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1260:. The romantic grotesque is far more terrible and sombre than the medieval grotesque, which celebrated laughter and fertility. It is at this point that a grotesque creature such as Frankenstein's monster begins to be presented more sympathetically as the outsider who is the victim of society. But the novel also makes the issue of sympathy problematic in an unkind society. This means that society becomes the generator of the grotesque, by a process of alienation. In fact, the grotesque monster in
209:
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129:
533:"Grotesques are a type of extremely licentious and absurd painting done by the ancients ... without any logic, so that a weight is attached to a thin thread which could not support it, a horse is given legs made of leaves, a man has crane's legs, with countless other impossible absurdities; and the bizarrer the painter's imagination, the higher he was rated".
661:, in natural history writings and in cabinets of curiosities. The last vestiges of romance, such as the marvellous also provide opportunities for the presentation of the grotesque in, for instance, operatic spectacle. The mixed form of the novel was commonly described as grotesque – see for instance Fielding's "comic epic poem in prose" (
842:
1349:, the Misfit, a serial killer, is clearly a maimed soul, utterly callous to human life, but driven to seek the truth. The less obvious grotesque is the polite, doting grandmother who is unaware of her own astonishing selfishness. Another oft-cited example of the grotesque from O'Connor's work is her short story entitled
792:
1174:.) Obvious examples would include the physically deformed and the mentally deficient, but people with cringe-worthy social traits are also included. The reader becomes piqued by the grotesque's positive side, and continues reading to see if the character can conquer their darker side. In Shakespeare's
497:
the main hand involved. Because of the relative unimportance of the space, and a desire to copy the Domus Aurea style, no large paintings were used, and the surfaces were mostly covered with grotesque designs on a white background, with paintings imitating sculptures in niches, and small figurative
119:
and metamorphosis. Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, he demonstrated how the grotesque functions as a fundamental existential experience. Moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies
272:
but had not guessed till then that in their private houses the Romans had often disregarded those rules and had adopted instead a more fanciful and informal style that was all lightness, elegance and grace." In these grotesque decorations a tablet or candelabrum might provide a focus; frames were
1005:: "In nature there are no grotesques". By extension backwards in time, the term became also used for the medieval originals, and in modern terminology medieval drolleries, half-human thumbnail vignettes drawn in the margins, and carved figures on buildings (that are not also waterspouts, and so
1919:"Dilettossi il Bacchiacca di far grottesche; onde al Sig. duca Cosimo fece uno studiolo pieno d'animali e d'erbe rare ritratte dalle naturali, che sono tenute bellissime": quoted in Francesco Vossilla, "Cosimo I, lo scrittoio del Bachiacca, una carcassa di capodoglio e la filosofia naturale",
1098:
also provides a formal introduction to classical values and to the dangers of grotesque or mixed form. Indeed, the departure from classical models of order, reason, harmony, balance and form opens up the risk of entry into grotesque worlds. Accordingly, British literature abounds with native
866:
709:
736:
173:
For example, reeds are substituted for columns, fluted appendages with curly leaves and volutes take the place of pediments, candelabra support representations of shrines, and on top of their roofs grow slender stalks and volutes with human figures senselessly seated upon
1297:
has argued that "The sight of horrendously shattered bodies of veterans returned to the home front became commonplace. The accompanying growth in the prosthetic industry struck contemporaries as creating a race of half-mechanical men and became an important theme in
1542:, but the distinction is that gargoyles are figures that contain a water spout through the mouth, while grotesques do not. Without a water spout, this type of sculpture is also known as a chimera when it depicts fantastical creatures. In the Middle Ages, the term
815:
1288:
During the nineteenth-century category of grotesque body was increasingly displaced by the notion of congenital deformity or medical anomaly. Building on this context, the grotesque begins to be understood more as deformity and disability, especially after the
439:
315:
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extended into scrolls that formed part of the surrounding designs as a kind of scaffold, as Peter Ward-Jackson noted. Light scrolling grotesques could be ordered by confining them within the framing of a pilaster to give them more structure.
375:
694:
347:
1495:. Characterized by ironic and macabre themes of daily life in the World War 1 era. Theatre of the Grotesque was named after the play 'The Mask and the Face' by Luigi Chiarelli, which was described as 'a grotesque in three acts.'
