655:
778:” or category 2A in their classification system. This is due in part to the presence of chemical compounds historically found in hair products that have exhibited mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in animal and in vitro studies. However, the same consistent effects have yet to be fully determined in humans. There have been studies showing a link between occupational exposure to hair dyes and increased risk of bladder in male hairdressers but not females. Other malignancies such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers have also been studied in hairdressers, but the outcomes of these studies were either inconclusive due to potential confounding or did not exhibit an increase in risk.
680:. After students graduate from a program, they take a state licensing exam, which often consists of a written test, and a practical test of styling or an oral exam. Hairdressers must pay for licenses, and occasionally licenses must be renewed. Some states allow hairdressers to work without obtaining a new license, while others require a new license. About 44% of hairdressers are self-employed, often putting in 40-hour work weeks, and even longer among the self-employed. In 2008, 29% of hairstylists worked part-time, and 14% had variable schedules. As of 2008, people working as hairdressers totaled about 630,700, with a projected increase to 757,700 by 2018.
512:
213:
713:. The liquid product is applied to the hair, which is then dried using a blow dryer. Simulation studies as well as observational studies of working salons have shown formaldehyde levels in the air that meet and exceed occupational exposure limits. Variations in observed levels are a function of ventilation used in the workplace as well as the levels of formaldehyde, and its derivatives, in the product itself.
289:
111:
798:, and formaldehyde. The concentration of exposure was generally found to be a function of the presence or absence of ventilation in the area in which they were working. Studies have exhibited an increased rate of respiratory symptoms experienced such as cough, wheezing, rhinitis, and shortness of breath among hairdressers when compared to other groups. Decreased lung function levels on
70:
483:, and demanded that hairdressers do the same. Wigmakers also demanded that hairdressers cease taking away from their trade, and hairdressers responded that their roles were not the same, hairdressing was a service, and wigmakers made and sold a product. de Rumigny died in 1770 and other hairdressers gained in popularity, specifically three Frenchmen: Frederic, Larseueur, and
556:
630:
420:
476:, which discussed hairdressing and included pictures of hairstyles designed by him. The book was a best seller amongst Frenchwomen, and four years later de Rumigny opened a school for hairdressers: Academie de Coiffure. At the school he taught men and women to cut hair and create his special hair designs.
340:
Many
Africans believed that hair is a method to communicate with the Divine Being. It is the highest part of the body and therefore the closest to the divine. Because of this Hairdressers held a prominent role in African communities. The status of hairdressing encouraged many to develop their skills,
689:
ventilation, as well as individual exposures to various chemicals throughout one's career. Hairdressers encounter a variety of chemicals on the job due to handling products such as shampoos, conditioners, sprays, chemical straighteners, permanent curling agents, bleaching agents, and dyes. While the
817:
has been considered the main cause for most cases of contact dermatitis in hairdressers, as products such as hair dyes and bleaches, as well as permanent curling agents contain chemicals that are known sensitizers. Hairdressers also spend a significant amount of time engaging in wet work with their
688:
Like many occupations, hairdressing is associated with potential health hazards stemming from the products workers use on the job as well as the environment they work in. Exposure risks are highly variable throughout the profession due to differences in the physical workspace, such as use of proper
757:
Most hairdressers are women of childbearing age, which lends to additional considerations for potential workplace exposures and the risks they may pose. There have been studies linking mothers who are hairdressers with adverse birthing outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, perinatal
724:
are a broad class of compounds containing an amine group attached to an aromatic ring. IARC has categorized most aromatic amines as known carcinogens. Their use spans several industries including use in pesticides, medications, and industrial dyes. Aromatic amines have also been found in oxidative
519:
Parisian hairdressers continued to develop influential styles during the early 19th century. Wealthy French women would have their favorite hairdressers style their hair from within their own homes, a trend seen in wealthy international communities. Hairdressing was primarily a service affordable
693:
does hold certain guidelines over cosmetic products, such as proper labeling and provisions against adulteration, the FDA does not require approval of products prior to being sold to the public. This leaves opportunity for variations in product formulation, which can make occupational exposure
615:
became popular, alongside other short haircuts. In the 1930s complicated styles came back into fashion, alongside the return of the Marcel wave. Hairdressing was one of the few acceptable professions during this time for women, alongside teaching, nursing and clerical work.
