill repeatedly. Each time through the mill, the rollers are adjusted closer and closer to each other, to make the gold thinner and thinner. The bar is rolled to a thickness of 25 micrometres (
390:, the gold is quickly cut into four pieces and immediately placed in a packet called a mold for the final beating. The wagon has sharp cutting blades, traditionally made from malacca cane (
354:
353:
351:
355:
345:
which serve to hold the packet together during the beating. Parchment is still the best material known to withstand the hours of repeated hammer blows needed to beat the gold.
188:
Traditional water gilding is the most difficult and highly regarded form of gold leafing. It has remained virtually unchanged for hundreds of years and is still done by hand.
964:. In India it may be used effectively as a garnish, with thin sheets placed on a main dish, especially on festive occasions. When used as an additive to food, gold has the
619:, gold areas are normally created by applying a glue to the page, then rubbing gold leaf onto the glue. Gold ink is rare. Gold leaf is the basis of the gold ink used in
352:
919:, it required hundreds of kilograms of gold leaf to complete the process. Gold leaf was used in the oil painting of the Bamiyan Buddha approximately 1,500 years ago.
991:
liquors with tiny floating pieces of gold leaf are known of since the late 16th century; originally the practice was regarded as medicinal. Well-known examples are
608:
is gold leaf held between two pieces of glass, and was used to decorate
Ancient Roman vessels, where some of the gold was scraped off to form an image, as well as
219:
of gold and became the first goldbeaters and gilders. They pounded gold using a round stone to create the thinnest leaf possible. Except for the introduction of a
950:) is sometimes used to decorate food or drink, typically to promote a perception of luxury and high value; however, it is flavorless. It is occasionally found in
185:
and shades. The most commonly used gold is 22-karat yellow gold. Pure gold is 24 karat. Real, yellow gold leaf is approximately 91.7% pure (i.e. 22-karat) gold.
1173:
1652:
203:
necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: 2.7 cm, with variations of circa 0.1 cm, length of the pendant 3.7 cm;
139:
1291:
669:
261:, hand-beating and other techniques, and the gold leaf is pure, uniform and soft. On May 20, 2006, it was included in the first batch of national
350:
1312:
245:
manufacturing and construction. It was widely used in the gilding of Buddha statues and idols and in the construction industry during the
635:
water. Because the gold is not pulverized as in industrially produced metal inks, the resulting surface looks very much like solid gold.
575:; all techniques use gold leaf. Since the decline of gold ground painting, gold leaf has been most popular and most common in its use as
1568:
181:
is normally used for thin sheets of metal of any color that do not contain any real gold. Gold leaf is available in a wide variety of
968:
E175. A centuries-old traditional artisan variety of green tea contains pieces of gold leaf; 99% of this kind of tea is produced in
383:, which has approximately 1,500 skins. The shoder is beaten for about three hours until the gold has expanded to a five-inch square.
1461:
1410:
527:
126:
143:
A gold nugget of 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter (bottom) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 m (5.4 sq ft).
927:
689:
196:
724:
981:
739:, or bell tower, is the highest in Rome, at 240 feet, (about 75 m.). The basilica's 16th-century coffered ceiling, designed by
1695:
1008:
461:
64:
1620:
720:
to designate important structures, both for aesthetics and because gold's non-reactive nature provides a protective finish.
1670:
723:
Gold in architecture became an integral component of
Byzantine and Roman churches and basilicas in 400 AD, most notably
508:
262:
107:
1534:"Ancient Buddhist Paintings From Bamiyan Were Made Of Oil, Hundreds Of Years Before Technique Was 'Invented' In Europe"
881:. The wall decoration accords well with the real yellow gold leaf ceiling, incorporating semi-precious stones such as
480:
79:
446:
660:
651:
322:
After rolling, the ribbon of gold is cut into one-inch squares. The first step in the beating process is called the
798:
457:
204:
60:
31:
465:
450:
250:
53:
1675:
1611:
487:
86:
226:
and a few other innovations, the tools and techniques have remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years.