505:
Giovanni da Udine composed during 1532–1533 "most beautiful sprays of foliage, rosettes and other ornaments in stucco and gold" in the coffers and "sprays of foliage, birds, masks and figures", with a result that did not please
52:
has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as
186:, was rediscovered by chance in the late 15th century, buried in fifteen hundred years of land fill. Access into the palace's remains was from above, requiring visitors to be lowered into it using ropes as in a cave, or
945:
929:
913:
300:"this insatiable desire of man sometimes prefers to an ordinary building, with its pillars and doors, one falsely constructed in grotesque style, with pillars formed of children growing out of stalks of flowers, with
399:
103:
in AD 64, which had become overgrown and buried, until they were broken into again, mostly from above. Spreading from
Italian to the other European languages, the term was long used largely interchangeably with
893:
87:
rediscovered at Rome at the end of the fifteenth century and subsequently imitated. The word was first used of paintings found on the walls of basements of ruins in Rome that were called at that time
1592:—the first sans-serif typeface containing actual lowercase letters. An alternate etymology is possibly based on the original reaction of other typographers to such a strikingly featureless typeface.
308:
of branches of myrtle and doorways of reeds and other things, all seeming impossible and contrary to reason, yet it may be really great work if it is performed by a skillful artist."
1256:
611:
versions, especially in engraving, tended to lose that initial lightness and be much more densely filled than the airy well-spaced style used by the Romans and
Raphael.
1842:
An example, the vaulted arcade in the
Palazzo del Governatore, Assisi, which was frescoed with grotesques in 1556, has been examined in the monograph by Ezio Genovesi,
1714:
RĂ©mi Astruc, Le
Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du xxe siècle. Essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2010, 280 p. (ISBN 978-2-8124-0170-1).
1054:
Some of the earliest written texts describe grotesque happenings and monstrous creatures. The literature of myth has been a rich source of monsters; from the one-eyed
599:
the grotesque mode of surface ornament passed into the
European artistic repertory of the 16th century, from Spain to Poland. A classic suite was that attributed to
1460:
1336:
wrote, "Whenever I'm asked why
Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one" (
422:
1584:", and "geometric") to describe a particular style or subset of sans-serif typefaces. The origin of this association can be traced back to English typefounder
546:
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1126:
often have grotesque components in terms of character, style and location. In other cases, the environment described may be grotesque – whether urban (
1314:
combined images of beauty with shocking brutality and violence in order to produce a sense of the grotesque clash of opposites. In a similar fashion,
498:
subjects in a revival of
Ancient Roman style. This large array provided a repertoire of elements that were the basis for later artists across Europe.
2596:
1345:
84:
2456:
Lee Byron
Jennings (1963) The ludicrous demon: aspects of the grotesque in German post-Romantic prose, Berkeley, University of California Press
115:
RĂ©mi Astruc has argued that although there is an immense variety of motifs and figures, the three main tropes of the grotesque are doubleness,
1285:. Humorous, or festive nonsense of this kind has its roots in the seventeenth century traditions of fustian, bombastic and satirical writing.
688:
period, when designs often became as densely packed as in 16th-century engravings, and the elegance and fancy of the style tended to be lost.
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2545:
2508:
2305:
2010:
1827:
1794:
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provides a variety of approaches to grotesque representation. Corporeal hybridity is an essential marker in Swift. In poetry, the works of
1277:, when a girl meets fantastic grotesque figures in her fantasy world. Carroll manages to make the figures seem less frightful and fit for
2648:
1567:
1269:
2479:
2388:
Astruc, RĂ©mi (2010) Le
Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier
1134:". Sometimes the grotesque in literature has been explored in terms of social and cultural formations such as the carnival(-esque) in
2535:
2440:
2338:
2354:
1857:
Metamorphosed
Margins: The Case for a Visual Rhetoric of the Renaissance 'Grottesche' under the Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses
1230:
872:
165:, especially as fresco wall decoration and floor mosaic. Stylized versions, common in Imperial Roman decoration, were decried by
1976:
1016:. In contemporary illustration art, the "grotesque" figures, in the ordinary conversational sense, commonly appear in the genre
1225:
2430:
583:
161:
pattern around some form of architectural framework, though this may be very flimsy. Such designs were fashionable in ancient
2204:
2242:
1936:
All mentioned by Ezio Genovesi 1995, in providing explanation of the genre in the context of the painted vaulting at Assisi.
849:
2476:(1982, 2006), On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
1440:
1751:
Peter Ward-Jackson, "The Grotesque" in "Some main streams and tributaries in European ornament from 1500 to 1750: part 1"
1306:
displays a poetic and realistic sense of the grotesque horror of war and the human cost of brutal conflict. Poems such as
1281:, but still utterly strange. Another comic grotesque writer who played on the relationship between sense and nonsense was
467:(1522) offered ready-made iconographic shorthand for vignettes. More familiar material for grotesques could be drawn from
2421:
2262:
Sanzaro, Francis. The Infantile Grotesque: Pathology, Sexuality, and a Theory of Religion. Davies Group Publishers, 2016.
