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663:, but called white bronze for marketing purposes. Almost all, if not all, zinc grave markers were made by the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, CT, between 1874 and 1914. The company set up subsidiaries in Detroit, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Des Moines; a Chicago subsidiary was named the American Bronze Company, while the St. Thomas White Bronze Monument Company was set up in Ontario, Canada. They are in cemeteries of the period all across the U.S. and Canada. They were sold as more durable than marble, about 1/3 less expensive and progressive.
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as a means of commemorating a number of members of the same family. In the 19th century, headstone styles became very diverse, ranging from plain to highly decorated, and often using crosses on a base or other shapes differing from the traditional slab. By this time popular designs were shifting from
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may follow national codes of practice or independently prescribe the size and use of certain materials, especially in a conservation area. Some may limit the placing of a wooden memorial to six months after burial, after which a more permanent memorial must be placed. Others may require stones of a
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to protect visitors is complicated because it often does not have any ownership rights over the dangerous marker. Authorities that have knocked over stones during testing or have unilaterally lifted and laid flat any potentially hazardous stones have been criticised, after grieving relatives have
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Was a common material for grave making in the
American Colonies during the 17th and 18th Century. While harder to Carve than Sandstone or Slate, lettering and symbols usually had to be carved deeper into the stone and therefore held up well over long periods of time. While not as durable as most
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and remembrance. The names of relatives are often added to a gravestone over the years, so that one marker may chronicle the passing of an entire family spread over decades. Since gravestones and a plot in a cemetery or churchyard cost money, they are also a symbol of wealth or prominence in a
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as indicators of language choices and language loyalty. For example, by studying cemeteries used by immigrant communities, some languages were found to be carved "long after the language ceased to be spoken" in the communities. In other cases, a language used in the inscription may indicate a
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can have a pleasing texture but is slightly porous and prone to delamination. Slate was commonly used by colonial New
England carvers, especially in Boston where elaborate slate markers were shipped down the Atlantic coast as far south as Charleston and Savanah. It takes lettering well, often
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to demarcate the foot end of the grave. This sometimes developed into full kerb sets that marked the whole perimeter of the grave. Footstones were rarely annotated with more than the deceased's initials and year of death, and sometimes a memorial mason and plot reference number. Many
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Over time a headstone may settle or its fixings weaken. After several instances where unstable stones have fallen in dangerous circumstances, some burial authorities "topple test" headstones by firm pressure to check for stability. They may then tape them off or flatten them.
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Some headstones use lettering made of white metal fixed into the stone, which is easy to read but can be damaged by ivy or frost. Deep carvings on a hard-wearing stone may weather many centuries exposed in graveyards and still remain legible. Those fixed on the inside of
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2015:
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Gravestone cleaning is a practice that both professionals and volunteers can do to preserve gravestones and increase their life spans. Before cleaning any gravestones, permission must be given to the cleaner by a "descendant, the
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1768:, cemetery superintendent or the town, in that order. If unsure who to ask, go to your town cemetery keeper and inquire." A gravestone can be cleaned to remove human vandalism and graffiti, biological growth such as algae or
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and local authority guidance now restricts the force used in a topple test and requires an authority to consult relatives before moving a stone. In addition, before laying a stone flat, it must be recorded for posterity.
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symbols of death like Winged heads and Skulls to Urns and Willow trees. Marble also became overwhelmingly popular as a grave material during the 1800s in the United States. More elaborately carved markers, such as
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carvings of a religious nature or of a profile of the deceased can be seen on some headstones, especially up to the 19th century. Since the invention of photography, a gravestone might include a framed
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and crumbled to dust. Delamination occurs when moisture gets between the layers of the sandstone. As it freezes and expands the layers flake off. In the 17th century, sandstone replaced field stones in
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on gentle slopes, older headstones and footstones can often be found tilted at an angle. Over time, this movement can result in the stones being sited several metres away from their original location.
266:. Cemeteries require regular inspection and maintenance, as stones may settle, topple and, on rare occasions, fall and injure people; or graves may simply become overgrown and their markers lost or
1636:: Righteousness, for it is written "...to do righteousness and justice" (Gen 18:19) and "the doing of righteousness and justice is preferable to the Lord than sacrificial offering" (Proverbs 21:3).