1493:
756:
1402:
624:
394:). The mold contains 1,500 pieces of gold. Before the mold is filled with gold, the skins are coated with a
494:
93:
1690:
1066:
748:
616:
540:
Gold leaf is sometimes used in art in a "raw" state, without a gilding process. In cultures including the
200:
257:(1640–1912), the technology developed, and Nanjing gold leaf was sold overseas. It retains traditional
1590:
476:
75:
1272:
912:
854:
744:
740:
708:
584:
552:
are so thin, especially in the centre, that they might be classed as gold leaf. It has been used in
334:
1476:
1000:
992:
620:
564:
541:
1365:
1351:
905:
resting on slender octagonal columns, their unmolded capitals and the impost being encrusted with
1533:
988:
162:
that has been hammered into thin sheets (usually around 0.1 μm thick) by a process known as
1316:
935:
563:
style, where the background of the figures was all in gold, was introduced in mosaics in later
1564:
1457:
1434:
1406:
1394:
916:
858:
752:
1088:
1680:
1638:
1152:
915:
in France, when refinishing the gates nearly 200 years after they were torn down during the
874:
802:
278:
1646:
1634:
1379:
1624:
1047:
886:
827:
815:
794:
728:
1187:
1020:
764:
545:
501:
305:
234:
182:
100:
698:
1685:
1664:
960:
955:
931:
866:
862:
591:
242:
212:
144:
1614:
sections from 1903 American
Library Edition Of Workshop Receipts Vol5 by Ernest Spon
1208:
337:) was used to interleave the gold as it was beaten. Today other materials, such as
898:
870:
823:
790:
775:
717:
599:
326:. The cutch is made up of approximately 150 skins. In the early days of the trade,
254:
216:
1630:
1251:
1229:
1617:
1558:
1451:
1337:
1057:
1037:
819:
732:
598:, small objects (including jewellery) and paper art. Gold leaf is also used in
595:
572:
560:
549:
435:
163:
42:
1518:""L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours"".
417:
1052:
943:
839:
760:
632:
628:
605:
246:
174:
1012:
1004:
890:
843:
770:
736:
553:
342:
330:
283:
220:
1112:
1042:
996:
17:
969:
965:
906:
878:
835:
831:
811:
609:
360:
258:
238:
1023:, which is perhaps the best known in both Canada and the United States.
1157:
1140:
1062:
1016:
977:
951:
786:
576:
376:
364:
295:
266:
230:
167:
842:
windows. Below the windows is a continuous architrave, broken only by
1032:
894:
850:
807:
782:
580:
395:
391:
372:
223:
602:
and various other Asian traditions to decorate statues and symbols.
290:
177:, but the term is rarely used when referring to gold leaf. The term
1494:"Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1"
421:
Early 20th century leather book cover, with gold leaf ornamentation
1645:
973:
926:
769:
416:
347:
338:
294:
22k gold leaf applied with an ox hair brush during the process of
289:
277:
195:
148:
138:
301:
The process of hammering gold into leaf is known as goldbeating.
1560:
Extreme
Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat
947:
902:
882:
587:
568:
159:
774:
Gold leaf and painted coffers of the Senate chamber ceiling in
934:
with some gold leaf in the
Nishimuraya Hotel Shogetsutei from
793:
is the main building of the
Canadian parliamentary complex on
548:
simply by folding it tightly over, and the
Classical group of
429:
36:
1436:
Chambers's encyclopaedia: A dictionary of universal knowledge
980:
craftsmanship. The city is also home to a gold leaf museum,
327:
556:
in various periods, often as small pieces hanging freely.
1399:
911:
Gold leaf adorns the wrought iron gates surrounding the
999:, Poland, which has been produced since at least 1598,
1627:(in German) partly illustrated history of goldbeating
215:
artisans recognized the extraordinary durability and
594:that are often used to hold or decorate paintings,
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1433:Chambers; Patrick, David; Geddie, William (1901).
