948:
728:, Sarah James is cited as saying, "We are the caribou people. Caribou are not just what we eat; they are who we are. They are in our stories and songs and the whole way we see the world. Caribou are our life. Without caribou we wouldn't exist." Traditionally, their tents and most of their clothing were made out of caribou skin, and they lived "mostly on caribou and all other wild meats." Caribou fur skins were placed on top of spruce branches as bedding and flooring. Soap was made from boiled poplar tree ashes mixed with caribou fat. Drums were made of caribou hide. Overalls were made from "really good white tanned caribou skin".
660:, which translates roughly as "In the ancient days". This is usually followed with the admission that this was "when all of the people could talk to the animals, and all of the animals could speak with the people". These stories are often parables, which suggest a proper protocol, or code of behavior for Gwichʼin. Equality, generosity, hard work, kindness, mercy, cooperation for mutual success, and just revenge are often the themes of stories such as: "Tsyaa Too Oozhrii Gwizhit" (The Boy In The Moon), "Zhoh Ts’à Nahtryaa" (The Wolf and the Wolverine), "Vadzaih Luk Hàa" (The Caribou and the Fish).
2333:
486:
54:
798:
807:
816:
1766:
1108:
1660:
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321:
891:, Deacon William Loola, and Deacon Albert Tritt. The Traditional Chief, an honorary and lifetime title, of one Gwichʼin village is also an Episcopal priest: the Rev. Traditional Chief Trimble Gilbert of Arctic Village. Chief Gilbert is recognized as the Second Traditional Chief of all of the Athabascan tribes in
731:
Elders have identified at least 150 descriptive Gwichʼin names for all of the bones, organs, and tissues. "Associated with the caribou's anatomy are not just descriptive Gwichʼin names for all of the body parts including bones, organs, and tissues as well as "an encyclopedia of stories, songs, games,
386:
projects are underway to document the language and to enhance the writing and translation skills of younger Gwichʼin speakers. In one project lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwichʼin elder, Kenneth Frank, works with linguists which include young Gwichʼin speakers affiliated with the Alaska
708:
harvest woodland caribou but not as much as other caribou. The Gwichʼin prefer to hunt
Porcupine caribou or the barren-ground Blue Nose herd, who travel in large herds, when they are available. Many hunters claimed that woodland caribou that form very small groups, are wilder, both hard to see and
1505:
was developed for use by educators in the Gwich'in
Settlement Region . The Inuvik Research Centre, the Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute, Parks Canada and the five schools in the GSR all have kits that are available for educational purposes. The kit includes a copy of this book, 27 pressed,
652:
include the "Vazaagiitsak cycle" (literally, "His
Younger Brother Became Snagged"), which focuses on the comical adventures of a Gwichʼin misfit who, among other things, battles lice on a giant's head, plays the fool to the cunning fox, and eats the scab from his own anus unknowingly. Gwichʼin
1109:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
1664:
1639:
985:
of a large cross-border
Porcupine caribou herd to energy drilling, despite international agreements to protect it." In December, the United States "released a draft environmental impact study proposal for the lease sale with a public comment period until February 11, 2019.
477:, which translates as "In the middle" or "independents". This last clan is reserved for people who marry within their own clan, which is considered incestual. To a lesser degree, it is for children of people who are outside of the clan system.
324:
328:
327:
323:
322:
329:
2322:
683:
Caribou are an integral part of First
Nations and Inuit oral histories and legends including the Gwichʼin creation story of how Gwichʼin people and the caribou separated from a single entity. There is a stable population of
1083:
said that the "U.S. is living up to the agreement on the
Porcupine herd". The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency operating through the Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management which are both under the
906:
into Gwichʼin. The Takudh Bible is in a century-old orthography that is not very accurate, and thus hard to read. In the 1960s
Richard Mueller designed a new orthography for Gwichʼin, which has now become standard.
