1658:." This was set against a quote by an uninvolved anthropologist saying that "t is possible that the human lineage originated in Europe, but very substantial fossil evidence places the origin in Africa I would be hesitant about using a single character from an isolated fossil to set against the evidence from Africa." Since 1994, Begun had adhered to a hypothesis that African hominids (including living apes) descended from Eurasian apes since the older ape fossils are found in Europa and Asia. This is a feasible explanation as it is possible that the African ape ancestors could move to Africa around 9 million years ago from Europe.
1669:, remarked: "I think the principal claim of the main paper goes well beyond the evidence in hand... A hominin or even a hominine (modern African ape) ancestor located in a fairly isolated place in southern Europe doesn’t make much sense geographically as the ancestor of modern African apes, or particular the oldest ancestor of African hominins." David Alba at the Catalan Institute of Palaeontology in Barcelona was the first to point out that "It is not surprising at all that Begun is now arguing that hominins as well originated in Europe." Julien Benoit of the
104:
128:
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4368:
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was certainly a hominin, but that its status as a hominin could not be ruled out, and that more research and evidence would be needed to make a conclusion—a conclusion that Benoit and
Thackeray make in their own paper. They argued against Benoit and Thackeray write that they did not judge canine root
1680:
described the hypothesis as "relatively weak" and Sergio Almécija, also at George
Washington University, says it is important to bear in mind that primates seem particularly prone to evolving similar features independently. "Single characters are not reliable to make big evolutionary ." Tim White at
1768:
against each other, stating that the differences between them were within the range of sexual variation. Additionally, when Benoit and
Thackeray claim that the characteristics mentioned in the 2017 paper are not unique to Hominini, they do not mention that the 2017 paper discusses canine root size
1583:
paper resolved that the hominid lived 7.37 to 7.11 million years ago, with the specime from Greece dated to 7.18 Ma and that from
Bulgaria to 7.24 Ma. It also indicates that as the species lived in Europe, it suggest "that major splits in the hominid family occurred outside Africa."
1427:, another extinct hominid described in 1977 from northern Greece. Due to paucity of specimens and poor quality of the fossils, it remains the least well known extinct hominid found within Europe. In 1984, British palaeontologists Peter Andrews and Lawrence B. Martin classified
1578:
has not been resolved and usually inferred from geological data of materials related the fossils and surrounding areas that add to uncertainty in its evolutionary importance and relationship with other hominids. It is often broadly described as 6.6 to 8 million years old. The
1673:, Johannesburg, South Africa, also commented: "Any study that counters this consensus (Out of Africa theory) would have to provide very strong evidence and perfect methodology to support its claim. In my opinion, this article doesn't meet those criteria."
1409:
in 2017 revealed that it belonged to an adult individual and possibly a male. The partial fusion of the fourth premolar (P4) roots is an additional evidence that it is of a hominid, and the thick enamel resembles those of the human lineage (hominins).
1754:
In 2018, Fuss, Spassov, Böhme, and Begun published a response to Benoit and
Thackeray, claiming that their original publication had been misrepresented and misconstrued. They explained that the conclusion of the 2017 paper had not been that
330:, Germany, published a detailed analysis of the teeth and age of the specimens, and came to the conclusion that it could be the oldest hominin, meaning that it could be the oldest direct ancestors of humans after splitting from that of the
1446:
fossils were discovered including part of the skull in the 1990s that indicated better distinction as different hominids. Based on new evidences, in 1997, Australian palaeontologist David W. Cameron proposed renaming and inclusion of
3541:
388:. Only the second molar and fourth premolar remain intact, while fragments of other teeth are still embedded. The original finder, German paleontologist Bruno von Freyberg initially believed that it belonged to an extinct
359:
commented that the claim was only to support a biased argument that Africa is not the birthplace of humans; while Sergio Almécija stated that single characters such as teeth cannot tell the claimed evolutionary details.
311:, in 1944, other teeth were discovered from Azmaka quarry in Bulgaria in 2012. With only little and badly preserved materials to reveal its nature, it is considered as "the most poorly known European Miocene
1568:. More fossils are needed but at this point it seems likely that the Eastern Mediterranean needs to be considered as just as likely a place of hominine diversification and hominin origins as tropical Africa.
334:. Their simultaneous study also claimed that contrary to the generally accepted evidence of the African origin of the hominin lineage, the ancestors of humans originated from the main ape ancestry in the
1540:" between human and non-human primates. The species was found to be some two hundred thousand years older than the oldest known hominid found in Africa (not necessarily ancestral to the human lineage),
2299:. Proceedings of the Tenth Congress of the International Primatological Society: Held in Nairobi, Kenya, in July 1984, International Primatological Society. Congress. 1. CUP Archive. pp. 67–114.
2096:
Böhme, Madelaine; Spassov, Nikolai; Ebner, Martin; Geraads, Denis; Hristova, Latinka; Kirscher, Uwe; Kötter, Sabine; Linnemann, Ulf; Prieto, Jérôme; Roussiakis, Socrates; Theodorou, George (2017).
384:
were building a wartime bunker". The jaw bone was almost complete with teeth when it was sent to Berlin for analysis, but was damaged by bombings during the final phases of
1665:
is an evidence of human origin in Europe is illogical since all human ancestral species known so far are strictly found in Africa; as Rick Potts, head of the
Smithsonian's
7182:
6966:
2165:
1615:
being found in
Tanzania); however, the popular press reporting on the 2017 study did cast its result in terms of determining the "birthplace of mankind".
1189:
1574:
An accompanying paper presents the study of the geological environments of the areas where the fossils were discovered. Until then, the precise date of
1533:
1059:
7251:
7169:
7100:
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is a human ancestor, Europe is the birthplace of hominins. This directly challenges the prevailing knowledge that humans originated in East Africa.
1079:
448:
3239:
3070:"New fossils suggest human ancestors evolved in Europe, not Africa: Experts argue the jaws of an ancient European ape reveal a key human ancestor"
1623:, after evolving in Europe, would have migrated to Africa about 7 million years ago where its descendants would eventually evolve into the genus
1394:
around 7.2 million years old. Excavation of the site is not possible (as of 1986) due to the owner having built a swimming pool on the location.
1039:
7340:
1490:
327:
2203:
3222:
2963:
2304:
399:
229:
3663:
1745:
is potentially an important taxon for the origin of
Hominini, but this is not certain and deserves further investigation and more material.
1856:
7330:
7310:
1708:
Thick enamel and relatively large molar teeth are not exclusive to hominins as they are also present in other
Miocene apes and gorillas.
1591:
may not be a direct ancestor of the human lineage, but instead may have evolved its hominin-like traits independently. The emergence of
1554:
suggest hominin affinities, such that its hominin status cannot be excluded. If this status is confirmed by additional fossil evidence,
1990:
2578:
de Bonis, Louis; Melentis, Jean (1977). "Les primates hominoides du Vallésien de Macédoine (Grèce). Étude de la machoire inférieure".