663:
Occupationally, hairdressing is expected to grow faster than the average for all other occupations, at 20%. A state license is required for hairdressers to practice, with qualifications varying from state to state. Generally a person interested in hairdressing must have a
658:
Shelf with a great number of different hair colours, each having a colour code printed on the packaging, at a hairdresser in
Germany. In practice, often two or more colours are mixed with each other to achieve a certain intermediate colour tone, which requires significant
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suggested that wealthy women wear large, complex and heavily adorned hairstyles, which would be maintained by their personal maids and other people, who would spend hours dressing the woman's hair. A wealthy man's hair would often be maintained by a
762:. However, these studies failed to show a well-defined association between individual risk factors and adverse birthing outcomes. Other studies have also indicated a correlation between professional hairdressing and menstrual dysfunction as well as
818:
hands being directly immersed in water or by handling of wet hair and tools. Overtime, this type of work has also been implicated in increased rate of irritant dermatitis among hairdressers due to damage of the skins natural protective barrier
1241:"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 57, Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines"
349:, oiling, styling and ornamenting their hair. Men would work specifically on men, and women on other women. Before a master hairdresser died, they would give their combs and tools to a chosen successor during a special ceremony.
2100:
Warshaw, Erin M.; Wang, Michael Z.; Mathias, C.G. Toby; Maibach, Howard I.; Belsito, Donald V.; Zug, Kathryn A.; Taylor, James S.; Zirwas, Matthew J.; Fransway, Anthony F.; DeLeo, Vincent A.; Marks, James G. (November 2012).
740:, additives to plastic products to change certain physical characteristics. They have also been widely used in cosmetic products as preservatives, including shampoos and hair sprays. Phthalates have been implicated as
532:
practitioner, called the "Voodoo Queen of New
Orleans," and she used her connections to wealthy women to support her religious practice. She provided "help" to women who needed it for money, gifts and other favors.
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have been shown to be the largest inhalation exposure in hair salons, with the greatest concentrations occurring while mixing hair dyes and with use of hair sprays. Other notable respiratory exposures included
396:. Women had their hair maintained and groomed at their homes. Historical documentation is lacking regarding hairstylists from the 5th century until the 14th century. Hair care service grew in demand after a
440:
where men began styling women's hair for the first time, and many of the notable hairdressers of the time were men, a trend that would continue into contemporary times. The first famous male hairdresser was
1343:
Pexe, Marcelo
Eduardo; Marcante, Amanda; Luz, Maciel Santos; Fernandes, Pedro Henrique Manzani; Neto, Francisco Chiaravalloti; Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri; Olympio, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro (September 2019).
576:
became popularized during the 20th century, alongside men's barbershops. These spaces served as social spaces, allowing women to socialize while having their hair done and other services such as
2011:
Brisman, Jonas; Albin, Maria; Rylander, Lars; Mikoczy, Zoli; Lillienberg, Linnéa; Höglund, Anna
Dahlman; Torén, Kjell; Meding, Birgitta; Diab, Kerstin Kronholm; Nielsen, Jørn (December 2003).
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and needed to be done by an experienced hairdresser. Fashionable women asked to have their hair "marceled." During this period, hairdressers began opening salons in cities and towns, led by
558:
564:
A Dutch hairstylist gives a woman the "Coup Sixty-One" hairstyle. After completing the look, he then shows that his styling can withstand the elements, with a watering can demonstration.