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Gravestones may be simple upright slabs with semi-circular, rounded, gabled, pointed-arched, pedimental, square or other shaped tops. During the 18th century, they were often decorated with
277:. Even overgrowth removal requires care to avoid damaging the carving. For example, ivy should only be cut at the base roots and left to naturally die off, never pulled off forcefully. Many
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take carving well. Marble is a recrystallised form of limestone. The mild acid in rainwater can slowly dissolve marble and limestone over time, which can make inscriptions unreadable.
165:. Now, all three terms ("stele", "tombstone" or "gravestone") are also used for markers set (usually upright) at the head of the grave. Some graves in the 18th century also contained
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have removed those extra stones to ease grass cutting by machine mower. In some UK cemeteries, the principal, and indeed only, marker is placed at the foot of the grave.
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695:. Trees or shrubs, particularly roses, may be planted, especially to mark the location of ashes. This may be accompanied by a small inscribed metal or wooden marker.
125:. With greater literacy, more markers began to include inscriptions of the deceased's name, date of birth, and date of death, often along with a personal message or
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community. Some gravestones were even commissioned and erected to their own memory by people who were still living, as a testament to their wealth and status. In a
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1974:
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of the deceased; photographic images or artwork (showing the loved one, or some other image relevant to their life, interests or achievements) are sometimes now
716:. Larger cemeteries may require a discreet reference code as well to help accurately fix the location for maintenance. The cemetery owner, church, or, as in the
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and elsewhere. Some could be very ornate, although few survive beyond 50–100 years due to natural decomposition or termites and other wood boring insects. In
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is durable, yet soft enough to carve easily. Some sandstone markers are so well preserved that individual chisel marks are discernible, while others have
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over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers and emblems exposed on the stone, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.
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886:" when still-living people, as many as 500,000 in the United States alone, pre-purchased headstones with pre-carved death years beginning with 19–.
708:. The information on the headstone generally includes the name of the deceased and their date of birth and death. Such information can be useful to
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Some form of simple decoration may be employed. Special emblems on tombstones indicate several familiar themes in many faiths. Some examples are:
733:". In a few instances the inscription is in the form of a plea, admonishment, testament of faith, claim to fame or even a curse –
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293:. In many cultures markers for graves other than enclosed areas, such as planted with characteristic plants particularly in northern Europe the
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also became popular during this time. Simple curb surrounds, sometimes filled with glass chippings, were popular during the mid-20th century.
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was a type of limestone commonly used in
England – after weathering, fossiliferous deposits tend to appear on the surface.
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frequently offer similar alternatives to families who do not have a grave to mark, but who want a focus for their mourning and for
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is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and
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message "KFC tortures birds". The group placed its grave marker to promote its contention that KFC is cruel to chickens.
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Islamic headstones are traditionally more a rectangular upright shaft, often topped with a carved topknot symbolic of a
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Marker inscriptions have also been used for political purposes, such as the grave marker installed in
January 2008 at
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2006:
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2644:(a video created by the United States National Park Service on how to clean gravestones and other monuments)
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2002:
1108:, or even some event from the life of the deceased (particularly how they died). Large tomb chests, false
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and may be removable for greater protection between rituals. Ancient grave markers typically incorporated
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415:, a tombstone with an Arabic inscription dated 1174 on a reused Roman marble block. Now exhibited at the
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2005:, burial practice of all religious communities until mid to late 16th century, probably spread through
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Tombstone topped with orb symbolizing a celestial body and the reward of resurrection, churchyard of
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One of the most important tenets of gravestone cleaning is "do no harm." In the United States, the
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2033:. The headstone is columnar, which is a particularly common configuration for headstones in Japan.
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as the actual remains were in the earth below, or smaller coped chests were commonly used by the
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2634:, Association for Gravestone Studies, 2011, pp. 15–55. (Reprinted with permission of the
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Grave marker for
Horatio Nelson Ball and father, Joseph Ball, Jr., Grandville Cemetery, MI, US
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2628:"Memorializing the Civil War Dead: Modernity and Corruption under the Grant Administration"
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1928:. Tree stump headstones in U.S. cemeteries are often associated with fraternal organization
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has published a list of guidelines that outline the best practices of gravestone cleaning:
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or winged skulls, winged cherub heads, heavenly crowns, or the picks and shovels of the
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525:(Devon, England) showing a skull sprouting flowering shoots, as a symbol of resurrection
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129:. The presence of a frame for photographs of the deceased is also increasingly common.