861:in the heart of London. It was built by architect
1591:"Japanese Culture/The Way/Tea ceremony/Let's Try"
1087:Vilfranc, Jenifer M. (1999). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
716:Gold leaf has long been an integral component of
229:Gold-leaf forging is a traditional handicraft in
1641:newsreel clips depicting the goldbeating process
830:. This plane rests on six pairs and four single
814:symbols, including maple leaves, fleur-de-lis,
30:"Goldleaf" redirects here. For other uses, see
751:, before being passed on to the Spanish pope,
707:Various gilded architectural ornaments of the
371:The gold is beaten on a large, heavy block of
8:
1340:. 学科分类—综合性图书 五洲传播出版社《中国辞典》第327页. 2021-11-14.
846:at the base of each of the above pilasters.
1134:
1132:
571:and Western panel paintings until the late
464:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
399:thickness of approximately 100 nanometres (
579:material for decoration of art (including
1156:
528:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1456:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 106.
1563:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 289–292.
1079:
731:and is one of the earliest examples of
743:, is said to be gilded with gold that
627:. The leaves are crushed in honey or
286:showing the goldbeating process, 1698
7:
1139:Nicholson, Eric D. (December 1979).
544:it was used to wrap objects such as
462:adding citations to reliable sources
241:(266–420) dynasties; it was used in
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1141:"The ancient craft of gold beating"
806:gilded ceiling with deep octagonal
1450:Beny, Roloff; Gunn, Peter (1981).
1315:. 澳門日報. 2020-08-16. Archived from
958:, including chocolates, honey and
233:(China), produced as early as the
25:
727:in Rome. The church was built by
253:(266–420) dynasties. During the
1635:Gold Beating Out Takes 1950-1959
1520:Gazette des Beaux-Arts (6th Ed.)
1393:Ward, Gerald W. R., ed. (2008).
725:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
697:
688:
679:
668:
659:
650:
434:
41:
982:Kanazawa Yasue Gold Leaf Museum
834:, each of which is capped by a
52:needs additional citations for
857:is an opulent building facing
759:, is from 1295, signed by the
1:
1595:www.city.kanazawa.ishikawa.jp
1290:. 博碩論文_南京師範大學. Archived from
942:Gold leaf (as well as other
263:intangible cultural heritage
1618:Goldschlägerstadt Schwabach
1712:
869:style for the partnership
205:Metropolitan Museum of Art
32:Gold leaf (disambiguation)
29:
27:Very thin gold used in art
1422:– via Google Books.
1230:"【國家級非物質文化遺產系列玖】南京金箔鍛製技藝"
1522:: 79–104. February 1989.
1174:""南京非遗"文化视域下的家具产品创新设计研究"
1089:"Thickness of gold leaf"
838:, and between which are
757:Coronation of the Virgin
1653:Encyclopædia Britannica
1557:Hopkins, Jerry (2004).
1403:Oxford University Press
1273:"古老技藝"點亮"現代生活 金箔文創亮相南京"
1188:"第一批國家非物質文化遺產-南京金箔锻制技艺"
1117:Encyclopædia Britannica
755:. The apse mosaic, the
625:manuscript illumination
617:illuminated manuscripts
173:Gold leaf is a type of
1656:(11th ed.). 1911.
1498:British History Online
976:, a historic city for
939:
893:being lined with warm
778:
749:Ferdinand and Isabella
422:
368:
298:
287:
208:
152:
1696:Visual arts materials
1176:. （金陵科技学院，南京 211169）.
1067:single-layer material
930:
901:with semi-elliptical
773:
420:
358:
293:
281:
199:
142:
1453:The Churches of Rome
1405:. pp. 230–232.
1288:"南京金箔传统锻制技艺的保护与传承研究"
1275:. 中國新聞網. 2019-05-20.
1093:The Physics Factbook
913:Palace of Versailles
855:Criterion Restaurant
745:Christopher Columbus
741:Giuliano da Sangallo
709:Palace of Versailles
631:, then suspended in
458:improve this section
61:improve this article
1671:Church architecture
1647:"Goldbeating"
1477:Charles A. Coulombe
1380:"当春联遇上非遗！金陵金箔"闹新春""
1368:. 揚子晚報. 2017-03-07.