1685:, asserted that the study was merely an attempt "to resurrect Begun’s tired argument with a long-known crappy fossil, newly scanned."
1682:
7325:
1956:
1883:
Spassov, N.; Geraads, D.; Hristova, L.; Markov, G. N.; Merceron, G.; Tzankov, T.; Stoyanov, K.; Böhme, M.; Dimitrova, A. (2012).
7242:
1670:
1229:
7335:
1654:, Canada, one of the co-authors, was quoted as saying that "his dating allows us to move the human-chimpanzee split into the
1537:
3212:
2292:
127:
7355:
2992:
Almécija, Sergio; Hammond, Ashley S.; Thompson, Nathan E.; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Alba, David M. (2021).
1677:
1423:
669:
441:
2944:"Dispersal of Miocene Hominoids (And Pliopithecoids) from Africa to Eurasia in Light of Changing Tectonics and Climate"
7320:
5076:
3069:
1019:
418:
373:
2942:
Gilbert, Christopher C.; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Fleagle, John G. (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.),
7350:
7345:
3039:
2476:"The Late Miocene hominoids Ouranopithecus and Graecopithecus. Implications about their relationships and taxonomy"
1122:
856:
848:
840:
1558:
would be the oldest known hominin and the oldest known crown hominine, as the evidence for the gorillin status of
1401:
and large molars are the features that convinced von
Koenigswald that the specimen belonged to a hominid species.
6163:
1542:
960:
381:
3565:
7315:
3656:
2948:
Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni
352:
6885:
5921:
5739:
5146:
2950:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 393–412,
930:
434:
6906:
5200:
4904:
4285:
2542:
1406:
889:
3173:
1643:
is a hominin suggesting it as the oldest ancestor of humans after splitting from chimpazees, and that as
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7195:
7113:
7059:
6992:
5986:
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5612:
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1473:
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1402:
661:
256:
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2227:
Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; Alba, David M.; Garcés, Miguel; Robles, Josep M.; Moyà-Solà, Salvador (2011).
6390:
6084:
5577:
5543:
5479:
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4968:
4706:
4583:
4531:
3553:
3498:
3455:
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3109:
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2587:
2534:
2487:
2333:
2240:
2113:
2047:
1944:
1896:
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1099:
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800:
335:
233:
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5709:
5323:
4651:
4295:
4185:
4053:
3919:
3783:
2853:
1715:
is the ancestral ape of human lineage and that humans originate in Europe is not justified. Even if
7160:
6944:
6663:
6044:
5759:
5605:
5591:
5422:
5241:
5186:
4597:
4561:
4441:
4176:
4046:
3997:
3877:
3649:
3481:
Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Alba, David M.; Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; Galindo, Jordi (2004).
2547:
5966:
5694:
4924:
4753:
4322:
4305:
4081:
3933:
3926:
3905:
3806:
3364:"Changes in the lower premolar-size sequence during hominid evolution. Physlogenetic implications"
2513:
Smith, Tanya M.; Martin, Lawrence B.; Reid, Donald J.; de Bonis, Louis; Koufos, George D. (2004).
103:
7305:
6306:
5871:
5496:
5486:
5436:
5116:
5032:
4678:
4278:
4192:
4032:
4011:
3891:
3884:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3813:
3799:
3628:
3569:
3522:
3383:
3317:"Middle Pliocene hominin mandibular fourth premolars from Woranso-Mille (Central Afar, Ethiopia)"
3097:
3021:
2969:
2924:
2834:
2736:
2693:
2475:
2423:
2357:
1655:
1209:
122:
7282:
7269:
7118:
7064:
5598:
4978:
4870:
4763:
4590:
4060:
4039:
4025:
3968:
3961:
3870:
3443:
1486:
323:
7200:
6997:
5584:
4743:
4151:
4137:
4088:
4004:
3987:
3940:
3898:
3827:
3792:
7187:
7046:
6979:
6971:
5885:
5861:
5534:
4846:
4158:
4123:
4067:
3975:
3954:
3912:
3772:
3620:
3542:"Reassessing hominoid phylogeny: evaluating congruence in the morphological and temporal data"
3514:
3424:
3344:
3297:
3218:
3193:
3137:"Relations among the great apes and humans: New interpretations based on the fossil great ape
3013:
2959:
2916:
2875:
2826:
2783:
2685:
2638:
2560:
2349:
2300:
2268:
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2075:
1962:
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6984:
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1619:
lived in southeast Europe 7.2 million years ago, and if the premise of the study is correct,
6793:
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6013:
5796:
5732:
5702:
5639:
4726:
4642:
4576:
4487:
4144:
4095:
3610:
3561:
3506:
3463:
3414:
3375:
3336:
3287:
3185:
3152:
3117:
3005:
2951:
2906:
2865:
2818:
2775:
2728:
2677:
2630:
2595:
2552:
2495:
2415:
2341:
2258:
2248:
2131:
2121:
2065:
2055:
1904:
881:
830:
389:
315:." The creature was popularly nicknamed 'El Graeco' (word play on the Greek-Spanish painter
292:
1676:
Other scientists have also expressed skepticism of Begun's classification. Bernard Wood at
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4658:
4611:
4545:
3860:
1827:
1819:
1795:
1560:
914:
683:
639:
3189:
1737:
at the root of the Hominini clade. This means that the phylogenetic relationship between
3557:
3502:
3459:
3332:
3113:
2771:
2673:
2591:
2538:
2491:
2337:
2326:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2244:
2117:
2051:
1948:
1900:
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6581:
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6354:
6339:
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6245:
5912:
5892:
5507:
5234:
5211:
4669:
2263:
2228:
2136:
2097:
2070:
2031:
1811:
1779:
1721:
1477:
from Turkey that supported separation of the genus. This change was generally adopted.
722:
652:
626:
3482:
3121:
2599:
1386:
with a third molar that is very worn, the root of a second molar, and a fragment of a
7299:
6821:
6656:
6647:
6376:
6346:
6296:
6266:
6108:
6074:
6006:
5928:
5878:
5837:
5816:
5415:
5375:
5096:
5059:
5015:
5008:
4958:
4934:
4554:
4477:
4244:
3526:
3467:
3025:
2973:
2928:
2838:
1787:
922:
61:
3632:
3573:
3387:
2740:
2427:
1363:
6853:
6782:
6693:
6670:
6618:
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6571:
6413:
6361:
6215:
5996:
5949:
5854:
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5779:
5769:
5679:
5561:
5523:
5408:
5255:
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5156:
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4813:
4692:
4462:
4420:
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3757:
2697:
1803:
1693:
In late 2017, Julien Benoit and Francis J. Thackeray re-analysed the claims of the
1611:
1437:
1398:
1330:
904:
871:
785:
709:
696:
393:
385:
356:
2801:
Ioannidou, Melania; Koufos, George D.; de Bonis, Louis; Harvati, Katerina (2019).