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became popular from the early 19th century, though its extra cost limited its appeal.
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309:. Typical motifs for the carving included a symbol and the deceased's name and age.
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p. 42. Kara VanDam. 2009. Dutch–American language shift: evidence from the grave.
819:
653:, Sweden, iron crosses instead of stones have been popular since the 18th century.
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1920:
Unconventional tombstone in the
Cemetery Park of the "Freireligiöse Gemeinde" in
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1981:
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as possible) may last much longer: such memorials were often embellished with a
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145:), as it is called in an archaeological context, is one of the oldest forms of
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579:, Gwa'sala Kwakwaka'wakw (Native American), late 19th century, wood, pigment,
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1362:" ("Jesus, savior of mankind"); alternatively treated as an initialism for "
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This procedure has proved controversial in the UK, where an authority's
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The choice of language and/or script on gravestones has been studied by
26:"Tombstone" and "Headstone" redirect here. For the city in Arizona, see
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1510:
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1002: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
790:"Many – like us – sat here by this spring
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in praise of the deceased or quotations from religious texts, such as "
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682:
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316:
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2429:
Understanding cemetery symbols: a field guide for historic graveyards.
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certain shape or position to facilitate grass-cutting. Headstones of
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Don’t sand blast or use harsh mechanical methods such as power tools
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discovered that their relative's marker has been moved. Since 2007
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Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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Captain Andrew Drake (1684–1743) sandstone gravestone from the
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Do perform small test patches before cleaning the entire stone
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tombstone dated 1795, carved by Josiah
Manning in Mansfield CT
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Photographs of memorial inscriptions plus free surname search
1791:
Do select the gentlest cleaning method to accomplish the task
1132:; but in Western countries more local styles are often used.
798:
We captured the whole world through our courage and strength,
776:
Gravestone in Canada with indigenous language inscription in
2206:"A Survey of White Bronze Mortuary Monuments in St. Johns's"
649:
often only survives in a rusted or eroded state. In eastern
78:. An especially old or elaborate stone slab may be called a
2599:
217:
inside the crematorium for example may serve this purpose.
3059:
International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
878:
Information in
English, Bible verse in German (Dallas, TX)
2480:"Advice and guidance from The Local Government Ombudsmen"
2374:
Doris Francis, Georgina Neophytu, Leonie Kellaher. 2005.
1034:
Typical Death’s Head design, often used on tombstones in
2320:
Robert Fisk: "An urge to smash history into tiny pieces"
1366:": "In this sign you shall conquer." Commonly indicates
109:, as well as other traditions. In East Asia, the tomb's
74:. A marker set at the head of the grave may be called a
1908:
Winged skull & winged soul effigies, Morristown, NJ
149:. Originally, a tombstone was the stone lid of a stone
2596:
Project to transcribe content from historic headstones
1860:
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church (Sherrill, Iowa)
625:
grave markers and decorations were popular during the
2529:"Cleaning Grave Markers (U.S. National Park Service)"
1707:
1672:
787:
Carved on a stone near a spring of water these words:
613:
Wooden grave markers stored at Heidal Church, Norway
398:
slate, most have held up well against the elements.
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2761:
2685:
16:
Stele or marker, usually stone, placed over a grave
1716:
1681:
633:and elsewhere, often being produced by specialist
1604:: Eternal life if upturned, death if extinguished
455:Slate vestige of a Jewish gravestone depicting a
188:Graves and any related memorials are a focus for
153:, or the coffin itself, and a gravestone was the
2242:Hungarian Cinema: From Coffee House to Multiplex
1732:): The first letters spelling the name of Christ
952:. The grave marker is located near the grave of
808:Or a simpler warning of inevitability of death:
372:was a common sandstone material used in England.
262:are usually created, installed, and repaired by
205:rather than having simply external gravestones.
1980:A late-19th-century headstone adorned with the
2618:How to clean a Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
1382:: Faithfulness, memory, and undying friendship
305:and others decorated or incised using a metal
2663:
1816:Don’t use bleach or other salt laden cleaners
1308:: A relation or partnership (see Reference 3)
802:Yet could take nothing with us to our grave."