2693:
2498:
502:
453:
artists and their patrons in arcane iconographic programs available only to the erudite could be embodied in schemes of
2974:
1206:
719:
631:
1322:(1924) which used grotesque photographs of mutilated victims of the First World War in order to campaign for peace.
61:
may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes an audience feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as
37:
1448:
1392:
1356:
1351:
857:
338:
31:
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268:, Rome. "The decorations astonished and charmed a generation of artists that was familiar with the grammar of the
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1211:
825:
747:
2984:
2867:
2837:
1646:
1510:
1484:
1047:. It is an effective artistic means to convey grief and pain to the audience, and for this has been labeled by
653:(science of monsters) and artistic experimentation. The monstrous, for instance, often occurs as the notion of
154:
105:
71:
The English word first appears in the 1560s as a noun borrowed from French, itself originally from the Italian
1278:
1109:
to the tragi-comic modes of 16th-century drama. (Grotesque comic elements can be found in major works such as
1444:
672:
Grotesque ornament received a further impetus from new discoveries of original Roman frescoes and stucchi at
2827:
2641:
1498:
1424:
829:
802:
657:. The sportiveness of the grotesque category can be seen in the notion of the preternatural category of the
2593:
2464:
1520:
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if they induce both empathy and disgust. (A character who inspires disgust alone is simply a villain or a
1122:
genre are occasionally termed grotesque, as are "low" or non-literary genres such as pantomime and farce.
994:
685:
305:
443:
2473:
1786:
1492:
1190:
2594:
Video tour of the most vivid examples of medieval Parisian stone carving - the grotesques of Notre Dame
1155:
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school of Italian dramatists, writing in the 1910s and 1920s, who are often seen as precursors of the
1198:
may be considered to have both disgusting and empathetic qualities, which fit the grotesque template.
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A boom in the production of works of art in the grotesque genre characterized the 1920–1933 period of
322:
208:
2847:
1488:
1333:
1236:
1135:
1094:
771:
715:
641:, the portrayal of leather straps in plaster or wood moldings, which forms an element in grotesques.
538:
285:
169:(c. 30 BC) who, in dismissing them as meaningless and illogical, offered the following description:
2994:
2949:
2914:
2753:
2668:
2286:"Hybrid Creatures and Monstrous Reproduction: The Multifunctional Grotesque in Alien: Resurrection"
1723:
Astruc R. (2010), Le Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, Paris, Classiques Garnier.
1524:
1420:
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880:
751:
515:
237:
213:
2523:
2416:
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to have "grotesque images" in its rating description, mainly due to its depiction of the Newborn
1455:
1408:
1384:
1033:
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and his team enriched the vocabulary of grotesques by combining them with the decorative form of
572:
100:
2453:
Kayser, Wolfgang (1957) The grotesque in Art and Literature, New York, Columbia University Press
2285:
1318:(1894–1967), founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, an anarchist and a pacifist, was the author of
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with interlaced garlands and small and fantastic human and animal figures, usually set out in a
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2006:
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486:
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1428:
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1001:, and the modern sense began to develop. It is first recorded in English in 1646 from Sir
809:, France, decorated with arabesques in the Pompeiian Style, by the Rousseau brothers, 1785
798:
783:
564:
556:
478:
382:
217:
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1146:
has written on the relationship between metamorphosis, literary writings and masquerade.
680:
from the middle of the century. It continued in use, becoming increasingly heavy, in the
413:
2184:
Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: from Mary Shelley to George Eliot
2924:
2657:
2361:
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The word "grotesque", or "Grotesk" in German, is also frequently used as a synonym for
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1294:
1160:
1150:
1100:
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511:
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362:
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In the 16th century, such artistic license and irrationality was controversial matter.
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Artists began to give the tiny faces of the figures in grotesque decorations strange
821:
806:
775:
591:: the elaborate acanthus leaf and candelabra type design and the hideous mask or face
568:
468:
405:
1149:
Another major source of the grotesque is in satirical writings of the 18th century.
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2797:
2743:
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1468:
1303:
1220:
1215:
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is another rich source for grotesque transformations and hybrid creatures of myth.
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386:
289:
278:
225:
42:
2792:
2413:(Unity in the Plenitude. Henri Michaux and the Grotesque), Lund: Ellerström, 2005.
