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potential solutions to problems or answers to questions as a volitional response to those problems or questions when insufficient information is available to make merely a deduction and/or induction to the solution or answer". He objects to definitions that describe guessing as either forming a "random or insufficiently formed opinion", which
Tschaepe deems too ambiguous to be helpful, or "to instantaneously happen upon an opinion without reasoning". Tschaepe notes that in the latter case, the guess might appear to occur without reasoning, when in fact a reasoning process may be occurring so quickly in the mind of the guesser that it does not register as a process. This reflects the observation made centuries before by
97:
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at greater length with the instance of guessing a number between 1 and 100, for which
Tschaepe notes that the guesser "has to look for clues that are specific to what or whom is ordering them to guess, as well as possible past scenarios that involved guessing numbers", and once these are exhausted, "there comes a point very early in the process wherein no other clue to an answer exists". As an exemplary case of guessing that involves progressively more information from which to make a further guess, Tschaepe notes the game of
64:) admittedly lacks material for a greater degree of certainty. A guess is an unstable answer, as it is "always putative, fallible, open to further revision and interpretation, and validated against the horizon of possible meanings by showing that one interpretation is more probable than another in light of what we already know". In many of its uses, "the meaning of guessing is assumed as implicitly understood", and the term is therefore often used without being meticulously defined. Guessing may combine elements of
161:
impossible for him also to guess that it will. More than that, however: guessing, at least in such a paradigm case, does not even belong on what may be called the epistemic scale. That is, if the captain, when he calls "heads", is guessing, he is not, in virtue of that, believing, or inclining to think, or conjecturing, or anything of that sort, that the coin will fall heads. And in fact, of course, he normally is not doing any of these things when he guesses. He just calls. And this is guessing, whatever else is.
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1199:
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281:, guessing is the end result of a problem, observations of clues, and directedness toward solving the problem. Guessing is the action that brings about "a definite solution" (139). here is a definite process to guessing in Polanyi's account, although he does tend towards Whewell and Hempel in the comparison he makes between discovering hypotheses and Gestalt perception (144).
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A study of guessing in social situations (for example, guessing someone's test score or potential salary) determined that there are situations where it is beneficial to intentionally either overguess (guess a higher amount) or underguess (guess a lower amount). The study noted that students who knew
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questions, attempt to penalize exam takers for guessing by giving a small negative score for each wrong answer, so that the average number of correct guesses will be offset by the combined penalty for the average number of incorrect guesses. In such a scenario, a guesser who can eliminate one or two
247:
Tschaepe notes that "guessing has been indicated as an important part of scientific processes, especially with regard to hypothesis-generation". Regarding scientific hypothesis-generation, Tschaepe has stated that guessing is the initial, creative process involved in abductive reasoning wherein new
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is one kind of educated guess, although often one that involves making a numerical determination, and using some knowledge of known or observable variables to determine the most likely number or range of numbers. Wild estimation is a matter of selecting one possible answer from a set with little or
165:
In such an instance, there not only is no reason for favoring "heads" or "tails", but everyone knows this to be the case. Tschaepe also addresses the guess made in a coin flip, contending that it merely represents an extremely limited case of guessing a random number. Tschaepe examines such guesses
334:
is to use guessing to discover some kind of information, such as a word, a phrase, a title, or the identity or location of an object. A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without
160:
A paradigm case of guessing is, when captains toss a coin to start a cricket match, and one of them 'calls', say "heads". This cannot be a case of knowledge, scientific knowledge or any other, if it is a case of guessing. If the captain knows that the coin will fall heads, it is just logically
260:
People learn to guess at an early age, and there are many guessing games played by children. In practice, children may find themselves in situations where "guessing is the only strategy they have available to them". In order to cope with these situations, children develop "(1) the ability to
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role of guessing, has noted that there are often-overlooked "gradations" of guessing — that is, different kinds of guesses susceptible to different levels of confidence. Tschaepe defines guessing as "an initial, deliberate originary activity of imaginatively creating, selecting, or dismissing
211:. Tschaepe notes: "This process of guessing is distinct from that of a coin toss or picking a number." Daniel Wueste wrote: "When a decision must be made, the educated guess of the experts will be the best basis for a decision — an educated guess is better than an uneducated guess."
289:, where "we have to guess the meaning of the text because the author's intention is beyond our reach". Because the reader can never put themselves in exactly the situation the author was in when the text was written, to construe the meaning of the text "is to make a guess".
