208:, and the continuation of genocidal policies, only 19 Gulidjan were left by 1858. Causes of the decline were identified in 1862 as starvation due to European occupation of the best-grassed areas of their lands, European diseases such as chicken pox, measles and influenza, association with convicts, and heightened tribal enmity. However, it is widely acknowledged that Australian historical accounts minimise the impact of genocidal practices on Aboriginal populations, and instead emphasise causes of population decline that have only indirect associations with the behaviour of colonisers, such as disease, or that blame Aboriginal communities for their own decline, such as due to violence.
200:. Early conflicts between the Gulidjan and Wathaurong peoples at the mission persuaded the missionaries to concentrate on one language group - the Gulidjan - in 1842. Within three years the mission saw one tribe have its numbers halved, and the impact on the Colac tribe was said to be more drastic. The Gulidjan successfully resisted his attempts at cultural genocide through the indoctrination of Christian values and a sedentary lifestyle, and the mission was closed in 1848. At that point, they took refuge at Alexander Dennis's Tardwarncourt station.
231:, south of Colac, for the Gulidjan, with a brick house erected on the site, but the Gulidjan preferred to use the house as a windbreak. Richard Sharp and Jim Crow, both Gulidjan people, established working leases on the site, and their families continued to hold their respective lots until 1948, when the land was sold by the Victorian Lands Department. Descendants of those families continue to live in the local area.
175:. For three years, the Gulidjan actively resisted invasion by driving off livestock and raiding stations. Such raids brought retaliation by parties of colonisers with violent clashes ensuing. According to Jan Critchett's study, an estimated 300-350 Aboriginal people were murdered in the 14 years from 1834 to 1848, during the colonial invasion of the Western District. The disappearance and presumed death deaths of
107:
was first identified in 1839, although much of the detail and vocabulary has been lost, there is sufficient to confirm that it constituted a separate language. About 100 words of the
Gulidjan language have survived. Some analysis suggests it may be a mixed language or creole language having something
203:
Coloniser Hugh Murray, who first claimed the area in
September 1837, asserted in 1853 that the local Gulidjan tribe was small, numbering between 35 and 40. By 1850, 43 males and 35 females were counted to be alive. With the influx of people searching for gold during the 1850s
184:
reports on three documented attacks in 1839-1840 resulting in
Aboriginal deaths. More often, squatters destroyed campsites and took implements as revenge. By 1839, the Gulidjan were unable to live traditionally on their lands and began to take jobs on European stations.
179:
and George Hesse in 1837, whose fate remains a mystery to this day, were blamed on the
Gulidjan. Retribution was meted out by a colonising party accompanied, by some Wathaurong people, and several Gulidjan people were killed. Historian
1794:
872:
1131:
1550:
1785:
852:
Historic Homes of
Western Victoria: Stories of Prominent Pioneering Families of Western Victoria and of their Stately and Gracious Homes, Today Irreplaceable Symbols of a Wilderness Tamed
1910:
1124:
1467:
1529:
1945:
1968:
1938:
1117:
1903:
1766:
1019:
Campfires at the Cross: An
Account of the Bunting Dale Aboriginal Mission 1839-1951 at Birregurra, Near Colac, Victoria: with a Biography of Francis Tuckfield
1536:
546:
Arthur Lloyd and a certain Taylor shot a G man dead in 1839; William
Roadknight shot another dead in July of that same year; whites killed another in 1840. (
1917:
282:, where upwards of 20 tribes each having its own language or dialect, would gather, Gulidjan was one of four languages spoken, the other three being
1931:
1687:
223:, and was maintained until 1875. A house was built for them on the present Colac hospital site, but they preferred living in their traditional
1924:
1723:
1099:
1053:
