528:
675:
351:
771:
367:
687:
1090:
135:
1216:
664:
943:
Officials could also conduct multiple executions faster, thanks to a more effective blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board (bascule). Those deemed likely to struggle were backed slowly into the device from behind a curtain to prevent them from seeing it prior to the execution. A metal screen covered the blade as well in order to conceal it from the sight of the condemned.
36:
1098:
However, because the guillotine was invented specifically to be more humane, the issue of whether or not the condemned experiences pain has been thoroughly examined and remains a controversial topic. Certain eyewitness accounts of guillotine executions suggest anecdotally that awareness may persist momentarily after decapitation, although there is no scientific consensus on the matter.
827:, which is now the Tribunal Judiciaire de Versailles. Numerous issues with the proceedings arose: inappropriate behaviour by spectators, incorrect assembly of the apparatus, and secret cameras filming and photographing the execution from several storeys above. In response, the French government ordered that future executions be conducted in the prison courtyard in private.
600:, claimed in his memoirs that King Louis XVI, an amateur locksmith, recommended that the device employ an oblique blade rather than a crescent one, lest the blade not be able to cut through all necks; the neck of the king, who himself died by guillotine years later, was offered up discreetly as an example. The first execution by guillotine was performed on a highwayman
315:. While the name "guillotine" dates from this period, similar devices had been in use elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. Use of an oblique blade and the pillory-like restraint device set this type of guillotine apart from others. Display of severed heads had long been one of the most common ways European sovereigns exhibited their power to their subjects.
1058:
regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population; they used guillotines, which had belonged to the former French colonial power, in order to carry out death sentences on the spot. One such guillotine
942:
The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into sturdier and more effective machines. Built primarily of metal instead of wood, these new guillotines had heavier blades than their French predecessors and thus could use shorter uprights as well.
1097:
Ever since the guillotine's first use, there has been debate as to whether or not the guillotine provided as swift and painless a death as
Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution that were intended to be painful, few expressed concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted.
622:
were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp in order to achieve a quick and relatively painless death. Commoners were usually hanged, which could
1014:, the Netherlands, the first person to be beheaded was Anthony van Benthem, a criminal confined in a mental institution. He killed a cellmate after being called a sodomite. He was executed at Paardenveld on 27 July 1811. Back then, the Netherlands was part of the French Empire, Utrecht being in the
1122:
It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted
398:
Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein ... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any
1118:
Next
Languille's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks: I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were
749:
For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than being popular entertainment alone during the Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals:
1114:
I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: "Languille!" I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions – I insist advisedly on this peculiarity – but with an even movement,
1110:
Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for
407:
in
England was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the
577:, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery. Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by beheading devices used elsewhere in Europe, such as the Italian Mannaia (or Mannaja, which had been used since Roman times), the
833:(17 November 1903 – 30 July 1943) was one of the last women to be executed in France. Giraud was convicted in Vichy France and was guillotined for having performed 27 abortions in the Cherbourg area on 30 July 1943. Her story was dramatized in the 1988 film
299:
at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass; the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.
809:, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".
527:
458:, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet. The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the
636:(in English: To the lamp post!) symbolized popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns and also employed more gruesome methods of execution, such as
1007:, Belgium, the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798 to 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.
585:(3.5 kg). While many of these prior instruments crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, a number of them also used a crescent blade to behead and a hinged two-part yoke to immobilize the victim's neck.
498:
to implement a less painful alternative. While not the device's inventor, Guillotin's name ultimately became an eponym for it. Contrary to popular myth, Guillotin did not die by guillotine but rather by natural causes.
844:
The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981. The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child-murderers
604:
on 25 April 1792 in front of what is now Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, the city hall of Paris. All citizens condemned to die were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the
2315:
949:
used the guillotine between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, 10,000 of them in 1944 and 1945 alone. Notable political victims executed by the guillotine under the Nazi government included
2228:
1849:
Pre-1971 Code de
Justice Militaire, article 336: "Les justiciables des juridictions des forces armées condamnés à la peine capitale sont fusillés dans un lieu désigné par l'autorité militaire."
3119:
326:
had inflicted manual beheading and a variety of methods of execution, many of which were more gruesome and required a high level of precision and skill to carry out successfully.
408:
uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high. It is not known when the
Halifax Gibbet was first used; the first recorded execution in
1989:
865:
In the
Western Hemisphere, the guillotine saw only limited use. The only recorded guillotine execution in North America north of the Caribbean took place on the French island of
399:
razor, and closeth up the three openings. "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond."
1039:
In Sweden, beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866. The guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903, and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer
1000:
A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries, but they ceased to use it before France did in 1977.