326:
2582:
874:
The introduction of
Christianity in the 1840s throughout Gwichʼin territory produced spiritual changes that are still widely in effect today. Widespread conversion to Christianity, as influenced by Anglican and
771:
in collaboration with elders, in which they described dozens of trees, shrubs, woody plants, berry plants, vascular plants, mosses and lichens, and fungi that the Gwichʼin used. Examples included black spruce
2315:
994:(BLM) Alaska office, that "Canada is concerned about the potential transboundary impacts of oil and gas exploration and development planned for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain."
608:(largest of the four Gwichʼin communities in the Gwichʼin Settlement Area (GSA), English is the main language spoken, though schools teach and a handful of local people still speak Gwichʼin.)
2308:
1709:
2478:
2134:
1276:
1258:
1307:
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representatives who worked with Canada on this matter for decades. is an agency operating through the
Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management which are both under the
1506:
labelled and laminated plants, an organizer with assorted samples of dried berries and fungi, and two jars of lichens and mosses. The book can be used without the rest of the kit.
981:, along with the Canadian government, the Yukon and Northwest territories and other First Nations, expressed concerns to the United States about the proposed lease sale in the
653:
comedies often contain bawdy humor. Other major characters from the Gwichʼin oral tradition include: Googhwaii, Ool Ti’, Tł’oo Thal, K’aiheenjik, K’iizhazhal, and
Shaanyaati’.
2838:
1059:
article, concerns were raised as there has been a change of structure in the US administration of the ANWR. For decades, the U.S. representative used to come from the
947:
688:
throughout a large portion of the Gwichʼin Settlement Area and woodland caribou are an important food source for Gwichʼin although they harvest them less than other
325:
879:
missionaries, led to these as the two dominant Christian sects among the Gwichʼin. Notable figures in the missionary movement among the Gwichʼin are Archdeacon
2848:
398:
Analysis of the traditional place names indicate that the Gwich’in have an ancient history in this region, likely since the early Holocene (~8,000 years).
669:
2557:
2127:
291:. Sometimes, these terms may refer (explicitly or implicitly) to particular dialects of the Gwichʼin language (or to the communities that speak them).
1997:
Yeenoo Dài’ K’è’tr’ijilkai’ Ganagwaandaii = Long Ago Sewing We Will Remember : the Story of the Gwichʼin Traditional Caribou Skin Clothing Project
1085:
1072:
1064:
2520:
2300:
1068:
1060:
2332:
724:
is the cultural symbol and a keystone subsistence species of the Gwichʼin, just as the buffalo is to the Plains Indians. In his book entitled
2147:
2120:
1587:
701:
599:
1185:
998:
951:
Bernadette Demientieff, member of the Gwich’in Steering Committee, speaking in support congressional efforts to protect the Arctic in 2019.
1292:
1273:
1255:
2354:
1304:
501:
1774:
1747:
465:
survive from antiquity across Gwichʼin lands. Two are primary clans and the third has a lower/secondary status. The first clan are the
2042:
1969:
967:
2472:
379:
Gwichʼin is now a "severely endangered" language, with fewer than 150 fluent speakers in Alaska and another 250 in northwest Canada.
2004:
1896:
1882:
1833:
1802:
1425:
1335:
2515:
252:
embroidery, both of which are highly regarded among Gwichʼin. Today, the Gwich’in economy consists mostly of hunting, fishing, and
2625:
849:
845:
2729:
784:
which was used as "food, medicine, shelter, fuel and tools." Boiled cones and branches were used to prevent and to treat colds.
346:
2843:
2525:
1002:
963:
829:
388:
1978:
New Haven: Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 14, 1936. Reprinted by the Human Relations Area Files Press, 1970.