1026:
998:
949:
914:
832:
1483:
1543:
880:
840:
1595:
965:
Australian
Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia
1752:
1694:
1637:
559:"The Colac tribe of natives was not numerous when we came here – men, women and children not numbering more than 35 or 40." (
823:
1623:
1581:
1574:
1064:
1745:
1630:
1588:
1561:
972:
963:
863:
1515:
1847:
1616:
990:
941:
287:
1973:
1882:
1840:
894:
890:
859:
819:
189:
181:
1088:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
1868:
1609:
1372:
959:
352:
216:
172:
125:
66:
1497:
1140:
291:
38:
1038:"Corrupt desires and the wages of sin: indigenous people, missionaries and male sexuality, 1830–1850"
283:
220:
193:
1861:
1833:
1810:
1651:
1218:
1176:
205:
46:
1644:
1386:
1267:
1183:
1083:
920:
1819:
171:
The
Gulidjan people were hit hard by the European colonisation of their land shortly after the
1716:
1504:
1435:
1190:
1095:
1049:
1037:
1022:
994:
984:
945:
910:
876:
836:
176:
104:
98:
1826:
1490:
1365:
1232:
1211:
934:
256:
248:
160:
152:
136:
78:
62:
1759:
1658:
1302:
1079:
980:
272:
264:
1962:
1323:
1253:
1225:
82:
1665:
1520:
1316:
1155:
898:
865:
Scars in the Landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859
419:
252:
244:
70:
196:, in Gulidjan territory . Housing was only provided if tribal families renounced
1602:
1456:
1414:
1400:
1358:
1337:
1281:
1274:
1239:
1197:
1169:
815:
240:
924:
1875:
1854:
1476:
1442:
1428:
1407:
1393:
1351:
1344:
366:
338:
325:
279:
156:
148:
74:
50:
42:
903:
Indigenous and Minority Placenames: Australian and International Perspectives
893:(2014). "Multiple Aboriginal placenames in western and central Victoria". In
1379:
1246:
1204:
1091:
1045:
906:
228:
86:
517:
as the vowel of the first syllable). The vowel a tends to be pronounced as
147:
The Gulidjan resided throughout some 900 square miles (2,300 km) near
1330:
1295:
1288:
1162:
509:
These suggest a form Gulidjan (alternatively transcribed with an initial
197:
121:
58:
54:
1795:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
1109:
1449:
1421:
224:
822:; Reid, Julie (2001) . "The Colac language". In Blake, Barry (ed.).
1309:
936:
A 'distant field of murder': Western District frontiers, 1834–1848
16:
Aboriginal Australian people of the Lake Colac region in Victoria
743:
741:
739:
1113:
634:
632:
1074:. Melbourne: Robert S Brain Government Printer. pp. 4–5.
108:
in common with each of the neighboring languages. The word
1786:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
529:
and this probably accounts for the spellings that suggest
1042:
Transgressions: Critical Australian Indigenous Histories
825:
Wathawurrung and the Colac Language of Southern Victoria
583:
581:
579:
192:, established a mission station, called Buntingdale, at
770:
768:
678:
676:
674:
649:
647:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
302:
Before European settlement, 4 separate clans existed
227:. In 1872, 16 hectares of land were reserved at
1809:
1776:
1733:
1708:
1675:
1560:
1514:
1466:
1147:
159:. The inland boundary of their domain lay south of
933:
188:In 1839, the Reverend Francis Tuckfield, from the
215:, was established for the Gulidjan people on the
135:Roughly 200 words and the translated text of the
1040:. In Macfarlane, Ingereth; Hannah, Mark (eds.).
798:
747:
638:
534:
501:"There are also a number of spellings such as
1125:
8:
833:Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies
155:, reaching down into harsh terrain towards
1737:
1566:
1132:
1118:
1110:
292:Wiitya whuurong, a dialect of Wathawurrung
665:
694:
304:
41:tribe whose traditional lands cover the
759:
587:
575:
494:
1969:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
1767:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1688:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
623:
560:
1724:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
786:
774:
730:
706:
682:
653:
611:
599:
547:
7:
1092:Australian National University Press
1046:Australian National University Press
907:Australian National University Press
718:
139:survive from the Gulidjan language.
1484:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
1021:. Australian Scholarly Publishing.