1735:
1546:
was used to refer to both gargoyles and grotesques. This word is derived from the
438:
2392:
997:. From this the term began to be applied to larger caricatures, such as those of
607:, "Light and extemporaneous pictures that are vulgarly called grotesques". Later
2683:
2537:
Ornament and the Grotesque: Fantastical Decoration from Antiquity to Art Nouveau
2297:
1608:
1600:
1388:
1341:
1290:
1282:
1201:
1176:
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from the late 1520s, then in book illustration and in other decorative uses. At
183:
158:
133:
92:
2491:
La découverte de la Domus Aurea et la formation des grotesques à la Renaissance
2169:
See Jeanne M. Britton, 'Novelistic Sympathy in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" '
2842:
2758:
2723:
2698:
1804:
1651:
1577:
1573:
1439:
Other contemporary writers who have explored the grotesque in pop-culture are
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1069:
1013:
990:
986:
650:
301:
2606:
The Grotesque: Bloom's Literary Themes edited by Harold Bloom and Blake Hobby
2514:
2422:
Le Grotesque dans l’œuvre d’Henri Michaux. Qui cache son fou, meurt sans voix
1740:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
1032:
One of the first uses of the term grotesque to denote a literary genre is in
2919:
2782:
2738:
2703:
2678:
1846:(Assisi, 1995): Genovesi explores the role of the local Accademia del Monte.
1667:
1620:
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has inspired more nuanced reactions than simple scorn and disgust. Also, in
1130:), or the literature of the American south which has sometimes been termed "
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Since at least the 18th century (in French and German, as well as English),
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is another author associated with the literary tradition of the grotesque.
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128:
17:
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In the 17th and 18th centuries the grotesque encompasses a wide field of
623:
551:
358:
334:
109:
62:
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expressions, in a direct continuation of the medieval traditions of the
848:
Neoclassical – vase with scenes of storm on land and grotesques, by the
2939:
2899:
2822:
2802:
2748:
2673:
2572:. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 476, 9"1/2 x 11", 400 color illustrations.
2540:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 320, 11" x 13", 250 color illustrations.
1641:
1624:
1580:. At other times, it is used (along with "neo-grotesque", "humanist", "
1171:
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700:
673:
490:
257:
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2733:
1555:
1195:
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1059:
1040:
723:
627:
482:
354:
326:
197:
193:
188:
91:('the caves'). These 'caves' were in fact rooms and corridors of the
80:
2432:
Irony, satire, parody and the grotesque in the music of Shostakovich
1240:. Other instances of the romantic grotesque are also to be found in
1224:
can also be considered a grotesque, as well as the title character,
2889:
2777:
1616:
1535:
In architecture the term "grotesque" means a carved stone figure.
1514:
245:
241:
221:
207:
127:
36:
2077:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
2052:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
2027:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
1882:
bellissimi fogliami, rosoni ed altri ornamenti di stuccho e d'oro
726:, France, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, 17th century (
559:"full of animals and rare plants". Other 16th-century writers on
112:
for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements.
2611:
2569:
The Art of Transformation. Grotesques in Sixteenth-Century Italy
1927:.2/3 (1993:381–395) p. 383; only fragments survive of the decor.
1656:
1299:
1079:
605:
Leviores et extemporaneae picturae quas grotteschas vulgo vocant
489:
open to the elements on one side, were decorated around 1519 by
179:
162:
137:
96:
65:
2630:
971:
Apartments of the Louvre Palace, unknown painted and designer,
2100:
603:, published in 1540–41 under an evocative explanatory title,
2626:
2243:"What is Domestic Grotesque Fiction and Why Do I Write It?"
1588:, who introduced the term "grotesque" and in 1835 produced
1451:, who discusses its relation to childbirth and obscenity.
1367:
Contemporary writers of literary grotesque fiction include
1501:
is a major author of contemporary grotesque comedy plays.
529:
Vasari, echoing Vitruvius, described the style as follows:
2500:
Comic Grotesque: Wit And Mockery In German Art, 1870–1940
1764:
Quoted in David Summers, "Michelangelo on Architecture",
1612:
1921:
Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz
1210:
is one of the most celebrated grotesques in literature.
587:
Decorative panel showing the two separable elements of
1615:"G"), whereas popular neo-grotesque typefaces include
2232:, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 2005, pp. 3–4.
2186:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 42.
1328:
is a genre frequently identified with grotesques and
899:
Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of
57:
masks. In art, performance, and literature, however,
1977:"LAMBRIS DU CABINET DE L'HÔTEL COLBERT DE VILLACERF"
579:
Engravings, woodwork, book illustration, decorations
703:– grotesque on a saddle pad, 1600–1650, gold thread
252:and his team of decorative painters, who developed
2411:Enhet i mĂĄngfalden. Henri Michaux och det groteska
2322:
754:, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter,
442:Grotesque engraving on paper, about 1500–1512, by
277:took up the theme of grotesques in decorating the
153:In art, grotesques are ornamental arrangements of
1338:Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction
120:have used to conceptualize alterity and change.
