Phonograph - Knowledge (XXG)

1134: 736: 1539: 1245: 1337:. Spherical styli are generally more robust than other types, but do not follow the groove as accurately, giving diminished high frequency response. Elliptical styli usually track the groove more accurately, with increased high frequency response and less distortion. For DJ use, the relative robustness of spherical styli make them generally preferred for back-cuing and scratching. There are a number of derivations of the basic elliptical type, including the shibata or fine line stylus, which can more accurately reproduce high frequency information contained in the record groove. This is especially important for playback of quadraphonic recordings. 429:. At the center of that membrane, he attached a rigid boar's bristle approximately a centimetre long, placed so that it just grazed the lampblack. As the glass plate was slid horizontally in a well formed groove at a speed of one meter per second, a person would speak into the trumpet, causing the membrane to vibrate and the stylus to trace figures that were scratched into the lampblack. On March 25, 1857, Scott received the French patent #17,897/31,470 for his device, which he called a phonautograph. The earliest known surviving recorded sound of a human voice was conducted on April 9, 1860, when Scott recorded someone singing the song " 588:

peculiar nasal quality wholly due to the mechanism, although there was little of the scratching that later was a prominent feature of the flat disc. Recording for that primitive machine was a comparatively simple matter. I had to keep my mouth about six inches away from the horn and remember not to make my voice too loud if I wanted anything approximating to a clear reproduction; that was all. When it was played over to me and I heard my own voice for the first time, one or two friends who were present said that it sounded rather like mine; others declared that they would never have recognised it. I daresay both opinions were correct."

156: 337: 600:, writing "There was a large attendance of ladies and gentlemen, who appeared greatly interested in the various scientific instruments exhibited. Among these the most interesting, perhaps, was the trial made by Mr. Sutherland with the phonograph, which was most amusing. Several trials were made, and were all more or less successful. 'Rule Britannia' was distinctly repeated, but great laughter was caused by the repetition of the convivial song of 'He's a jolly good fellow,' which sounded as if it was being sung by an old man of 80 with a cracked voice." 521: 906: 1126: 244:. This resurgence has much to do with vinyl records' sparing use of audio processing, resulting in a more natural sound on high-quality replay equipment, compared to many digital releases that are highly processed for portable players in high-noise environmental conditions. However, unlike "plug-and-play" digital audio, vinyl record players have user-serviceable parts, which require attention to tonearm alignment and the wear and choice of stylus, the most critical component affecting turntable sound. 313: 664: 137: 609: 1520: 1173: 1448: 570: 1594: 1049: 402:, he happened upon that customer's engraved illustration of the anatomy of the human ear, and conceived of "the imprudent idea of photographing the word." In 1853 or 1854 (Scott cited both years) he began working on "le problème de la parole s'écrivant elle-même" ("the problem of speech writing itself"), aiming to build a device that could replicate the function of the human ear. 470:, a French poet and amateur scientist, is the first person known to have made the conceptual leap from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to devising a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction. On April 30, 1877, he deposited a sealed envelope containing a summary of his ideas with the 1370: 1292: 566:, and placed before the editors a small, simple machine about which few preliminary remarks were offered. The visitor without any ceremony whatever turned the crank, and to the astonishment of all present the machine said: 'Good morning. How do you do? How do you like the phonograph?' The machine thus spoke for itself, and made known the fact that it was the phonograph..." 66: 1164:

circuitry used three Philco germanium PNP alloy-fused junction audio frequency transistors. After the 1956 season had ended, Philco decided to discontinue both models, for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes, but by 1961 a $ 49.95 ($ 509.29 in 2023) portable, battery-powered radio-phonograph with seven transistors was available.

941: 6237: 5499: 1622: 1060:" was the first disc record to be offered to the public. They were five inches (13 cm) in diameter and recorded on one side only. Seven-inch (17.5 cm) records followed in 1895. Also in 1895 Berliner replaced the hard rubber used to make the discs with a shellac compound. Berliner's early records had poor sound quality, however. Work by 914:

Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables. The explanation is that in the early experiments, the turntable, with disc, was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads. Later, when the complete models were built, most of them featured vertical turntables.

1608: 433:" ("By the Light of the Moon") on the device. However, the device was not designed to play back sounds, as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings, which he called phonautograms. This was not the first time someone had used a device to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as 1044:

Discs are not inherently better than cylinders at providing audio fidelity. Rather, the advantages of the format are seen in the manufacturing process: discs can be stamped, and the matrixes to stamp disc can be shipped to other printing plants for a global distribution of recordings; cylinders could

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The 1860 phonautogram had not until then been played, as it was only a transcription of sound waves into graphic form on paper for visual study. Recently developed optical scanning and image processing techniques have given new life to early recordings by making it possible to play unusually delicate

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By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product. While the live performers recorded the master phonograph, up to ten tubes led to blank cylinders in other phonographs. Until this development, each record had to be custom-made. Before long,

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An account of his invention was published on October 10, 1877, by which date Cros had devised a more direct procedure: the recording stylus could scribe its tracing through a thin coating of acid-resistant material on a metal surface and the surface could then be etched in an acid bath, producing the

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Since the late 1950s, almost all phono input stages have used the RIAA equalization standard. Before settling on that standard, there were many different equalizations in use, including EMI, HMV, Columbia, Decca FFRR, NAB, Ortho, BBC transcription, etc. Recordings made using these other equalization

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The Shibata-designed stylus offers a greater contact surface with the groove, which in turn means less pressure over the vinyl surface and thus less wear. A positive side effect is that the greater contact surface also means the stylus reads sections of the vinyl that were not touched (or "worn") by

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read the groove optically using a laser pickup. Since there is no physical contact with the record, no wear is incurred. However, this "no wear" advantage is debatable, since vinyl records have been tested to withstand even 1200 plays with no significant audio degradation, provided that it is played

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Other advanced stylus shapes appeared following the same goal of increasing contact surface, improving on the Shibata. Chronologically: "Hughes" Shibata variant (1975), "Ogura" (1978), Van den Hul (1982). Such a stylus may be marketed as "Hyperelliptical" (Shure), "Alliptic", "Fine Line" (Ortofon),

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The basic distinction between the Edison's first phonograph patent and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. Edison's method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin foil, while Bell and Tainter's invention called for cutting, or "engraving", the sound waves into a

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on July 10, 1888. The playing arm is rigid, except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to starting position. While recording or playing, the record not only rotated, but moved laterally under the stylus, which thus described a spiral, recording 150

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A recording made on a sheet of tinfoil at an 1878 demonstration of Edison's phonograph in St. Louis, Missouri, has been played back by optical scanning and digital analysis. A few other early tinfoil recordings are known to survive, including a slightly earlier one that is believed to preserve the

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magazine (page 41), had a full page detailed article on Philco's new consumer product. The all-transistor portable phonograph TPA-1 and TPA-2 models played only 45rpm records and used four 1.5 volt "D" batteries for their power supply. The "TPA" stands for "Transistor Phonograph Amplifier". Their

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The sound vibrations had been indented in the wax that had been applied to the Edison phonograph. The following was the text of one of their recordings: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy. I am a Graphophone and my mother was a phonograph."

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in 1877, the fame bestowed on him for this invention was not due to its efficiency. Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical, as the tinfoil tore easily, and even when the stylus was properly adjusted, its reproduction of sound was distorted, and good for only a few

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Throughout the first decade (1890–1900) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records, the direct acid-etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs, but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich

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The device's true significance in the history of recorded sound was not fully realized prior to March 2008, when it was discovered and resurrected in a Paris patent office by First Sounds, an informal collaborative of American audio historians, recording engineers, and sound archivists founded to

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More sophisticated turntables were (and still are) frequently manufactured so as to incorporate a "cue lever", a device that mechanically lowers the tonearm on to the record. It enables the user to locate an individual track more easily, to pause a record, and to avoid the risk of scratching the

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attended an early demonstration (1881–82) of a similar machine. On the early phonograph's reproductive capabilities he wrote in retrospect: "It sounded to my ear like someone singing about half a mile away, or talking at the other end of a big hall; but the effect was rather pleasant, save for a

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free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific

727:" (or the separate "The Whistling Coon") up to thousands of times in a studio during his recording career. Sometimes he would sing "The Laughing Song" more than fifty times in a day, at twenty cents per rendition. (The average price of a single cylinder in the mid-1890s was about fifty cents.) 1550:

New interest in records has led to the development of turntables with additional modern features. USB turntables have a built-in audio interface, which transfers the analog sound directly to the connected computer. Some USB turntables transfer the audio without equalization, but are sold with

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in 1879 while Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Co., and his organization, which had purchased the Edison patent, was financially troubled because people did not want to buy a machine that seldom worked well and proved difficult for the average person to operate.