651:
until abolition of the death penalty in 1981, apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts, which entailed
1381:
490:, who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a special device to carry out executions in France in a more humane manner. A death penalty opponent, he was displeased with the
2054:
According to Nazi records, the guillotine was eventually used to execute some 16,500 people between 1933 and 1945, many of them resistance fighters and political dissidents.
1694:
1858:
1837:
647:
Having only one method of civil execution for all regardless of class was also seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil
311:, where the revolution's supporters celebrated it as the people's avenger and the revolution's opponents vilified it as the pre-eminent symbol of the violence of the
892:, where about 150 people were beheaded between 1850 and 1945: most of them were convicts exiled from France and incarcerated within the "bagne", or penal colonies.
3052:
2205:
566:
progressed, the
National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of
2399:
2776:
1163:
778:. The man about to be beheaded, Pierre Vaillat, robbed and killed two elder siblings on Christmas Day 1896. He was convicted of his crimes on 9 March 1897.
738:); the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the City of Brest Statue can be found today. The machine was moved several times, to the
2346:
1966:
1861:: "By exception to article 12, when the death penalty is handed for crimes against the safety of the State, execution shall take place by firing squad.".
612:
The machine was judged successful because it was considered a humane form of execution in contrast with more cruel methods used in the pre-revolutionary
2464:
2242:
385:
The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French
Revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the
3124:
866:
750:
equality in death equivalent to equality before the law; open and demonstrable revolutionary justice; and the destruction of privilege under the
1944:
762:, then the popular public face of lower-class patriotic radicalism, thus considered the guillotine a positive force for revolutionary progress.
1060:
3170:
3099:
2853:
2793:
2115:
2088:
1822:
1789:
1762:
706:
Louis
Collenot d'Angremont was a royalist famed for having been the first guillotined for his political ideas, on 21 August 1792. During the
544:
1123:
the effect of a third call; there was no further movement – and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead.
3129:
2732:
1717:
857:(on 10 September 1977) in Marseille. Djandoubi's death was the last time that the guillotine was used for an execution by any government.
431:, or "Remedies for Both Good and Bad Fortune" shows a device similar to the Halifax Gibbet in the background being used for an execution.
2648:). New York, NY, 1839. No ISBN. (First Edition. Many reprintings of this important history have been done during the last two centuries.)
923:("beheading machine") and was used in various German states from the 19th century onwards, becoming the preferred method of execution in
2430:
1981:
1431:
1270:
2568:
1489:
2692:
2298:
2273:
2171:
2028:
1378:
455:
275:
230:
185:
119:
3160:
2769:
2376:
2131:
1618:
596:
maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. France's official executioner,
2534:
1664:
730:
were sent to the guillotine. Most of the time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la
Revolution (former Place
674:
3104:
2662:
1581:
57:
1690:
1475:
1047:, Stockholm. Ander was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished there in 1921.
823:, who was convicted of six murders. He was beheaded on 17 June 1939 outside the prison Saint-Pierre, rue Andre Mignot 5 at
511:
and German engineer Tobias Schmidt built a prototype for the guillotine. According to the memoir of the French executioner
318:
The design of the guillotine was intended to make capital punishment more reliable and less painful in accordance with new
3047:
2621:
1457:
100:
3180:
1559:
1235:
648:
330:
2494:
2197:
72:
3155:
2974:
2762:
2602:
723:
459:
375:
350:
53:
24:
812:
On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used at the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the
770:
3185:
3114:
2407:
1106:
Gabriel Beaurieux, a physician who observed the head of executed prisoner Henri Languille, wrote on 28 June 1905:
1093:
A retouched photo of the execution of Languille in 1905 with foreground figures painted in over the original photo
718:
who were executed at the guillotine in 1793. Towards the end of the Terror in 1794, revolutionary leaders such as
79:
46:
2811:
2076:
1497:
1302:
928:
652:
601:
435:
2342:
1245:
1115:
quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts.
2456:
2045:
412:
dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until
366:
2917:
1307:
1081:
In recent years, a limited number of individuals have killed themselves using self-constructed guillotines.
802:
540:
532:
487:
409:
359:
86:
19:
This article is about the device used to carry out executions by beheading. For the paper slicing tool, see
2657:
3165:
2823:
1914:
1688:
Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / edited by Henry Sanson. pp 260–261.