2530:
2018:
1854:
1480:
2577:
1468:
756:
2757:
2572:
2507:
1459:
369:
2668:
2587:
1889:
Gwichya Gwichʼin Googwandak: The History and Stories of the Gwichya Gwichʼin ; As Told by the Elders of Tsiigehtchic
732:
toys, ceremonies, traditional tools, skin clothing, personal names and surnames, and a highly developed ethnic cuisine."
2793:
2724:
2706:
2645:
2336:
1389:
888:
630:
2673:
1784:
2828:
2734:
2688:
2678:
2635:
1519:
919:
issued two stamps in the Indians of Canada, Indians of the Subarctic series both designed by Georges Beaupré. One was
676:
In recent times, important figures in who have represented traditional belief structures are: Johnny and Sarah Frank,
1685:
2663:
2011:
The Ladies, The Gwichʼin, and the Rat: Travels on the Athabasca, Mackenzie, Rat, Porcupine, and Yukon Rivers in 1926
1950:. Mercury series. Ottawa: Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, 1972.
1545:
Morice, Adrian. "Loucheux." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 Apr. 2022
1136:
2788:
2696:
2653:
2612:
2597:
2562:
2466:
1610:
978:
936:
342:
35:
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1821:. Ottawa, Ont: Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre, Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 1963.
1472:
991:
853:
760:
2762:
2739:
896:
2701:
2438:
1169:(Yellowknife, N.W.T.: Curriculum Division, Dept. of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories, 1972).
857:
2798:
2602:
2592:
1076:
932:
685:
577:
383:
306:
literally translates as "Small People," but figuratively it refers to all First Nations, not just Gwichʼin.
211:
2204:
1927:
The Crooked Stovepipe: Athapaskan Fiddle Music and Square Dancing in Northeast Alaska and Northwest Canada
1915:
Loovers, Jan Peter Laurens."Reading Life with Gwich'in: An Educational Approach". London: Routledge, 2020.
519:
362:
1748:
Conservation, Native Groups Oppose Proposed Land Swap for Oil Development in Yukon Flats Refuge in Alaska
2833:
2567:
2340:
2104:
1418:
Caribou Rising: Defending the Porcupine Herd, Gwich-'in Culture, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
1080:
924:
726:
Caribou Rising: Defending the Porcupine Herd, Gwich-'in Culture, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
494:
392:
77:
2823:
2484:
974:
668:
2620:
2549:
2055:
1556:
1520:"Quannah Chasinghorse Didn't Want to Discuss Her Face Tattoo Because People 'Wouldn't Have Accepted'"
982:
615:
561:
533:
422:
315:
208:
173:
112:
31:
966:(ANWR). Gwichʼin people have been very active in protesting and lobbying against the possibility of
2772:
2767:
2350:
2156:
884:
545:
539:
272:
and translates as "one who dwells" or "resident of ." Historically, the French called the Gwichʼin
249:
215:
144:
1962:
Gwichʼin Athabascan Implements: History, Manufacture, and Usage According to Reverend David Salmon
485:
53:
2716:
2630:
2199:
2112:
1718:
1055:
987:
903:
825:
557:
59:
1193:
740:
1579:
648:
of storytelling that has only recently begun to be written in the modern orthography. Gwichʼin
2749:
2430:
2038:
2014:
2000:
1965:
1892:
1878:
1850:
1829:
1583:
1524:
1486:
1476:
1421:
1331:
959:
718:
689:
253:
1934:
Neerihiinjìk: We Traveled from Place to Place: the Gwichʼin Stories of Johnny and Sarah Frank
935:
The 8¢ stamps are perforated 12.5 and 13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited and the
1983:
Physical Activities of the Kutchin Athabaskan Indians of Interior Alaska and Northern Canada
1739:
970:, due to fears that oil drilling will deplete the population of the Porcupine Caribou herd.
958:
is traditionally a major component of their diet. Many Gwichʼin people are dependent on the
116:
1866:
Gilbert, Matthew. 2007. "Farewell, Sweet Ice - Hunters Feel the Heat in Gwichʼin Country".