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725:(permanent) hair dyes; however due to their potential for carcinogenicity, they were removed from most hair dye formulations and their use was completely banned in the European Union.
694:
evaluation challenging. However, there are certain chemicals that are commonly found in products used in hair salons and have been the subject of various occupational hazard studies.
464:. The hairstyle, "the tower," was the trend with wealthy English and American women, who relied on hairdressers to style their hair as tall as possible. Tall piles of curls were
744:, compounds that mimic the body's own hormones and can lead to dysregulation of the reproductive and neurologic systems as well as changes in metabolism and cell proliferation.
1938:
Heibati, Behzad; Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Lajunen, Taina K.; Ducatman, Alan; Bamshad, Zahra; Eslamizad, Samira; Shafee, Fatemeh; Karimi, Ali; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K. (2021-01-18).
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or IARC as “carcinogenic to humans”. The presence of formaldehyde and methylene glycol, a formaldehyde derivative, have been found in hair smoothing products, such as the
774:
The
International Agency for Research on Cancer or IARC, has categorized occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers to chemical agents found in the workplace as “
654:
223:
599:. These tools allowed hairdressers to promote visits to their salons, over limited service in-home visits. New coloring processes were developed, including those by
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706:
2103:"Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Hairdressers/Cosmetologists: Retrospective Analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994 to 2010"
468:, powdered and decorated with ribbons, flowers, lace, feathers and jewelry. The profession of hairdressing was launched as a genuine profession when
580:. Wealthy women still had hairdressers visit their home, but, the majority of women visited salons for services, including high-end salons such as
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A caricature of a French hairdresser at the Académie de
Coiffure, working on a large hairstyle, fashionable of the time, in the 18th century.
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The first appearance of the word "hairdresser" is in 17th century Europe, and hairdressing was considered a profession. Hair fashion of the
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Tsigonia, Alexandra; Lagoudi, Argyro; Chandrinou, Stavroula; Linos, Athena; Evlogias, Nikos; Alexopoulos, Evangelos C. (2010-01-26).
491:. Leonard was her favorite, and developed many hairstyles that became fashion trends within wealthy Parisian circles, including the
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Pierce, J. S.; Abelmann, A.; Spicer, L. J.; Adams, R. E.; Glynn, M. E.; Neier, K.; Finley, B. L.; Gaffney, S. H. (November 2011).
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766:. However, subsequent studies did not show similar correlations. Due to such inconsistencies, further research is required.
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he escaped the country hours before he was to be arrested, alongside the king, queen, and other clients. LĂ©onard emigrated to
132:
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175:
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Kolena, B; Petrovičová, I; Šidlovská, M; Pilka, T; Neuschlová, M; Valentová, I; Rybanský, L'; Trnovec, T (October 2017).
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only to those wealthy enough to hire professionals or to pay for servants to care for their hair. In the United States,
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1940:"Occupational exposures and respiratory symptoms and lung function among hairdressers in Iran: a cross-sectional study"
38:
1769:"The risk of infertility among hairdressers. Five-year follow-up of female hairdressers in a Danish national registry"
239:
2205:
Jung, Pil Kyun; Lee, June-Hee; Baek, Ji Hye; Hwang, Jungho; Won, Jong-Uk; Kim, Inah; Roh, Jaehoon (December 2014).
1285:"Characterization of Formaldehyde Exposure Resulting from the Use of Four Professional Hair Straightening Products"
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528:, began working as a hairdresser in the early 1820s, maintaining the hair of wealthy women of the city. She was a
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also worked as hairdressers, and wealthy men often had personal barbers within their home. With the standard of
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2013:"The incidence of respiratory symptoms in female Swedish hairdressers: Respiratory Symptoms in Hairdressers"
1620:"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California"
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1017:
1046:
How Not to Look Old: Fast and
Effortless Ways to Look 10 Years Younger, 10 Pounds Lighter, 10 Times Better
2050:
Hougaard, Majken G.; Winther, Lone; Søsted, Heidi; Zachariae, Claus; Johansen, Jeanne D. (January 2015).