727:
691:
686:
3175:
2944:
2932:
2806:
950:
68:
2748:
2532:
abbaye de monte-à-regret : définition avec Bob, dictionnaire d'argot, l'autre trésor de la langue
2343:"Georgia House of Representatives – 1995/1996 Sessions HB 1274 – Death penalty; guillotine provisions"
3072:
2912:
1940:
1260:
1044:
962:
850:
824:
806:
743:
735:
597:
512:
319:
3150:
2949:
2937:
2866:
2744:
1180:
1132:
During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include:
830:
791:
787:
711:
668:
555:
516:
495:
447:
371:
1089:
3109:
3021:
2877:
2785:
2652:
1553:
1355:
1250:
786:, executions resumed in the city centre. On 4 February 1832, the guillotine was moved behind the
739:
731:
606:
578:
567:
548:
329:
After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the
2565:
1734:
n 1792, Nicholas-Jacques Pelletier became the first person to be put to death with a guillotine.
1721:
813:
592:
criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and
394:, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear. The text says:
2737:
2688:
2294:
2269:
2167:
2111:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2024:
2018:
1960:
1818:
1785:
1779:
1758:
1754:
1691:"Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / Edited by Henry Sanson"
1577:
1427:
1230:
1026:
846:
783:
627:
563:
308:
2161:
2107:
Ich gehe bis nach Karlsruhe: Eine Geschichte des Bundesverfassungsgerichts – Ein SPIEGEL-Buch
2105:
1315:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2818:
2666:
2320:
1640:
1442:
1347:
1064:
854:
752:
715:
679:
641:
632:
614:
334:
243:
195:
153:
3084:
3001:
2625:
2606:
2572:
2538:
2233:
1668:
1461:
1385:
936:
798:
775:
707:
695:
413:
312:
134:
1814:
1662:"1738–1814 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin : biographie historique d'une figure saintaise"
1328:
R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,
2132:""Grausam, unmenschlich und erniedrigend" – Celler Häftlinge gegen Hinrichtungen in USA"
988:
in September 1967 when the murderers Paul Beirau and Günter Herzfeld were executed. The
93:
3026:
2922:
2892:
2828:
1275:
1240:
1075:
954:
885:
838:
834:
820:
719:
710:
between June 1793 and July 1794 about 17,000 people were guillotined, including former
663:
637:
582:
559:
491:
404:
355:
2368:
1296:
3144:
3077:
2927:
2678:
2531:
1747:
1661:
1330:
The Making of the West, Peoples and Culture, A Concise History, Volume II: Since 1340
1255:
1199:
1153:
1055:
1051:
981:
958:
932:
896:
889:
758:
574:
508:
2838:
2645:
2238:
1265:
1173:
1040:
1033:
985:
977:
946:
443:
in 1307" showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland.
420:
288:
20:
2003:
1634:
1015:
961:, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the
756:, which used separate forms of execution for nobility and commoners. The Parisian
2516:
992:
used the guillotine in East Germany between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions.
957:
and executed by guillotine in January 1934. The Nazi government also guillotined
797:
In the late 1840s, the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for
3067:
2907:
2882:
2872:
2833:
2714:
2684:
2066:
1807:
1215:
966:
899:(which had a bagne too until the end of the 19th century) and at least twice in
746:, but returned, particularly for the execution of the King and for Robespierre.
593:
35:
2618:
3031:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2979:
1518:
1454:
1221:
1211:
1071:
970:
924:
881:
877:
870:
589:
551:
should always take the form of decapitation "by means of a simple mechanism".
439:
of 1577 included a picture of "The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in
389:
386:
284:
139:
2231:[The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children].
1036:) was introduced as a method of execution in 1834; it was last used in 1913.
454:, Scotland and was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was
3089:
3062:
2964:
2486:
484:
480:
451:
379:
2599:
1399:
333:
in 1981. The last person to be executed by a government via guillotine was
2670:
494:
and other common, more grisly methods of execution and sought to persuade
291:. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled
3094:
3006:
1022:
774:
A 20 April 1897 public execution by guillotine in front of the prison of
619:
424:
2291:
Around the World in 220 Days: The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad
3016:
3011:
2959:
2954:
2843:
2801:
1359:
1011:
1004:
912:
699:
519:
suggested the use of a straight, angled blade instead of a curved one.
440:
296:
2733:
Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation (revisited)?
475:
For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a
2754:
900:
323:
304:
1379:
Loi n°81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort
1351:
618:. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the
3057:
2717:
History of the guillotine, construction details, with rare photos
1088:
989:
769:
685:
673:
662:
526:
365:
349:
292:
133:
1119:
looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again .
2642:
The French Revolution in Three Volumes, Volume 3: The Guillotine
1888:"Goodness Beyond Virtue: Jacobins During the French Revolution "
1675:
website, accessed 2009-06-27, citing M. Georges de Labruyère in
969:, and other members of the German student resistance group, the
927:
times in many parts of the country. The guillotine, axe and the
570:
was simply to end life rather than to inflict unnecessary pain.