2497:
1743:
1311:
1280:
1262:
892:
841:
626:
567:
358:
350:
2411:
2090:
2251:
2143:
1714:
1572:
1461:
Gwichʼin Ethnobotany: Plants Used by the Gwichʼin for Food, Medicine, Shelter and Tools
1006:
769:
Gwichʼin Ethnobotany: Plants Used by the Gwichʼin for Food, Medicine, Shelter and Tools
645:
551:
529:
2817:
2390:
2376:
2227:
2169:
1710:"Canadian governments, First Nations express concern over U.S. Arctic drilling plans"
1351:
1215:
1033:
865:
571:
523:
416:
223:
219:
92:
997:
For similar reasons, Gwichʼin also actively protested the development of oil in the
840:
region. They are, in chronological order of service with the first three pictured:
473:
which translates as "The helpers" (second on the land). The last clan is called the
2362:
2279:
2098:
2023:
1819:
Vunta Kutchin Social Change: A Study of the People of the Old Crow, Yukon Territory
1455:
880:
764:
705:
611:
128:
345:, has two main dialects, eastern and western, which are delineated roughly at the
1325:
2274:
2174:
916:
876:
837:
744:
285:
406:
The many different bands or tribes of Gwichʼin include but are not limited to:
34:. For the organization representing Gwich’in in the Northwest Territories, see
2222:
2189:
1955:
Hunters of the Northern Forest: Designs for Survival Among the Alaskan Kutchin
1544:
1026:
1019:
861:
797:
288:
234:
927:
of "a ceremonial costume of the Kutchin tribe" (Gwichʼin people). The other,
469:, which literally translates as "First on the land", the second clan are the
2460:
2397:
2289:
1826:
Gwindoo Nanh Kak Geenjit Gwichʼin Ginjik, More Gwichʼin Words About the Land
1490:
833:
806:
349:. Each village has unique dialect differences, idioms, and expressions. The
2246:
1999:. Mercury series. Gatineau, Québec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2005.
1231:
493:
Over 6,000 Gwichʼin live in 15 small communities in northern parts of the
368:
Approximately 300 Alaskan Gwichʼin speak their language, according to the
2538:
2454:
2404:
1144:
677:
649:
245:
230:
185:
1614:
17:
2284:
2238:
2232:
2194:
955:
815:
697:
593:
132:
62:, Ecotrust Indigenous Leadership Award ceremony, Portland, Oregon, 2004
2035:
Raising Ourselves: A Gwichʼin Coming of Age Story from the Yukon River
1948:
The Cadzow Lake Site (MjVi-1): A Multi-Component Historic Kutchin Camp
1941:
Tanana and Chandalar: the Alaska Field Journals of Robert A. McKennan.
1891:. Tsiigehtchic, N.W.T.: Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute, 2001.
656:
Numerous folk tales about prehistoric times all begin with the phrase
2534:
2214:
1390:"Gwichʼin Traditional Knowledge: Woodland Caribou, Boreal Population"
693:
605:
509:
505:
373:
334:
96:
73:
2184:
1887:
Heine, Michael, Alestine Andre, Ingrid Kritsch & Alma Cardinal.
149:
1877:. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Press, 1982.
1861:
Gwichʼin Topical Dictionary: Gwichyah and Teetłʼit Gwichʼin Dialect
248:. They also continue to make traditional caribou-skin clothing and
2424:
2269:
2164:
2028:
Two Old Women. An Alaskan Legend Of Betrayal, Courage And Survival
1863:. Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute, Teetłʼit Zheh, NT, 2009.
946:
667:
498:
484:
354:
319:
237:
81:
1992:. Ottawa: Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 1962.
1922:. Montreal and New York: Arctic Institute of North America, 1965.
