173:
bursting the door with his fists and continuing through the entry. The first warrior
Grendel finds is still asleep, so he seizes the man and devours him. Grendel grabs a second warrior, but is shocked when the warrior grabs back with fearsome strength. As Grendel attempts to disengage, the reader discovers that Beowulf is that second warrior. Beowulf uses neither weapon nor armour in this fight. He also places no reliance on his companions and has no need of them. He trusts that God has given him strength to defeat Grendel, whom he believes is God's adversary. Beowulf tears off Grendel's arm, mortally wounding the creature. Grendel flees but dies in his marsh den. There, Beowulf later engages in a fierce battle with
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27:
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165:. Unable to bear it any more, he attacks Heorot. Grendel continues to attack the Hall every night for twelve years, killing its inhabitants and making this magnificent mead hall unusable. To add to his monstrous description, the poet details how Grendel consumes the men he kills, "now that he could hope to eat his fill."
509:
in Old Norse accounts are highly diverse, lacking a single physical appearance, and best thought of as a social grouping, some broadly shared traits have been identified such as living on the periphery of the world, outside society. In both Old Norse and Old
English accounts, these borders between
177:
in a mere, over whom he triumphs with a sword found there. Following her death, Beowulf finds
Grendel's corpse and removes his head, which he keeps as a trophy. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour". He returns to Heorot, where a grateful Hroðgar showers him with
186:
Tolkien argues for the importance of
Grendel's role in the poem as an "eminently suitable beginning" that sets the stage for Beowulf's fight with the dragon: "Triumph over the lesser and more nearly human is cancelled by defeat before the older and more elemental." Tolkien argues that "the evil
172:
to destroy
Grendel. He is warmly welcomed by King Hroðgar, who gives a banquet in celebration. Afterwards Beowulf and his warriors bed down in the mead hall to await the inevitable attack. Grendel stalks outside the building for a time, spying the warriors inside. He then makes a sudden attack,
117:
94:, although his status as a monster, giant, or other form of supernatural being is not clearly described in the poem and thus remains the subject of scholarly debate. The character of Grendel and his role in the story of
191:
was seriously examined on its literary merits – not just for scholarship about the origins of the
English language, or what historical information could be gleaned from the text, as was common in the 19th century.
439:. Tolkien points out that while Grendel is the descendant of the Biblical Cain, he "cannot be dissociated from the creatures of northern myth". He notes that Cain is presented as the ancestor of beings such as
301:
Grendel's disembodied head is also so large that it takes four men to transport it. Furthermore, when
Grendel's torn arm is inspected it is described as being covered in impenetrable scales and horny growths.
551:), and how he died "with his lips separated into a smile". One major parallel between Agnar and Grendel would thus be that the monster of the poem has a name perhaps composed of a combination of the words
406:. Alfred Bammesgerber looks closely at line 1266 where Grendel's ancestry is said to be the "misbegotten spirits" that sprang from Cain after he was cursed. He argues that the word in Old English
586:, the given description of Grendel being man-like does not necessarily imply that Grendel is meant to be humanoid, going as far as stating that Grendel could easily have been a bipedal dragon.
539:
Sonya R. Jensen argues for an identification between
Grendel and Agnar, son of Ingeld, and suggests that the tale of the first two monsters is actually the tale of Ingeld, as mentioned by
187:
spirits took visible shape" in the characters of
Grendel and the dragon; however, the author's concern is focused on Beowulf. Tolkien's essay was the first work of scholarship in which
636:("Grendel's bog"). It has been further noted that these places are often nearby, or are, watery places, such as lakes and marshes, or other locations away from human habitation.
205:
During the decades following
Tolkien's essay, the exact description of Grendel was debated by scholars. Indeed, because his exact appearance is never directly described in
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467:. He further argues that this blending of traditions is intentional and seen throughout the poem more generally. Grendel specifically is described as both an
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respectively; it has been proposed that the poet and the audience of the poem would have seen Grendel as belonging to this same group of beings as the
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649, 1269, 1512 ... In the first ... the referent can be either Beowulf or Grendel. If the poet and his audience felt the word to have two meanings –
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and "a creature of darkness, exiled from happiness and accursed of God, the destroyer and devourer of our human kind." He is usually depicted as a
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609:, the ambiguity would be of little consequence, for battle was destined for both Beowulf and Grendel and both were fierce fighters (216–217).