2658:"New hominid skull material from the late Miocene of Macedonia in northern Greece"
1719:
is the basal (root ancestor) ape, all other human ancestral species starting from
7145:
7091:
7024:
3340:
2955:
2894:
2556:
2499:
2126:
2060:
1908:
1885:"A hominid tooth from Bulgaria: the last pre-human hominid of continental Europe"
1500:
One paper deals with an examination of the detailed morphology of molar teeth of
7236:
7154:
6938:
6759:
5942:
5823:
5806:
5570:
5176:
5086:
4951:
4914:
4834:
4773:
4494:
3947:
3240:"There's not enough evidence to back the claim that humans originated in Europe"
1769:
and premolar root complexity reduction, which could be indications of Hominini.
1520:
976:
600:
402:
realised that it was the tooth of an ape family and erected the scientific name
36:
6929:
3615:
3292:
2943:
2233:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1493:, Germany) published detailed reanalysis and new interpretation in the journal
6235:
6027:
5354:
5341:
5291:
5227:
5166:
5069:
5052:
4944:
4887:
4860:
4823:
4793:
4783:
4508:
4234:
4116:
3820:
3765:
3717:
3672:
2166:"Controversial Study Claims Apes and Human Ancestors Split in Southern Europe"
1861:
Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series B
1857:"Ein Unterkiefer eines fossilen Hominoiden aus dem Unterpliozän Griechenlands"
1705:
as a hominin since the feature is common in hominids, even in the chimpanzees.
348:
331:
189:
81:
46:
7227:
3624:
3590:
Fuss, Jochen; Spassov, Nikolai; Böhme, Madelaine; Begun, David (2018-05-30).
3301:
3197:
2879:
2619:(Hominidae, Primates) from a new late miocene locality of Macedonia (Greece)"
2353:
6704:
6634:
6608:
6477:
6427:
6064:
6054:
5977:
5830:
5720:
5619:
5385:
5139:
5042:
4256:
4018:
3734:
3510:
3157:
3136:
3009:
2802:
2634:
2253:
1966:
1314:
1145:
991:
411:
Another tooth remain was discovered from Azmaka quarry in Bulgaria in 2012.
288:
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139:
86:
3591:
3518:
3428:
3348:
3316:
3017:
2920:
2830:
2779:
2564:
2514:
2345:
2272:
2145:
2079:
1916:
1884:
344:
species). They named the origin of human theory as the "North Side Story."
2787:
2755:
2689:
2657:
2642:
2614:
2229:"Updated chronology for the Miocene hominoid radiation in Western Eurasia"
2030:
Fuss, Jochen; Spassov, Nikolai; Begun, David R.; Böhme, Madelaine (2017).
1741:
and Hominini is as yet not confirmed. Our analysis supports the view that
7256:
7221:
7139:
7085:
7018:
6923:
6770:
6746:
6539:
6498:
6444:
6383:
5956:
5106:
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4699:
4624:
4524:
4109:
3749:
3690:
2445:
2376:
1495:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1276:
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372:
specimen was a single lower jaw bone (mandible) found from a site called
316:
300:
159:
115:
111:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2852:
Güleç, Erksin Savas; Sevim, Ayla; Pehlevan, Cesur; Kaya, Ferhat (2007).
1532:
would be the oldest known representative of the human lineage after the
7174:
7105:
7038:
6958:
6831:
6724:
6451:
6091:
6020:
5272:
5265:
5127:
5022:
4804:
4685:
4631:
4451:
4312:
4269:
3702:
3419:
3402:
3379:
3040:"Scientists find 7.2-million-year-old pre-human remains in the Balkans"
2870:
2822:
2756:"A revised systematic scheme for the Eurasian Miocene fossil Hominidae"
2732:
2419:
2361:
2321:
1391:
1233:
770:
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748:
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338:(before migrating into Africa where they evolved into the ancestors of
296:
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66:
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4338:
3696:
3684:
3363:
2895:"Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans: Morphology and Environment"
2712:
2681:
2399:
1701:
The partial fusion of the fourth premolar (P4) roots does not define
1528:, which has more ape-like traits. If this classification is correct,
377:
308:
304:
199:
169:
149:
6900:
2993:
355:
argued that the evidence is too flimsy to even say it is a hominin.
3592:"Response to Benoit and Thackeray (2017): 'A cladistic analysis of
1991:"Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa, scientists find"
1725:
were in Africa, thus, still making Africa the birthplace of humans.
3401:
Brimacombe, Conrad S.; Kuykendall, Kevin L.; Nystrom, Pia (2015).
1435:
as synonyms (same taxon) and treated them as members of the genus
1362:
3174:"Miocene Hominids and the Origins of the African Apes and Humans"
2803:"A new three-dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the
2293:"Succession and dating of the late Miocene primates of Macedonia"
1442:
This classification persisted for several years until additional
6811:
5844:
2204:"Our common ancestor with chimps may be from Europe, not Africa"
2098:"Messinian age and savannah environment of the possible hominin
1593:
1514:
340:
299:
around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single
6904:
6179:
5339:
4384:
3715:
3645:
3444:"The biological and chronological maturation of early hominids"
6194:
6181:
6131:
3214:
Bones, Stones and Molecules: "Out of Africa" and Human Origins
3074:
1347:
413:
312:
3641:
3403:"Epiphyseal fusion in Pan troglodytes relative to dental age"
2291:
de Bonis, L.; Bouvrain, G.; Koufos, G.; Melentis, J. (1986).
2656:
de Bonis, L.; Bouvrain, G.; Geraads, D.; Koufos, G. (1990).
3566:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0614:RHPECI>2.0.CO;2
1943:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 339–368.
380:, in southern Greece in 1944, "reportedly unearthed as the
1485:
In 2017, an international team of palaeontologists led by
322:
In 2017, an international team of palaeontologists led by
3315:
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Melillo, Stephanie M. (2015).
1597:
itself is dated to close to 4 million years later than
1504:
from Greece and Bulgaria, and compared it with that of
1697:
papers and found key issues in the major conclusions:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
347:
These claims have been disputed by other scientists.
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5755:
5745:
5728:
5667:
5652:
5492:
5463:
5433:
5396:
5381:
5371:
5261:
5182:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5135:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5065:
5048:
5038:
5028:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4876:
4866:
4842:
4819:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4608:
4542:
4505:
4474:
4458:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4416:
4318:
4301:
4291:
4251:
4240:
4230:
3730:
7211:
7129:
7075:
7008:
6913:
6769:
6745:
6703:
6643:
6632:
6538:
6475:
6400:
6326:
6192:
6130:
5976:
5911:
5902:
5719:
5666:
5637:
5560:
5533:
5506:
5462:
5432:
5395:
5352:
5290:
5210:
5126:
4998:
4833:
4803:
4724:
4668:
4641:
4607:
4541:
4504:
4473:
4397:
4337:
4268:
4217:
4175:
3985:
3858:
3782:
3728:
1832: – Extinct genus of primate from Miocene Kenya
3362:Bermúdez de Castro, J. M.; Nicolás, M. E. (1996).