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schemes typically sound odd if they are played through a RIAA-equalized preamplifier. High-performance (so-called "multicurve disc") preamplifiers, which include multiple, selectable equalizations, are no longer commonly available. However, some vintage preamplifiers, such as the

1415:. This, together with laser-diamond-cutting technologies, made possible the "ridge" shaped stylus, such as the Namiki (1985) design, and Fritz Gyger (1989) design. This type of stylus is marketed as "MicroLine" (Audio technica), "Micro-Ridge" (Shure), or "Replicant" (Ortofon). 1400:). A narrow-profile elliptical stylus is able to read the higher frequencies (greater than 20 kHz), but at an increased wear, since the contact surface is narrower. For overcoming this problem, the Shibata stylus was invented around 1972 in Japan by Norio Shibata of JVC. 949: 1282:

Early developments in linear turntables were from Rek-O-Kut (portable lathe/phonograph) and Ortho-Sonic in the 1950s, and Acoustical in the early 1960s. These were eclipsed by more successful implementations of the concept from the late 1960s through the early 1980s.

719:-based process made it possible to simultaneously produce 90–150 copies of each record. However, as demand for certain records grew, popular artists still needed to re-record and re-re-record their songs. Reportedly, the medium's first major African-American star 3045:, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010. 441:

in 1807. By late 1857, with support from the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Scott's phonautograph was recording sounds with sufficient precision to be adopted by the scientific community, paving the way for the nascent science of acoustics.

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of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and incorporated on February 3, 1886. It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first

2663: 1772: 791:, but as of May 2014 they have not yet been scanned. These antique tinfoil recordings, which have typically been stored folded, are too fragile to be played back with a stylus without seriously damaging them. Edison's 1877 tinfoil recording of 685: 284:

words φωνή (phonē, meaning 'sound' or 'voice') and γραφή (graphē, meaning 'writing'). Similarly, the terms "gramophone" and "graphophone" have roots in the Greek words γράμμα (gramma, meaning 'letter') and φωνή (phōnē, meaning 'voice').

324:, "phonograph", properly specific to machines made by Edison, was sometimes used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder-playing machines made by others. But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to 1260:

In some high quality equipment the arm carrying the pickup, known as a tonearm, is manufactured separately from the motor and turntable unit. Companies specialising in the manufacture of tonearms include the English company

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in California, who were able to play back the recorded sounds, something Scott had never conceived of. Prior to this point, the earliest known record of a human voice was thought to be an 1877 phonograph recording by

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compound until the 78-rpm format was completely phased out. (Shellac records were heavier and more brittle.) 33s and 45s were, however, made exclusively of vinyl, with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of

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who published "The Sounds of the Consonants, as Indicated by the Phonograph" in the Society's journal in November that year. On 8 August 1878 the phonograph was publicly demonstrated at the Society's annual

265:, turntables are colloquially known as "decks". In later versions of electric phonographs, commonly known since the 1940s as record players or turntables, the movements of the stylus are transformed into an 252:

The terminology used to describe record-playing devices is not uniform across the English-speaking world. In modern contexts, the playback device is often referred to as a "turntable", "record player", or

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on March 28, 1887, in order to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into

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in business, because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable. But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Edison and the further improvements of

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of the company, and any use of the name by competing disc record manufacturers was rigorously challenged in court. However, in 1910, an English court decision ruled that the term had become generic;

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the common spherical stylus. In a demonstration by JVC records "worn" after 500 plays at a relatively high 4.5 gf tracking force with a spherical stylus, played "as new" with the Shibata profile.

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cylinder recording for an experimental talking clock is often identified as the oldest surviving playable sound recording, although the evidence advanced for its early date is controversial. Wax

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devised unbreakable records in 1930, by mixing polyvinyl chloride with plasticisers, in a proprietary formula they called Victrolac, which was first used in 1931, in motion picture discs.

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camera, and an audio clip from that film's soundtrack is sometimes mistakenly presented as the original 1877 recording. Wax cylinder recordings made by 19th-century media legends such as

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varislope series, are still obtainable and can be refurbished. Newer preamplifiers like the Esoteric Sound Re-Equalizer or the K-A-B MK2 Vintage Signal Processor are also available.

4105: 3659: 2796: 954: 354:, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in 209:

for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the

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has been especially popular with its suitcase record players and have played a big part in the vinyl revival and its adoption among younger people and children in the 2010s.

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connected to a stylus that indented the foil into the cylinder's groove, thereby recording the vibrations as "hill-and-dale" variations of the depth of the indentation.

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are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a

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Powell, James R., Jr. and Randall G. Stehle. Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 rpm Recordings. Third Edition. 1993, 2002, 2007, Gramophone Adventures, Portage MI.

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software that allows the EQ of the transferred audio file to be adjusted. There are also many turntables on the market designed to be plugged into a computer via a

4171: 1492:. Following a resurgence in sales of records since the late 2000s, an increasing number of turntables have been manufactured and sold. Notably, Japanese company 6420: 5374: 2201: 917:

One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable. The machine, although made in 1886, was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by

4102:– Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Santa Barbara, free for download or streamed online. 1133: 116:(or "needle") traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a 6511: 2353: 193:, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove around the record. In the 1890s, 6155: 5479: 6798: 5745: 5535: 1108:" (Asch Records album S-800, dubbed from Soviet masters in 1945). Victor began selling some home-use vinyl 78s in late 1945; but most 78s were made of a 3793: 3707: 5570: 684: 616:, 1912. The clockwork portion of the phonograph is concealed in the base beneath the statue; the amplifying horn is the shell behind the human figure. 3351: 2742: 2485:

38:1 (Spring 2007), 10–43; Oliver Berliner and Patrick Feaster, "Letters to the Editor: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle,"

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and several newspapers in the beginning of November, and an even earlier announcement of Edison working on a "talking-machine" can be found in the

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Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the

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An alternative approach is to take a high-resolution photograph or scan of each side of the record and interpret the image of the grooves using

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is located off-center from the platter, either underneath it or entirely outside of it, and is connected to the platter or counter-platter by a

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EPC-100CMK4 capable of playback on frequencies up to 100 kHz. This requires a stylus with a narrow side radius, such as 5 μm (or 0.2

1096:, and for radio commercials. At that time, virtually no discs for home use were made from this material. Vinyl was used for the popular 78-rpm 859: 858:. However immediately after his discovery he did not improve it, allegedly because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the 6216: 3019: 2835: 1886: 769:

in London were thought to be the oldest-known surviving musical recordings, until the recent playback by a group of American historians of a

447: 328:'s Gramophone, a different machine that played nonrecordable discs (although Edison's original Phonograph patent included the use of discs.) 6757: 6531: 3439: 3034: 2138: 534:

conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to "play back" recorded

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were introduced as alternatives. Phonograph use had declined sharply after 1986 due to the popularity of cassettes and the rise of the

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was the dominant commercial audio distribution format throughout most of the 20th century, and phonographs became the first example of

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Experimental Turntablism: Historical overview of experiments with record players / records — or Scratches from Second-Hand Technology

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environments. Record players continued to be manufactured and sold into the 21st century, although in small numbers and mainly for

1159:. Philco started to sell these all-transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955, for the price of $ 59.95. The October 1955 issue of 2684: 1835: 1330:

tip that runs in the record groove. The stylus eventually becomes worn by contact with the groove, and it is usually replaceable.