428:Renaissance grotesque motifs in assorted formats
281:, the most influential of the new Roman villas.
2394:The modern satiric grotesque and its traditions
514:, who whitewashed the grotesque decor in 1556.
1867:
1865:
1166:In fiction, characters are usually considered
2642:
2325:Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings
2274:Film Ratings.com. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
2123:
2121:
1899:Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e profane
1293:, 1914–18. In these terms, the art historian
192:in Italian. The palace's wall decorations in
8:
1961:Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park (1998).
1844:Le grottesche della 'Volta Pinta' in Assisi
95:, the unfinished palace complex started by
2649:
2635:
2627:
1888:", quoted by Summers 1972:151 and note 30.
1471:, who all featured grotesque human–alien (
1340:, 1960). In O'Connor's often-anthologized
381:Ceilings decorated with grotesques in the
361:, Italy, by various architects, including
256:into a complete system of ornament in the
2360:. Rabbit Moon Press. 2009. Archived from
2215:See George M. Gould and Walter M. Pyle's
1423:(who writes domestic grotesque fiction),
1264:tends to be described as "the creature".
1099:grotesquerie, from the strange worlds of
993:in the border decorations or initials in
353:Ceiling decorated with arabesques in the
2469:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2173:Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring, 2009)3–22, p. 3.
1332:is often cited as the leading exponent.
1267:The grotesque received a new shape with
1163:provide many examples of the grotesque.
582:
437:
75:(literally "of a cave" from the Italian
1753:The Victoria and Albert Museum Bulletin
1686:
1221:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
879:door window grill of a building on the
690:
595:In the meantime, through the medium of
539:Francesco Ubertini, called "Bacchiacca"
311:
2486:, Methuen Critical Idiom Series, 1972.
2329:. New York: Abbeville Press. pp.
1051:as the "genuine antibourgeois style".
770:Baroque – grotesques on a door in the
518:writers on the arts, notably Cardinal
236:appears in a contract of 1502 for the
2217:Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine
1459:(1997) is the only film rated by the
1039:. The Grotesque is often linked with
7:
2005:. Thames & Hudson. p. 147.
1886:fogliami, uccelli, maschere e figure
1820:The World's Most Beautiful Libraries
1595:Popular grotesque typefaces include
545:, and (about 1545) painted for Duke
1568:Grotesque (typeface classification)
1538:Grotesques are often confused with
1443:, in the context of postmodernism;
967:Eclectic – grotesques panel in the
850:Duc d'AngoulĂŞme's porcelain factory
801:– the Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette,
333:1560–1570, tin glazed earthenware (
2284:Huunan-Seppälä, Henriikka (2019).
1427:and many authors who write in the
903:no. 34, Paris, unknown architect,
883:no. 42, Paris, unknown architect,
25:
2144:. US: Princeton University Press.
856:1797–1798, hard-paste porcelain,
676:and the other buried sites round
522:, bishop of Bologna, turned upon
232:The first appearance of the word
2948:
2566:Hansen, Maria Fabricius (2018).
1734:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (1914).
1270:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
1009:) are also called "grotesques".
960:
944:
928:
912:
892:
865:
841:
814:
791:
763:
735:
708:
693:
421:
398:
374:
346:
314:
149:Early examples in Roman ornament
2197:The Origins of English Nonsense
1963:Wonders and the Order of Nature
1611:(although the latter lacks the
720:Palais du Parlement de Bretagne
493:'s large team of artists, with
288:puts a defense in the mouth of
260:that are part of the series of
2534:Zamperini, Alessandra (2008).
2524:"Modern art and the grotesque"
2429:Sheinberg, Esti (2000-12-29).
2321:Janetta Rebold Benton (1997).
2140:Harham, Geoffrey Galt (1982).
1783:Ceramic - Art and Civilization
1771:.2 (June 1972:146–157) p. 151.
1447:, who analyzes celebrity; and
718:– grotesques on a door in the
1:
2114:Ce discours est bien grotesue
981:Extensions of the term in art
972:
955:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
939:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
923:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
904:
884:
853:
755:
645:From Baroque to Victorian era
366:
330:
228:and his assistants, 1502–1503
141:
2435:. UK: Ashgate. p. 378.
2245:. Calebjross.com. 2012-01-21
2003:Yves Saint Laurent & Art
1965:. USA: New York: Zone Books.
1671:, an opera by Giuseppe Verdi
1531:, because he died at age 56.
742:Baroque – grotesques on the
526:with a righteous vengeance.
85:ancient Roman decorative art
2497:Kort, Pamela (2004-10-30).
2425:, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007.
2298:10.1007/978-3-030-21828-7_9
2157:Masquerade and Civilization
1755:(June 1967, pp 58–70) p 75.