1703:
1701:
1699:
2384:
2370:
462:
241:
2304:
2116:
2097:
1759:
1574:
Northern Athabascan Survival: Women, Community, and the Future
357:
have approximately the same dialect as those bands living in
2080:
2065:
1936:. 2nd ed. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, 2001.
1929:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
1557:"Executive Board of Directors – Tanana Chiefs Conference"
709:
hard to hunt. They are very smart, cunning, and elusive.
2075:
2070:
2066:
Gwichʼin Tribal Council web site (Northwest Territories)
1314:
Sapir John Haa Googwandak 3. (Sapir-Fredson Stories 3.)
1190:
Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCOS)
2085:
2060:
377:
Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger,
1217:
Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska
1067:(DOI) and operates under a different mandate as the
2781:
2748:
2715:
2687:
2644:
2611:
2548:
2506:
2494:
2447:
2361:
2262:
2213:
2155:
1686:"Gwich'in Human Rights Threatened by ANWR Drilling"
1001:, and a proposed land trade from the United States
244:. They are renowned for their intricate and ornate
179:
169:
159:
138:
122:
106:
91:
72:
67:
1840:Living on Thin Ice: The Gwichʼin Natives of Alaska
1571:
1467:. Gwichʼin Elders (2nd ed.). Inuvik, N.W.T.:
1420:(1st ed.). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
1179:
1177:
1175:
2108:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1305:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1293:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1274:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1256:Alaska Native Language Archive | Resource Details
1143:. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Archived from
1976:Contributions to the Ethnography of the Kutchin.
1454:Alestine, Andre; Fehr, Alan (2002). Written at
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
902:The Takudh Bible is a translation of the entire
602:(traditional name, Tetlit Zheh, Tetlit Gwichʼin)
294:Gwichʼin often refer to themselves by the term
1847:A Special Gift: The Kutchin Beadwork Tradition
1742:, IEN Earth, 15 January 2008. Archived at the
962:which herd calves on the coastal plain in the
229:Gwichʼin are well-known for their crafting of
218:people. They live in the northwestern part of
2316:
2128:
1957:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
8:
2013:, University of Alberta Press, May 1, 1998.
1943:Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006.
44:
1990:Band Organization of the Peel River Kutchin
1828:. Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board, 2001.
489:Gwichʼin family outside their home, c. 1899
2839:First Nations in the Northwest Territories
2503:
2323:
2309:
2301:
2135:
2121:
2113:
1964:, University of Alaska Press, Nov.1 2011.
1939:Mishler, Craig, and William Simeone, eds.
1611:"Alaska Native Language Center | Gwichʼin"
52:
43:
1803:Learn how and when to remove this message
1327:Neerihiinjìk: Johnny Sarah Hàa Googwandak
1186:"Linguistic Team Studies Caribou Anatomy"
2086:Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments
1469:Gwichʼin Social & Cultural Institute
1236:Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute
1086:United States Department of the Interior
1073:United States Department of the Interior
1065:United States Department of the Interior
1115:. Government of Canada. 25 October 2017
1100:
1069:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1061:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1046:
2071:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
1397:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
1375:
1131:
1129:
824:Only five Gwichʼin have served in the
757:Gwichʼin Social and Cultural Institute
156:
7:
1995:Thompson, Judy, and Ingrid Kritsch.
1849:, University of Alaska Press, 1991.
1845:Duncan, Kate C. and Carney, Eunice.
999:Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge
672:Gwichʼin hunters at Fort Yukon, 1847
68:Regions with significant populations
2849:Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic
1824:Clarkson, Peter and Leigh, Tamara.
341:The Gwichʼin language, part of the
1518:Frey, Kaitlyn (14 December 2021).
1324:Frank, Sarah (December 27, 1995).
1053:According to the January 13, 2019
25:
2076:Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board
1330:. Alaska Native Language Center.
1063:. The current member is from the
2689:Northwest Territory Métis Nation
2331:
2102:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2061:Vuntut Gwitchin web site (Yukon)
1764:
1578:. U of Nebraska Press. pp.