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desired groove without the complication of an intermediate photographic procedure. The author of this article called the device a

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Loescher, Long-Term Durability of Pickup Diamonds and Records, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol 22, issue 10, pp 800

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make the earliest sound recordings available to the public. The phonautograms were then digitally converted by scientists at the

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phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work at Bell's

6592: 5750: 4722: 4716: 2461: 1810: 398:, an editor and typographer of manuscripts at a scientific publishing house in Paris. One day while editing Professor Longet's 363: 342: 3682: 3602: 2107: 1944: 346:, depicting a public demonstration of new technology at the Royal Society of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) on 8 August 1878. 69:

Illustration of a typical modern turntable: here showing the curved tonearm with a headshell at the end, under which lies the

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Peter A Soderbergh, "Olde Records Price Guide 1900–1947", Wallace–Homestead Book Company, Des Moines, Iowa, 1980, pp.193–194

3157: 3074: 2260: 1104:. This significantly reduced breakage during transport. The first commercial vinylite record was the set of five 12" discs " 3377: 2481:

Patrick Feaster, "Speech Acoustics and the Keyboard Telephone: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle,"

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33:1 (Spring 2002), 77–84; Patrick Feaster and Stephan Puille, "Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording' (continued),

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technology to output a record's sound wirelessly through speakers. Sony have also released a high-end turntable with an

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in 1982, record albums still sold in small numbers throughout the 1980s and 1990s, but gradually sidelined in favor of

336: 6823: 6642: 6425: 6266: 6150: 5565: 5027: 4201: 1567: 1412: 830: 673: 184: 35: 6308: 4844: 4555: 3374:"Rabco SL-8E SL-8: Tangential Tonearm, Servo Control, Parallel Tracking, Functioning, Drawings, Construction, Manual" 2856: 2191: 425:. He then took an acoustic trumpet, and at its tapered end affixed a thin membrane that served as the analog to the 6506: 6480: 6440: 5897: 5806: 5150: 5131: 1754: 720: 471: 57: 31: 4640: 1056:

Through experimentation, in 1892 Berliner began commercial production of his disc records and "gramophones". His "

990: 6120: 6018: 5998: 5839: 5664: 5603: 5521: 4934: 4734: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4061: 3420: 3298: 2345: 1656: 1501: 1357:. An amateur attempt using a flatbed scanner lacked satisfactory fidelity. A professional system employed by the 974: 846:

in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax.

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Styli are classified as spherical or elliptical, although the tip is actually shaped as a half-sphere or a half-

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A 'G' (Graham Bell) model Graphophone being played back by a typist after its cylinder had recorded dictation.

905: 4916: 4597: 6767: 6501: 6374: 5629: 5000: 4946: 3286: 3180: 3042: 2962: 2456: 2415: 2165: 1651: 1155: 459:, whose inventor, Emile Berliner, worked with the phonautograph in the course of developing his own device. 2694:, Department of Special Collections, Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California at Santa Barbara. 1224:

SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market. The most influential direct-drive turntable was the

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on February 19, 1878, as US Patent 200,521). "In December, 1877, a young man came into the office of the

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In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed

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that converts mechanical vibrations from a stylus into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is

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sound modulation process, which requires up to 50 kHz frequency response, with cartridges like

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After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from

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Aaron Cramer, Tim Fabrizio, and George Paul, "A Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording,'"

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are amongst the earliest verified recordings by the famous that have survived to the present.

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https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/26992666/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF

1497: 1393: 1225: 1221: 1177: 995: 883: 843: 641: 546:, a device for recording and replaying sound, on November 21, 1877 (early reports appear in 414: 321: 121: 2951: 1897: 1457: 874:

and experimenter at heart, was looking for new worlds to conquer after having patented the

358:. The "phonograph" was first demonstrated in Australia on 14 June 1878 to a meeting of the 89:(as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910), and since the 1940s a 6599: 6584: 6099: 6074: 6059: 5960: 5945: 5920: 5649: 5644: 5430: 5277: 4868: 4680: 4226: 4112: 4074: 4067: 3443: 3424: 3152: 3081: 3062: 3038: 3003: 2969:, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org. 2958: 2923: 2912: 2890: 2879: 2746: 2710: 2691: 2255: 1999: 1723: 1346: 918: 855: 740: 355: 289: 4143: 3184:, "Phonograph Operated On Transistors to Be Sold by Philco Corp.", June 28, 1955, page 8. 2375: 1832:"DJ Jargon, DJ Dictionary, DJ Terms, DJ Terminology, DJ Glossary of terms – DJ School UK" 1045:

not be stamped until 1901–1902, when the gold moulding process was introduced by Edison.

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phonograph models TPA-1 and TPA-2, which were announced in the June 28, 1955 edition of

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eventually improved the sound fidelity to a point where it was as good as the cylinder.

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Transcription and translation of December 3, 1877 unsealing of April, 1877 Cros deposit

2169: 1645: 1509: 1202: 1025: 879: 608: 542:. His first experiments were with waxed paper. He announced his invention of the first 524: 325: 254: 194: 161: 3947: 3626: 3472: 3194: 3055: 2902: 2764: 2313: 1519: 1172: 6787: 6747: 6318: 6282: 6222: 6191: 5892: 5826: 5770: 5740: 5677: 5654: 5588: 5484: 5420: 5304: 5119: 5111: 5094: 5079: 4958: 4745: 4672: 4470: 4431: 4278: 4014: 3893: 3398:

https://www.ortofon.com/media/14912/everything_you_need_to_know_about_styli_types.pdf

2591: 1965: 1532: 1524: 1481: 1467: 1397: 850: 807: 802:

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the phonograph, Edison recounted reciting

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with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining the term

176: 142: 113: 2451: 2099: 1447: 558:

on May 9), and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29 (it was

6379: 6313: 5965: 5925: 5867: 5760: 5730: 5687: 5609: 5415: 5006: 4413: 4246: 4240: 4186: 1673: 1613: 1513: 1473: 1408:"Line contact" (Audio Technica), "Polyhedron", "LAC", or "Stereohedron" (Stanton). 1389: 1101: 1017:

demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company.

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culture, became the most widely-used turntable in DJ culture for several decades.

3147: 2282: 2250: 2066: 682: 6394: 6369: 6323: 6206: 6201: 6160: 6145: 6069: 6054: 6013: 5970: 5786: 5053: 5035: 4922: 4862: 4686: 4304: 4176: 4123: 3996:"The Gramophone And The Mechanical Recording And Reproduction Of Musical Sounds" 3373: 1887:"Application by the Gramophone Company to register "Gramophone" as a trade mark" 1857: 1678: 1489: 1308: 1274:

record, which may require practice to avoid when lowering the tonearm manually.

1262: 1249: 1229: 1195: 1114: 1105: 1048: 900: 818: 692: 569: 434: 274: 258: 189: 125: 50: 4132: 2412:

Transcription and translation of October 10, 1877 article on Cros "phonographe"

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also headlined a turntable, amid increasing interest in the format. Similarly,

1020:

The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of

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newspaper from Melbourne, Australia, reported on an 1878 demonstration at the

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Metal Machine Music: The Phonograph's Voice and the Transformation of Writing

3830: 3719: 1411:

A keel-shaped diamond stylus appeared as a byproduct of the invention of the

1092:(originally known as vinylite) was introduced as a record material for radio 1013: 1003: 923: 831:

Volta Laboratory and Bureau § Sound recording and phonograph development

6711: 6343: 5816: 5735: 5456: 5340: 5186: 4898: 4820: 4484: 4478: 4459: 4425: 4234: 2625: 2615: 1940: 1563: 1493: 1477: 1369: 1334: 1304: 1291: 1217: 1210: 1129:

Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph, developed and produced in 1955

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phonographic library he had foreseen. He had died in 1888 at the age of 45.