1207:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
951:Neoclassical – interior of
935:Neoclassical – interior of
919:Neoclassical – interior of
412:in this fresco detail from
83:), an extravagant style of
3011:
2290:Art, Excess, and Education
1910:Noted by Summers 1972:152.
1901:(printed at Bologna, 1582)
1565:
1508:
1352:A Temple of the Holy Ghost
1346:A Good Man Is Hard to Find
1254:literature or in Sterne's
1212:Dr. Frankenstein's monster
858:Metropolitan Museum of Art
748:HĂ´tel Colbert de Villacerf
339:Victoria and Albert Museum
248:. They were introduced by
32:Grotesque (disambiguation)
29:
2946:
2664:
1946:Mauries, Patrick (2002).
1781:Greenhalgh, Paul (2019).
1737:Ten Books on Architecture
1695:"OED-Grotesque etymology"
1467:and the failed clones of
541:, delighted in inventing
292:in his third dialogue of
2503:. PRESTEL. p. 208.
2182:Hanis McLaren Caldwell,
1818:Listri, Massimo (2020).
1647:Grotesque (architecture)
1511:Grotesque (architecture)
1485:Theatre of the Grotesque
1479:Theatre of the Grotesque
1429:bizarro genre of fiction
1355:. The American novelist
1231:The Phantom of the Opera
204:Etymology in Renaissance
132:Roman frescos in Nero's
2619:Encyclopædia Britannica
2529:. Assets.cambridge.org.
1948:Cabinets of Curiosities
1822:. Taschen. p. 52.
995:illuminated manuscripts
830:Cleveland Museum of Art
828:, 1790s, oil on panel,
803:Palace of Fontainebleau
508:Pope Clement VII Medici
321:Pilgrim bottle, by the
182:'s palace in Rome, the
2622:(11th ed.). 1911.
2474:Harpham, Geoffrey Galt
2466:Rabelais and His World
2391:Clark, John R. (1991)
2171:Studies in Romanticism
2155:Castle, Terry (1986).
2001:Sharman, Ruth (2022).
1532:
626:produced above all at
592:
555:in a mezzanine at the
535:
485:corridor space in the
446:
310:
229:
176:
145:
45:
2480:Selected bibliography
1787:Bloomsbury Publishing
1590:7-line pica grotesque
1518:
1493:Theatre of the Absurd
1302:work.' The poetry of
1279:children's literature
1191:The Lord of the Rings
586:
537:Vasari recorded that
531:
441:
298:
211:
171:
131:
40:
2522:FS Connelly (2003).
2355:"Linéale Grotesques"
2292:. pp. 147–160.
1950:. Thames and Hudson.
1527:. The text reads ...
1499:Friedrich DĂĽrrenmatt
1487:" refers to an anti-
1363:Contemporary writers
1237:Beauty and the Beast
622:(fine woodwork), in
286:Francisco de Holanda
30:For other uses, see
2482:by Philip Thomson,
2081:pop.culture.gouv.fr
2056:pop.culture.gouv.fr
2031:pop.culture.gouv.fr
1981:carnavalet.paris.fr
1859:(Hildesheim, 2008).
1525:Greyfriars Kirkyard
1521:John Mylne Monument
1475:) characteristics.
1194:, the character of
881:Boulevard du Temple
873:Renaissance Revival
746:of a room from the
516:Counter Reformation
444:Nicoletto da Modena
238:Piccolomini Library
214:Piccolomini Library
200:were a revelation.
140:, unknown painter,
41:Grotesque studies,
2975:Visual arts genres
2599:2007-03-11 at the
2367:on January 2, 2014
2272:Alien Resurrection
2195:See Noel Malcolm,
2112:Kayser (1957) I.2
1855:Victor Kommerell,
1586:William Thorowgood
1533:
1456:Alien Resurrection
1385:Jeanette Winterson
1156:Gulliver's Travels
1118:Literary works of
593:
573:Gian Paolo Lomazzo
501:In Michelangelo's
447:
230:
146:
101:Great Fire of Rome
46:
2957:
2956:
2613:"Grotesque"
2579:978-88-7140-864-4
2547:978-0-500-23856-1
2510:978-3-7913-3195-9
2307:978-3-030-21827-0
2199:(Fontana, 1997).