761:poetry carved on an ancient tombstone in the
645:headstones have lasted for generations while
90:. The use of such markers is traditional for
8:
2204:Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Drover, Kelly (2018).
1772:, and other minerals, soiling, or staining.
689:is a traditional carved wooden grave marker.
197:, the very wealthy often erected elaborate
2670:
2656:
2648:
2508:Cemetery Conservators for United Standards
2403:"PETA Takes Fight to Col. Sanders's Grave"
794:And left this life in the blink of an eye.
746:Blest be the man that spares these stones,
2614:includes gravestone imagery in New Jersey
1706:
1671:
1018:Learn how and when to remove this message
669:. This was a popular material during the
3069:Mason Contractors Association of America
2557:In Search Of Gravestones Old And Curious
1800:Do follow manufacturers’ safety guidance
1797:Do follow manufacturers’ recommendations
723:In addition, some gravestones also bear
3064:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
2441:National Federation of Cemetery Friends
2143:
1833:
1088:. Somewhat unusual were more elaborate
479:Gravestone showing death date of 1639,
401:
273:Restoration is a specialized job for a
2047:St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley
1261:: Salvation, bearer of souls to Heaven
748:And cursed be he that moves my bones.
439:(1679–1717), Hingham Center Cemetery,
2072:Personalized gravestone inscription,
1843:Typical late-20th-century headstone,
882:Headstone engravers faced their own "
742:Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
498: – A headstone in the
496:HIS LAST MESSAGE: NO MORE WARS FOR ME
7:
2636:"Association for Gravestone Studies"
2409:from the original on 7 February 2009
1960:I. Städtischer Friedhof Eisackstraße
1819:Don’t power wash with high pressures
1000:adding citations to reliable sources
785:I heard that mighty Jamshed the King
2356:from the original on 11 August 2014
948:by Mathew Prescott, an employee of
855:Gurkha soldier's stone in Singapore
1662:Greek letters might also be used:
1514:: Awakening, courage and vigilance
677:, and almost certainly before, in
14:
2245:. Wallflower Press. p. 213.
1825:Don’t use strong acids or bases"
834:Prepare for death and follow me.
737:'s inscription famously declares
521:Elaborately carved grave slab at
2469:Re Keynsham Cemetery Gravestones
2401:Bedard, Paul (10 January 2008).
2269:Folk Art in Hungarian Cemeteries
2220:from the original on 1 July 2020
2122:The Devil's Chair (urban legend)
2065:
2038:
2014:
1991:
1973:
1947:(The Sleep), 1907, sculpture by
1937:
1913:
1901:
1878:
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443:, Plymouth County, Massachusetts
428:
404:
383:highlighted with white paint or
3100:Burial monuments and structures
2914:Non-explosive demolition agents
2342:Lynch, Michael W. (July 1999).
1858:19th-century marble headstone,
987:needs additional citations for
847:, Wales: Welsh, English, French
818:inscriptions on gravestones in
2600:Pennsylvania German tombstones
2173:"Histories of Malta, Volume 1"
1813:Don’t remove original surfaces
1682:{\displaystyle \alpha \omega }
830:As you are now, so once was I,
744:To dig the dust enclosèd here.
537:Tottering Victorian headstones
121:, especially details in stone
1:
3110:Stone monuments and memorials
2450:Safety in cemeteries guidance
2272:. Corvina KiadĂł. p. 52.
1645:: Old age, mourning if draped
1370:faith, the latter especially
778:Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
3079:Worshipful Company of Masons
2559:by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from
2184:Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti
1698:): The beginning and the end
1546:: Everlasting life in Heaven
1245:: Trials, victory and reward
905:onto smooth stone surfaces.
832:As I am now, so you will be,
229:A tombstone at the grave of
161:) that was laid flat over a
2590:Old New England gravestones
2460:Ecclesiastical Case Reports
1498:: a deathbed, eternal sleep
1358:, a Greek abbreviation of "
1338:: Time and its swift flight
1161:: Rejoined with partner in
843:Multilingual gravestone in
828:Remember me as you pass by,
281:have been used as markers.