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1974:
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The Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf, the Scôp or Gleeman's tale, and The fight at Finnesburg; with a literal translation, notes, glossary, etc
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225:– "shadow walker", in other words "night goer" – given that the monster was repeatedly described to be in the shroud of darkness.
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582:(1979) argued that seeing as the considered distinction between man and beast at the time the poem was written was simply man's
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Other scholars such as Sherman Kuhn (1979) have questioned Grendel's description as a monster, stating:
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1297:"Borderland-stalkers and Stalking-horses Horse Sacrifice as Liminal Activity in the Early Iron Age"
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have been subject to numerous reinterpretations and re-imaginings. Grendel is feared by all in
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poet, part of the debate revolves around what is known, namely his descent from the biblical
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or "grin-divid", after having his arm torn off at the shoulder by Beowulf, whose name means
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After Grendel's death, Hroðgar describes him as vaguely human in shape, though much larger:
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559:. The poet may be stressing to his audience that Grendel "died laughing", or that he was
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Grendel likely features in English place names dating to the Anglo-Saxon period such as
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Some scholars have linked Grendel's descent from Cain to the monsters and giants of the
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Abram, Christopher (20 December 2019). "At home in the fens with the Grendelkin".
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514:. This is notably consistent with Grendel's depiction as living in marshes and
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Beowulf's author often uses various substitute phrases for Grendel's name like
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1177:"Contradictory cosmology in Old Norse myth and religion – but still a system?"
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the realms of humanity and those of supernatural beings are often marked by
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in the 790s. The tale of Agnar tells how he was cut in half by the warrior
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1349:"Beowulf, Lines 702b-836: Transformations and the Limits of the Human"
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Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited
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Beowulf hears of these attacks and leaves his native land of the
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should be translated "the great former creation of spirits".
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Katherine O'Keefe has suggested that Grendel resembles a
914:
912:
82:. He is also described as a descendant of the Biblical
38:. Grendel is described as "Very terrible to look upon."
1342:. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
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Him in days of old the dwellers on earth named Grendel
668:
666:
66:), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist
455:, which he equates with their Old Norse cognates of
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1030:(9th ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 41–108.
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124:("mark-stepper"), an inhabitant of the borderland.
1160:(First US ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
1108:. Manchester University Press. pp. 120–144.
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288:albeit he was greater than any other human thing.
138:. Grendel, being cursed as the descendant of the
102:but Beowulf, who kills both him and his mother.
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1469:Cain and Beowulf: A Study in Secular Allegory
512:water, such as rivers or the surface of lakes
54:(700–1000 CE). He is one of the poem's three
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382:to pierce him through, no time proofed blade
370:Every nail, claw-scale and spur, every spike
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1533:
1519:
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1156:Dickinson, Peter; Anderson, Wayne (1979).
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385:that could cut his brutal blood caked claw
373:and welt on the hand of that heathen brute
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416:Relationship to wider Germanic traditions
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646:List of artistic depictions of Grendel
266:næfne hé wæs mára þonne aénig man óðer
1788:Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
1445:Beowulf: a translation and commentary
1295:Monikander, Anne (28 December 2006).
945:
903:
768:
672:
593:There are five disputed instances of
575:Other interpretations and discussions
432:Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics
376:was like barbed steel. Everybody said
285:in man's form trod the ways of exile,
7:
435:discussed Grendel and the dragon in
379:there was no honed iron hard enough:
1347:O'Keefe, Katherine O'Brian (1981).
1245:. London: Oxford University Press.
396:Relationship to Biblical traditions
1429:Proceedings of the British Academy
326:steda nægla gehwylc stýle gelícost
45:is a character in the Anglo-Saxon
14:
1340:An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism
259:on weres wæstmum wraéclástas træd
196:Identity and physical description
1774:Beowulf: A New Verse Translation
1740:
1498:
1260:Leneghan, Francis (April 2022).
1123:Bammesberger, A. (1 July 2008).
795:, p. 52, Stanzas 1128-1131.
347:þæt him heardra nán hrínan wolde
282:... the other, miscreated thing,
273:þone on géardagum Grendel nemdon
128:Grendel is a figure in the poem
1422:: The Monsters and the Critics"
361:blódge beadufolme onberan wolde
70:. He is referred to as both an
1798:: The Monsters and the Critics
333:haéþenes handsporu hilderinces
30:An illustration of Grendel by
1:
1209:""Where Do the Giants Live?""