1345:"Hairdressers are exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde during the hair straightening procedure"
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developed the "Marcel wave" in the late part of the century. His wave required the use of a special hot
143:
1878:"Indoor Air in Beauty Salons and Occupational Health Exposure of Cosmetologists to Chemical Substances"
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was declared the first official hairdresser of the French court. In 1765 de
Rumigny published his book
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Quach, Thu; Von Behren, Julie; Goldberg, Debbie; Layefsky, Michael; Reynolds, Peggy (October 2015).
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By 1777, approximately 1,200 hairdressers were working in Paris. During this time, barbers formed
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and close relationships were built between hairdressers and their clients. Hours would be spent
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Some hairstylists specialize in particular services, such as colorists, who specialize in
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Women's hair grew taller in style during the 17th century, popularized by the hairdresser
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381:
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2012:
1210:"FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated"
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have also been demonstrated in hairdressers when compared to unexposed reference groups.
392:. Men who did not have their own private hair or shaving services would visit the local
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in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of
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1106:"Occupational Chemical Exposures among Cosmetologists: Risk of Reproductive Disorders"
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are a class of compounds that are esters of phthalic acid. Their main use has been as
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in Paris, which allowed hairdressers to perform complicated styling techniques. After
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Ronda, Elena; GarcĂa, Ana Maria; Sánchez-Paya, JosĂ©; Moen, Bente E. (November 2009).
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356:, hairdressers had specially decorated cases to hold their tools, including lotions,
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1508:"Occupational phthalate exposure and health outcomes among hairdressing apprentices"
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870:"Hair care in the 19th century | Loma Linda University Del E. Webb Memorial Library"
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Harling, M.; Schablon, A.; Schedlbauer, G.; Dulon, M.; Nienhaus, A. (2010-05-01).
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672:, be at least 16 years of age, and have graduated from a state-licensed barber or
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Hougaard, K.S.; Hannerz, H.; Bonde, J.P.; Feveile, H.; Burr, H. (December 2006).
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2052:"Occupational skin diseases in hairdressing apprentices – has anything changed?"
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2207:"The Effect of Work Characteristics on Dermatologic Symptoms in Hairdressers"
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1414:, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a02_037,
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312:, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a '
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wearing within the culture, wigmakers were also trained as hairdressers. In
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was one of the most famous hairdressers of the period. Laveau, located in
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European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1163:"Work as a hairdresser and cosmetologist and adverse pregnancy outcomes"
705:
is a chemical used in various industries and has been classified by the
587:
Major advancements in hairdressing tools took place during this period.
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and dressed the hair of wealthy Parisian women until his death in 1658.
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deal primarily with the United States and Canada and do not represent a
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is a common dermatological diagnosis affecting hairdressers. Allergen
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1450:"The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights"
1161:
Halliday-Bell, J. A.; Gissler, M.; Jaakkola, J. J. K. (2009-05-01).
503:, where he worked as the premier hairdresser for Russian nobility.
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Pak, Victoria M.; Powers, Martha; Liu, Jianghong (December 2013).
895:"African Hairstyles' Social Importance and Spiritual Significance"
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Hairdressing as an occupation dates back thousands of years. Both
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1722:"Menstrual disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers"
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1071:"Barbers, Cosmetologists, and Other Personal Appearance Workers"
676:. Full-time programs often last 9 months or more, leading to an
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1944:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
1683:"Menstrual disorders and subfertility in Spanish hairdressers"
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495:, which towered five feet over the wearer's head. During the
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Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-03-02).
337:, Greek writers, mention hairdressing in their writings.
2162:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
231:
42:
2156:
Handa, Sanjeev; De, Dipankar; Mahajan, Rahul (2012).
