1280:
1301:
1193:
1316:
1228:
1212:
70:
1265:
932:
47:
519:(together, ~1%). Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.
1250:
916:
815:
491:. At the first ginning, the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning, the shorter fibres, called "linters", are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous
906:
about 50x. They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated
893:
The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling
889:
s. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the
482:
Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs, most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1–2 m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multiannual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds
868:
cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of
1279:
394:
used by humans today, amounting to about 80% of world natural fibre production. Where cotton is cultivated, it is a major oilseed crop and a main protein source for animal feed. Cotton is thus of great importance for agriculture, industry and trade, especially for
890:
AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.
881:) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once. The A genome of
487:
called a "boll", each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called
449:, but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago. The tetraploid species are
1718:
1192:
864:
A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated,
1227:
833:
1264:
1991:
2030:
1300:
383:
species, making it the largest genus in the tribe
Gossypieae, and new species continue to be discovered. The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word
1939:
1211:
2004:
1952:
1612:
1133:
2066:
1107:
1470:
1443:
1315:
2173:
1726:
1426:
Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, et al. (2009). "Evolution and
Natural History of the Cotton Genus". In Andrew H. Paterson (ed.).
1861:
1635:
1361:
1588:
1503:
851:
1866:
885:, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of
1978:
2009:
1604:
2017:
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994:
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430:
or shrub-like plants, the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in
26:
For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see
1486:
Townsend, Terry (2020). "1B - World natural fibre production and employment".
1067:
597:
442:
439:
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173:
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372:
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153:
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1703:
1557:
1532:"Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium"
1685:
2092:
1782:
1287:
1009:
also feed on cotton – see list of
Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.
895:
557:
423:
396:
143:
120:
1944:
1719:"Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing"
878:
615:
488:
371:
is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the
19:"Cotton plant" redirects here. For the city in the United States, see
1970:
1372:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12. Archived from
1041:
936:
446:
427:
403:
countries in Africa, South
America and Asia. Consequently, the genus
367:
133:
27:
1759:
1291:
wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in
1892:
1006:
358:
346:
81:
1983:
1571:
Chaudhry, M. R. (2010). "10 - Cotton
Production and Processing".
1490:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 15–36.
902:), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of
1325:
1002:
874:
419:
1763:
1879:
1270:
Integrated pest management bollworm trap at a cotton field in
808:
334:
331:
1749:
894:
an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (
639:– Creole cotton/Sea Island Cotton (tropical South America)
316:
1668:
Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Dennis E, et al. (Dec 2007).
1646:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
325:
313:
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family
Malvaceae
1465:(4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
829:
445:
in
Australia to trees in Mexico. Most wild cottons are
1530:
Senchina DS, Alvarez I, Cronn RC, et al. (2003).
1341:, a European legendary plant remotely based on cotton.
907:
varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.
322:
328:
1772:
824:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
337:
319:
426:regions of the tropics and subtropics. Generally
1575:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 219–234.
414:is dated to around 5–10 million years ago.
407:has long attracted the attention of scientists.
1670:"Toward sequencing cotton (Gossypium) genomes"
665:– upland cotton (Central America, Mexico, the
1630:
1628:
1428:Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models
990:, are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
8:
596:– one of the putative progenitor species of
1760:
1525:
1523:
495:). Commercial species of cotton plant are
45:
34:
1693:
1573:Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres
1547:
1421:
1419:
1417:
852:Learn how and when to remove this message
836:, without removing the technical details.
571:– Levant cotton (southern Africa and the
930:
914:
1644:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1613:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1370:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1350:
1188:
1356:
1354:
1750:Central Institute for Cotton Research
834:make it understandable to non-experts
387:, which refers to a soft substance.
7:
2046:9c3879a1-9e5d-41e6-8426-f06d37017259
2085:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30013018-2
1496:10.1016/B978-0-12-818398-4.00002-5
14:
1202:flower, lateral view, growing in
733:– Sturt's desert rose (Australia)
1314:
1299:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1226:
1210:
1191:
813:
309:
68:
1306:Cotton boll ready for harvest,
1430:. Vol. 3. pp. 3–22.
1400:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1285:Natural biocontrol: predatory
1221:plant with the opening capsule
1:
438:, ranging from fire-adapted,
2174:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1436:10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1
697:or Hawaiian cotton (Hawaii)
501:(97% of world production),
418:species are distributed in
2190:
1581:10.1002/9780470660324.ch10
1488:Handbook of Natural Fibres
1059:
25:
18:
1636:"GRIN Species Records of
1339:Vegetable Lamb of Tartary
1293:Hemingway, South Carolina
1242:Hemingway, South Carolina
911:Cotton pests and diseases
873:, a wild South American (
748:Gossypioides brevilanatum
738:Formerly placed in genus
556:– tree cotton (India and
238:
231:
224:
219:
204:
197:
65:Scientific classification
63:
53:
44:
37:
1151:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
921:Sukhumi Botanical Garden
869:allotetraploid cottons,
720:(northwestern Australia)
410:The origin of the genus
1272:Manning, South Carolina
1178:Aureobasidium pullulans
1148:, caused by the fungus
1135:Phytophthora nicotianae
1098:, caused by the fungus
1090:Colletotrichum gossypii
1062:List of cotton diseases
1050:Frankliniella schultzei
614:– Arizona wild cotton (
1159:, caused by the fungi
1109:Xanthomonas campestris
1101:Thielaviopsis basicola
988:Helicoverpa punctigera
939:
928:
390:Cotton is the primary
21:Cotton Plant, Arkansas
1686:10.1104/pp.107.107672
1549:10.1093/molbev/msg065
1459:Gledhill, D. (2008).