422: 301: 105: 4137: 112:. To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback 4172:

Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph

3328: 2852: 17: 6008: 5985: 5975: 5915: 5702: 5322: 5253: 5210: 5204: 5192: 5162: 4940: 2952:

Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory

2103: 1648:, used to convert diverse types of cylinder recordings to modern CD media 1327: 1216:

The direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at

810: 620:

Edison's early phonographs recorded onto a thin sheet of metal, normally

262: 228:

that people owned and used at their residences. In the 1960s, the use of

3032:

Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone

1750: 292:, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine that utilizes 6104: 5849: 5410: 5310: 5041: 4994: 4454: 4159: 3819:"The Crosley generation: the record player that has the kids in a spin" 1378: 1374: 1323: 1253: 1233: 1109: 1097: 839: 426: 165: 5352: 3417: 2131:"Observing the Slightest Motion: Using Visual Tools to Preserve Sound" 1915:"The Edison Diamond Disc Phonograph – History, Identification, Repair" 257:". Each of these terms denotes distinct items. When integrated into a 65: 3708:"Turntables are golden as UK retailers report bumper Christmas sales" 3687: 2703: 2429: 1146: 970: 762: 559: 474:, a standard procedure used by scientists and inventors to establish 4000:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

2685:

Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project: George W. Washington

1994: 280:

The term "phonograph", meaning "sound writing", originates from the

120:

that produced sound waves coupled to the open air through a flaring

5513: 3794:"Audio-Technica's Sound Burger Deck Is Flipped In Three New Colors" 6170: 6140: 5198: 5059: 4970: 4181: 1537: 1518: 1446: 1368: 1290: 1243: 1171: 1132: 1124: 1071: 1047: 947: 939: 904: 744: 734: 645: 625: 607: 568: 519: 335: 311: 101: 4152:– Information, images, articles and reviews from around the world 3817:

Petridis, Alexis; Gibsone, Harriet; Paphides, Pete (2016-04-21).

3572:. Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, April 1932 3348:"What is a cue lever on a turntable? A comprehensive explanation" 2407: 806:

to test his first machine. The 1927 event was filmed by an early

640:. While the cylinder was rotated and slowly progressed along its 6251: 5940: 5328: 5174: 4534: 4514: 4182:

2-point and Arc Protractor generators on AlignmentProtractor.com

4155: 1505: 1436: 1385:

A development in stylus form came about by the attention to the

754: 455:. The phonautograph would play a role in the development of the 73:

and its attached stylus touching down on the grooves of a black

6255: 5517: 5356: 4190: 1350:

with a high quality cartridge and that the surfaces are clean.

394:

The phonautograph was invented on March 25, 1857, by Frenchman

5707: 4146:– Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law 4094: 2213: 1896:. The Illustrated Official Journal. 1910-07-05. Archived from 1579: 1552: 1077: 621: 4149: 3852:"Crosley Offers New The Beatles Options For Vinyl Collectors" 3195:"TPA-1 M32 R-Player Philco, Philadelphia Stg. Batt. Co.; USA" 2859:

from the original on 2016-10-03 – via Internet Archive.

886:

that Bell took up the phonograph challenge. Bell had married

695:) enticed store customers with the wonders of the invention. 662: 371:, along with a range of other new inventions, including the 6049: 4068:

Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience

2502:

Office Management: Developing Skills for Smooth Functioning

739:

Early phonograph at Deaf Smith County Historical Museum in

538:

messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by

4089: 3627:"BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | The non-compact disc turns 50" 2660:"Article about Edison and the invention of the phonograph" 854:

playbacks; nevertheless Edison had discovered the idea of

273:. This signal is then converted back into sound through a 187:

made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the

4158:– Information, images and tutorials; strongly focused on 3299:"History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall" 2997:

Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound: Volta Graphophone Company

1570:

to convert the sound from a playing record into a 24-bit

783:

or physically unplayable media without physical contact.

296:. These were introduced and popularized in the UK by the 3957:. Second rev. ed., First Collier Books ed., in series, 1472:

Although largely replaced since the introduction of the

1220:(now Panasonic). In 1969, Matsushita released it as the 691:

This 1906 recording (with the character being voiced by

478:

of unpublished ideas in the event of any later dispute.

3084:

Popular Mechanics, June 6, 2016, retrieved July 3, 2017

2916: 2883: 2382:, no. 33, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2009, 1821:"Better Sound from your Phonograph" ISBN 979-8218067304 1527:

retro-styled suitcase record player produced in c. 2013

795:, not preserved, has been called the first instance of 3576:(4):452–460 (accessed at archive.org on 5 August 2011) 2713:

recording at Tinfoil.com, URL accessed August 14, 2006

2251:"What Was the First Sound Ever Recorded by a Machine?" 4045:"A Record Changer And Record Of Complementary Design" 3769:"Return of the deck - how turntables are taking over" 3741:"The Technics SL-1200 Turntable just made a comeback" 3041:, originally published at the History Department of, 2287:. University of California Press. 1983. p. 137. 316:

An Edison Standard Phonograph that uses wax cylinders

3603:"Braun design – Record players by Rams and Oberheim" 1562:

Modern turntables have also been released featuring

6725: 6704: 6653: 6618: 6568: 6545: 6489: 6403: 6352: 6289: 6179: 6113: 6037: 5984: 5906: 5848: 5825: 5779: 5721: 5663: 5579: 5551: 5472: 5439: 5388: 5297: 5232: 5141: 5110: 5078: 5069: 5026: 4744: 4668: 4613: 4532: 4512: 4469: 4447: 4376: 4288: 4271: 4262: 4225: 4138:

Mario Frazzetto's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery

4133:

Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph

3251:(advertisement). November 1961. p. Back cover. 1186:There are presently three main phonograph designs: 1007:, was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with 421:Scott coated a plate of glass with a thin layer of 4119:History of Recorded Sound: Phonographs and Records 3521: 3519: 2583: 973:applications and began to seek out investors. The 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 4043:Carson, B. H.; Burt, A. D.; Reiskind, and H. I., 2026: 2024: 2022: 1418:To address the problem of steel needle wear upon 573:Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, 4100:Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project 1422:, which resulted in the cracking of the latter, 179:. Phonograph use would rise the following year. 3988:The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912 3652:"Vinyl sales to hit another high point in 2009" 1137:Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph – 965:by the Edison Military Band (video, 3 min 51 s) 437:had been used in this way by English physicist 3350:. VintageSonics. 29 March 2023. Archived from 2797:"Technology saves echoes of past from silence" 2765:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison" 2582:Klein, Herman (1990). William R. Moran (ed.). 2314:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison" 2061: 2059: 2057: 1894:Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases 97:, is a device for the mechanical and analogue 6421:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe 6267: 5529: 5368: 4202: 2871:Personal Speech To The Future By P. T. Barnum 1451:An old phonograph for record preservation at 1149:developed and produced the world's first all- 124:, or directly to the listener's ears through 8: 4106:Cylinder players held at the British Library 2826:Matthew Rubery, ed. (2011). "Introduction". 2192:"Sound Recording Predates Edison Phonograph" 1001:A coin-operated version of the Graphophone, 495: 489: 483: 300:. Initially, "gramophone" was a proprietary 213:or needle, pickup system, and the sound and 145:with his second phonograph, photographed by 6156:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 5480:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs 3245:"/mode/2up "The Only Portable of its Kind!" 2995:Hoffmann, Frank W. & Ferstler, Howard. 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2228:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors" 2032:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors" 1311:. Crystal and ceramic pickups that use the 164:with the first gramophone he developed, in 6274: 6260: 6252: 5746:Comparison of analog and digital recording 5536: 5522: 5514: 5375: 5361: 5353: 5075: 4268: 4209: 4195: 4187: 3197:(in German). Radiomuseum.org. 1955-06-28. 2961:, United States National Museum Bulletin, 2505:. Global India Publications. p. 139. 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 1966:"09 Aug 1878 – THE ROYAL SOCIETY. – Trove" 1697:Historical phonographs could record sound. 1322:The pickup includes a stylus with a small 944:A later-model Columbia Graphophone of 1901 932:wax record with a sharp recording stylus. 765:'s choral music made on June 29, 1888, at 3878:. recordplayerreviews.org. Archived from 3329:Six Machines That Changed The Music World 2828:Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies 1076:A 1930s portable wind-up gramophone from 624:, which was temporarily wrapped around a 49:For its use as a musical instrument, see 4455:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 4177:Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.com 3961:. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill. 3683:"Vinyl Sales Grew More Than 50% In 2014" 3437:You Can Play the Record, but Don't Touch 3324: 3322: 2284:Nineeenth-century Scientific Instruments 1307:and converted into sound by one or more 404: 64: 4062:c.1915 Swiss hot-air engined gramophone 2452:"Charles Cro: French inventor and poet" 2301:from the original on February 15, 2017. 1995:"mar 25, 1857 - Phonautograph invented" 1710: 1690: 1040:Disc vs. cylinder as a recording medium 175:The phonograph was invented in 1877 by 6416:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company 4115:– information and high-quality images. 4080:Early recordings from around the world 4015:Turntable [wiki]: Bibliography 2991: 2989: 1858:"This Is How a Turntable Really Works" 1856:Hockenson, Lauren (20 December 2012). 860:New York City electric light and power 704: 27:Device for analogue recording of sound 6217:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 3946:Bruil, Rudolf A. (January 8, 2004). " 3762: 3760: 3418:Digital Needle – A Virtual Gramophone 3146:Wallace, Robert (November 17, 1952). 2636:from the original on 21 February 2022 2129:Villafana, Tana (December 20, 2021). 2042:from the original on January 22, 2022 1731:from the original on October 14, 2018 1496:brought back its well-known advanced 838:and his two associates took Edison's 527:for Edison's phonograph, May 18, 1880 448:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 413:. This version uses a barrel made of 362:by the Society's Honorary Secretary, 7: 6532:General Electric Research Laboratory 4095:The Berliner Sound and Image Archive 3281:The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies 3101:from the original on 9 December 2012 2141:from the original on January 3, 2022 1769:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph" 825:Improvements at the Volta Laboratory 488:, but Cros himself favored the word 240:. However, records have undergone a 4085:The Birth of the Recording Industry 3160:from the original on March 6, 2017. 3006:, CRC Press, 2005, Vol.1, pg.1167, 2440:from the original on July 24, 2011. 2418:from the original on July 24, 2011. 2326:from the original on April 13, 2022 2110:from the original on April 17, 2022 2100:"Oldest recorded voices sing again" 2067:"Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville" 1972:. Trove.nla.gov.au. 9 August 1878. 508:credit for priority of conception. 3955:The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977 3920:"This new Sony turntable is turnt" 3662:from the original on 26 April 2013 3054:Encyclopedia of World Biography. " 2851:Thomas Edison (30 November 1926). 2519:from the original on 15 April 2021 2162:"Leon Scott and the Phonautograph" 2007:from the original on June 29, 2022 1921:from the original on 17 March 2020 1462:(National Sound Archive of Mexico) 494:, sometimes rendered in French as 25: 6799:Audiovisual introductions in 1877 5766:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 5317:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 4767:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 3278:Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, 3220:"The Philco Radio Gallery – 1956" 2807:from the original on 7 April 2014 2356:from the original on June 1, 2022 2263:from the original on June 7, 2022 2204:from the original on May 26, 2022 2073:from the original on July 1, 2022 1941:"State Library Victoria – Viewer" 1228:, which, following the spread of 1052:A Victor V phonograph, circa 1907 396:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville 77:placed on the turntable's platter 6773:Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar 6733:Thomas Edison in popular culture 6527:Storage Battery Company Building 6235: 5497: 3695:from the original on 2017-07-29. 3570:Victrolac Motion Picture Records 2967:Museum of History and Technology 2795:Eichler, Jeremy (6 April 2014). 2559:"The Phonograph, 1877 thru 1896" 2238:from the original on 2017-09-21. 1800:from the original on 2011-09-03. 1794:"The Biography of Thomas Edison" 1757:from the original on 2011-05-13. 1719:"The Incredible Talking Machine" 1662:List of phonograph manufacturers 1620: 1606: 1592: 705:Problems playing this file? See 680: 636:supported by plain and threaded 154: 135: 6593:The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace 5751:Experimental musical instrument 4845:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 4556:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 3900:from the original on 2011-07-13 3533:from the original on 2011-07-17 3529:. Vinylengine.com. 2009-11-09. 3380:from the original on 2011-10-17 3226:from the original on 2013-06-21 3222:. Philcoradio.com. 2012-03-12. 3201:from the original on 2013-10-21 2777:from the original on 2011-09-03 2666:from the original on 2016-08-19 2586:Herman Klein and The Gramophone 2567:. July 25, 1896. Archived from 2464:from the original on 2018-03-09 2396:from the original on 2015-09-28 1976:from the original on 2022-02-21 1947:from the original on 2022-02-21 1868:from the original on 2019-12-04 1775:from the original on 2016-08-19 1121:First all-transistor phonograph 865: 656:Introduction of the disc record 343:The Illustrated Australian News 6471:Motion Picture Patents Company 6456:Edison Storage Battery Company 6446:Edison Portland Cement Company 3950:." Retrieved on July 25, 2011. 3650:Martens, Todd (11 June 2009). 3372:Rudolf A. Bruil (2004-01-08). 3075:How the Jukebox Got its Groove 2753:, URL accessed August 14, 2006 2312:Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008). 2249:Fabry, Merrill (May 1, 2018). 2160:Schoenherr, Steven E. (1999). 1531:At the low-end of the market, 1315:have largely been replaced by 1201:In a belt-drive turntable the 612:Phonograph cabinet built with 197:initiated the transition from 40:Record player (disambiguation) 1: 5936:Electronic musical instrument 4064:at Museum of Retro Technology 2963:United States National Museum 2646:National Library of Australia 2632:. 