845:
Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards
633:
A picture of a hairstylist coloring her client's hair
1818:"Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis"
995:
Brown-Paynter, R. (1894–1895). "Freaks of Fashion".
515:
A hairdresser cutting a child's hair, March 26, 1866
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Hair to Dye For: A Hair Colorist's Secrets Revealed
135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2211:Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1410:, in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.),
1289:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
1571:"Reproductive outcome among female hairdressers"
943:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 161–164.
300:is a person whose occupation is to cut or style
1448:Bolt, Hermann M.; Golka, Klaus (January 2007).
1406:Vogt, Peter F.; Gerulis, John J. (2000-06-15),
59:Person whose occupation is to cut or style hair
1412:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
487:. Leonard and Larseueur were the stylists for
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1075:Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010–11 Edition
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220:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1349:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
384:took on the role of hairdressers, including
2158:"Contact dermatitis to hair dye: An update"
707:International Agency for Research on Cancer
98:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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276:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
940:Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2017:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1822:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1575:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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1720:Blatter, B.M.; Zielhuis, G.A. (1993).
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1095:
133:adding citations to reliable sources
1512:Human & Experimental Toxicology
552:of hair salons, the Harper Method.
2705:Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut
292:Hairdresser washing a woman's hair
57:
3473:Beard and haircut laws by country
691:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
548:, who developed one of the first
79:This article has multiple issues.
582:Elizabeth Arden's Red Door Salon
211:
109:
68:
3468:Andre Walker Hair Typing System
2690:Historical Christian hairstyles
776:probably carcinogenic to humans
120:needs additional citations for
87:or discuss these issues on the
1454:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
742:endocrine disrupting chemicals
1:
1110:Workplace Health & Safety
2119:10.1097/DER.0b013e318273a3b8
1699:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.07.020
1301:10.1080/15459624.2011.626259
1257:10.1016/0003-2670(95)90241-4
1049:. Grand Central Publishing.
1043:Krupp, Charla (2008-01-02).
893:Oshhaa, M. D. (2022-08-04).
758:death, and neonates who are
474:Art de la Coiffure des Dames
972:"Definition of HAIRDRESSER"
684:Occupational health hazards
234:, discuss the issue on the
3567:
1964:10.1007/s00420-020-01645-z
1569:Rylander, L (2002-08-01).
1369:10.1007/s11356-019-05402-9
1251:(1–3): 340. January 1995.
1122:10.1177/216507991306101204
1079:Bureau of Labor Statistics
787:Volatile organic compounds
591:led to the development of
400:in 1092 demanded that all
1644:10.1007/s00420-014-1011-0
1466:10.1080/10408440701385671
937:Victoria Sherrow (2006).
760:small for gestational age
2175:10.4103/0378-6323.100556
1532:10.1177/0960327116678295
1420:10.1002/14356007.a02_037
1016:Baptista, Penny (2009).
39:latest accepted revision
2224:10.1186/2052-4374-26-13
1834:10.1136/oem.2009.050195
1738:10.1093/occmed/43.2.105
976:www.merriam-webster.com
593:permanent wave machines
360:and styling materials.
2490:Brush, butch, burr cut
1245:Analytica Chimica Acta
660:
634:
565:
516:
424:
293:
1895:10.3390/ijerph7010314
1786:10.1093/humrep/del160
1726:Occupational Medicine
1179:10.1093/occmed/kqp017
1167:Occupational Medicine
748:Health considerations
657:
632:
563:
546:Martha Matilda Harper
514:
422:
291:
3315:Hairstyling products
2890:Short back and sides
1587:10.1136/oem.59.8.517
453:, he opened his own
325:Ancient hairdressing
316:' or 'hairstylist'.
240:create a new article
232:improve this article
129:improve this article
3551:Fashion occupations
3493:Eponymous hairstyle
3379:Haircare techniques
3370:Hair texture powder
3228:Frictional alopecia
1956:2021IAOEH..94..877H
1636:2015IAOEH..88..823Q
1524:2017HETox..36.1100K
1361:2019ESPR...2627319P
1355:(26): 27319–27329.