3211:Cameron, David W.; Groves, Colin P. (2004-07-08).
2807:cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece)"
1824: – Extinct species of ape from Miocene Europe
3063:
3061:
2854:"A new great ape from the late Miocene of Turkey"
1800: – Extinct hominine genus from the Miocene
1605:in Europe does not preclude the development of
1421:is considered to be possibly the same taxon as
3540:Finarelli, John A.; Clyde, William C. (2004).
3270:Benoit, Julien; Thackeray, Francis J. (2017).
2377:"Die Pikermi-fauna von tour la Reine (Attica)"
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
3657:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1792: – Extinct genus of ape from the Miocene
1471:specimens were found including a new species
442:
8:
3487:, a New Middle Miocene Great Ape from Spain"
2474:Koufos, George D.; de Bonis, Louis (2005).
1639:papers made two critical conclusions: that
6901:
6751:
6640:
6487:
6483:
6204:
6200:
6189:
6176:
6127:
5908:
5645:
5471:
5364:
5360:
5349:
5336:
5287:
4732:
4616:
4409:
4405:
4394:
4381:
4223:
4214:
3741:
3725:
3712:
3664:
3650:
3642:
1564:is much weaker than the hominin status of
449:
435:
303:bearing teeth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis,
102:
20:
3614:
3418:
3407:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3291:
3156:
3145:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2910:
2869:
2811:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2623:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2546:
2515:"An examination of dental development in
2262:
2252:
2135:
2125:
2069:
2059:
2381:Annales géologiques des Pays Helléniques
1842:
1609:proper in East Africa (as suggested by
3585:
3583:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
2454:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
3098:"Did we split from chimps in Europe?"
2469:
2467:
2439:
2437:
2286:
2284:
2282:
1808: – Extinct great ape from Europe
1733:recognise a small signal for placing
1512:was a hominin, sharing ancestry with
400:Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald
7:
3190:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105047
2159:
2157:
2155:
2091:
2089:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1536:, in 19th-century terminology, the "
1286:
1264:
1242:
1218:
1198:
1178:
1154:
1134:
1111:
1088:
1068:
1048:
1028:
1008:
2295:. In Lee, P.C.; Else, J.G. (eds.).
1481:Re-examination and reinterpretation
3068:Dickinson, Kevin (20 April 2019).
2444:Martin, L.B.; Andrews, P. (1984).
1683:University of California, Berkeley
1491:Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen
328:Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen
14:
2994:"Fossil apes and human evolution"
2032:"Potential hominin affinities of
1939:. In Hartwig, Walter Carl (ed.).
1784: – Extinct genus of primates
398:as he reported in 1951. However,
6884:
6162:
5322:
4366:
3603:South African Journal of Science
3280:South African Journal of Science
2036:from the Late Miocene of Europe"
2004:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
126:
1855:von Koenigswald, G.H.R (1972).
1671:University of the Witwatersrand
1989:Knapton, Sarah (22 May 2017).
1816: – Extinct species of ape
1587:It has also been proposed the
1518:but not with the chimpanzees (
406:in 1972, after the discoverer.
1:
7341:Fossil taxa described in 1972
3238:Benoit, Julien (2017-05-25).
3217:. Elsevier. pp. 52, 54.
3178:Annual Review of Anthropology
3122:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31000-X
2600:10.1016/S0016-6995(77)80081-8
2322:"Man's Immediate Forerunners"
7243:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
7213:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
7077:Graecopithecus macedoniensis
3485:Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
3468:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90002-9
3442:Bromage, Timothy G. (1987).
3341:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.005
2956:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_17
2805:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
2617:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
2557:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.006
2521:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
2500:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.05.001
2202:Barras, Colin (2017-05-22).
2127:10.1371/journal.pone.0177347
2061:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
1909:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.008
1678:George Washington University
1601:, so that the appearance of
1461:Graecopithecus macedoniensis
1424:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
1407:3-dimensional reconstruction
2164:Daley, Jason (2017-05-23).
7372:
7331:Prehistoric primate genera
7311:Miocene primates of Europe
3448:Journal of Human Evolution
3321:Journal of Human Evolution
2760:Journal of Human Evolution
2711:Cameron, David W. (1997).
2527:Journal of Human Evolution
2446:"The phyletic position of
2398:Cameron, David W. (1997).
1889:Journal of Human Evolution
1550:dental root attributes of
6881:
6754:
6490:
6486:
6207:
6203:
6188:
6175:
6160:
6126:
5648:
5474:
5367:
5363:
5348:
5335:
5320:
5286:
4735:
4619:
4412:
4408:
4393:
4380:
4363:
4226:
4213:
3744:
3724:
3711:
3679:
3272:"A cladistic analysis of
2713:"The taxonomic status of
2400:"The taxonomic status of
2375:von Freyberg, B. (1951).
1941:The Primate Fossil Record
1543:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
1508:The study concluded that
1390:, is dated from the late
1343:
427:
416:
262:
255:
123:Scientific classification
121:
110:
101:
23:
16:Extinct genus of hominids
7326:Monotypic primate genera
7010:Graecopithecus freybergi
3616:10.17159/sajs.2018/a0267
3293:10.17159/sajs.2017/a0238
3172:Begun, David R. (2010).
3135:Begun, David R. (1994).
2517:Graecopithecus freybergi
2480:Annales de Paléontologie
2448:Graecopithecus freybergi
1935:Begun, David R. (2002).
404:Graecopithecus freybergi
269:Graecopithecus freybergi
3511:10.1126/science.1103094
3158:10.1002/ajpa.1330370604
3010:10.1126/science.abb4363
2893:Andrews, Peter (2020).
2858:Anthropological Science
2754:Cameron, D. W. (1997).
2635:10.1002/ajpa.1330910208
2254:10.1073/pnas.1018562108
1661:However, claiming that
1331:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1190:Dispersal beyond Africa
382:occupying German forces
287:is an extinct genus of
3096:Barras, Colin (2017).
2780:10.1006/jhev.1997.0145
2613:Koufos, G. D. (1993).
2346:10.1098/rstb.1981.0011
2320:Simons, E. L. (1981).
1747:
1650:David R. Begun of the
1572:
1546:. The study concludes:
1534:human-chimpanzee split
1375:
462:−10 —
7336:Neogene fossil record
7278:Paleobiology Database
7265:Paleobiology Database
7196:Paleobiology Database
7114:Paleobiology Database
7060:Paleobiology Database
6993:Paleobiology Database
1731:
1667:Human Origins Program
1652:University of Toronto
1548:
1524:), and distinct from
1474:Ouranopithecus turkae
1403:X-ray microtomography
1366:
552:−1 —
542:−2 —
532:−3 —
522:−4 —
512:−5 —
502:−6 —
492:−7 —
482:−8 —
472:−9 —
275:von Koenigswald, 1972
2170:Smithsonian Magazine
1937:"European Hominoids"
1729:The study concludes:
1146:Earliest stone tools
336:Mediterranean region
7356:Fossils of Bulgaria
6045:Paradolichopithecus
3558:2004Pbio...30..614F
3503:2004Sci...306.1339M
3497:(5700): 1339–1344.