1129:Phytophthora boll rot
1073:Alternaria macrospora
1070:leaf spot, caused by
934:
918:
669:and southern Florida)
379:. There are about 50
1173:(Nematospora coryli)
1146:Sclerotinia boll rot
1085:Anthracnose boll rot
1079:Alternaria alternata
725:Gossypium sturtianum
684:Gossypium tomentosum
674:Gossypium mustelinum
633:Gossypium barbadense
618:and northern Mexico)
1462:The Names of Plants
1168:Eremothecium coryli
1029:Tetranychus urticae
1021:), a sucking insect
1019:Creontiades dilutus
766:Gossypioides kirkii
752:(Hochr.) J.B.Hutch.
650:– Darwin's cotton (
590:Gossypium raimondii
565:Gossypium herbaceum
483:are contained in a
57:Gossypium herbaceum
1200:Gossypium hirsutum
971:Dysdercus koenigii
953:Anthonomus grandis
940:
929:
784:Kokia drynarioides
770:(Mast.) J.B.Hutch.
712:Gossypium australe
659:Gossypium hirsutum
644:Gossypium darwinii
608:Gossypium thurberi
600:cotton, alongside
548:Gossypium arboreum
538:Gossypium anomalum
245:Rose & Standl.
207:Gossypium arboreum
2121:
2120:
2054:Open Tree of Life
1766:Taxon identifiers
1472:978-0-521-86645-3
1445:978-0-387-70809-6
1403:. Merriam-Webster
1119:Fusarium boll rot
1106:Blight caused by
862:
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652:Galápagos Islands
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573:Arabian Peninsula
570:
555:
543:
542:Wawra & Peyr.
300:
299:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
193:
2181:
2169:Malvaceae genera
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2023:NHMSYS0000459113
2013:
2012:
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1761:
1754:located in India
1738:
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1725:. Archived from
1723:www.monsanto.com
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935:Cotton field in
919:Cotton field in
857:
850:
846:
843:
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817:
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787:
776:
774:Gossypium kirkii
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351:flowering plants
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1717:APPDMZ\gyoung.
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1536:Mol. Biol. Evol
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1162:Ashbya gossypii
1157:Stigmatomycosis
1064:
1058:
980:Helicoverpa zea
976:Cotton bollworm
945:
913:
858:
847:
841:
838:
830:help improve it
827:
818:
814:
807:
792:G. drynarioides
756:G. brevilanatum
743:
707:
678:Miers ex G.Watt
628:
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31:
24:
17:
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2111:wfo-4000016081
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1744:External links
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1709:
1680:(4): 1303–10.
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1542:(4): 633–643.
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984:native budworm
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967:Cotton stainer
964:
962:Aphis gossypii
955:
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912:
909:
866:allotetraploid
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788:(Seem.) Lewton
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1729:on 2016-02-01
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1650:on 2015-09-24
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1505:9780128183984
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1376:on 2011-07-17
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1256:G. tomentosum
1251:
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1075:
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1046:Thrips tabaci
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897:
891:
888:
887:G. raimondii'
884:
880:
876:
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831:
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822:This article
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545:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
527:
522:
520:
518:
517:
512:
511:
506:
505:
504:G. barbadense
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
480:
478:
477:
472:
471:
470:G. barbadense
466:
465:
464:G. mustelinum
460:
459:
458:G. tomentosum
454:
453:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
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402:
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393:
392:natural fibre
388:
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365:, from which
364:
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356:
353:in the tribe
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306:
305:
291:
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95:Tracheophytes
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33:
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22:
2149:Energy crops
2144:Fiber plants
1773:
1753:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1722:
1712:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1643:
1637:
1616:. Retrieved
1606:
1599:
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1539:
1535:
1487:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1427:
1405:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1369:
1363:
1321:
1286:
1255:
1240:pollinator,
1236:flower with
1233:
1218:
1199:
1176:
1172:
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1132:
1131:, caused by
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1112:
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1099:
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1087:, caused by
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1071:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:Spider mites
1018:
987:
979:
970:
961:
958:Cotton aphid
952:
924:
904:G. raimondii
903:
892:
886:
882:
871:G. raimondii
870:
863:
848:
842:January 2011
839:
823:
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791:
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773:
764:
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631:
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588:
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546:
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516:G. herbaceum
514:
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205:
199:Type species
184:
183:
127:
114:
101:
88:
55:
38:
32:
1966:iNaturalist
1798:Wikispecies
1395:"Gossypium"
1324:Sp. Brun -
1234:G. hirsutum
1219:G. hirsutum
1113:malvacearum
1015:Green mirid
995:Lepidoptera
993:Some other
949:Boll weevil
883:G. arboreum
730:J.H. Willis
602:G. arboreum
582:Houzingenia
510:G. arboreum
498:G. hirsutum
476:G. darwinii
452:G. hirsutum
401:subtropical
258:Notoxylinon
250:Ingenhouzia
160:Subfamily:
108:Angiosperms
2128:Categories
1733:2016-01-31
1654:2011-09-08
1618:2011-09-08
1407:2020-05-19
1380:2011-09-08
1346:References
1139:parasitica
1121:caused by
1068:Alternaria
1060:See also:
598:tetraploid
443:perennials
440:herbaceous
436:adaptation
432:morphology
377:New Worlds
355:Gossypieae
226:See text.