181:Owing to soil movement and
21:Gravestone (disambiguation)
3131:
2630:, by Bruce S. Elliott, in
2594:Historic Headstones Online
1717:{\displaystyle \chi \rho }
1066:, with columnar headstones
467:(Karczew-Anielin), Poland.
417:Gozo Museum of Archaeology
36:Headstone (disambiguation)
32:Tombstone (disambiguation)
25:
18:
2904:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2623:Stone Quarries and Beyond
2446:25 September 2019 at the
2239:Cunningham, John (2004).
2210:The Newfoundland Ancestor
1050:motif on an 11th-century
863:Serbian women's stone in
601:Iron cross on a grave in
2605:11 February 2021 at the
2431:Castle Azle Press, 2017.
2325:15 December 2007 at the
1470:: Forgiveness, and peace
1447: – fully
1300:: Deliverance from grief
590:Wood grave marker using
70:, that is placed over a
2465:12 October 2008 at the
2178:31 October 2022 at the
1482:, or victory over death
1076:(symbolic reminders of
937:religious affiliation.
704:Markers sometimes bear
2642:Cleaning Grave Markers
2568:, Sofi Hamid Cemetery
1718:
1683:
1360:Iesus Hominum Salvator
1346:: Stylized version of
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751:
614:
606:
594:
583:
568:Metal, wood and plants
242:
55:
49:Stelton Baptist Church
30:. For other uses, see
1885:Headstone for a dog,
1777:National Park Service
1719:
1684:
1596:: Life lost in battle
1364:in Hoc Signo (Vinces)
1327:: Protection against
1061:
1045:
1033:
877:
862:
854:
842:
825:
814:
782:
775:
739:
659:. Actually sand cast
612:
600:
589:
575:
228:
215:commemorative plaques
66:is a marker, usually
46:
2728:Massive precut stone
2723:Post-tensioned stone
2492:on 7 September 2008.
2117:Scottish gravestones
1930:Woodmen of the World
1803:Do exercise patience
1705:
1670:
1612:: The beauty of life
1551:Square and Compasses
1292:: Victory over death
1062:Islamic cemetery in
996:improve this article
946:Louisville, Kentucky
435:Slate gravestone of
115:ancestral veneration
19:For other uses, see
2924:Stonemason's hammer
2889:Ceramic tile cutter
2612:Stockton University
2588:A Very Grave Matter
2580:8 June 2010 at the
2376:The Secret Cemetery
2295:"Headstone Gallery"
2266:Kunt, Ernő (1983).
1759:Gravestone Cleaning
1090:allegorical figures
968:Form and decoration
921:(often as near the
753:Or a warning about
735:William Shakespeare
258:and other kinds of
2575:World Burial Index
2332:, 8 September 2007
2087:Gravestone rubbing
1985:square and compass
1714:
1679:
1253:: Reward and glory
1068:
1056:
1040:
942:Cave Hill Cemetery
880:
872:
857:
849:
824:
781:
730:requiescat in pace
615:
607:
595:
592:Canadian Syllabics
584:
243:
231:Paavo Ruotsalainen
56:
53:Edison, New Jersey
28:Tombstone, Arizona
3105:Monumental masons
3087:
3086:
3013:Hardstone carving
2960:Polygonal masonry
2784:Decorative stones
2561:Project Gutenberg
2389:LACUS Forum XXXIV
2279:978-963-13-1359-8
2252:978-1-903364-79-6
2169:Bonello, Giovanni
2152:"Memorial safety"
2127:Tombstone tourist
2009:funerary practice
1028:
1027:
1020:
884:year 2000 problem
845:Llangybi, Gwynedd
264:monumental masons
213:. Carved or cast
195:Christian context
113:is the focus for
3122:
2919:Plug and feather
2769:Artificial stone
2672:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2571:
2570:(in Azerbaijani)
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2485:. Archived from
2484:
2476:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2293:Fergus Wessell.
2290:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:on 11 June 2007.