2012:978-0-500-02544-4
1829:978-3-8365-3524-3
1796:978-1-4742-3970-7
1732:Vitruvius 7.5.3 (
1334:Flannery O'Connor
1246:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1234:and the Beast in
1136:François Rabelais
1106:The Faerie Queene
999:Leonardo da Vinci
772:Galerie d'Apollon
547:Cosimo de' Medici
520:Gabriele Paleotti
495:Giovanni da Udine
408:is surrounded by
294:Da Pintura Antiga
275:Giovanni da Udine
16:(Redirected from
3002:
2990:Stock characters
2952:
2934:Vitruvian scroll
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2583:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2530:
2528:
2518:
2513:. Archived from
2470:
2461:Bakhtin, Mikhail
2450:
2445:. Archived from
2376:
2375:
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2359:
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2344:
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2228:Leah Dickerman,
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2207:
2193:
2187:
2180:
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2146:
2145:
2142:On the Grotesque
2137:
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1766:The Art Bulletin
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1715:
1712:
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1705:
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1702:
1697:. Etymonline.com
1691:
1605:Haettenschweiler
1519:Detail from the
1330:William Faulkner
1308:Spring Offensive
1186:J. R. R. Tolkien
1180:, the figure of
1020:, also known as
974:
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948:
932:
916:
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896:
886:
869:
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845:
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795:
767:
757:
752:Musée Carnavalet
739:
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697:
684:and then in the
635:Rosso Fiorentino
487:Apostolic Palace
425:
402:
391:Domenico Fontana
378:
368:
350:
332:
323:Fontana workshop
318:
270:classical orders
240:attached to the
143:
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3005:
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3001:
3000:
2999:
2985:Literary genres
2960:
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2773:Garland bearers
2660:
2655:
2610:
2601:Wayback Machine
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2401:Further reading
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1597:Franklin Gothic
1570:
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1554:, which means "
1529:Aetatis Suae 56
1513:
1507:
1505:In architecture
1481:
1449:Francis Sanzaro
1437:
1413:Chuck Palahniuk
1397:Jessica Anthony
1393:Patrick McGrath
1365:
1357:Raymond Kennedy
1326:Southern Gothic
1320:War Against War
1316:Ernst Friedrich
1291:First World War
1257:Tristram Shandy
1251:Sturm und Drang
1242:Edgar Allan Poe
1140:Mikhail Bakhtin
1132:Southern Gothic
1128:Charles Dickens
1124:Gothic writings
1103:'s allegory in
1030:
983:
976:
965:
956:
953:Le Grand VĂ©four
949:
940:
937:Le Grand VĂ©four
933:
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921:Le Grand VĂ©four
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888:
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826:Pierre Rousseau
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799:Louis XVI style
796:
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784:Charles Le Brun
768:
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565:Daniele Barbaro
557:Palazzo Vecchio
510:, however, nor
479:Vatican loggias
449:The delight of
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383:Vatican Library
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2493:(London) 1969.
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1425:Richard Thomas
1373:Katherine Dunn
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1295:Leah Dickerman
1218:'s 1818 novel
1161:Alexander Pope
1151:Jonathan Swift
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1562:In typography
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1418:
1417:Brian Evenson
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1402:
1401:Natsuo Kirino
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1003:Thomas Browne
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569:Pirro Ligorio
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471:Metamorphoses
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406:Mother Nature
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2895:Rais-de-cœur
2885:Puer mingens
2787:
2744:Egg-and-dart
2617:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2536:
2515:the original
2499:
2490:
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2465:
2447:the original
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2369:. Retrieved
2362:the original
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2247:. Retrieved
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1984:. Retrieved
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1689:
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1497:
1489:naturalistic
1482:
1469:Ellen Ripley
1454:
1453:
1438:
1366:
1350:
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1337:
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1312:Greater Love
1311:
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1304:Wilfred Owen
1287:
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1262:Frankenstein
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1216:Mary Shelley
1205:
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1189:
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1144:Terry Castle
1119:
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1034:Montaigne's
1031:
1017:
1011:
984:
969:Napoleon III
822:Neoclassical
786:, after 1661
780:Louis Le Vau
778:, Paris, by
682:Empire Style
671:
666:
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618:appeared in
615:
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414:Villa d'Este
409:
387:Vatican City
299:
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290:Michelangelo
283:
279:Villa Madama
253:
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226:Pinturicchio
224:, Italy, by
187:
177:
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152:
114:
88:
76:
72:
70:
58:
49:
47:
43:Michelangelo
2684:Ball flower
1871:Wilson, 152
1609:Lucida Sans
1601:News Gothic
1441:John Docker
1435:Pop culture
1389:Umberto Eco
1342:short story
1283:Edward Lear
1202:Victor Hugo
1177:The Tempest
1068:to Homer's
1049:Thomas Mann
1045:tragicomedy
987:caricatured
824:– door, by
393:, 1587–1588
302:architraves
184:Domus Aurea
159:symmetrical
134:Domus Aurea
93:Domus Aurea
63:sympathetic
2995:Grotesques
2964:Categories
2843:Millefleur
2759:Gadrooning
2724:Cornucopia
2699:Branchwork
2694:Blackamoor
2558:2010-02-02
2489:Dacos, N.