174:Gossypieae
164:Malvoideae
54:Flower of
2134:Gossypium
1901:FloraBase
1867:Gossypium
1804:Gossypium
1774:Gossypium
1638:Gossypium
1607:Gossypium
1514:212822506
1364:Gossypium
1322:Gossypium
1238:bumblebee
1217:The same
1204:Barcelona
1033:T. ludeni
999:butterfly
803:Gossypium
740:Gossypium
702:Subgenus
667:Caribbean
623:Subgenus
580:Subgenus
530:Gossypium
528:Subgenus
416:Gossypium
412:Gossypium
405:Gossypium
381:Gossypium
363:Malvaceae
304:Gossypium
282:Thurberia
242:Erioxylum
185:Gossypium
154:Malvaceae
78:Kingdom:
39:Gossypium
2154:Biofuels
2098:40016700
2093:Tropicos
1862:eFloraSA
1783:Wikidata
1704:18056866
1558:12679546
1362:"Genus:
1333:See also
1288:Polistes
1123:Fusarium
1056:Diseases
1037:T. lambi
923:, photo
900:Illumina
896:Monsanto
558:Pakistan
507:(1–2%),
424:semiarid
397:tropical
361:family,
233:Synonyms
220:Species
150:Family:
144:Malvales
121:Eudicots
1997:1063443
1984:25887-1
1945:3152652
1789:Q719312
1695:2151711
1185:Gallery
879:Ecuador
828:Please
717:F.Muell
704:Sturtia
691:ex Seem
616:Arizona
489:ginning
485:capsule
447:diploid
357:of the
345:) is a
293:Roberty
274:Sturtia
180:Genus:
170:Tribe:
140:Order:
82:Plantae
2159:Fodder
2139:Cotton
2067:PLANTS
2059:800239
2043:NZOR:
1932:113948
1919:113948
1841:252806
1828:104096
1815:191056
1812:APDB:
1702:
1692:
1587:
1556:
1512:
1502:
1469:
1442:
1042:Thrips
1007:larvae
982:, and
937:Greece
805:genome
759:Hochr.
648:G.Watt
625:Karpas
473:, and
428:shrubs
368:cotton
359:mallow
285:A.Gray
266:Selera
261:Lewton
134:Rosids
28:cotton
2072:GOSSY
2010:21709
1992:IRMNG
1971:72151
1906:21754
1893:1GOSG
1880:61160
1510:S2CID
1137:var.
943:Pests
925:circa
795:Seem.
777:Mast.
689:Nutt.
594:Ulbr.
347:genus
277:R.Br.
269:Ulbr.
128:Clade
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
2080:POWO
2036:3633
2031:NCBI
2005:ITIS
1979:IPNI
1958:5113
1953:GRIN
1940:GBIF
1888:EPPO
1854:4QG7
1836:BOLD
1823:APNI
1700:PMID
1585:ISBN
1554:PMID
1500:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1326:MHNT
1258:boll
1175:and
1125:spp.
1111:pv.
1076:and
1048:and
1035:and
1003:moth
1001:and
927:1912
898:and
875:Peru
790:(as
772:(as
754:(as
695:Maʻo
612:Tod.
513:and
493:lint
434:and
420:arid
399:and
375:and
2106:WFO
2018:NBN
1927:FoC
1914:FNA
1875:EoL
1849:CoL
1690:PMC
1682:doi
1678:145
1577:doi
1544:doi
1492:doi
1432:doi
832:to
422:to
385:goz
373:Old
349:of
253:DC.
2130::
2108::
2095::
2082::
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2020::
2007::
1994::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
1877::
1864::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1800::
1785::
1752:–
1721:.
1698:.
1688:.
1676:.
1672:.
1642:.
1627:^
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1583:.
1552:.
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1522:^
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1366:L"
1353:^
1198:A
1171:,
1165:,
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978:,
969:,
960:,
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693:–
663:L.
637:L.
569:L.
553:L.
479:.
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213:L.
191:L.
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341:/
338:m
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332:i
329:p
326:ɪ
323:s
320:ˈ
317:ɒ
314:ɡ
311:/
307:(
30:.
23:.
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