2154:. Archived from
2148:
2069:
2042:
2018:
1995:
1977:
1968:
1957:
1941:
1917:
1905:
1882:
1870:
1855:
1840:
1752:Consistory Court
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1588:: Life cut short
1537:: Life's brevity
1372:Society of Jesus
1145:: Steadfast hope
1036:Colonial America
1023:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1003:
980:
972:
927:monumental brass
865:Gornja Gorevnica
822:, Czech Republic
803:
799:
795:
791:
714:local historians
647:wrought ironwork
556:
534:
518:
492:
476:
452:
432:
408:
366:Colonial America
275:monumental mason
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3047:
2996:
2933:
2867:
2789:Dimension stone
2757:
2681:
2676:
2607:Wayback Machine
2582:Wayback Machine
2569:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2467:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2448:Wayback Machine
2439:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2378:. Oxford: Berg.
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2344:"Grave Problem"
2341:
2340:
2336:
2330:The Independent
2327:Wayback Machine
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2238:
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2233:
2223:
2221:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2180:Wayback Machine
2167:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2043:
2034:
2019:
2010:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1951:
1949:Hermann Hosaeus
1942:
1933:
1926:Prenzlauer Berg
1918:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1761:
1739:
1703:
1702:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1506:: Eternal sleep
1413:: Victory, fame
1183:: Faith, wisdom
1024:
1013:
1007:
1004:
993:
981:
970:
958:Harland Sanders
836:
833:
831:
829:
805:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
786:
757:, such as this
750:
747:
745:
743:
702:
581:Brooklyn Museum
570:
563:
557:
548:
538:
535:
526:
519:
510:
493:
484:
483:, Kent, England
477:
468:
461:Jewish cemetery
453:
444:
433:
424:
409:
297:, were natural
287:
233:(1777–1852) in
223:
135:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3128:
3126:
3118:
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3112:
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3092:
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3071:
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3055:
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3025:
3015:
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3002:
2998:
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2982:
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2735:
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2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Letter cutting
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2572:
2563:
2552:
2551:External links
2549:
2546:
2545:
2520:
2495:
2471:
2452:
2433:
2420:
2405:. Usnews.com.
2393:
2380:
2367:
2334:
2312:
2301:on 7 July 2013
2285:
2278:
2258:
2251:
2231:
2196:
2192:978-9993210016
2161:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2055:Chester County
2044:
2037:
2035:
2023:Uchida Hyakken
2020:
2013:
2011:
2001:tombstones in
1997:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1912:
1910:
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1900:
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1738:
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1734:
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1710:
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1675:
1659:
1658:
1650:Weeping willow
1646:
1637:
1628:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1593:Crossed swords
1589:
1580:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1538:
1530:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1490:: Eternal life
1483:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1436:
1425:
1414:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1368:Roman Catholic
1339:
1331:
1320:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1284:: Eternal life
1277:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1230:
1219:
1207:
1199:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1150:Angel of grief
1146:
1137:
1092:, such as Old
1026:
1025:
984:
982:
975:
969:
966:
960:and bears the
934:sociolinguists
826:
783:
740:
701:
698:
697:
696:
690:
664:
654:
631:United Kingdom
569:
566:
565:
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536:
529:
527:
520:
513:
511:
494:
487:
485:
478:
471:
469:
454:
447:
445:
437:Josiah Leavitt
434:
427:
425:
413:Maymūnah Stone
410:
403:
400:
399:
388:
373:
350:
343:Portland stone
324:
310:
286:
283:
222:
219:
183:downhill creep
134:
131:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
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3103:
3101:
3098:
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3095:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:Organizations
3050:
3044:
3043:Machicolation
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
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2981:
2978:
2976:
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2968:
2966:
2963:
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2951:
2948:
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2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Diamond blade
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Angle grinder
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
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2827:
2825:
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2817:
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2800:
2797:
2795:
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2787:
2785:
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2468:
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2434:
2430:
2427:Snider, Tui.
2424:
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2110:
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2075:
2068:
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2048:
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2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:The grave of
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1931:
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1911:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:Dubuque, Iowa
1839:
1834:
1830:Image gallery
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
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1809:
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1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:Star of David
1559:
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1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:: Dualism of
1442:
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1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:: Purity and
1420:
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985:This section
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711:
707:
699:
694:
691:
688:
684:
680:
679:Great Britain
676:
675:Victorian era
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:or the local
636:
632:
628:
627:Victorian era
624:
620:
617:
616:
611:
604:
599:
593:
588:
582:
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111:spirit tablet
108:
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89:
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81:
80:funeral stele
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2975:Tuckpointing
2929:Straightedge
2863:Stone veneer
2679:Stonemasonry
2632:Markers XXVI
2631:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2487:the original
2474:
2455:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2347:
2337:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2288:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2216:(1): 27–38.