503:Colijon, Koligian, Colijan, Kolijin
1070:. In Bride, Thomas Francis (ed.).
243:society who intermarried with the
14:
61:plains and lakes region east of
1596:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
1072:Letters from Victorian Pioneers
211:In the 1860s, a small reserve,
132:, to mean 'belonging to sand'.
112:derives from the Gulidjan word
73:. Their territory bordered the
49:, Australia. They occupied the
1753:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
1695:Victoria Archaeological Survey
1638:Mount William stone axe quarry
1:
1516:Registered Aboriginal Parties
1065:"Letter No.2, 18 August 1853"
1010:History of Colac and District
1746:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
1631:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
1589:Carisbrook stone arrangement
1017:Le Griffon, Heather (2006).
799:Blake, Clark & Reid 2001
748:Blake, Clark & Reid 2001
639:Blake, Clark & Reid 2001
535:Blake, Clark & Reid 2001
525:following a palatal such as
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
255:. Each person belonged to a
901:; Kostanski, Laura (eds.).
25:people (perhaps originally
1990:
1848:Convincing Ground massacre
991:Cambridge University Press
986:The Languages of Australia
942:Melbourne University Press
351:'Ingleby' station, on the
96:
1892:
1740:
1569:
1036:Mitchell, Jessie (2007).
533:in the final syllable." (
1883:Murdering Gully massacre
1841:Campaspe Plains massacre
932:Critchett, Jan (1990) .
190:Wesleyan Mission Society
128:, who transcribed it as
1869:Mudgegonga rock shelter
1610:Grampians National Park
1080:Tindale, Norman Barnett
173:foundation of Melbourne
85:to the south-west, and
45:region of the state of
431:Bungilearney Colagiens
116:(sand) and the suffix
29:,), also known as the
1898:By state or territory
1141:Aboriginal Victorians
1063:Murray, Hugh (1898).
1008:Hebb, Isaac (1970) .
850:Chapman, Nan (1966).
314:Approximate location
39:Aboriginal Australian
1048:. pp. 229–249.
909:. pp. 169–175.
875:. pp. 135–139.
835:. pp. 155–177.
1862:Gippsland massacres
1834:Blood Hole massacre
1709:State organisations
1652:Sunbury earth rings
981:Dixon, Robert M. W.
789:, pp. 137–138.
709:, pp. 135–136.
668:, pp. 130–131.
602:, pp. 135–139.
550:, pp. 138–139)
239:The Gulidjan are a
206:Victorian gold rush
89:to the south-east.
1911:Northern Territory
1645:New Guinea II cave
1956:
1955:
1946:Western Australia
1805:
1804:
1717:Heritage Victoria
1704:
1703:
1505:Lake Boga mission
1101:978-0-708-10741-6
1084:"Kolakngat (VIC)"
1055:978-1-921-31343-1
1028:978-1-740-97112-6
1012:. Hawthorn Press.
1000:978-1-108-01785-5
951:978-0-522-84389-7
916:978-0-85575-281-1
831:. Vol. 147.
412:(f is a misprint)
375:Alternative names
372:
371:
278:At interregional
177:Joseph Gellibrand
105:Gulidjan language
99:Gulidjan language
69:and north of the
1981:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1827:Battle of Yering
1822:
1798:
1789:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1726:
1719:
1697:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1491:Ebenezer Mission
1486:
1479:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1373:Pallanganmiddang
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1233:Djargurd Wurrong
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1032:
1013:
1004:
976:
973:George Robertson
970:
955:
939:
928:
886:
870:
855:
846:
830:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
763:
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734:
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597:
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564:
557:
551:
544:
538:
499:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
426:Karakoi, Karakoo
401:Colijon, Koligon
348:Guraldjin balug
335:Birregurra Clan
305:
288:Kuurn Kopan Noot
249:Djargurd Wurrung
153:Lake Corangamite
124:was analysed by
79:Djargurd Wurrung
63:Lake Corangamite
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1974:Colac, Victoria
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1925:South Australia
1923:
1916:
1909:
1904:New South Wales
1902:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1820:Batman's Treaty
1818:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1729:
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1715:
1700:
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1217:
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1203:
1196:
1189:
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1138:
1108:
1102:
1078:
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1062:
1056:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1007:
1001:
979:
968:
958:
952:
931:
925:j.ctt13www5z.16
917:
889:
883:
868:
858:
854:. Colac Herald.