982:Dickinson & Anderson 1979
354:íren aérgód, þæt ðæs áhlaécan
304:
230:
78:, types of beings from wider
1382:"Chapter 2, In the Open Air"
1338:Nicholson, Lewis E. (1963).
1975:Mythological anthropophages
1475:University of Toronto Press
1301:Current Swedish Archaeology
340:egl unhéoru aéghwylc gecwæð
217:(the first murderer in the
1998:
1447:. London: Harper Collins.
1213:Arkiv för nordisk filologi
1207:Jakobsson, Ármann (2006).
1016:Beowulf: A Student Edition
643:
109:
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16:Figure in the poem Beowulf
1738:
1550:
1064:Thorpe, Benjamin (1855).
771:, pp. 129, 228, 298.
313:
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239:
233:
1243:Kings, Beasts and Heroes
1234:Beowulf and the Monsters
650:Grendel appears in many
21:Grendel (disambiguation)
1805:Beowulf and the Critics
822:, Stanza 985 & 990.
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221:). Grendel is called a
201:Description in the poem
72:
1970:Male literary villains
1380:Semple, Sarah (2010).
1262:"Beowulf and the Hunt"
1232:Jensen, S. R. (1998).
630:("Grendel's mere) and
611:
501:Scandinavian tradition
189:Anglo-Saxon literature
125:
112:Beowulf § Summary
39:
1960:Characters in Beowulf
1175:Heide, Eldar (2014).
1158:The flight of dragons
1141:10.1093/notesj/gjn112
1049:. Franklin Classics.
1045:Heyne, Moriz (2018).
1014:George, Jack (1997).
783:, Stanza 37 & 38.
119:
110:Further information:
29:
1906:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1763:List of translations
1507:at Wikimedia Commons
1314:10.37718/CSA.2006.07
1241:Jones, Gwyn (1972).
1125:"Grendel's Ancestry"
723:, Stanzas 1651-1793.
652:other cultural works
421:Identity as an eoten
252:... óðer earmsceapen
19:For other uses, see
1911:Battle of Finnsburg
1855:Michael D. C. Drout
960:, pp. 484–485.
882:, pp. 145–146.
858:, pp. 257–260.
624:("Grendel's pit"),
549:Warlike little Bear
1965:Fictional monsters
1560:Alliterative verse
846:, pp. 41–108.
810:, Stanzas 983-989.
126:
80:Germanic mythology
40:
36:Stories of Beowulf
1947:
1946:
1503:Media related to
1441:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1414:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1397:978-1-84217-395-4
1279:10.3390/h11020036
1129:Notes and Queries
1115:978-1-5261-3644-2
1075:Slade, Benjamin.
1037:978-0-393-91249-4
856:Bammesberger 2008
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132:preserved in the
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1919:and Middle-Earth
1850:Nora K. Chadwick
1831:Finn and Hengest
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1768:Seamus Heaney
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921:, p. 30.
920:
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832:Williams 1982
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627:grendles mere
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33:
32:J. R. Skelton
28:
22:
1939:Nowell Codex
1916:
1829:
1824:Sellic Spell
1813:
1803:
1795:
1786:
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1719:
1683:Waegmundings
1541:
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1386:
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1221:. Retrieved
1216:
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1196:. Retrieved
1184:
1180:
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1128:
1104:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1066:
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1027:
1015:
1003:Bibliography
989:
977:
965:
958:O'Keefe 1981
953:
941:
899:
887:
875:
868:Tolkien 1936
863:
851:
839:
827:
820:Beowulf (OE)
815:
793:Tolkien 2014
788:
781:Beowulf (OE)
776:
764:
752:
745:Tolkien 2014
740:
733:Tolkien 1936
728:
721:Beowulf (OE)
716:
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317:translation
300:
243:translation
227:
222:
210:
204:
185:
167:
163:King Hroðgar
135:Nowell Codex
133:
129:
127:
121:
95:
58:(along with
49:
42:
41:
35:
1901:Adaptations
1885:Tom Shippey
1751:Translating
1555:Old English
1473:. Toronto:
1307:: 143–158.