1388:Benson, Kristi (31 March 2011),
1167:A Grammar of the Tukudh Language
814:
805:
796:
512:. The Gwichʼin communities are:
333:A Gwich’in speaker, recorded in
264:Their name is sometimes spelled
2646:Inuvialuit Regional Corporation
2096:Morice, Adrian Gabriel (1910).
1903:The Kutchin or Loucheux Indians
1708:Weber, Bob (January 13, 2019).
1003:National Wildlife Refuge System
964:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
389:University of Alaska, Fairbanks
254:seasonal wage-paying employment
2056:Gwichʼin Council International
990:wrote in a letter to the U.S.
387:Native Language Center at the
1:
2563:Fort Providence Métis Council
2508:Akaitcho Territory Government
1787:and help improve the section.
1661:"Dance of the Kutcha-Kutchin"
1141:Alaska Native Language Center
848:of the group, the others are
767:co-published a book entitled
614:(formerly Arctic Red River) (
370:Alaska Native Language Center
2144:Indigenous peoples of Alaska
631:Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation
372:. However, according to the
2091:Gwichʼin Steering Committee
1283:Adventures of Vasaagihdzak.
931:was based on a painting by
929:Dance of the Kutcha-Kutchin
644:The Gwichʼin have a strong
347:United States-Canada border
2865:
937:Canadian Bank Note Company
713:Caribou as cultural symbol
554:(Danzhit Hanlaii Gwichʼin)
343:Athabaskan language family
313:
276:("squinters"), as well as
29:
2347:
1570:Phyllis Ann Fast (2002).
1473:Aurora Research Institute
1340:– via Google Books.
992:Bureau of Land Management
761:Aurora Research Institute
402:Gwichʼin tribes and clans
143:
127:
111:
51:
2448:Treaties and land claims
1690:www.culturalsurvival.org
897:Tanana Chiefs Conference
830:House of Representatives
214:people of Canada and an
2613:Gwich'in Tribal Council
1875:Shandaa, In My Lifetime
1842:. Berghahn Books, 2016.
1184:Mishler, Craig (2014),
979:Gwichʼin Tribal Council
933:Alexander Hunter Murray
923:based on a painting by
895:through the non-profit
481:Location and population
384:language revitalization
353:people in the northern
36:Gwich'in Tribal Council
2844:First Nations in Yukon
2363:Ethnolinguistic groups
2081:Gwichyaa Zhee Gwichʼin
952:
673:
590:Northwest Territories
574:and Neetsaii Gwichʼin)
526:and Neetsaii Gwichʼin)
490:
363:Arctic Village, Alaska
338:
284:, a term also used by
222:, mostly north of the
30:For the language, see
2495:Regional councils and
2341:Northwest Territories
2105:Catholic Encyclopedia
1920:The Chandalar Kutchin
1214:Smith, Gerad (2020).
1081:Global Affairs Canada
977:, who is head of the
950:
747:of the Hän Gwich’in.
692:. Gwichʼin living in
671:
495:Northwest Territories
488:
393:traditional knowledge
332:
139:Related ethnic groups
78:Northwest Territories
2550:Dehcho First Nations
1932:Mishler, Craig, ed.
1918:McKennan, Robert A.
1232:"About the Gwich'in"
1075:(DOI). According to
968:oil drilling in ANWR
743:are the traditional
680:, and Ch’eegwalti’.
395:of caribou anatomy.
164:Dinjii Zhuu Gwichʼin
1988:Slobodin, Richard.
1974:Osgood, Cornelius.
1960:O'Brien, Thomas A.
1953:Nelson, Richard K.
1946:Morlan, Richard E.
1908:Leechman, Douglas.
1416:Bass, Rick (2004).