849:
843:
828:
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805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
766:
758:
754:
746:
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729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
681:
672:
664:
660:
652:
645:
637:
630:
626:, p. lxxx.
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
594:
586:
577:
573:
568:
567:
558:
554:
545:
541:
500:
496:
491:
444:
377:
362:Gulidjan Balug
300:
237:
169:
145:
101:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
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1886:
1879:
1872:
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1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:Half-Caste Act
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:Tarragal Caves
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1564:
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1557:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:Barengi Gadjin
1525:
1523:
1512:
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1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1464:
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1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
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1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1303:Krauatungalang
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1033:
1027:
1014:
1005:
999:
977:
956:
950:
929:
915:
887:
881:
856:
847:
841:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:
801:, p. 159.
791:
779:
777:, p. 137.
764:
752:
750:, p. 156.
735:
733:, p. 136.
723:
721:, p. 209.
711:
699:
697:, p. 229.
687:
685:, p. 135.
670:
666:Critchett 1990
658:
656:, p. 260.
643:
641:, p. 155.
628:
616:
614:, p. 244.
604:
592:
590:, p. 205.
574:
572:
569:
566:
565:
552:
539:
537:, p. 155)
493:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
443:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
416:Colac-conedeet
413:
407:
398:
393:
388:
383:
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363:
360:
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349:
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342:
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336:
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329:
328:
323:
320:
316:
315:
312:
309:
299:
296:
273:White Cockatoo
265:Black Cockatoo
236:
233:
168:
165:
144:
141:
97:Main article:
94:
91:
77:to the north,
65:, west of the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
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1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
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1821:
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1814:
1812:
1808:
1797:
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1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1779:
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1768:
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1757:
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1742:
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1736:
1732:
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1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1689:
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1684:
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1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
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1642:
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1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:Land councils
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
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1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:Girai wurrung
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:Djadjawurrung
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
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982:
978:
974:
971:. Melbourne:
967:
966:
961:
960:Dawson, James
957:
953:
947:
943:
938:
937:
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Hercus, Luise
896:
895:Clark, Ian D.
892:
891:Clark, Ian D.
888:
884:
882:0-85575-281-5
878:
874:
867:
866:
861:
860:Clark, Ian D.
857:
853:
848:
844:
842:0-85883-498-7
838:
834:
827:
826:
821:
820:Clark, Ian D.
817:
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695:Mitchell 2007
691:
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150:
142:
140:
138:
137:Lord's Prayer
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
83:Girai Wurrung
81:to the west,
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
1793:
1784:
1676:
1666:Wurdi Youang
1260:
1219:Djab Wurrung
1177:Braiakaulung
1156:Barababaraba
1087:
1071:
1041:
1018:
1009:
985:
964:
935:
902:
864:
851:
824:
816:Blake, Barry
794:
787:Clark (1995)
782:
762:, p. 2.
760:Chapman 1966
755:
726:
714:
707:Clark (1995)
702:
690:
683:Clark (1995)
661:
619:
607:
600:Clark (1995)
595:
588:Tindale 1974
563:, p. 5)
555:
542:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:and/or with
510:
506:
502:
497:
435:
430:
425:
415:
409:
404:
400:
395:
390:
386:Kolac-gnat??