2213:
2209:
2199:
2183:
2164:
2156:the original
2146:
2107:Murder stone
2059:Pennsylvania
1944:
1807:
1806:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1747:duty of care
1744:
1740:
1701:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1639:
1634:box (pushke)
1630:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1528:resurrection
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1473:
1467:Olive branch
1465:
1457:
1438:
1434:resurrection
1432:: Strength,
1427:
1423:resurrection
1416:
1408:
1397:
1385:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1341:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1232:
1221:
1209:
1206:: Noble life
1201:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1073:memento mori
1071:
1069:
1014:
1005:
994:Please help
989:verification
986:
939:
931:
917:, or on the
907:
888:
881:
827:
807:
784:
752:
741:
728:
722:
710:genealogists
706:inscriptions
703:
700:Inscriptions
692:
686:
666:
657:White bronze
656:
618:
577:Grave Marker
576:
508:Mount Scopus
506:Cemetery on
495:
457:tzedakah box
390:
375:
352:
330:
326:
321:sandblasting
312:
290:
272:
244:
187:
180:
159:ledger stone
147:funerary art
136:
119:funerary art
87:
83:
79:
75:
63:
59:
57:
40:
2884:Bush hammer
2819:Lime mortar
2698:Rustication
2533:www.nps.gov
2360:7 September
2305:5 September
2194:. pp. 9–11.
2112:Sarcophagus
2074:Berwick, PA
1963: [
1952: [
1887:Tatton Park
1788:"Do no harm
1556:Freemasonry
1544:in a circle
1404:Immortality
1394:, young age
1275:Holy Spirit
1223:Conch shell
1094:Father Time
1086:gravedigger
1038:(Boston MA)
1008:August 2011
765:capital of
504:World War I
361:delaminated
299:fieldstones
291:Fieldstones
211:remembrance
176:churchyards
3094:Categories
3038:Stone wall
2965:Repointing
2938:Techniques
2794:Fieldstone
2779:Cast stone
2733:Monumental
2504:"Cleaning"
2138:References
1945:Der Schlaf
1640:Shattered
1609:Tree trunk
1578:Motherhood
1462:: Strength
1269:: Purity,
1110:sarcophagi
1080:) such as
1054:gravestone
1048:equestrian
895:photograph
890:Bas-relief
639:blacksmith
545:Nottingham
268:vandalised
207:Crematoria
172:cemeteries
167:footstones
155:stone slab
60:gravestone
3033:Sculpture
3022:Footstone
3018:Headstone
2985:Brickwork
2970:Scabbling
2950:Flushwork
2846:Sandstone
2824:Limestone
2799:Flagstone
2762:Materials
2743:Sculpture
2708:Dry stone
2566:Azeri.org
2097:Mausoleum
1712:ρ
1709:χ
1677:ω
1674:α
1620:: Truth,
1480:Martyrdom
1392:Innocence
1335:Hourglass
1324:Horseshoe
1281:Evergreen
1191:: Divine
913:, on the
820:Sobědruhy
755:mortality
643:Cast iron
635:foundries
547:, England
500:Jerusalem
481:Wormshill
370:Yorkstone
357:Sandstone
353:Sandstone
335:limestone
331:limestone
279:materials
241:, Finland
221:Materials
199:memorials
141:(plural:
100:Christian
76:headstone
64:tombstone
3001:Products
2955:Knapping
2748:Slipform
2603:Archived
2578:Archived
2463:Archived
2444:Archived
2413:19 April
2407:Archived
2354:Archived
2323:Archived
2218:Archived
2176:Archived
2171:(2000).