1069:made of gold atoms.
993:Danziger Goldwasser
810:, each filled with
621:Islamic calligraphy
567:, and then used in
565:Early Christian art
542:European Bronze Age
1623:2009-02-26 at the
1382:. 我苏网. 2021-02-17.
1354:. 新華網. 2020-07-26.
1158:10.1007/BF03215119
995:, originally from
989:Continental Europe
940:
779:
423:
369:
299:
288:
209:
153:
1631:Gold Beating 1959
1286:丁婷 (2019-05-20).
1172:叶聪 (2014-07-15).
1113:"gold leaf | art"
917:French Revolution
907:goldground mosaic
859:Piccadilly Circus
797:, containing the
585:Eastern Christian
538:
537:
530:
512:
356:
335:Goldbeater's skin
237:(220–280 AD) and
211:5,000 years ago,
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1703:
1676:Food ingredients
1657:
1649:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1484:
1481:Vicars of Christ
1474:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1019:, and the Swiss
897:and formed into
799:House of Commons
701:
692:
683:
672:
663:
654:
533:
526:
522:
519:
513:
511:
470:
438:
430:
408:
407:
403:
357:
318:
317:
313:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1661:
1660:
1644:
1625:Wayback Machine
1608:
1603:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:"南京金箔——萬錘鍛制箔金來"
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1048:Tin(IV) sulfide
1029:
936:Kinosaki, Hyōgo
925:
887:mother of pearl
795:Parliament Hill
729:Pope Sixtus III
714:
713:
712:
711:
704:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
675:
674:
673:
665:
664:
656:
655:
644:
534:
523:
517:
514:
471:
469:
455:
439:
428:
415:
405:
401:
400:
359:Goldbeating in
348:
315:
311:
310:
276:
207:(New York City)
194:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1628:
1615:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1570:978-0794602550
1569:
1549:
1525:
1510:
1485:
1469:
1462:
1442:
1439:. p. 283.
1425:
1411:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1304:
1278:
1264:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1179:
1164:
1151:(4): 161–166.
1128:
1104:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
924:
921:
765:Jacopo Torriti
706:
705:
696:
695:
687:
686:
678:
677:
676:
667:
666:
658:
657:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
643:
640:
612:gold mosaics.
592:picture frames
536:
535:
442:
440:
433:
427:
424:
414:
411:
275:
272:
249:(222–280) and
235:Three Kingdoms
193:
190:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Metal forming
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:British Pathé
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:9780297779032
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1414:
1412:9780195313918
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:"南京金箔博物馆免费开放"
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1319:on 2021-11-14
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1294:on 2021-11-14
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Gold Bulletin
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:confectionery
953:
949:
945:
937:
933:
932:Mille-feuille
929:
922:
920:
918:
914:
909:
908:
904:
900:
899:blind arcades
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Neo-Byzantine
864:
863:Thomas Verity
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:lions passant
825:
824:Welsh Dragons
821:
817:
816:lions rampant
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:presented to
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
710:
700:
691:
682:
671:
662:
653:
641:
639:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
532:
529:
521:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479: –
478:
474:
473:Find sources:
467:
463:
459:
453:
452:
448:
443:This section
441:
437:
432:
431:
425:
419:
412:
410:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
366:
362:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
320:
307:
302:
297:
292:
285:
280:
273:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Buddha-statue
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
198:
191:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
166:, for use in
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
145:Toi gold mine
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2009
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1651:
1612:Gold Beating
1594:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1559:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1538:ScienceDaily
1537:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1502:, retrieved
1497:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1374:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1281:
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1182:
1167:
1148:
1144:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1021:Goldschläger
986:
959:
941:
910:
848:
791:Centre Block
780:
776:Centre Block
753:Alexander VI
733:gold mosaics
722:
718:architecture
715:
642:Architecture
637:
623:and Islamic
614:
604:
600:Buddhist art
558:
550:gold lunulae
539:
524:
515:
505:
498:
491:
484:
472:
456:Please help
444:
387:
385:
380:
370:
323:
321:
303:
300:
255:Qing dynasty
228:
217:malleability
210:
187:
178:
172:
155:
154:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1058:Mosaic gold
1038:Dutch metal
615:In Western
596:mixed media
573:Middle Ages
561:gold-ground
477:"Gold leaf"
319: in).