3460:1987JHumE..16..257B
3333:2015JHumE..78...44H
3114:2017NewSc.234....6B
2899:Folia Primatologica
2772:1997JHumE..33..449C
2674:1990Natur.345..712D
2592:1977Geobi..10..849D
2539:2004JHumE..46..551S
2492:2005AnPal..91..227K
2338:1981RSPTB.292...21S
2245:2011PNAS..108.5554C
2118:2017PLoSO..1277347B
2052:2017PLoSO..1277127F
1949:2002prfr.book.....H
1901:2012JHumE..62..138S
1455:based on taxonomic
7321:Prehistoric Greece
5671:Victoriapithecidae
5613:Plesiopliopithecus
5551:Platodontopithecus
3420:10.1002/ajpa.22684
3380:10.1007/BF02436624
3004:(6542): eabb4363.
2871:10.1537/ase.070501
2823:10.1002/ajpa.23900
2733:10.1007/BF02381616
2420:10.1007/BF02381616
1656:Mediterranean area
1467:. However, better
1463:as a new name for
1376:
947:H. heidelbergensis
374:Pyrgos Vassilissis
7351:Fossils of Greece
7346:Fossils of Serbia
7293:
7292:
7047:Open Tree of Life
6980:Open Tree of Life
6907:Taxon identifiers
6898:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6628:
6627:
6471:
6470:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5535:Dionysopithecidae
5437:Propliopithecidae
5331:
5330:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5282:
5281:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4376:
4375:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4333:
4332:
4209:
4208:
3224:978-0-08-048841-7
2965:978-3-030-49753-8
2912:10.1159/000501557
2668:(6277): 712–714.
2306:978-0-521-32450-2
2297:Primate Evolution
2239:(14): 5554–5559.
1356:
1355:
1348:million years ago
1307:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1263:
1262:
1255:Earliest rock art
1241:
1240:
1217:
1216:
1210:Earliest language
1197:
1196:
1177:
1176:
1153:
1152:
1133:
1132:
1123:Earliest sign of
1110:
1109:
1100:Earliest sign of
1087:
1086:
1067:
1066:
1047:
1046:
1027:
1026:
670:Ou. macedoniensis
319:) by scientists.
280:
279:
248:G. freybergi
236:
7363:
7286:
7285:
7273:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7204:
7203:
7191:
7190:
7178:
7177:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7122:
7121:
7109:
7108:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7068:
7067:
7055:
7054:
7042:
7041:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7001:
7000:
6988:
6987:
6975:
6974:
6962:
6961:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6902:
6889:
6888:
6851:
6840:
6829:
6819:
6801:
6794:Australopithecus
6791:
6780:
6752:
6732:
6714:
6646:
6641:
6616:
6599:
6589:
6579:
6569:
6559:
6549:
6526:
6516:
6506:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6459:
6435:
6411:
6331:Dendropithecidae
6329:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6284:
6274:
6264:
6253:
6243:
6233:
6223:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6190:
6177:
6166:
6128:
6099:
6082:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6004:
5994:
5964:
5909:
5869:
5852:
5814:
5804:
5787:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5733:Cercopithecoides
5730:
5703:Victoriapithecus
5669:
5654:
5646:
5640:Cercopithecoidea
5494:
5472:
5465:
5435:
5398:
5383:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5350:
5337:
5326:
5288:
5263:
5184:
5174:
5164:
5154:
5137:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5067:
5050:
5040:
5030:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4878:
4868:
4844:
4821:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4733:
4643:Proteopithecidae
4617:
4610:
4544:
4507:
4476:
4460:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4395:
4382:
4371:
4370:
4320:
4303:
4293:
4253:
4242:
4232:
4224:
4215:
3742:
3732:
3726:
3713:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3618:
3598:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:The Conversation
3235:
3229:
3228:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2682:10.1038/345712a0
2653:
2647:
2646:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2550:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2027:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1852:
1469:O. macedoniensis
1465:O. macedoniensis
1336:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1277:Earliest clothes
1270:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1243:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1184:
1179:
1166:Earliest sign of
1160:
1155:
1140:
1135:
1125:Australopithecus
1117:
1112:
1094:
1089:
1080:Earliest bipedal
1074:
1069:
1060:Chimpanzee split
1054:
1049:
1034:
1029:
1014:
1009:
995:
994:
980:
979:
963:
949:
935:
907:
894:
874:
861:
833:
831:Australopithecus
820:
805:
788:
775:
751:
738:
725:
712:
699:
686:
674:
655:
642:
629:
617:
603:
590:
577:
575:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
451:
444:
437:
431:
421:
420:Hominin timeline
414:
390:Old World monkey
295:during the late
293:southeast Europe
271:
267:
228:
221:
131:
130:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7316:Hominin fossils
7296:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7281:
7276:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7207:
7199:
7194:
7186:
7181:
7173:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7125:
7117:
7112:
7104:
7099:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7071:
7063:
7058:
7050:
7045:
7037:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7004:
6996:
6991:
6983:
6978:
6970:
6965:
6957:
6952:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6909:
6899:
6890:
6883:
6859:
6765:
6741:
6717:Chororapithecus
6699:
6686:Pierolapithecus
6678:Hispanopithecus
6637:
6624:
6562:Gigantopithecus
6534:
6480:
6467:
6462:Yuanmoupithecus
6396:
6391:Turkanapithecus
6322:
6317:Samburupithecus
6287:Nacholapithecus
6197:
6184:
6167:
6146:
6114:
6085:Procynocephalus
5972:
5904:Cercopithecinae
5898:
5750:Dolichopithecus
5715:
5687:Nsungwepithecus
5662:
5642:
5625:
5578:Barberapithecus
5556:
5544:Dionysopithecus
5529:
5517:Epipliopithecus
5502:
5480:Krishnapithecus
5467:Pliopithecoidea
5458:
5453:Propliopithecus
5446:Aegyptopithecus
5428:
5400:Oligopithecidae
5391:
5357:
5344:
5327:
5306:
5278:
5206:
5122:
4994:
4969:Proteropithecia
4829:
4799:
4729:
4712:
4707:Ucayalipithecus
4664:
4637:
4612:Parapithecoidea
4603:
4584:Myanmarpithecus
4546:Amphipithecidae
4537:
4532:Phenacopithecus
4500:
4469:
4402:
4389:
4372:
4365:
4353:
4329:
4264:
4205:
4171:
3981:
3861:Anaptomorphinae
3854:
3778:
3738:
3720:
3707:
3675:
3670:
3640:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3368:Human Evolution
3361:
3360:
3356:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2332:(1057): 21–41.
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2112:(5): e0177347.
2095:
2094:
2087:
2046:(5): e0177127.