374:, introduced in 1564 and used until 1716, now on display at the
2758:
1616:
Parker, John William (26 July 1834). "The Halifax Gibbet-Law".
1021:
In Switzerland, it was used for the last time by the canton of
219:
174:
29:
1332:, Second Edition (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 664.
295:
suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a
2431:"Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine"
1720:. National Museum of Crime & Punishment. Archived from
1070:
In the United States in 1996, Georgia State Representative
888:
in 1965. In South America, the guillotine was only used in
869:
in 1889, of Joseph Néel, with a guillotine brought in from
694:; the person who had just been executed in this drawing is
450:
was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of
264:
258:
252:
210:
168:
16:
Apparatus designed for carrying out executions by beheading
3120:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
1152:
Louisette or Louison (from the name of prototype designer
1111:
observing what happens after the severing of the neck ...
931:
were the legal methods of execution during the era of the
423:(1495–1537) woodcut illustration from the 1532 edition of
2725:
2708:
2268:. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program. p. 27.
1426:
High History of the Grail, translated by Sebastian Evans
255:
249:
204:
201:
162:
159:
2163:
Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
2141:(in German). Celle, Germany. 10 October 2007. p. 15
1186:
La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique (The Patriotic Shortener)
1074:
unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's
283:) is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out
322:
ideas of human rights. Prior to use of the guillotine,
2229:"Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn"
276:
267:
231:
222:
198:
186:
177:
2266:
No Other Road to Take: Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh
1840:: "Any person sentenced to death shall be beheaded."
1371:
1369:
261:
216:
207:
171:
165:
3040:
2852:
2792:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
1636:
Essays on the early period of the French Revolution
246:
213:
156:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1806:
1746:
1295:
1576:, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd, p. 22,
1179:La Cravate à Capet (Capet's Necktie, Capet being
853:(on 23 June 1977) in Douai and torturer-murderer
630:, prior to the guillotine's adoption, the slogan
2521:. Medical Publishing Company. 1898. p. 436.
2046:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Guillotine"
1479:, Williams and Norgate (1916), pp. 137, 299–303.
2541:. Languefrancaise.net. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
2075:. Schultz, Arthur R. (Trans.). Middletown, CT:
1915:"The Last Public Execution by Guillotine, 1939"
1108:
698:. Robespierre is the figure marked "10" in the
396:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
1388:. Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
1195:La Bascule à Charlot (Charlot's Rocking-chair)
819:The last public guillotining in France was of
702:, holding a handkerchief to his shattered jaw.
2770:
2711:with a gallery, history, name list, and quiz.
895:Within the Southern Hemisphere, it worked in
8:
2609:. Ktakafka.free.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
416:forbade capital punishment for petty theft.
303:The guillotine is best known for its use in
2004:"The history of beheading and decapitation"
479:. However, it was later named after French
2777:
2763:
2755:
1813:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p.
1032:In Greece, the guillotine (along with the
861:Overseas departments and regions of France
1982:"A Bit of France off the Coast of Canada"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2264:Nguyen Thi Dinh; Mai V. Elliott (1976).
2110:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 55.
1192:Les Bois de Justice (Timbers of Justice)
1143:Le Vasistas or La Lucarne (The Fanlight)
876:In the Caribbean, it was used rarely in
3125:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
2575:. Medarus.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
1784:. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223.
1753:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. p.
1422:
1420:
1287:
1140:Le Rasoir National (The National Razor)
1137:La Monte-à-regret (The Regretful Climb)
788:Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie
2628:. Whonamedit. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
2379:from the original on 27 September 2008
1965:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1958:
1890:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. p. 283.
1601:Executive Producer Don Cambou (2001).
1551:
1149:Le Moulin à Silence (The Silence Mill)
2644:. Charles C. Little and James Brown (
2455:Buncomber, Andrew (3 December 1999).
1992:from the original on 1 December 2017.
1980:Wren, Christopher S. (27 July 1986).
1904:, Evans Brothers Limited, pp. 142–43.
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
7:
3130:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2497:from the original on 25 January 2010
1947:from the original on 1 December 2017
1342:Janes, Regina (1991). "Beheadings".
1316:participating institution membership
1198:Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins (The
884:; its last use in the region was at
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2600:guillotine du XIVeme arrondissement
2566:Joseph-Ignace GUILLOTIN (1738–1814)
2467:from the original on 2 January 2017
2400:"Man kills himself with guillotine"
2398:Sulivan, Anne (16 September 2007).
2349:from the original on 4 October 2013
2345:. The General Assembly of Georgia.
2208:from the original on 5 October 2017
2196:Bolmstedt, Åsa (21 December 2006).
2104:Rolf Lamprecht (5 September 2011).
2044:Andrews, Evan (15 September 2014).