9 August 1878. p. 10. 1299:The pickup or cartridge is a 1100:issued to US soldiers during 936:Graphophone commercialization 632:mounted on a correspondingly 574: 409:Dictionary illustration of a 6662:The Execution of Mary Stuart 6436:Edison Manufacturing Company 6242:Record production portal 6131:Institute of Broadcast Sound 5504:Record production portal 4641:Thermionic Products Recordon 4034:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism 4019:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism 3977:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism 3918:Cox, Jamieson (2016-01-06). 3656:Los Angeles Times Music Blog 2830:. Routledge. pp. 1–21. 2704:"Experimental Talking Clock" 1361:produces excellent quality. 1141:magazine, issue October 1955 1068:Dominance of the disc record 1028:and many others, before the 991:American Graphophone Company 723:was obliged to perform his " 675:"I Am The Edison Phonograph" 340:Wood engraving published in 242:revival since the late 2000s 6643:Tales from the Bully Pulpit 6426:Edison Illuminating Company 6151:Musical Electronics Library 5028:Analog-to-digital converter 4935:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 3767:Spice, Anton (2016-01-08). 3739:Hugh Langley (2016-01-05). 3446:URL accessed April 25, 2008 3427:URL accessed March 31, 2007 2904:Othello By Edwin Booth 1890 2740:"Very Early Recorded Sound" 1568:analog-to-digital converter 1443:Contemporary use and models 1161:Radio & Television News 961:Edison-Phonograph playing: 779:recorded on April 9, 1860. 731:Oldest surviving recordings 36:Gramophone (disambiguation) 6850: 6819:History of sound recording 6481:Oriental Telephone Company 6441:Edison Ore-Milling Company 5898:Sound reinforcement system 5807:Sound reinforcement system 5151:Compact Disc Digital Audio 4235:Music box cylinder or disc 4128:Hi-Fi All-New 1958 Edition 4036:(January 2013). Montréal: 4021:(January 2013). Montréal: 3994:Reddie, Lovell N. (1908). 3979:(January 2013). Montréal: 3896:. Knowzy.com. 2008-12-01. 3894:"USB turntable comparison" 2763:Rosen, Jody (2008-03-27). 2730:33:2 (Fall 2002), 237–242. 2683:University of California. 2489:38:2 (Fall 2007), 226–228. 1465: 1295:Typical magnetic cartridge 898: 828: 472:French Academy of Sciences 387: 55: 48: 32:Turntable (disambiguation) 29: 6635:Edison's Conquest of Mars 6512:Memorial Tower and Museum 6231: 6121:Audio Engineering Society 6019:Software effect processor 5999:Digital audio workstation 5840:Digital signal processing 5604:Digital audio workstation 5493: 4851:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 4630: 4166:45 rpm player and changer 4126:– Excerpts from the book 3876:"Vinyl to USB Conversion" 1657:Compressed air gramophone 1516:portable player in 2023. 1502:Consumer Electronics Show 1252:3012 tonearm fitted on a 1139:Radio and Television News 1032:became a major factor in 1011:entertainment phonograph 975:Volta Graphophone Company 721:George Washington Johnson 598:Royal Society of Victoria 360:Royal Society of Victoria 149:in Washington, April 1878 6517:National Historical Park 6309:Edison's Phonograph Doll 6212:Professional audio store 6114:People and organizations 6100:Sound recording engineer 5101:Digital Compact Cassette 4989:Capitol Records Audiopak 4839:Dictaphone Travel master 4635:Telefunken magnetic disc 4604:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 4028:Weissenbrunner, Karin. " 3706:Wood, Zoe (2017-12-22). 2853:"Mary had a little lamb" 2539:"Chicago Sunday tribune" 1628:Record production portal 888:Hubbard's daughter Mabel 817:and Shakespearean actor 787:voice of U.S. President 99:reproduction of recorded 56:Not to be confused with 44:Tonearm (disambiguation) 6834:19th-century inventions 6768:Statue of Thomas Edison 6375:Incandescent light bulb 5630:Microphone preamplifier 4917:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 4598:Protona Minifon special 4219:audio recording formats 3287:Oxford University Press 3181:The Wall Street Journal 3043:University of San Diego 2926:Retrieved July 21, 2015 2893:Retrieved July 21, 2015 2457:Encyclopedia Britannica 2166:University of San Diego 1771:. Library of Congress. 1652:Audio signal processing 1156:The Wall Street Journal 866:Volta's early challenge 851:invented the phonograph 500:('voice of the past'). 6559:Theodore Miller Edison 6476:Mine Safety Appliances 6411:Thomas A. Edison, Inc. 6299:List of Edison patents 5571:Electronic and digital 5401:Direct-drive turntable 5001:Bandai micro cartridge 4947:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 3568:Barton, F.C. (1932 ). 3148:"First It Said 'Mary'" 3121:"the early gramophone" 2069:. First Sounds. 2008. 1753:. Rutgers University. 1547: 1528: 1463: 1382: 1296: 1257: 1183: 1181:direct-drive turntable 1142: 1130: 1085: 1053: 966: 945: 921:. Tainter was granted 910: 884:Gardiner Green Hubbard 804:Mary Had a Little Lamb 793:Mary Had a Little Lamb 747: 697:2 minutes, 23 seconds. 667: 617: 580: 528: 496: 490: 484: 476:priority of conception 418: 347: 317: 104:. The sound vibration 78: 5396:Phonograph/gramophone 4869:Cousino Echo-matic II 4349:Indestructible record 3959:Sounds of the Century 3607:www.designundtext.com 3376:. Soundfountain.com. 3056:Alexander Graham Bell 2980:The Washington Herald 2751:National Park Service 2544:Chicago Daily Tribune 2499:Dubey, N. B. (2009). 2376:"L'impression du son" 2197:All Things Considered 2036:National Park Service 1668:Talking Machine World 1572:high-resolution audio 1541: 1522: 1450: 1381:78 rpm records, 1940s 1372: 1294: 1247: 1175: 1136: 1128: 1075: 1051: 960: 943: 928:grooves to the inch. 908: 836:Alexander Graham Bell 738: 666: 611: 572: 555:Chicago Daily Tribune 523: 516:The early phonographs 408: 400:Traité de Physiologie 339: 315: 181:Alexander Graham Bell 93:, or more recently a 68: 6743:Pearl Street Station 6431:Edison Machine Works 6339:Quadruplex telegraph 6029:Software synthesizer 5994:Digital audio editor 5780:Playback transducers 5640:Multitrack recording 5406:Belt-drive turntable 4965:Sanyo Tape cartridge 4791:Rediffusion Reditune 4670:Loose (reel-to-reel) 4621:Magnetic stripe card 4550:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 4315:Perfected phonograph 4243:(early 17th century) 4090:The Cylinder Archive 3986:Koenigsberg, Allen. 3097:. 16 November 2005. 3030:Schoenherr, Steven. 2950:Newville, Leslie J. 2624:. No. 10, 030. 1751:"Tinfoil Phonograph" 1313:piezoelectric effect 1256:TD124 MkII turntable 849:Although Edison had 199:phonograph cylinders 6804:American inventions 6753:Thomas Edison House 6738:War of the currents 6390:Thermionic emission 6385:Nickel–iron battery 6365:Edison–Lalande cell 6360:Consolidated Edison 5447:Phonograph cylinder 5383:Grooved track audio 4779:Mohawk Midgetape RL 4592:Protona Minifon P55 4586:Protona Minifon P51 4361:Blue Amberol record 4343:Gold moulded record 4337:Le Céleste cylinder 4309:Dictaphone cylinder 4299:Phonograph cylinder 3971:Heumann, Michael. " 3156:. pp. 87–102. 2983:, October 28, 1937. 2616:"The Royal Society" 2564:Scientific American 2430:"www.phonozoic.net" 2408:"www.phonozoic.net" 2350:Library of Congress 2172:on February 7, 2018 2135:Library of Congress 1641:Phonograph cylinder 1359:Library of Congress 1317:magnetic cartridges 1094:transcription discs 1062:Eldridge R. Johnson 1014:U.S. patent 428,750 1004:U.S. patent 506,348 924:U.S. patent 385,886 870:Meanwhile, Bell, a 789:Rutherford B. Hayes 776:Au clair de la lune 759:phonograph cylinder 564:Scientific American 549:Scientific American 431:Au Clair de la Lune 6824:Hip hop production 6717:Edisonian approach 6080:Re-recording mixer 5883:Keyboard amplifier 5599:Binaural recording 5234:Electronic circuit 5089:Digital Audio Tape 4803:RCA tape cartridge 4761:Cousino Echo-matic 4659:Audio High Density 4408:Edison Voicewriter 4168:at work on YouTube 4111:2012-02-06 at the 4073:2021-03-08 at the 3990:. APM Press, 1991. 3442:2007-08-12 at the 3423:2003-12-29 at the 3127:on 13 January 2012 3095:"cylinder history" 3080:2017-01-26 at the 3061:2010-01-05 at the 3037:2011-12-23 at the 3002:2017-03-07 at the 2957:2011-06-04 at the 2922:2013-12-31 at the 2911:2016-01-16 at the 2889:2013-12-31 at the 2878:2016-03-29 at the 2770:The New York Times 2745:2014-02-28 at the 2709:2007-02-19 at the 2690:2011-06-29 at the 2662:. Memory.loc.gov. 2319:The New York Times 2200:. March 27, 2008. 2106:. March 28, 2008. 1600:electronics portal 1548: 1546:turntable, c. 2019 1529: 1512:revived its 1980s 1464: 1383: 1297: 1258: 1184: 1143: 1131: 1086: 1082:His Master's Voice 1054: 1034:home entertainment 1030:recording industry 1022:dictating machines 1009:nickel-in-the-slot 967: 946: 911: 767:The Crystal Palace 748: 668: 618: 581: 529: 419: 352:Australian English 348: 318: 298:Gramophone Company 230:8-track cartridges 147:Levin Corbin Handy 79: 71:magnetic cartridge 42:, and 6781: 6780: 6686:A Night of Terror 6304:Carbon microphone 6249: 6248: 6055:Guitar technician 5951:Music workstation 5835:Digital recording 5812:Speaker enclosure 5731:8-track cartridge 5673:Phonograph record 5511: 5510: 5452:Phonograph record 5350: 5349: 5293: 5292: 5022: 5021: 4857:Orrtronic Tapette 4785:Dictaphone Dictet 4384:Phonograph record 4241:Mechanical cuckoo 4156:The Analogue Dept 4124:EnjoytheMusic.com 3773:The Vinyl Factory 3559:US Patent 4855989 3550:US Patent 4521877 3527:"Vinylengine.com" 3495:US Patent 3871664 3455:US Patent 3774918 3020:978-0-415-93835-8 2837:978-0-415-88352-8 2038:. July 17, 2017. 1727:. June 23, 2010. 