666:high school diploma
620:Modern hairdressing
536:French hairdresser
29:Page version status
3430:Health and medical
2056:Contact Dermatitis
2029:10.1002/ajim.10293
1773:Human Reproduction
1408:"Amines, Aromatic"
838:List of hairstyles
811:Contact dermatitis
674:cosmetology school
661:
635:
566:
517:
445:, who was born in
425:
294:
35:
3528:
3527:
3401:Curly Girl Method
3273:Haircare products
3268:
3267:
3235:Pattern hair loss
2515:Butterfly haircut
2404:
2403:
2068:10.1111/cod.12315
1779:(12): 3122–3126.
1518:(10): 1100–1112.
1429:978-3-527-30673-2
1056:978-0-446-51106-3
1029:978-0-595-52483-9
950:978-0-313-33145-9
899:Africa Facts Zone
711:Brazilian Blowout
561:
497:French Revolution
470:Legros de Rumigny
449:. Upon moving to
286:
285:
278:
268:
267:
260:
242:, as appropriate.
205:
204:
197:
179:
102:
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3255:Trichotillomania
3091:
3087:Hair subtraction
3073:Designer stubble
2915:Standard haircut
2835:Professional cut
2565:Croydon facelift
2485:Broccoli haircut
2303:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2226:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1983:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1897:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1237:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1013:
1007:
1006:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
934:
909:
908:
906:
905:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
866:
678:associate degree
601:Eugène Schueller
562:
489:Marie Antoinette
281:
274:
263:
256:
252:
249:
243:
215:
214:
207:
200:
193:
189:
186:
180:
178:
137:
113:
105:
94:
72:
71:
64:
21:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3456:
3437:Greying of hair
3425:
3416:Shampoo and set
3374:
3264:
3196:
3082:
2987:
2979:
2895:Short brush cut
2860:Regular haircut
2510:Businessman cut
2413:
2400:
2332:
2294:
2289:
2259:
2258:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1295:(11): 686–699.
1282:
1281:
1272:
1239:
1238:
1221:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1116:(12): 522–528.
1103:
1102:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1015:
1014:
1010:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
951:
936:
935:
912:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
878:
876:
874:library.llu.edu
868:
867:
863:
858:
824:
808:
784:
755:
750:
722:Aromatic amines
719:
717:Aromatic amines
700:
686:
652:
647:
627:
622:
571:
555:
509:
447:Southern France
417:
327:
322:
282:
271:
270:
269:
264:
253:
247:
244:
229:
216:
212:
201:
190:
184:
181:
138:
136:
126:
114:
73:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3520:Hair fetishism
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Hypertrichosis
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2995:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Liberty spikes
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Japanese women
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:High and tight
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Feathered hair
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Curtained hair
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Crochet braids
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Asymmetric cut
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2299:Classification
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2197:
2168:(5): 583–590.
2148:
2113:(6): 258–268.
2089:
2042:
2023:(6): 673–678.
2003:
1950:(5): 877–887.
1927:
1888:(1): 314–324.
1865:
1828:(5): 351–358.
1808:
1759:
1732:(2): 105–106.
1712:
1673:
1630:(7): 823–833.
1610:
1581:(8): 517–522.
1561:
1495:
1460:(6): 521–536.
1440:
1428:
1398:
1330:
1270:
1219:
1200:
1173:(3): 180–184.