2029:
2028:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1959:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1829:Samburupithecus
1821:Pierolapithecus
1797:Chororapithecus
1775:
1752:
1711:The claim that
1691:
1633:
1561:Chororapithecus
1506:Ouranopithecus.
1487:Madelaine Böhme
1483:
1416:
1370:tooth (Azmaka,
1361:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:H o m i n i d s
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
996:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
981:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
966:
959:
953:
952:
951:
945:
940:
938:
937:
936:
927:
919:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
895:
886:
878:
877:
870:
864:
863:
862:
853:
845:
837:
836:
829:
823:
822:
821:
812:
808:
807:
806:
797:
793:
792:
791:
784:
778:
777:
776:
767:
759:
755:
754:
753:
747:
742:
741:
740:
734:
729:
728:
727:
721:
716:
715:
714:
708:
703:
702:
701:
695:
690:
689:
688:
684:Chororapithecus
682:
677:
676:
675:
666:
658:
657:
651:
646:
645:
644:
640:Samburupithecus
638:
633:
632:
631:
625:
620:
619:
618:
611:
607:
606:
605:
599:
594:
593:
592:
586:
581:
580:
579:
573:
571:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
455:
429:
423:
419:
376:, northwest of
366:
324:Madelaine Böhme
276:
273:
265:
264:
251:
230:von Koenigswald
227:
219:
125:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7369:
7367:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7298:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7274:
7261:
7248:
7233:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7192:
7179:
7166:
7161:Ouranopithecus
7151:
7135:
7133:
7131:Ouranopithecus
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7110:
7097:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7056:
7043:
7030:
7014:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6989:
6976:
6963:
6950:
6945:Graecopithecus
6935:
6919:
6917:
6915:Graecopithecus
6911:
6910:
6905:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6843:Sahelanthropus
6836:
6825:
6815:
6808:
6804:Graecopithecus
6797:
6787:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6735:Nakalipithecus
6728:
6721:
6709:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6652:
6650:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6605:
6595:
6592:Lufengpithecus
6585:
6582:Khoratpithecus
6575:
6565:
6555:
6552:Ankarapithecus
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6529:Ouranopithecus
6522:
6519:Nakalipithecus
6512:
6509:Graecopithecus
6502:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6370:Rangwapithecus
6366:
6358:
6355:Nyanzapithecus
6351:
6343:
6340:Dendropithecus
6335:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6300:
6290:
6280:
6277:Morotopithecus
6270:
6260:
6256:Kamoyapithecus
6249:
6246:Griphopithecus
6239:
6229:
6219:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6105:
6102:Soromandrillus
6095:
6088:
6078:
6068:
6058:
6048:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6000:
5990:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5922:Allenopithecus
5917:
5915:
5913:Cercopithecini
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5893:Trachypithecus
5889:
5882:
5875:
5865:
5858:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5793:
5783:
5773:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5736:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5710:Zaltanpithecus
5706:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5649:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5512:
5510:
5508:Pliopithecidae
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5483:
5475:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5259:
5252:
5249:Leontopithecus
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5212:Callitrichidae
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5143:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5073:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4747:
4736:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4670:Parapithecidae
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4652:Proteopithecus
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4309:
4299:
4296:Hesperotarsius
4289:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4249:
4238:
4227:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4054:Gunnelltarsius
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3920:Pseudotetonius
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3784:Microchoerinae
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3594:Graecopithecus
3579:
3552:(4): 614–651.
3532:
3473:
3454:(3): 257–272.
3434:
3393:
3374:(3): 205–215.
3354:
3307:
3274:Graecopithecus
3255:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3164:
3151:(S19): 11–63.
3127:
3088:
3057:
3031:
2984:
2964:
2934:
2905:(2): 122–148.
2885:
2864:(2): 153–158.
2844:
2817:(2): 295–307.
2793:
2766:(4): 449–477.
2746:
2727:(3): 293–302.
2715:Graecopithecus
2703:
2648:
2629:(2): 225–234.
2605:
2586:(6): 849–885.
2570:
2548:10.1.1.693.116
2533:(5): 551–577.
2505:
2486:(3): 227–240.
2463:
2433:
2414:(3): 293–302.
2402:Graecopithecus
2390:
2367:
2312:
2305:
2278:
2219:
2181:
2151:
2100:Graecopithecus
2085:
2034:Graecopithecus
2007:
1972:
1957:
1922:
1895:(1): 138–145.
1870:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1813:Nakalipithecus
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1781:Griphopithecus
1776:
1774:
1771:
1766:Salehanthropus
1762:Graecopithecus
1760:derivation of
1757:Graecopithecus
1751:
1748:
1743:Graecopithecus
1739:Graecopithecus
1735:Graecopithecus
1727:
1726:
1722:Sahelanthropus
1717:Graecopithecus
1713:Graecopithecus
1709:
1706:
1703:Graecopithecus
1690:
1687:
1663:Graecopithecus
1645:Graecopithecus
1641:Graecopithecus
1632:
1629:
1621:Graecopithecus
1617:Graecopithecus
1603:Graecopithecus
1599:Graecopithecus
1589:Graecopithecus
1576:Graecopithecus
1566:Graecopithecus
1556:Graecopithecus
1552:Graecopithecus
1530:Graecopithecus
1526:Ouranopithecus
1510:Graecopithecus
1482:
1479:
1453:Graecopithecus
1449:Ouranopithecus
1444:Ouranopithecus
1433:Ouranopithecus
1429:Graecopithecus
1415:
1414:Classification
1412:
1384:Graecopithecus
1368:Graecopithecus
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
986:
984:
973:
972:
971:
969:
956:
955:
954:
943:
942:
941:
939:
900:
899:
898:
882:H. rudolfensis
867:
866:
865:
826:
825:
824:
811:
810:
809:
796:
795:
794:
781:
780:
779:
758:
757:
756:
745:
744:
743:
736:Graecopithecus
732:
731:
730:
723:Sahelanthropus
719:
718:
717:
706:
705:
704:
693:
692:
691:
680:
679:
678:
653:Ouranopithecus
649:
648:
647:
636:
635:
634:
627:Nakalipithecus
623:
622:
621:
610:
609:
608:
597:
596:
595:
584:
583:
582:
569:
568:
567:
565:
562:0 —
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
457:
456:
454:
453:
446:
439:
428:
425:
424:
417:
370:Graecopithecus
365:
362:
301:lower jaw bone
291:that lived in
284:Graecopithecus
278:
277:
274:
260:
259:
253:
252:
244:
242:
238:
237:
224:Graecopithecus
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
25:Graecopithecus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7368:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6887:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6822:Kenyanthropus
6816:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6736:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:Anoiapithecus
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6648:Dryopithecini
6642:
6639:
6636:
6631:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6474:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6377:Rukwapithecus
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:Micropithecus
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6297:Otavipithecus
6291:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6267:Kenyapithecus
6261:
6258:
6257:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6165:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6111:
6110:
6109:Theropithecus
6106:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6075:Procercocebus
6069:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6007:Gorgopithecus
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:Cercopithecus
5933:
5931:
5930:
5929:Allochrocebus
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:Semnopithecus
5876:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5862:Rhinopithecus
5859:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5817:Parapresbytis
5811:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5760:Kuseracolobus
5754:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5606:Laccopithecus
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5592:Egarapithecus
5589:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5423:Talahpithecus
5420:
5418:
5417:
5416:Oligopithecus
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5376:Micropithecus
5370:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:Protopithecus
5091:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:Plecturocebus
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:Miocallicebus
4929:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4598:Siamopithecus
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:Bugtipithecus
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:Amphipithecus
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:Afrotarsiidae
4472:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:Aseanpithecus
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:Cephalopachus
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:Afrotarsiidae
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4177:Tarkadectinae
4174:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:Ekwiiyemakius
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:Ageitodendron
3995:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:Anaptomorphus
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:New Scientist
3099:
3092:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3046:. 22 May 2017
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:"Mandible of
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2209:
2208:New Scientist
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1995:The Telegraph
1992:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:0-521-66315-6
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:(5): 385–394.