261:
recognize situations in which guessing is the only reasonable strategy even though it provides no more than a gross estimate; (2) the ability to recognize that different levels of accuracy are possible and acceptable in different situations".
576:. Error guessing has no explicit rules for testing; test cases can be designed depending on the situation, either drawing from functional documents or when an unexpected/undocumented error is found while testing operations.
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use", as such a game "creates just enough tension to remain exciting, challenging, and competitive" for children, so long as the teacher designs effective rules "to eliminate unruly or unsportsmanship behavior". Children in
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stated that certain scientific discoveries "are not improperly described as happy
Guesses; and that Guesses, in these as in other instances, imply various suppositions made, of which some one turns out to be the right one".
170:, which he describes as "similar to guessing a number that the other person is thinking, but unlike guessing a number as a singular action... allows for combining abductive reasoning with deductive and inductive reasoning".
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the score they had received on a test were happier when another person who did not know the score guessed a lower number; the lower guess gave the student the positive feeling of having exceeded expectations.
191:, has the titular character respond to a character calling a match that she made a "lucky guess" by saying that "a lucky guess is never merely luck. There is always some talent in it". As Tschaepe notes,
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is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as
133:, that "when I turn one way rather than another, it is often because of a series of tiny impressions of which I am not aware". Tschaepe quotes the description given by
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has said that "he value of a wild guess is l/N + l/N - l/N = l/N", meaning that taking a true wild guess is no different from choosing an answer at random. Philosopher
1006:
852:
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to determine which team will take the offense at a sporting event is a paradigm case of a guess that requires minimal consideration of forces influencing the outcome.
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Shuttling between the particular and the general: reflections on the role of conjecture and hypothesis in the generation of knowledge in science and mathematics
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Science is done by making educated guesses about how the world works and then testing those guesses by doing experiments. Such an educated guess is called a
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The exact number of candy pieces in this jar cannot be determined by looking at it, because not all of the pieces are visible. The amount must be guessed or
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may initiate guessing games as a way to avoid talking about distressing issues, so some therapists prefer other kinds of games to facilitate communication.
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783:(2014), p. 25, defining a lucky guess in the context of a person making random guesses as "among the questions whose answers she guessed at random".
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386:(s) know the answer, but cannot tell the other(s), instead they must help them to guess it. Guessing games are "readily adaptable for
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ideas are first suggested. Following the work of
Charles S. Peirce, guessing is "a combination of musing and logical analysis."
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in prior testing. The scope of test cases usually rely on the software tester involved, who uses past experience and
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to determine what situations commonly cause software failure, or may cause errors to appear. Typical errors include
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181:, and it has been argued that "a 'lucky guess' is a paradigm case of a belief that does not count as knowledge".
60:, from data directly at hand, which is then held as probable or tentative, while the person making the guess (the
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88:" about which answer is correct without necessarily being able to articulate a reason for having this feeling.
207:. Uninformed guesses can be distinguished from the kind of informed guesses that lead to the development of a
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877:
Mark
Tschaepe, "Guessing and Abduction" Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 50(1) (2014), p. 125.
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By contrast, a guess made using prior knowledge to eliminate clearly wrong possibilities may be called an
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Mark
Tschaepe, "Gradations of Guessing: Preliminary Sketches and Suggestions", in John R. Shook,
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involves single person acting out a phrase, with the rest of the group guessing the phrase.
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A guess that "is merely a hunch or is groundless... is arbitrary and of little consequence
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Literacy for
Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking
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selection of one choice from a set of given options. Guessing may also involve the
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wrong answers can gain overall by guessing from the remaining pool of answers.
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which appears to be correct based on incomplete information, but for which no
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An apparently unreasoned guess that turns out to be correct may be called a
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Constructive
Postmodernism: Toward Renewal in Cultural and Literary Studies
144:". A guess made with no factual basis for its correctness may be called a
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706:, tr. Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett (download1705) ), p. 115-16.
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The
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded Upon Their History
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Many of the games are played co-operatively. In some games some
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Philosopher Mark
Tschaepe, who has written extensively on the
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Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning
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Sandra E. Hockenbury, Susan A. Nolan, Don H. Hockenbury,
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Fundamentals of Applied Probability and Random Processes
297:"Guessing game" redirects here. For other uses, see
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56:is the act of drawing a swift conclusion, called a
680:Volume 10, Number 2, (December 2013), p. 135-154.
27:Swift conclusion drawn from data directly at hand
904:Estimation and Mental Computation: 1986 Yearbook
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335:actually divulging it in text or spoken word.