1464:, The Guillotine Headquarters 2014.
1271:Use of capital punishment by nation
953:, a Dutch communist blamed for the
790:, before being moved again, to the
535:after whom the guillotine was named
2020:Guillotine: The Timbers of Justice
1875:. London: Penguin. pp. 75–76.
14:
3053:Most recent executions by country
2227:Rystad, Johan G. (1 April 2015).
2160:John O. Koehler (5 August 2008).
2072:The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943
456:James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton
2314:Kruzel, John (1 November 2013).
1697:from the original on 11 May 2014
1445:, The British Museum Collection.
1214:
976:The guillotine was last used in
849:(on 28 July 1976) in Marseille,
649:legal execution method in France
554:Sensing the growing discontent,
507:French surgeon and physiologist
337:on 10 September 1977 in France.
242:
194:
152:
34:
3105:Religion and capital punishment
2680:Guillotine; Its Legend and Lore
1859:Pre-1981 penal code, article 13
1838:Pre-1981 penal code, article 12
1749:Chase's Calendar of Events 2007
682:'s execution on 16 October 1793
331:abolition of capital punishment
45:needs additional citations for
2369:"Guillotine death was suicide"
2186:Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956
2023:. History Press. p. 131.
2017:Robert Frederick Opie (2013).
1873:"The Guilloine and the Terror"
1605:. A&E Television Networks.
1544:Sanson, Charles-Henri (1831).
805:, grandson of the executioner
539:On 10 October 1789, physician
429:De remediis utriusque fortunae
391:High History of the Holy Grail
1:
3048:Enforcement or use by country
2751:", 17 December 1881, pp. 392.
2726:"The Guillotine Headquarters"
2457:"Guillotine used for suicide"
1603:Modern Marvels: Death Devices
1476:Edinburgh, A Historical Study
1025:in the execution of murderer
915:, the guillotine is known as
801:wax museum, visited the aged
588:Laquiante, an officer of the
3171:Capital punishment in France
2749:The Origin of the Guillotine
1633:Croker, John Wilson (1857).
1236:Capital punishment in France
1189:La demi-lune (The Half-Moon)
1162:Mirabelle (from the name of
980:in 1949 in the execution of
2975:Hanged, drawn and quartered
2709:The Guillotine Headquarters
2406:. Tennessee. Archived from
2316:"Bring Back the Guillotine"
2289:Farrara, Andrew J. (2004).
2200:[The angel maker].
2166:. Basic Books. p. 18.
1548:. Tôme 3. pp. 400–408.
1519:"Origins of the Guillotine"
1400:"History of the guillotine"
460:National Museum of Scotland
376:National Museum of Scotland
25:Guillotine (disambiguation)
3202:
2293:. Buy Books. p. 415.
1886:Higonnet, Patrice (2000).
626:In the early phase of the
307:, particularly during the
18:
2658:History of the Guillotine
2204:(in Swedish). LRF Media.
2077:Wesleyan University Press
1498:National Museums Scotland
1455:History of the guillotine
1303:Oxford English Dictionary
653:execution by firing squad
602:Nicolas Jacques Pelletier
573:A committee formed under
2794:Current judicial methods
2677:Gerould, Daniel (1992).
2661:(1st ed.), London:
2605:8 September 2013 at the
2571:15 December 2012 at the
1900:Leonard Cottrell (1952)
1805:Abbott, Jeffery (2007).
1558:: CS1 maint: location (
1460:6 September 2015 at the
1128:Names for the guillotine
1059:is still on show at the
358:on its original site in
3161:18th-century inventions
2487:"Can the head survive?"
1871:Arasse, Daniel (1989).
1308:Oxford University Press
1169:La Bécane (The Machine)
794:, on 29 November 1851.
541:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
533:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
488:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
360:Halifax, West Yorkshire
138:The guillotine used in
2624:4 October 2012 at the
1919:Rare Historical Photos
1707:accessed 28 April 2016
1125:
1094:
792:Grande Roquette prison
779:
728:Maximilien Robespierre
703:
692:Maximilien Robespierre
683:
671:
558:banned the use of the
536:
523:Introduction in France
436:Holinshed's Chronicles
401:
382:
363:
143:
23:. For other uses, see
2537:14 March 2014 at the
1639:. J. Murray. p.
1619:The Saturday Magazine
1092:
1078:with the guillotine.
984:and was last used in
951:Marinus van der Lubbe
773:
689:
677:
666:
530:
369:
353:
142:between 1789 and 1821
137:
1778:Scurr, Ruth (2007).