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:Anoiapithecus
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1299:Modern humans
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1230:Earliest fire
1226:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1040:Gorilla split
1036:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
993:
978:
965:
964:
962:
950:
948:
934:
932:
926:
924:
918:
916:
915:H. antecessor
909:
908:
906:
893:
891:
885:
883:
876:
875:
873:
860:
858:
857:Au. anamensis
852:
850:
849:Au. afarensis
844:
842:
841:Au. africanus
835:
834:
832:
819:
817:
804:
802:
790:
789:
787:
774:
772:
771:O. tugenensis
766:
764:
752:
750:
739:
737:
726:
724:
713:
711:
700:
698:
687:
685:
673:
671:
665:
663:
656:
654:
643:
641:
630:
628:
616:
615:
604:
602:
591:
589:
578:
576:
566:
459:
458:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
426:
422:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:The original
363:
361:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
272:
270:
261:
258:
257:Binomial name
254:
250:
249:
243:
240:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
7212:
7130:
7076:
7009:
6914:
6854:Paranthropus
6852:
6841:
6830:
6820:
6810:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6783:Ardipithecus
6781:
6758:
6733:
6723:
6715:
6694:Rudapithecus
6692:
6684:
6676:
6671:Dryopithecus
6669:
6662:
6655:
6619:Sivapithecus
6617:
6607:
6602:Meganthropus
6600:
6590:
6580:
6572:Indopithecus
6570:
6560:
6550:
6527:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6460:
6452:Symphalangus
6450:
6443:
6436:
6426:
6419:
6414:Bunopithecus
6412:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6362:Oreopithecus
6360:
6353:
6345:
6338:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6254:
6244:
6234:
6224:
6216:Afropithecus
6214:
6107:
6100:
6090:
6083:
6073:
6063:
6053:
6043:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5997:Dinopithecus
5995:
5985:
5967:Nanopithecus
5965:
5955:
5950:Erythrocebus
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5860:
5855:Rhinocolobus
5853:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5824:Piliocolobus
5822:
5815:
5805:
5795:
5790:Microcolobus
5788:
5780:Mesopithecus
5778:
5770:Libypithecus
5768:
5758:
5748:
5738:
5731:
5708:
5701:
5695:Prohylobates
5693:
5685:
5680:Noropithecus
5678:
5655:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:Crouzeliidae
5549:
5542:
5524:Pliopithecus
5522:
5515:
5495:
5485:
5478:
5451:
5444:
5421:
5414:
5409:Catopithecus
5407:
5384:
5374:
5271:
5264:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5175:
5165:
5157:Dolichocebus
5155:
5145:
5138:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5068:
5058:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4933:
4925:Mazzonicebus
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4886:
4881:Cebupithecia
4879:
4869:
4859:
4852:
4847:Antillothrix
4845:
4822:
4812:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4754:Perupithecus
4752:
4742:
4705:
4698:
4693:Parapithecus
4691:
4684:
4677:
4657:
4650:
4630:
4623:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4493:
4486:
4463:Phileosimias
4461:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4421:Altiatlasius
4419:
4323:Xanthorhysis
4321:
4311:
4306:Oligotarsius
4304:
4294:
4284:
4277:
4254:
4243:
4233:
4219:Tarsiiformes
4198:
4191:
4184:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4082:Macrotarsius
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3934:Strigorhysis
3932:
3927:Sphacorhysis
3925:
3918:
3911:
3906:Chlororhysis
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3807:Microchoerus
3805:
3798:
3791:
3771:
3764:
3758:Altiatlasius
3756:
3748:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3549:
3546:Paleobiology
3545:
3535:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3413:(1): 19–29.
3410:
3406:
3396:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3286:(11/12): 2.
3283:
3279:
3273:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3184:(1): 67–84.
3181:
3177:
3167:
3148:
3144:
3139:Dryopithecus
3138:
3130:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3073:
3048:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2977:, retrieved
2947:
2937:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2483:
2479:
2457:
2453:
2450:Koenigswald"
2447:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2296:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2109:
2105:
2102:from Europe"
2099:
2043:
2039:
2033:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1940:
1892:
1888:
1864:
1860:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1805:Dryopithecus
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1689:Reassessment
1675:
1662:
1660:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:Homo habilis
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1538:missing link
1529:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:G. freybergi
1501:
1494:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:Sivapithecus
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:G. freybergi
1418:
1417:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1327:
1312:
1168:
1124:
1102:Ardipithecus
1101:
1020:Earlier apes
977:Neanderthals
961:Homo sapiens
958:
957:
944:
928:
920:
912:
902:
901:
887:
879:
869:
868:
854:
846:
838:
828:
827:
813:
798:
786:Ardipithecus
783:
782:
768:
760:
746:
735:
733:
720:
710:Sivapithecus
707:
697:Oreopithecus
694:
681:
667:
659:
650:
637:
624:
612:
598:
585:
570:
410:
407:
403:
394:Mesopithecus
392:
386:World War II
369:
367:
357:Tim D. White
353:Bernard Wood
346:
339:
321:
283:
282:
281:
268:
263:
247:
246:
223:
222:
196:Infraorder:
32:Late Miocene
24:
18:
7237:Wikispecies
7155:Wikispecies
6939:Wikispecies
6402:Hylobatidae
6092:Rungwecebus
5957:Miopithecus
5943:Chlorocebus
5872:Sawecolobus
5807:Paracolobus
5571:Anapithecus
5487:Paidopithex
5242:Leontocebus
5177:Panamacebus
5087:Paralouatta
5023:Brachyteles
4915:Insulacebus
4835:Pitheciidae
4774:Canaanimico
4727:Platyrrhini
4679:Abuqatrania
4495:Afrotarsius
4400:Simiiformes
4387:Simiiformes
4339:Simiiformes
4193:Tarkadectes
4033:Diablomomys
4012:Brontomomys
3948:Teilhardina
3892:Arapahovius
3885:Anemorhysis
3849:Vectipithex
3842:Quercyloris
3835:Pseudoloris
3814:Nannopithex
3800:Melaneremia
3108:(3127): 6.