1636:Phonograph record 1453:Fonoteca Nacional 1355:computer software 1345:A few specialist 1168:Turntable designs 1058:gramophone record 958: 895:Volta Graphophone 882:, it was through 725:The Laughing Song 686: 583:The music critic 267:electrical signal 222:phonograph record 128:-type earphones. 85:, later called a 16:(Redirected from 6841: 6577:Young Tom Edison 6466:General Electric 6276: 6269: 6262: 6253: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6126:Goji Electronics 6065:Monitor engineer 6024:Software sampler 5931:Electronic drums 5908:Electronic music 5878:Guitar amplifier 5723:Analog recording 5683:Compact cassette 5645:Music production 5553:Music technology 5545:Music technology 5538: 5531: 5524: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5076: 4929:DC-International 4887:Compact cassette 4705:Fullcoat magfilm 4647:Record Maker Pye 4614:Magnetic surface 4544:Lorenz Textophon 4367:Paradis cylinder 4331:Stentor cylinder 4269: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4010: 4008: 4007: 3953:Gelatt, Roland. 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3681:McIntyre, Hugh. 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3523: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3471:. Archived from 3470: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3295: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3266:, May 21, 1977, 3259: 3253: 3252: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3123:. Archived from 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3085: 3072: 3066: 3052: 3046: 3028: 3022: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2948: 2927: 2900: 2894: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2801:The Boston Globe 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2760: 2754: 2737: 2731: 2720: 2714: 2701: 2695: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2589: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2496: 2490: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346:"The Gramophone" 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2168:. Archived from 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2063: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2028: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1891: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1834:. Archived from 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1796:. Gerald Beals. 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1715: 1698: 1695: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1498:Technics SL-1200 1461: 1347:laser turntables 1226:Technics SL-1200 1178:Technics SL-1200 1016: 1006: 996:Columbia Records 959: 926: 844:Volta Laboratory 715:a more advanced 688: 687: 665: 579: 576: 499: 493: 487: 415:plaster of Paris 322:American English 185:Volta Laboratory 158: 139: 21: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6721: 6700: 6649: 6614: 6600:The Current War 6585:Edison, the Man 6564: 6541: 6485: 6399: 6348: 6291: 6285: 6280: 6250: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6175: 6109: 6075:Record producer 6060:Mixing engineer 6033: 5980: 5946:MIDI controller 5921:Circuit bending 5902: 5844: 5821: 5797:Monitor speaker 5775: 5717: 5665:Recording media 5659: 5650:Music sequencer 5635:Monitor speaker 5581:Sound recording 5575: 5547: 5542: 5512: 5507: 5498: 5496: 5489: 5468: 5435: 5431:Laser turntable 5384: 5381: 5351: 5346: 5289: 5278:USB flash drive 5272:Toymax VJ Starz 5228: 5137: 5106: 5065: 5018: 4881:Philips EL 3583 4827:Cousino MR-9000 4815:Protona Attaché 4809:Philips EL 3581 4740: 4664: 4626: 4609: 4528: 4513:Loose magnetic 4508: 4465: 4443: 4372: 4284: 4272:Grooved surface 4258: 4221: 4215: 4113:Wayback Machine 4075:Wayback Machine 4058: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3948:Linear Tonearms 3943: 3941:Further reading 3938: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3792:Sparrow, Mark. 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3513:US Pat. 4365325 3512: 3508: 3504:US Pat. 4105212 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3444:Wayback Machine 3435: 3431: 3425:Wayback Machine 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3327: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3082:Wayback Machine 3073: 3069: 3063:Wayback Machine 3053: 3049: 3039:Wayback Machine 3029: 3025: 3004:Wayback Machine 2994: 2987: 2977: 2973: 2959:Wayback Machine 2949: 2930: 2924:Wayback Machine 2913:Wayback Machine 2901: 2897: 2891:Wayback Machine 2880:Wayback Machine 2868: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747:Wayback Machine 2738: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2711:Wayback Machine 2702: 2698: 2692:Wayback Machine 2682: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2639: 2637: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2594:. p. 380. 2581: 2580: 2576: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2380:Revue de la BNF 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2207: 2205: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1557:needle dropping 1470: 1455: 1445: 1432: 1367: 1343: 1341:Optical readout 1289: 1280: 1278:Linear tracking 1271: 1242: 1170: 1123: 1070: 1042: 1012: 1002: 948: 938: 922: 919:Chichester Bell 903: 897: 878:. According to 868: 856:sound recording 833: 827: 733: 712: 711: 703: 701: 700: 699: 698: 696: 689: 681: 678: 676: 669: 663: 658: 644:, the airborne 606: 577: 518: 465: 392: 386: 381: 364:Alex Sutherland 356:British English 334: 310: 290:British English 250: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 159: 151: 150: 140: 61: 54: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6763:Telephonoscope 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6627:The Future Eve 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6553:Charles Edison 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6537:Winter Estates 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6461:Edison Studios 6458: 6453: 6451:Edison Records 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6292:and inventions 6287: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6180:Related topics 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6136:Lejaren Hiller 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6095:Sound operator 6092: 6090:Sound follower 6087: 6085:Sound designer 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6045:Audio engineer 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5863:Bass amplifier 5860: 5858:Mixing console 5854: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5596: 5594:Mixing console 5591: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5426:Record changer 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5335:Timecode vinyl 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5181:Super Audio CD 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5157:Philips CD-BGM 5154: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5013:Pocket Rockers 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4977:Steno-Cassette 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4953:Grundig DeJ614 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4711:Stripe magfilm 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4580:Peirce 330/360 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4523:Wire recording 4519: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4402:Pathé Actuelle 4399: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355:Amberol record 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4325:Salon cylinder 4322: 4312: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4121: 4116: 4103: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4065: 4057: 4056:External links 4054: 4053: 4052: 4041: 4026: 4011: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3951: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3910: 3885: 3882:on 2016-07-30. 3867: 3842: 3809: 3784: 3756: 3731: 3698: 3673: 3642: 3631:news.bbc.co.uk 3618: 3594: 3578: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3457: 3448: 3429: 3410: 3401: 3390: 3364: 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October 2015 3290: 3271: 3254: 3236: 3211: 3186: 3172: 3163: 3138: 3112: 3086: 3067: 3047: 3023: 2985: 2971: 2928: 2895: 2862: 2843: 2836: 2818: 2787: 2755: 2732: 2715: 2696: 2676: 2651: 2607: 2600: 2574: 2571:on 2009-12-02. 2550: 2530: 2511: 2491: 2474: 2443: 2421: 2399: 2388: 2367: 2337: 2304: 2293: 2274: 2241: 2219: 2183: 2152: 2121: 2084: 2053: 2018: 1986: 1957: 1932: 1906: 1903:on 2019-04-12. 