1667:20 July 2011 at the
1660:Edmond-Jean Guérin,
1443:Asset No. 1613536198
1384:31 July 2013 at the
1159:Madame La Guillotine
1146:La Veuve (The Widow)
963:University of Munich
935:(1871–1918) and the
807:Charles-Henri Sanson
803:Henry-Clément Sanson
744:Place de la Bastille
736:Place de la Concorde
642:burning at the stake
623:take many minutes.
598:Charles-Henri Sanson
513:Charles-Henri Sanson
54:improve this article
3181:Execution equipment
2938:Republican marriage
2867:Damnatio ad bestias
2745:Scientific American
1306:(Online ed.).
1246:Henri Désiré Landru
1061:War Remnants Museum
919:("falling axe") or
831:Marie-Louise Giraud
496:Louis XVI of France
3156:1789 introductions
3110:Wrongful execution
3022:Suffocation in ash
2878:Blowing from a gun
2786:Capital punishment
2653:John Wilson Croker
2429:Staglin, Douglas.
2245:on 8 December 2015
1986:The New York Times
1724:on 1 February 2009
1572:R. F. Opie (2003)
1546:Mémoires de Sanson
1525:. 4 September 2011
1251:Rozalia Lubomirska
1095:
780:
740:Place de la Nation
704:
684:
672:
607:Place du Carrousel
568:capital punishment
562:. In 1791, as the
549:capital punishment
537:
383:
364:
144:
3186:French inventions
3138:
3137:
3115:Botched execution
2738:The Straight Dope
2724:Fabricius, Jørn.
2640:Carlyle, Thomas.
2410:on 19 August 2016
2375:. 24 April 2003.
2139:Cellesche Zeitung
2117:978-3-641-06094-7
2090:978-0-8195-6086-5
1824:978-0-312-36656-8
1791:978-0-8050-8261-6
1764:978-0-07-146818-3
1398:Fabricius, Jørn.
1314:(Subscription or
1261:Plötzensee Prison
1231:Bals des victimes
1172:Le Massicot (The
1045:Långholmen Prison
1027:Hans Vollenweider
965:with her brother
847:Christian Ranucci
784:French Revolution
690:The execution of
667:The execution of
628:French Revolution
564:French Revolution
545:National Assembly
354:A replica of the
309:French Revolution
130:
129:
122:
104:
3193:
2824:Nitrogen hypoxia
2819:Lethal injection
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2729:
2720:
2698:
2673:
2629:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2576:
2563:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2518:Clinical Journal
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2202:Populär Historia
2198:"Änglamakerskan"
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1812:
1809:What a Way to Go
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1673:Histoire P@ssion
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1299:
1292:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1065:Ho Chi Minh City
855:Hamida Djandoubi
716:Marie Antoinette
680:Marie Antoinette
543:proposed to the
335:Hamida Djandoubi
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
238:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
189:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3100:List of methods
3085:Final statement
3036:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2788:
2783:
2723:
2718:
2715:Bois de justice
2705:
2695:
2676:
2651:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2632:
2626:Wayback Machine
2617:
2613:
2607:Wayback Machine
2598:
2579:
2573:Wayback Machine
2564:
2545:
2539:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2461:The Independent
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2404:The News Herald
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2234:Hemmets Journal
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1941:"Archived copy"
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1727:
1725:
1718:"Crime Library"
1716:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1669:Wayback Machine
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1571:
1567:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1462:Wayback Machine
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:9781-4209-44075
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1386:Wayback Machine
1375:
1374:
1367:
1352:10.2307/2928715
1344:Representations
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1130:
1104:
1087:
998:
937:Weimar Republic
909:
863:
814:La Santé Prison
799:Madame Tussauds
776:Lons-le-Saunier
768:
708:Reign of Terror
696:Georges Couthon
661:
659:Reign of Terror
579:Scottish Maiden
525:
505:
473:
468:
414:Oliver Cromwell
348:
343:
313:Reign of Terror
277:
245:
241:
236:
232:
197:
193:
187:
155:
151:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3041:Related topics
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3027:Upright jerker
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2923:Disembowelment
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Breaking wheel
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2856:Post-classical
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2704:
2703:External links
2701:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2674:
2649:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2611:
2577:
2543:
2524:
2508:
2478:
2447:
2421:
2390:
2360:
2334:
2306:
2299:
2281:
2274:
2256:
2237:(in Swedish).