2000:20 February
1359:Description
923:H. ergaster
816:Ar. ramidus
801:Ar. kadabba
763:O. praegens
601:Pleistocene
430:This box:
332:chimpanzees
200:Simiiformes
7300:Categories
6236:Equatorius
6195:Hominoidea
6182:Hominoidea
6141:see below↓
6132:Hominoidea
6028:Mandrillus
6014:Lophocebus
5987:Cercocebus
5838:Procolobus
5599:Fanchangia
5355:Catarrhini
5342:Catarrhini
5301:see below↓
5292:Catarrhini
5228:Callithrix
5167:Killikaike
5070:Mohanamico
5053:Chilecebus
4979:Soriacebus
4945:Nuciruptor
4905:Homunculus
4895:Chiropotes
4888:Cheracebus
4871:Carlocebus
4861:Callicebus
4824:Tremacebus
4794:Lagonimico
4784:Branisella
4764:Szalatavus
4591:Pondaungia
4509:Eosimiidae
4348:see below↓
4235:Archicebus
4117:Shoshonius
4061:Hemiacodon
4040:Dyseolemur
4026:Chumashius
3969:Trogolemur
3962:Tetonoides
3871:Absarokius
3821:Necrolemur
3766:Bownomomys
3718:Haplorhini
3673:Haplorhini
3249:2021-11-18
2979:2021-11-16
2387:(3): 7–10.
2213:2017-05-24
2175:2021-11-15
1838:References
1397:The thick
992:Denisovans
931:Au. sediba
905:H. erectus
872:H. habilis
662:Ou. turkae
349:Rick Potts
190:Haplorhini
186:Suborder:
7306:Hominidae
7257:121538315
7146:Q14516253
7092:Q32947778
7025:Q32947788
6705:Gorillini
6635:Homininae
6478:Hominidae
6428:Hylobates
6307:Proconsul
6065:Pliopapio
6055:Parapapio
5978:Papionini
5845:Pygathrix
5831:Presbytis
5721:Colobinae
5620:Pliobates
5585:Crouzelia
5386:Saadanius
5221:Callimico
5140:Acrecebus
5117:Stirtonia
5060:Lagothrix
5043:Cartelles
4989:Xenothrix
4744:Parvimico
4270:Tarsiidae
4257:Omomyidae
4152:Washakius
4138:Uintanius
4089:Nesomomys
4019:Chipetaia
4005:Asiomomys
3988:Omomyinae
3941:Tatmanius
3899:Aycrossia
3828:Paraloris
3793:Indusomys
3735:Omomyidae
3683:Kingdom:
3625:1996-7489
3527:129576842
3327:: 44–59.
3302:1996-7489
3198:0084-6570
3026:233872889
2974:229622942
2929:202687516
2880:0918-7960
2839:198194561
2543:CiteSeerX
2354:0080-4622
1635:The 2017
1631:Criticism
890:Au. garhi
364:Discovery
313:hominoids
241:Species:
210:Hominidae
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
7222:Wikidata
7140:Wikidata
7086:Wikidata
7019:Wikidata
6930:Q5592170
6924:Wikidata
6771:Hominina
6747:Hominini
6664:Danuvius
6540:Ponginae
6499:Buronius
6445:Nomascus
6384:Simiolus
5273:Saguinus
5235:Cebuella
5187:Patasola
5107:Solimoea
5009:Alouatta
5000:Atelidae
4952:Pithecia
4700:Qatrania
4625:Arsinoea
4525:Eosimias
4159:Wyomomys
4124:Steinius
4110:Rooneyia
4068:Jemezius
3976:Walshina
3955:Tetonius
3913:Gazinius
3773:Kohatius
3750:Altanius
3703:Primates
3697:Mammalia
3691:Chordata
3689:Phylum:
3685:Animalia
3633:90898690
3574:86034107
3519:15550663
3429:25532866
3388:85305420
3349:25200889
3081:20 April
3044:Phys.org
3018:33958446
2921:31533109
2831:31339568
2741:28982498
2721:Primates
2565:15120265
2460:: 25–40.
2428:28982498
2408:Primates
2273:21436034
2146:28531204
2106:PLOS ONE
2080:28531170
2040:PLOS ONE
1967:47254191
1917:22153571
1773:See also
1750:Response
1695:PLOS One
1637:PLOS One
1581:PLOS One
1496:PLOS One
1457:priority
1388:premolar
1380:mandible
1372:Bulgaria
614:Hominini
588:Pliocene
317:El Greco
206:Family:
180:Primates
170:Mammalia
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
116:premolar
114:jaw and
112:Holotype
7228:Q140198
7188:1045430
7175:4827072
7106:4974717
7052:3607873
7039:4974718
6985:3607813
6972:1033566
6959:4827071
6832:Orrorin
6725:Gorilla
6421:Hoolock
5797:Nasalis
5740:Colobus
5266:Micodon
5201:Sapajus
5194:Saimiri
5128:Cebidae
5077:Oreonax
5033:Caipora
4854:Cacajao
4805:Aotidae
4686:Apidium
4659:Serapia
4632:Biretia
4518:Bahinia
4488:Afrasia
4452:Nosmips
4432:Amamria
4313:Tarsius
4279:Carlito
4200:Tarkops
4166:Yaquius
4131:Stockia
4103:Ourayia
4075:Loveina
3701:Order:
3695:Class:
3609:(5/6).
3554:Bibcode
3499:Bibcode
3491:Science
3456:Bibcode
3329:Bibcode
3110:Bibcode
2998:Science
2788:9361253
2768:Bibcode
2698:4259387
2690:2193230
2670:Bibcode
2643:8317563
2588:Bibcode
2580:Geobios
2535:Bibcode
2488:Bibcode
2362:2398641
2334:Bibcode
2264:3078397
2241:Bibcode
2137:5439672
2114:Bibcode
2071:5439669
2048:Bibcode
1945:Bibcode
1897:Bibcode
1392:Miocene
1291:←
1269:←
1247:←
1234:cooking
1223:←
1203:←
1183:←
1159:←
1139:←
1116:←
1093:←
1073:←
1053:←
1033:←
1013:←
749:Orrorin
574:Miocene
557:–
547:–
537:–
527:–
517:–
507:–
497:–
487:–
477:–
467:–
326:of the
297:Miocene
289:hominid
266:†
245:†
216:Genus:
176:Order:
166:Class:
7283:133693
7270:133685
7119:133693
7065:133692
6226:Ekembo
6021:Macaca
5886:Simias
5657:Alophe
5016:Ateles
4577:Krabia
4570:Ganlea
4145:Utahia
4096:Omomys
3631:
3623:
3572:
3525:
3517:
3427:
3386:
3347:
3300:
3221:
3196:
3050:23 May
3024:
3016:
2972:
2962:
2927:
2919:
2878:
2837:
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