1153:
1091:
1062:
1055:
1035:
1028:
1008:
987:
963:
949:
910:
885:
860:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
830:
828:Asymmetric cut
823:
820:
807:
804:
783:
780:
754:
751:
749:
746:
718:
715:
699:
696:
685:
682:
651:
648:
646:
643:
626:
623:
621:
618:
570:
567:
538:Marcel Grateau
508:
505:
416:
413:
402:Roman Catholic
326:
323:
321:
318:
284:
283:
266:
265:
226:of the subject
224:worldwide view
219:
217:
210:
203:
202:
117:
115:
108:
103:
77:
76:
74:
67:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Hair follicle
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:Straightening
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Hair coloring
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Victory rolls
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Straight hair
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Induction cut
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Hair crimping
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
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146: –
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144:"Hairdresser"
141:
140:Find sources:
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118:This article
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47:3 August 2024
44:
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19:
3541:Hairdressing
3507:
3478:Bearded lady
3406:Hair cutting
3260:Pogonophobia
3250:Trichophilia
2970:Widow's peak
2740:Layered hair
2665:Frosted tips
2655:French twist
2650:French braid
2595:Digital perm
2214:
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2062:(1): 40–46.
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1693:(1): 61–64.
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1082:. Retrieved
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877:. Retrieved
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764:subfertility
756:
753:Reproductive
738:plasticizers
732:
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703:Formaldehyde
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698:Formaldehyde
687:
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569:20th century
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507:19th century
493:loge d'opera
492:
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436:. It was in
426:
398:papal decree
370:ancient Rome
351:
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331:Aristophanes
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248:January 2022
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127:Please help
122:verification
119:
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81:Please help
78:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
18:Hairdressing
3508:Hairdresser
3447:Hair growth
3386:Backcombing
3300:Conditioner
3223:universalis
2985:Facial hair
2935:Temple fade
2925:Surfer hair
2695:Hi-top fade
2675:Hair twists
2635:Finger wave
2337:by location
782:Respiratory
659:experience.
625:Specialties
613:shingle bob
605:World War I
597:hair dryers
589:Electricity
526:New Orleans
409:facial hair
310:haircutting
298:hairdresser
3535:Categories
3452:Trichology
3245:Management
3061:toothbrush
3024:Soul patch
3019:Shenandoah
2905:Spiky hair
2900:Short hair
2830:Punch perm
2765:Marcelling
2735:Laid edges
2725:Kinky hair
2720:Jheri curl
2620:Extensions
2600:Dreadlocks
2570:Curly hair
2525:Caesar cut
2430:Afro puffs
2411:hairstyles
2292:Human hair
2107:Dermatitis
1435:2022-04-12
981:2022-11-17
904:2022-12-20
879:2022-12-20
856:References
800:spirometry
734:Phthalates
729:Phthalates
645:By country
455:hair salon
394:barbershop
376:household
155:newspapers
84:improve it
3503:Good hair
3360:Volumizer
3201:disorders
3111:threading
3078:Sideburns
3051:horseshoe
3046:handlebar
3041:Fu Manchu
3036:Moustache
3014:Ned Kelly
3004:Chinstrap
2940:Titus cut
2930:Taper cut
2855:Razor cut
2820:Pompadour
2815:Pixie cut
2750:Long hair
2730:Kiss curl
2615:Eton crop
2610:Edgar cut
2590:Dido flip
2540:Comb over
2386:Abdominal
2233:2052-4374
2217:(1): 13.