285:Guessing has been asserted to be necessary in
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825:Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility
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1002:Luxi Shen, Christopher K. Hsee, Jiao Zhang,
768:Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists
357:, and similar. The genre also includes many
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857:. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
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219:no reason. Another kind of guessing is
49:is a scam disguised as a guessing game.
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1076:Button, button, who's got the button?
1017:(2011), Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 1462–1468.
7:
917:PWN the SAT: Math Guide: 3rd Edition
398:Examples of guessing games include:
156:described this process as follows:
268:, particularly those that involve
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902:Harold L. Schoen, Marilyn Zweng,
704:New Essays on Human Understanding
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975:Fundamentals of Software Testing
84:of the guesser, who may have a "
1004:The Art and Science of Guessing
725:, Volume 2 (1840), p. 206-207.
299:Guessing Game (disambiguation)
1:
635:English Synonyms and Antonyms
30:For the town in Austria, see
838:Oxford Dictionary of English
752:Rationality and Intelligence
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1147:Pin the tail on the donkey
988:Supercomputational Science
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223:, particularly as used in
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1187:What's the time, Mr Wolf?
944:Vicki Cohen, John Cowen,
648:Ricoeur's Critical Theory
556:are established based on
131:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1360:Concepts in epistemology
633:James Champlin Fernald,
1167:Seven minutes in heaven
678:Contemporary Pragmatism
794:The Philosophy of Luck
702:Gottfried Leibniz, in
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36:Guess (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
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209:scientific hypothesis
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888:The Nature of Matter
610:List of Buddha games
1336:List of game genres
977:(2013), sec. 4.5.3.
957:Garry L. Landreth,
595:Abductive reasoning
513:Two people playing
1102:Bobbing for apples
1009:2015-12-10 at the
915:Mike McClenathan,
823:Daniel E. Wueste,
734:Martin Schiralli,
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932:(1976), p. 75-76.
906:(1986), p. 75-76.
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264:Certain kinds of
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919:(2014), p. 19.
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827:(1994), p. 96.
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1285:Role-playing
1014:
987:
986:R.G. Evans,
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779:Oliver Ibe,
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342:Catch Phrase
340:
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1315:Traditional
1157:Post office
1095:Other games
1060:Party games
806:Jane Austen
764:David Stove
542:test method
486:Ulam's game
423:Bulleribock
233:proposition
225:mathematics
183:Jane Austen
179:lucky guess
175:happy guess
154:David Stove
86:gut feeling
1349:Categories
1280:Redemption
1172:Simon Says
1122:Hot potato
691:Psychology
621:References
600:Conjecture
574:parameters
558:experience
546:test cases
516:Guess Who?
491:Guess Who?
472:Time's Up!
457:Pictionary
443:Mastermind
418:Botticelli
413:Battleship
408:30 Seconds
359:game shows
354:Pictionary
304:See also:
254:hypothesis
229:conclusion
221:conjecture
146:wild guess
122:scientific
100:Calling a
92:Gradations
47:shell game
562:intuition
544:in which
462:Protmušis
388:classroom
114:estimated
102:coin toss
82:intuition
74:abduction
70:induction
66:deduction
1365:Guessing
1310:Tabletop
1300:Strategy
1270:Guessing
1265:Gambling
1255:Children
1203:Category
1081:Charades
1007:Archived
589:See also
554:programs
428:Charades
370:Password
361:such as
337:Charades
316:Charades
314:Game of
216:estimate
54:Guessing
1112:Dreidel
1015:Emotion
433:Hangman
393:therapy
279:Polanyi
177:, or a
62:guesser
32:Güssing
18:Guesses
1305:Street
1260:Chance
1245:genres
1152:Piñata
861:
501:
384:player
332:object
306:riddle
203:or an
78:random
1320:Video
1295:Sport
1290:Skill
1275:Party
540:is a
521:Spiel
467:Taboo
438:I spy
348:Taboo
326:is a
293:Games
266:exams
237:proof
185:, in
58:guess
1243:Game
859:ISBN
811:Emma
550:bugs
523:2008
373:and
328:game
243:Uses
188:Emma
124:and
552:in
532:In
519:at
231:or
214:An
1351::
1013:,
995:^
966:^
937:^
895:^
808:,
766:,
750:,
721:,
711:^
655:^
568:,
536:,
379:.
367:,
351:,
345:,
322:A
148:.
72:,
68:,
45:A
1235:e
1228:t
1221:v
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
867:.
301:.
256:.
116:.
38:.
20:)
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