970:Jensen 1998
919:Semple 2010
844:Heaney 2012
808:Heaney 2012
757:Thorpe 1855
709:George 1997
685:Heaney 2012
614:Place-names
309:Old English
235:Old English
223:sceadugenga
207:Old English
122:mearc stapa
56:antagonists
1954:Categories
1730:The Dragon
1710:Wealhtheow
1676:Ongentheow
1578:characters
1435:: 245–295.
1266:Humanities
1167:0060110740
946:Abram 2019
904:Heide 2014
769:Heyne 2018
673:Jones 1972
640:Depictions
584:bipedalism
149:and other
60:his mother
1716:Monsters
1651:Scylfings
1629:Healfdene
1619:Scyldings
1365:0040-4691
1331:193724505
1323:2002-3901
1288:2076-0787
1272:(2): 36.
1219:: 101–112
1193:1890-5455
1149:0029-3970
1096:Secondary
1081:heorot.dk
1077:"Beowulf"
658:Citations
561:gren-dael
534:berserker
516:Maxims II
481:Old Norse
425:In 1936,
161:built by
155:mead hall
47:epic poem
1929:Hrunting
1843:Scholars
1705:Wulfings
1693:Weohstan
1634:Heorogar
1614:Hundings
1597:Heardred
1465:(1982).
1443:(2014).
1416:(1936).
1373:40754660
1198:23 April
1026:(2012).
565:bee-wolf
503:. While
140:Biblical
130:Beowulf,
62:and the
1934:Nægling
1917:Beowulf
1894:Related
1814:Beowulf
1796:Beowulf
1754:Beowulf
1720:Grendel
1688:Ecgþeow
1666:Ohthere
1661:Eanmund
1656:Eadgils
1639:Hroðgar
1624:Æschere
1607:Hygelac
1592:Beowulf
1565:Kenning
1543:Beowulf
1505:Grendel
1420:Beowulf
1047:Beówulf
1028:Beowulf
1008:Primary
607:fighter
599:monster
443:eotenas
437:Beowulf
241:Tolkien
211:Beowulf
178:gifts.
96:Beowulf
88:monster
68:Beowulf
51:Beowulf
43:Grendel
1924:Heorot
1698:Wiglaf
1644:Unferð
1481:
1451:
1404:
1394:
1371:
1363:
1329:
1321:
1286:
1249:
1191:
1164:
1147:
1112:
1086:2 July
1053:
1034:
595:āglǣca
557:daelan
541:Alcuin
521:þyrsas
506:jötnar
496:jötnar
485:jötunn
473:and a
458:jötnar
315:Heaney
159:Heorot
151:eotens
100:Heorot
64:dragon
1671:Onela
1587:Geats
1574:Clans
1425:(PDF)
1402:JSTOR
1369:JSTOR
1327:S2CID
1223:6 May
1187:(1).
528:Other
470:eoten
464:álfar
311:text
237:text
219:Bible
170:Geats
147:elves
106:Story
92:giant
90:or a
1602:Hygd
1479:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1361:ISSN
1319:ISSN
1284:ISSN
1247:ISBN
1225:2022
1200:2022
1189:ISSN
1162:ISBN
1145:ISSN
1110:ISBN
1088:2023
1051:ISBN
1032:ISBN
603:hero
601:and
569:bear
555:and
553:gren
490:þurs
487:and
476:þyrs
461:and
451:ylfe
447:and
215:Cain
143:Cain
84:Cain
1309:doi
1274:doi
1217:121
1185:106
1137:doi
567:or
499:of
429:'s
157:of
1956::
1477:.
1433:22
1431:.
1427:.
1400:.
1384:.
1367:.
1357:23
1355:.
1351:.
1325:.
1317:.
1305:14
1303:.
1299:.
1282:.
1270:11
1268:.
1264:.
1215:.
1211:.
1179:.
1143:.
1133:55
1131:.
1127:.
1079:.
926:^
911:^
800:^
665:^
654:.
571:.
524:.
483::
1826:"
1822:"
1818:"
1810:"
1800:"
1793:"
1580:)
1576:(
1534:e
1527:t
1520:v
1487:.
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1418:"
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1311::
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1139::
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996:.
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972:.
948:.
906:.
894:.
834:.
747:.
687:.
547:(
23:.
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