385:
380:
365:Vicinity of
353:Barwon River
301:
277:
268:
260:
253:Wada wurrung
245:Djab Wurrung
238:
217:Barwon River
212:
210:
202:
187:
170:
146:
134:
129:
126:James Dawson
117:
113:
109:
102:
71:Otway Ranges
67:Barwon River
34:
30:
26:
22:
20:
18:
1734:Legislation
1603:Cloggs Cave
1498:Framlingham
1468:Communities
1457:Yorta Yorta
1415:Wemba-Wemba
1401:Wadawurrung
1387:Tatungalung
1359:Ngooraialum
1338:Ladji Ladji
1282:Jardwadjali
1275:Gunditjmara
1268:Gunaikurnai
1240:Djilamatang
1198:Boonwurrung
1184:Brataualung
1170:Brabiralung
624:Dawson 1881
561:Murray 1898
322:Beeac Clan
284:Tjapwurrung
280:corroborees
241:matrilineal
110:Colac/Kokak
35:Colac tribe
1963:Categories
1918:Queensland
1876:Munangabum
1855:Coranderrk
1582:Box Gulley
1551:Wurundjeri
1544:Wathaurung
1477:Coranderrk
1443:Wurundjeri
1436:Wotjobaluk
1429:Woiwurrung
1408:Warkawarka
1394:Taungurung
1352:Minyambuta
1345:Mardidjali
1191:Bungandidj
775:Clark 1995
731:Clark 1995
654:Dixon 2011
612:Clark 2014
571:References
548:Clark 1995
449:purterrong
442:Some words
403:(g = dj):
367:Lake Colac
339:Birregurra
326:Lake Beeac
311:Clan name
221:Winchelsea
194:Birregurra
157:Cape Otway
149:Lake Colac
75:Wathaurong
51:grasslands
43:Lake Colac
1624:Kow Swamp
1575:Bend Road
1380:Pangerang
1366:Ngurelban
1289:Jari Jari
1247:Gadubanud
1212:Dhudhuroa
1205:Dadi Dadi
719:Hebb 1970
507:Koladgin.
465:part-part
436:Kolakngat
410:Loli(f)on
229:Elliminyt
182:Ian Clark
130:Kolakgnat
87:Gadubanud
55:woodlands
37:, are an
31:Kolakngat
1939:Victoria
1932:Tasmania
1678:See also
1537:Bunurong
1331:Kwatkwat
1296:Jupagalk
1261:Gulidjan
1163:Bidhawal
1082:(1974).
983:(2011).
962:(1881).
862:(1995).
484:(father)
476:(breast)
457:tharrong
391:Kulidyan
381:Kolidjon
225:mia-mias
198:polygamy
122:ethnonym
93:Language
59:volcanic
47:Victoria
27:Kolidjon
23:Gulidjan
1811:History
1450:Yalukit
1422:Wergaia
1148:Peoples
873:AIATSIS
808:Sources
452:(child)
405:Coligan
396:Lolijon
269:grugidj
235:Society
213:Karngun
167:History
143:Country
1777:Cases:
1617:Keilor
1324:Kurung
1098:
1052:
1025:
997:
948:
923:
913:
879:
839:
468:(moon)
261:gabadj
257:moiety
161:Cressy
118:-gnat.
1562:Sites
1317:Kulin
1310:Koori
1068:(PDF)
969:(PDF)
921:JSTOR
869:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
489:Notes
473:birri
460:(man)
422:name)
420:horde
298:Clans
267:) or
114:kulak
33:, or
1096:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1023:ISBN
995:ISBN
946:ISBN
911:ISBN
877:ISBN
837:ISBN
505:and
481:mama
290:and
251:and
151:and
120:The
103:The
21:The
521:or
308:No
275:).
259:of
219:at
1965::
1094:.
1090:.
1086:.
1044:.
993:.
989:.
944:.
940:.
919:.
905:.
897:;
871:.
818:;
767:^
738:^
673:^
646:^
631:^
578:^
527:dj
359:4
345:3
332:2
319:1
294:.
286:,
247:,
163:.
57:,
53:,
1518:/
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
1104:.
1058:.
1031:.
1003:.
975:.
954:.
927:.
885:.
845:.
531:i
523:ε
519:æ
515:o
511:k
418:(
271:(
263:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.