1196:on 10 February 2016
1147:on 20 November 2015
1113:www12.statcan.gc.ca
885:William West Kirkby
664:Traditional beliefs
596:(Ehdiitat Gwichʼin)
548:(Draanjik Gwichʼin)
250:porcupine quillwork
209:Athabaskan-speaking
145:Alaskan Athabaskans
58:Former Grand Chief
48:
2829:Athabaskan peoples
2717:Sahtu Dene Council
2568:Fort Simpson Métis
2337:Indigenous peoples
1981:Rogers, Thomas J.
1870:. 284, no. 18: 26.
1859:Firth, William G.
1838:Dinero, Steven C.
1740:"Yukon Flats DEIS"
1719:The Globe and Mail
1636:"Ceremonial Dress"
1559:. 5 December 2019.
1503:Gwich'in Plant Kit
1310:2016-09-02 at the
1279:2016-09-02 at the
1261:2016-09-02 at the
1056:The Globe and Mail
988:Environment Canada
953:
826:Alaska Legislature
674:
542:(Deenduu Gwichʼin)
508:, and in northern
491:
339:
240:, and the two-way
60:Clarence Alexander
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2750:Tłįchǫ Government
2583:Łı́ı́dlı̨ı̨ Kų́ę́
2541:
2531:Yellowknives Dene
2298:
2297:
1910:The Vanta Kutchin
1813:
1812:
1805:
1589:978-0-8032-2017-1
1352:"Vuntut Gwichʼin"
960:Porcupine caribou
915:On 4 April 1975,
776:and white spruce
616:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
562:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
534:Gwichyaa Gwichʼin
330:
316:Gwichʼin language
310:Gwichʼin language
193:
192:
155:
154:
32:Gwichʼin language
16:(Redirected from
2856:
2626:Gwichya Gwich'in
2573:Jean Marie River
2533:
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2349:Cultural areas:
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2137:
2130:
2123:
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2109:
2101:
2099:"Loucheux"
2037:, , Oct.1 2002.
1925:Mishler, Craig.
1873:Herbert, Belle.
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1783:Please read the
1779:may need cleanup
1768:
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1663:. Archived from
1657:
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1638:. Archived from
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1623:
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1613:. Archived from
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1123:
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1120:
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975:Greenland Morgan
943:Current politics
921:Ceremonial Dress
904:King James Bible
818:
809:
800:
686:woodland caribou
331:
174:Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu
157:
56:
49:
21:
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2683:
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2636:Tetlit Gwich'in
2607:
2558:Deh Gáh Got'ı̨ę
2544:
2526:Smith's Landing
2521:Łutsël K'é Dene
2496:
2490:
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2209:
2205:Upper Kuskokwim
2151:
2148:Tribal entities
2141:
2095:
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2033:Wallis, Velma.
2009:Vyvyan, Clara.
1817:Balikci, Asen.
1809:
1798:
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1775:Further reading
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:Further reading
1753:
1744:Wayback Machine
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1793:November 2015
1786:
1785:editing guide
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1667:on 2016-01-08
1666:
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546:Chalkyitsik
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304:Dinjii Zhuu
298:instead of
296:Dinjii Zhuu
148:Especially
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2603:West Point
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2431:Inuvialuit
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2170:Deg Hitʼan
2019:0888643020
1868:The Nation
1855:0912006889
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1671:2020-01-05
1646:2020-01-05
1621:2012-11-30
1531:2022-07-29
1496:2021-05-02
1482:1896337090
1458:, N.W.T..
1402:2 November
1362:17 January
1242:2023-09-26
1200:11 January
1165:McDonald,
1137:"Gwichʼin"
1119:2017-11-23
1096:References
1027:Oil on Ice
1020:Arctic Son
862:Kay Wallis
858:Tim Wallis
846:Republican
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558:Fort Yukon
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973:Bobbi Jo
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231:snowshoes
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107:Languages
2824:Gwich'in
2664:Paulatuk
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2175:Denaʼina
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246:beadwork
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