2383:References
2371:2010-09-08
2249:2013-03-06
2205:0006388442
2159:. Methuen.
2086:15 October
2061:15 October
2036:15 October
1897:Paleotti,
1805:1154118123
1701:2014-12-15
1652:Hunky punk
1578:typography
1574:sans-serif
1483:The term "
1369:Ian McEwan
1070:Polyphemus
1014:German art
991:drolleries
901:Rue du Bac
860:, New York
651:teratology
616:grottesche
597:engravings
561:grottesche
543:grotteschi
524:grottesche
455:grottesche
410:grottesche
254:grottesche
234:grottesche
155:arabesques
99:after the
18:Grotesques
2970:Grotesque
2920:Strapwork
2838:Medallion
2813:Interlace
2793:Guilloché
2788:Grotesque
2783:Green Man
2739:Dog-tooth
2719:Christmas
2714:Cartouche
2704:Bucranium
2679:Arabesque
2658:Ornaments
1986:31 August
1668:Rigoletto
1621:Helvetica
1540:gargoyles
1465:xenomorph
1409:Matt Bell
1168:grotesque
1112:King Lear
1007:gargoyles
877:cast iron
834:Cleveland
728:Louis XIV
686:Victorian
667:Tom Jones
639:strapwork
620:marquetry
609:Mannerist
601:Enea Vico
589:Grotesque
563:included
464:Emblemata
451:Mannerist
434:Mannerism
369:1560–1581
357:Gallery,
329:, Italy,
167:Vitruvius
117:hybridity
106:arabesque
89:le Grotte
73:grottesca
59:grotesque
55:Halloween
50:grotesque
27:Art style
2980:Folklore
2858:Palmette
2853:Moresque
2828:Mascaron
2729:Curlicue
2669:Acanthus
2597:Archived
2463:(1941).
2129:pp. 20–1
1637:Ero guro
1631:See also
1552:babbuino
1065:Theogony
744:boiserie
624:maiolica
552:studiolo
359:Florence
341:, London
335:majolica
306:cornices
296:, 1548:
178:Emperor
144:64–68 AD
110:moresque
2940:Zellige
2905:Rosette
2900:Rinceau
2868:Bulbous
2848:Molding
2833:Meander
2823:Margent
2803:Hilarri
2749:Festoon
2674:Antefix
2219:(1896).
1884:" and "
1642:Fractal
1625:Verdana
1613:spurred
1548:Italian
1544:babewyn
1300:dadaist
1182:Caliban
1172:monster
1101:Spenser
1075:Odyssey
1072:in the
1056:Cyclops
716:Baroque
701:Baroque
674:Pompeii
491:Raphael
469:Ovid's
264:in the
258:Loggias
124:History
2930:Volute
2910:Scroll
2818:Lintel
2764:Garden
2734:Dentil
2576:
2544:
2507:
2439:
2337:
2304:
2203:
2009:
1826:
1803:
1793:
1623:, and
1607:, and
1582:lineal
1556:baboon
1473:hybrid
1196:Gollum
1090:Horace
1060:Hesiod
1041:satire
1036:Essays
724:Rennes
628:Urbino
483:loggia
355:Uffizi
327:Urbino
198:stucco
194:fresco
189:grotte
81:grotto
77:grotta
2890:Putto
2873:Grass
2863:Plant
2778:Girih
2527:(PDF)
2365:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
1681:Notes
1617:Arial
1550:word
1248:, in
1214:from
1120:mixed
1058:from
614:Soon
389:, by
325:from
246:Siena
242:duomo
222:Siena
174:them.
2915:Spur
2880:Peak
2808:Hood
2768:Lawn
2754:Foil
2709:Buta
2574:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2331:8–10
2302:ISBN
2230:Dada
2201:ISBN
2088:2023
2063:2023
2038:2023
2007:ISBN
1988:2023
1824:ISBN
1801:OCLC
1791:ISBN
1657:Mask
1461:MPAA
1310:and
1226:Erik
1138:and
1080:Ovid
1043:and
975:1860
907:1850
887:1850
836:, US
782:and
758:1650
730:era)
665:and
655:play
571:and
481:, a
477:The
304:and
180:Nero
163:Rome
138:Rome
108:and
97:Nero
66:pity
2798:Gul
2294:doi
2101:OED
1925:37.
1576:in
1558:".
1523:in
1273:by
1228:in
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1864:^
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1024:.
973:c.
905:c.
885:c.
875:–
854:c.
852:,
832:,
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756:c.
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567:,
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416:.
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