2219:
2188:
2179:
2172:
2152:
2123:
2116:
2096:
2089:
2058:
2036:
2029:
2009:
1995:
1972:
1932:
1921:. 1 April 2014
1906:
1902:Madame Tussaud
1893:
1878:
1863:
1851:
1842:
1830:
1823:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1738:
1709:
1681:
1679:, 22 Aug. 1907
1653:
1625:
1608:
1586:
1565:
1536:
1510:
1481:
1466:
1447:
1435:
1416:
1390:
1365:
1334:
1321:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1276:Eugen Weidmann
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Halifax Gibbet
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:for Murderers)
1200:Goncourt Prize
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1103:
1100:
1086:
1083:
1076:electric chair
997:
994:
955:Reichstag fire
908:
905:
886:Fort-de-France
862:
859:
851:Jérôme Carrein
839:Claude Chabrol
835:Story of Women
821:Eugen Weidmann
767:
764:
720:Georges Danton
712:King Louis XVI
669:King Louis XVI
660:
657:
583:Halifax Gibbet
560:breaking wheel
524:
521:
504:
501:
492:breaking wheel
472:
469:
467:
464:
405:Halifax Gibbet
356:Halifax Gibbet
347:
344:
342:
339:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3198:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Blade weapons
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:Scharfrichter
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Dismemberment
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Electrocution
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2694:0-922233-02-0
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2491:guillotine.dk
2488:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2300:0-7414-1838-X
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2275:0-87727-102-X
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2173:9780786724413
2169:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2153:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2030:9780752496054
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1404:guillotine.dk
1401:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:(35): 21–51.
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Marcel Petiot
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:Paper Trimmer
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:Antoine Louis
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:South Vietnam
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
982:Richard Schuh
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:Sophie Scholl
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:(1919–1933).
938:
934:
933:German Empire
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
904:
902:
898:
897:New Caledonia
893:
891:
890:French Guiana
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
777:
772:
765:
763:
761:
760:
759:sans-culottes
755:
754:
753:Ancien Régime
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
697:
693:
688:
681:
676:
670:
665:
658:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:
633:À la lanterne
629:
624:
621:
617:
616:
615:Ancien Régime
610:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
575:Antoine Louis
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
534:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:Antoine Louis
502:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
400:
395:
393:
392:
388:
381:
377:
373:
370:The original
368:
361:
357:
352:
345:
340:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:Enlightenment
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
272:
240:
239:
227:
192:
191:
182:
149:
141:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3176:Decapitation
3012:Slow slicing
2994:
2969:
2865:
2812:firing squad
2736:
2719:(in English)
2679:
2656:
2646:Little Brown
2641:
2614:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2471:11 September
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2450:
2440:11 September
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2414:11 September
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2403:
2393:
2383:26 September
2381:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2239:Egmont Group
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2182:
2162:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2138:
2126:
2106:
2099:
2071:
2067:Scholl, Inge
2061:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1985:
1975:
1949:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1854:
1845:
1833:
1808:
1800:
1781:Fatal Purity
1780:
1773:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1712:
1699:. Retrieved
1684:
1676:
1672:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1635:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1573:
1568:
1545:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1493:
1490:"The Maiden"
1484:
1474:
1469:
1450:
1438:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1301:
1297:"guillotine"
1290:
1266:Jozef Raskin
1131:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:Living heads
1096:
1080:
1069:
1054:, after the
1049:
1041:Alfred Ander
1038:
1034:firing squad
1031:
1020:
1018:department.
1009:
1002:
999:
986:East Germany
978:West Germany
975:
947:Nazi Germany
945:
941:
929:firing squad
921:Köpfmaschine
920:
916:
910:
894:
875:
864:
843:
837:directed by
829:
818:
811:
796:
781:
757:
751:
748:
734:and current
705:
646:
631:
625:
613:
611:
587:
572:
553:
538:
531:Portrait of
506:
476:
474:
445:
434:
433:
428:
421:Hans Weiditz
418:
402:
397:
390:
384:
328:
317:
302:
147:
145:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Guillotine"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
21:Paper cutter
3068:Executioner
2908:Crucifixion
2883:Brazen bull
2873:Blood eagle
2854:Ancient and
2834:Gas chamber
2685:Blast Books
2663:John Murray
1951:21 November
1473:Maxwell, H
1376:(in French)
1085:Controversy
1043:in 1910 at
594:harpsichord
3151:Guillotine
3145:Categories
3032:Waist chop
2996:Mazzatello
2990:Ishikozume
2985:Impalement
2980:Immurement
2970:Guillotine
2918:Decimation
2619:Guillotine
2501:17 October
2327:30 January
2249:1 December
2212:1 December
2079:. p.
1646:21 October
1622:(132): 32.
1582:0750930349
1574:Guillotine
1523:Snopes.com
1318:required.)