251:Eastern Jin
164:goldbeating
76:"Gold leaf"
1665:Categories
1576:2013-08-15
1543:2024-09-10
1338:"南京金箔锻制技艺"
1323:2023-05-03
1298:2023-05-03
1258:2021-08-11
1252:"南京金箔鍛製技藝"
1236:2021-08-11
1215:2021-08-02
1209:"南京金箔鍛製技藝"
1194:2021-07-30
1122:2017-06-20
1098:2022-03-05
1074:References
1053:Metal leaf
1009:Goldwasser
1001:Goldstrike
944:metal leaf
844:baldachins
840:clerestory
761:Franciscan
633:gelatinous
629:gum arabic
606:Gold glass
488:newspapers
333:membrane (
274:Production
247:Eastern Wu
179:metal leaf
175:metal leaf
87:newspapers
18:Goldbeater
1483:, p. 330.
1395:"Gilding"
1313:"萬錘鍛製箔金來"
1013:Schwabach
1005:Amsterdam
891:turquoise
832:pilasters
737:campanile
590:) or the
554:jewellery
445:does not
343:parchment
331:intestine
284:engraving
221:cast-iron
201:Mycenaean
156:Gold leaf
1621:Archived
1418:June 30,
1027:See also
970:Kanazawa
966:E-number
952:desserts
946:such as
938:, Japan)
879:tesserae
836:caryatid
820:clàrsach
812:heraldic
610:tesserae
518:May 2023
361:Mandalay
259:smelting
239:Two Jins
213:Egyptian
147:museum,
1681:Gilding
1504:9 April
1063:Goldene
1017:Germany
978:samurai
923:Cuisine
808:coffers
787:Ontario
763:friar,
581:statues
577:gilding
502:scholar
466:removed
451:sources
404:⁄
377:granite
365:Myanmar
314:⁄
296:gilding
267:Nanjing
231:Nanjing
192:History
168:gilding
101:scholar
1637:, two
1567:
1500:, 1960
1460:
1409:
1232:. 蓮花時報
1043:Dragée
1033:Ormolu
997:Gdańsk
961:mithai
903:arches
895:marble
871:Spiers
853:, the
851:London
826:, and
803:Senate
789:, the
783:Ottawa
546:bullae
504:
497:
490:
483:
475:
406:250000
396:gypsum
392:rattan
381:shoder
373:marble
224:hammer
183:karats
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1254:. 參考網
1250:管秋惠.
1211:. 龍媒網
1190:. 愛學術
1011:from
1003:from
974:Japan
588:icons
569:icons
509:JSTOR
495:books
388:wagon
339:Mylar
324:cutch
306:karat
149:Japan
108:JSTOR
94:books
1686:Gold
1633:and
1565:ISBN
1506:2015
1458:ISBN
1420:2017
1407:ISBN
1065:, a
954:and
948:vark
883:jade
875:Pond
873:and
801:and
583:and
559:The
481:news
449:any
447:cite
413:Uses
316:1000
304:The
160:gold
80:news
1153:doi
1015:in
987:In
865:in
849:In
781:In
460:by
426:Art
375:or
282:An
158:is
63:by
1667::
1650:.
1593:.
1536:.
1496:,
1479:,
1401:.
1397:.
1149:12
1147:.
1143:.
1131:^
1115:.
1091:.
1007:,
984:.
972:,
889:,
885:,
822:,
818:,
785:,
767:.
328:ox
170:.
1597:.
1579:.
1546:.
1466:.
1326:.
1301:.
1261:.
1239:.
1218:.
1197:.
1161:.
1155::
1125:.
1101:.
531:)
525:(
520:)
516:(
506:·
499:·
492:·
485:·
468:.
454:.
402:1
367:)
363:(
312:1
151:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