2132:Viewlogy
2102:Megalith
2092:Khachkar
2081:See also
1891:Cheshire
1655:Mourning
1632:Tzedakah
1624:and the
1622:equality
1617:Triangle
1534:Skeleton
1451:, fully
1318:Devotion
1215:: Early
1153:: Sorrow
1064:Sarajevo
962:acrostic
956:founder
911:churches
903:engraved
767:Dushanbe
725:epitaphs
693:Planting
671:Georgian
651:Värmland
605:cemetery
603:Ekshärad
541:Woolaton
523:Shebbear
502:British
303:unmarked
247:cemetery
203:churches
190:mourning
2945:Flaming
2809:Granite
2753:Snecked
2718:Masonry
2703:Carving
2224:28 June
2051:Malvern
2027:Okayama
1982:Masonic
1958:at the
1895:England
1657:, grief
1626:trinity
1583:Broken
1573:Swallow
1567:Judaism
1511:Rooster
1487:Peacock
1440:Mermaid
1289:Garland
1258:Dolphin
1210:Broken
1197:justice
1119:crosses
1098:emblems
1052:Swedish
759:Persian
687:kopjafa
683:Hungary
629:in the
441:Hingham
385:gilding
333:. Both
317:Granite
313:Granite
301:, some
252:granite
201:within
107:burials
104:Islamic
92:Chinese
3115:Stones
3028:Mosaic
3008:Castle
2980:Veneer
2909:Trowel
2894:Chisel
2841:Mortar
2829:Marble
2804:Gabion
2738:Rubble
2693:Ashlar
2538:9 July
2513:9 July
2391:33–42.
2349:Reason
2276:
2249:
2190:
2003:Bosnia
1999:Stećak
1922:Berlin
1770:lichen
1766:sexton
1737:Safety
1495:Pillow
1445:Christ
1410:Laurel
1297:Gourds
1238:anchor
1228:Wisdom
1212:column
1203:Column
1193:wisdom
1188:Cherub
1172:: The
1163:Heaven
1142:Anchor
1130:turban
1123:angels
1114:gentry
1106:status
1082:skulls
869:Serbia
816:Hebrew
763:Tajiki
685:, the
560:Schist
465:Otwock
395:Schist
391:Schist
347:Marble
339:marble
327:Marble
256:marble
239:Kuopio
235:Nilsiä
151:coffin
143:stelae
127:prayer
123:relief
102:, and
96:Jewish
2990:Wythe
2872:Tools
2858:Slate
2834:Types
2814:Grout
2774:Brick
2686:Types
2490:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2031:Japan
2007:Vlach
1967:]
1956:]
1808:Don't
1696:omega
1692:alpha
1601:Torch
1585:sword
1542:Snake
1524:Birth
1519:Shell
1503:Poppy
1475:Palms
1356:sigma
1313:Heart
1305:Hands
1250:Crown
1242:Bible
1234:Cross
1217:death
1169:Birds
1102:trade
1096:, or
1078:death
923:altar
919:floor
915:walls
899:cameo
543:, in
421:Malta
380:Slate
376:Slate
285:Stone
260:stone
163:grave
139:stele
86:, or
84:stela
72:grave
68:stone
2851:List
2540:2024
2515:2024
2415:2012
2362:2014
2307:2013
2274:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2226:2020
2188:ISBN
1694:and
1526:and
1429:Lion
1418:Lily
1399:Lamp
1387:Lamb
1348:iota
1329:evil
1273:and
1271:love
1266:Dove
1240:and
1180:Book
1174:soul
1158:Arch
950:PETA
712:and
673:and
667:Wood
661:zinc
623:Iron
619:Iron
411:The
337:and
329:and
174:and
157:(or
137:The
88:slab
34:and
2025:in
1730:rho
1727:chi
1642:urn
1459:Oak
1453:man
1449:God
1379:Ivy
1352:eta
1343:IHS
1195:or
1121:or
1104:or
1100:of
1046:An
998:by
954:KFC
944:in
897:or
539:in
463:in
419:in
307:awl
295:yew
133:Use
62:or
51:in
3096::
2531:.
2506:.
2352:.
2346:.
2214:34
2212:.
2208:.
2186:.
2182:.
2057:,
2053:,
2049:,
2029:,
1965:de
1954:de
1924:,
1893:,
1889:,
1783:Do
1653::
1576::
1565::
1554::
1522::
1478::
1402::
1390::
1316::
1236:,
1226::
929:.
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769:.
718:UK
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459:.
393:.
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355:.
315:.
270:.
254:,
245:A
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1690:(
1374:.
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1015:(
1010:)
1006:(
992:.
423:.
387:.
38:.
23:.
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