1283:References
1222:Law portal
1072:Doug Teper
971:White Rose
925:Napoleonic
882:Martinique
878:Guadeloupe
871:Martinique
867:St. Pierre
825:Versailles
782:After the
766:Retirement
724:Saint-Just
714:and Queen
590:Strasbourg
581:, and the
387:Old French
346:Precursors
285:executions
148:guillotine
140:Luxembourg
110:April 2017
80:newspapers
3090:Last meal
3063:Death row
2965:Gibbeting
2839:Beheading
2671:Q19040187
2435:USA Today
2353:3 October
1554:cite book
1494:Nms.ac.uk
1181:Louis XVI
1029:in 1940.
1016:Zuyderzée
996:Elsewhere
638:the wheel
556:Louis XVI
517:Louis XVI
503:Invention
485:Freemason
481:physician
477:louisette
471:Etymology
452:Edinburgh
380:Edinburgh
362:, in 2008
289:beheading
3095:Penology
3007:Scaphism
2945:Elephant
2933:Drowning
2913:Crushing
2807:Shooting
2667:Wikidata
2655:(1853),
2622:Archived
2603:Archived
2569:Archived
2535:Archived
2495:Archived
2465:Archived
2377:Archived
2373:BBC News
2347:Archived
2206:Archived
2069:(1983).
1990:Archived
1961:cite web
1945:Archived
1925:22 April
1695:Archived
1693:. 1876.
1677:le Matin
1665:Archived
1503:2 August
1458:Archived
1409:21 March
1382:Archived
1208:See also
1164:Mirabeau
1023:Obwalden
917:Fallbeil
742:and the
732:Louis XV
620:nobility
425:Petrarch
280:-yə-teen
3017:Stoning
2960:Garrote
2955:Flaying
2950:Falling
2903:Burning
2888:Boiling
2858:methods
2844:Stoning
2802:Hanging
2145:28 July
2050:HISTORY
1728:13 June
1360:2928715
1012:Utrecht
1005:Antwerp
913:Germany
907:Germany
700:tumbrel
441:Ireland
410:Halifax
341:History
297:pillory
190:-ə-teen
94:scholar
3002:Sawing
2898:Burial
2735:(from
2691:
2669:
2297:
2272:
2170:
2114:
2087:
2027:
1821:
1788:
1761:
1580:
1529:5 June
1430:
1358:
901:Tahiti
678:Queen
466:France
448:Maiden
372:Maiden
324:France
305:France
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3058:Crime
2321:Slate
2135:(PDF)
1701:9 May
1356:JSTOR
1312:
990:Stasi
547:that
293:blade
101:JSTOR
87:books
3073:list
2689:ISBN
2503:2020
2473:2016
2442:2016
2416:2016
2385:2008
2355:2013
2329:2020
2295:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2251:2015
2214:2015
2168:ISBN
2147:2024
2112:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1967:link
1953:2017
1927:2024
1819:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1730:2009
1703:2014
1648:2010
1578:ISBN
1560:link
1531:2020
1505:2019
1428:ISBN
1411:2022
1056:Diệm
967:Hans
880:and
726:and
483:and
446:The
403:The
278:GHEE
237:TEEN
233:GHIL
188:GHIL
73:news
2747:, "
2081:114
1815:144
1755:291
1641:549
1348:doi
1063:in
1050:In
1010:In
1003:In
973:.
911:In
873:.
640:or
427:'s
378:in
287:by
235:-ə-
56:by
3147::
2687:.
2683:.
2665:,
2580:^
2546:^
2493:.
2489:.
2463:.
2459:.
2433:.
2402:.
2371:.
2318:.
2137:.
2083:.
2052:.
2048:.
1988:.
1984:.
1963:}}
1959:{{
1943:.
1917:.
1817:.
1757:.
1732:.
1671:,
1589:^
1556:}}
1552:{{
1521:.
1496:.
1492:.
1419:^
1402:.
1368:^
1354:.
1300:.
1067:.
903:.
841:.
816:.
722:,
655:.
644:.
609:.
515:,
462:.
419:A
220:iː
175:iː
146:A
2778:e
2771:t
2764:v
2741:)
2728:.
2697:.
2505:.
2475:.
2444:.
2418:.
2387:.
2357:.
2331:.
2303:.
2278:.
2253:.
2216:.
2176:.
2149:.
2120:.
2093:.
2033:.
2006:.
1969:)
1955:.
1929:.
1827:.
1794:.
1767:.
1705:.
1650:.
1584:.
1562:)
1533:.
1507:.
1413:.
1362:.
1350::
1310:.
1183:)
1176:)
1166:)
1156:)
271:/
268:n
265:i
262:t
259:ə
256:j
253:i
250:ɡ
247:ˈ
244:/
226:/
223:n
217:t
214:ˈ
211:ə
208:l
205:ɪ
202:ɡ
199:ˌ
196:/
181:/
178:n
172:t
169:ə
166:l
163:ɪ
160:ɡ
157:ˈ
154:/
150:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