1878: 1848: 1823: 1814: 1803: 1785: 1760: 1742: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1617: 1603: 1587: 1584: 1510:Audio-Technica 1444: 1441: 1431: 1428: 1366: 1363: 1342: 1339: 1288: 1287:Pickup systems 1285: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1241: 1238: 1169: 1166: 1122: 1119: 1088:In the 1930s, 1069: 1066: 1041: 1038: 1026:Emile Berliner 937: 934: 896: 893: 880:Sumner Tainter 867: 864: 829:Main article: 826: 823: 797:recorded verse 761:recordings of 732: 729: 702: 690: 679: 674: 672: 671: 670: 661: 660: 659: 657: 654: 605: 604:Early machines 602: 525:Patent drawing 517: 514: 464: 461: 388:Main article: 385: 382: 380: 377: 333: 330: 326:Emile Berliner 309: 306: 255:record changer 249: 246: 234:cassette tapes 195:Emile Berliner 162:Emile Berliner 160: 153: 152: 141: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6846: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Thomas Edison 6812: 6810: 6809:Audio players 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748:Edison Museum 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Etheric force 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6283:Thomas Edison 6277: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6230: 6224: 6223:Vehicle audio 6221: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:High fidelity 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5827:Digital audio 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5771:Tape recorder 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741:Cassette deck 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:Magnetic tape 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5655:Outboard gear 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Audio channel 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5506: 5505: 5492: 5486: 5485:Vinyl revival 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Highway Hi-Fi 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5305:Mini-cassette 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5266:Takara E-kara 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5112:Sound-on-film 5109: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080:Magnetic tape 5077: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983:Stenorette DL 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4959:Microcassette 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911:Micro pack 35 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833:IBM Magnabelt 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746:Magnetic tape 4743: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681:Blattnerphone 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4673:magnetic tape 4671: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4471:Sound-on-film 4468: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4432:Highway Hi-Fi 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4237:(9th century) 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3967:0-02-032680-7 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591:0-9634921-3-6 3588: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3478:on 2011-07-13 3474: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3354:on 2023-09-06 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2906:recorded 1890 2905: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2873:recorded 1890 2872: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2601:0-931340-18-7 2597: 2593: 2592:Amadeus Press 2588: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2547:. 9 May 1877. 2546: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2512:9789380228167 2508: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2389:9782717724301 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2294:9780520051607 2290: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1838:on 2019-12-04 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1704: 1694: 1691: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1618: 1615: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504:during which 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1468:Vinyl revival 1459: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1413:CED Videodisc 1409: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1135: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 997: 992: 988: 983: 981: 976: 972: 964: 942: 935: 933: 929: 925: 920: 915: 907: 902: 894: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 863: 861: 857: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 832: 824: 822: 820: 816: 812: 809: 808:sound-on-film 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 784: 780: 778: 777: 773:recording of 772: 771:phonautograph 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 746: 742: 737: 730: 728: 726: 722: 718: 710: 708: 694: 677: 655: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 614:Edison cement 610: 603: 601: 599: 595: 594: 589: 586: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:Thomas Edison 526: 522: 515: 513: 509: 506: 505:public domain 501: 498: 497:voix du passé 492: 486: 479: 477: 473: 469: 462: 460: 458: 454: 453:Thomas Edison 449: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 416: 412: 411:phonautograph 407: 403: 401: 397: 391: 390:Phonautograph 384:Phonautograph 383: 379:Early history 378: 376: 374: 370: 369:conversazione 365: 361: 357: 353: 345: 344: 338: 331: 329: 327: 323: 314: 308:United States 307: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261:setup with a 260: 256: 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 178: 177:Thomas Edison 167: 163: 157: 148: 144: 143:Thomas Edison 138: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 91:record player 88: 84: 76: 72: 67: 63: 59: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6758:Edison Hotel 6692: 6684: 6678:Frankenstein 6676: 6668: 6660: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6606: 6598: 6583: 6575: 6507:Depot Museum 6380:Movie camera 6353:Advancements 6328: 6314:Edison screw 6233: 5966:Sound module 5926:Drum machine 5868:Effects unit 5761:Player piano 5755: 5688:Compact disc 5610:Effects unit 5495: 5416:Seeburg 1000 5395: 5244:(late 1970s) 5143:Optical disc 5007:Picocassette 5003:(late 1980s) 4797:Saba Sabafon 4568:RCA MI-12877 4562:RCA MI-12875 4448:Grooved tape 4414:SoundScriber 4410:(late 1940s) 4396:Diamond disc 4377:Grooved disc 4279:Phonautogram 4247:Punched card 4150:Vinyl Engine 4127: 4048: 4033: 4018: 4004:. Retrieved 3999: 3987: 3976: 3958: 3954: 3927:. Retrieved 3923: 3913: 3902:. Retrieved 3888: 3880:the original 3870: 3859:. Retrieved 3855: 3850:Moon, Brad. 3845: 3834:. Retrieved 3823:The Guardian 3822: 3812: 3801:. Retrieved 3797: 3787: 3776:. Retrieved 3772: 3748:. Retrieved 3744: 3734: 3723:. Retrieved 3712:The Guardian 3711: 3701: 3686: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3655: 3645: 3634:. Retrieved 3630: 3621: 3610:. Retrieved 3606: 3597: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3535:. Retrieved 3509: 3500: 3491: 3480:. Retrieved 3473:the original 3466:"Johana.com" 3460: 3451: 3432: 3413: 3404: 3393: 3382:. Retrieved 3367: 3356:. Retrieved 3352:the original 3342: 3332: 3309:. Retrieved 3302: 3293: 3280: 3274: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3228:. Retrieved 3214: 3203:. Retrieved 3189: 3179: 3175: 3166: 3151: 3141: 3129:. Retrieved 3125:the original 3115: 3103:. Retrieved 3089: 3070: 3050: 3026: 2978: 2974: 2903: 2898: 2870: 2865: 2846: 2827: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2800: 2790: 2779:. Retrieved 2768: 2758: 2735: 2728:ARSC Journal 2727: 2724:ARSC Journal 2723: 2718: 2699: 2679: 2668:. Retrieved 2654: 2644:– via 2638:. Retrieved 2619: 2610: 2585: 2577: 2569:the original 2562: 2553: 2542: 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2501: 2494: 2487:ARSC Journal 2486: 2483:ARSC Journal 2482: 2477: 2466:. Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2433: 2424: 2411: 2402: 2379: 2370: 2358:. Retrieved 2340: 2328:. Retrieved 2317: 2307: 2283: 2277: 2267:February 13, 2265:. Retrieved 2254: 2244: 2231: 2222: 2212:– via 2206:. Retrieved 2195: 2186: 2174:. Retrieved 2170:the original 2155: 2143:. Retrieved 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2075:. Retrieved 2044:. Retrieved 2009:. Retrieved 1998: 1989: 1978:. Retrieved 1969: 1960: 1949:. Retrieved 1935: 1923:. Retrieved 1909: 1898:the original 1893: 1881: 1870:. Retrieved 1861: 1851: 1840:. Retrieved 1836:the original 1826: 1817: 1806: 1788: 1777:. Retrieved 1763: 1745: 1733:. Retrieved 1722: 1713: 1693: 1674:Vinyl killer 1666: 1614:music portal 1561: 1549: 1542:A mid-range 1530: 1514:Sound Burger 1500:at the 2016 1474:compact disc 1471: 1433: 1430:Equalization 1417: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1390:quadraphonic 1384: 1352: 1344: 1332: 1321: 1309:loudspeakers 1298: 1281: 1272: 1259: 1215: 1200: 1192:direct-drive 1185: 1160: 1154: 1144: 1138: 1102:World War II 1087: 1055: 1043: 1019: 1008: 1000: 989:created the 987:Philadelphia 984: 968: 962: 930: 916: 912: 869: 848: 834: 815:P. T. Barnum 803: 801: 792: 785: 781: 774: 749: 713: 634:threaded rod 619: 591: 590: 585:Herman Klein 582: 563: 553: 547: 543: 530: 510: 502: 480: 468:Charles Cros 466: 444: 439:Thomas Young 435:tuning forks 420: 399: 393: 368: 349: 341: 319: 294:disc records 287: 279: 251: 238:compact disc 219: 215:equalization 206: 188: 174: 94: 90: 86: 82: 80: 62: 6829:Turntablism 6654:Productions 6502:Black Maria 6395:Ticker tape 6370:Fluoroscopy 6324:Kinetoscope 6290:Discoveries 6207:Music store 6202:Home cinema 6161:Robert Moog 6146:Max Mathews 6070:Piano tuner 6038:Professions 6014:Scorewriter 5971:Synthesizer 5787:Loudspeaker 5054:PCM adaptor 5042:X80/ProDigi 5036:Soundstream 4923:Cantata 700 4893:Grundig En3 4687:Magnetophon 4574:Peirce 265B 4438:Bandai 8ban 4305:Graphophone 4051:, June 1949 2917:archive.org 2884:archive.org 2232:www.nps.gov 1735:October 21, 1679:Turntablism 1646:Archéophone 1456: [ 1373:Stylus for 1240:Arm systems 1230:turntablism 1211:elastomeric 1196:idler-wheel 1115:polystyrene 1106:Prince Igor 901:Graphophone 819:Edwin Booth 693:Len Spencer 648:vibrated a 578: 1915 485:phonographe 275:loudspeaker 248:Terminology 190:graphophone 126:stethoscope 51:Turntablism 6794:Turntables 6788:Categories 6619:Literature 6522:State Park 6497:Birthplace 6334:Phonomotor 6329:Phonograph 6197:Home audio 6187:Audiophile 6004:GarageBand 5850:Live music 5792:Headphones 5756:Phonograph 5625:Microphone 5620:Headphones 5566:Electrical 5561:Mechanical 5462:production 5260:Yaboom Box 5248:MP3 player 5242:Sound chip 5060:DA-88/DTRS 4875:Stereo-Pak 4773:Stenorette 4653:Synchrofax 4503:Fantasound 4497:Photophone 4390:Pathé disc 4253:Music roll 4227:Mechanical 4049:RCA Review 4013:Various. 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