2184:0378-6323
2127:1710-3568
1998:231634447
1972:0340-0131
1904:1660-4601
1842:1351-0711
1795:1460-2350
1746:0962-7480
1652:0340-0131
1540:0960-3271
1474:1040-8444
1393:197664376
1377:0944-1344
1309:1545-9624
1265:0003-2670
1187:0962-7480
1130:2165-0799
850:Hot roots
833:Hairstyle
770:Oncologic
542:hair iron
443:Champagne
405:clergymen
236:talk page
90:talk page
3396:Crimping
3320:Hot comb
3208:Alopecia
3190:straight
3180:electric
3126:electric
3121:chemical
3116:plucking
3094:cosmetic
3029:Van Dyke
2955:Undercut
2920:Step cut
2875:Shape-up
2865:Ringlets
2825:Ponytail
2760:Lovelock
2685:Hime cut
2645:Fontange
2625:Fauxhawk
2605:Ducktail
2585:Devilock
2580:Czupryna
2555:Crew cut
2550:Cornrows
2535:Chonmage
2520:Buzz cut
2475:Bowl cut
2470:Bouffant
2455:Big hair
2376:Underarm
2323:Terminal
2251:25028609
2192:22960813
2135:23169207
2084:13019391
2076:25381756
2037:14635244
1990:33459872
1922:20195448
1860:20447989
1803:17012331
1707:19713029
1668:13005915
1660:25501563
1605:12151607
1556:21682547
1548:27852937
1490:23915716
1482:17661215
1385:31321727
1325:32690589
1317:22035353
1195:19270042
1148:24328919
998:Atalanta
822:See also
611:and the
382:servants
358:scissors
230:You may
43:reviewed
3485: (
3461:Related
3350:Shampoo
3345:Rollers
3340:Relaxer
3290:Clipper
3218:totalis
3143:Shaving
3101:Removal
2945:Tonsure
2885:Shimada
2850:Rattail
2810:Pigtail
2795:Pageboy
2770:Mod cut
2755:Lob cut
2640:Flattop
2530:Chignon
2505:Bunches
2497: (
2465:Bob cut
2460:Blowout
2450:Beehive
2371:Eyelash
2364:unibrow
2359:Eyebrow
2306:by type
2242:4097089
2143:5255739
1981:8238693
1952:Bibcode
1913:2819791
1851:2981018
1754:8495000
1632:Bibcode
1596:1740337
1520:Bibcode
1357:Bibcode
1139:4260452
796:ammonia
792:ethanol
609:bob cut
578:facials
485:LĂ©onard
466:pomaded
390:shaving
362:Barbers
347:combing
343:washing
320:History
169:scholar
3483:Barber
3335:Pomade
3330:Mousse
3213:areata
3185:safety
3106:waxing
3066:walrus
3056:pencil
3009:Goatee
2880:Shikha
2780:Mullet
2775:Mohawk
2715:Jewfro
2660:Fringe
2499:odango
2328:Vellus
2313:Lanugo
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1005:: 163.
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806:Dermal
607:, the
530:voodoo
501:Russia
481:unions
438:France
429:period
415:Europe
386:dyeing
378:slaves
374:Greece
314:barber
171:
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150:
142:
3498:Frizz
3355:Spray
3305:Dryer
3280:Brush
3175:Razor
3163:brush
3158:cream
3131:laser
2999:Beard
2975:Wings
2965:Waves
2845:Quiff
2840:Queue
2805:Payot
2790:1980s
2785:1950s
2480:Braid
2445:Bangs
2409:Head
2391:Pubic
2381:Chest
2139:S2CID
2080:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1664:S2CID
1552:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1321:S2CID
451:Paris
434:valet
335:Homer
238:, or
176:JSTOR
162:books
3513:list
3487:pole
3411:Perm
3325:Iron
3295:Comb
3285:Clay
3168:soap
3148:head
2990:list
2950:Updo
2870:Shag
2800:Part
2545:Conk
2440:Bald
2425:Afro
2416:list
2354:Nose
2344:Body
2318:Body
2247:PMID
2229:ISSN
2188:PMID
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2033:PMID
1986:PMID
1968:ISSN
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1703:PMID
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1478:PMID
1470:ISSN
1424:ISBN
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1305:ISSN
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1191:PMID
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1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1086:2011
1051:ISBN
1024:ISBN
958:2011
945:ISBN
595:and
388:and
380:and
372:and
333:and
302:hair
148:news
3365:Wax
3310:Gel
3153:leg
3136:IPL
2495:Bun
2396:Leg
2349:Ear
2237:PMC
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2170:doi
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1960:doi
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1640:doi
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1249:300
1214:FDA
1175:doi
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1118:doi
670:GED
668:or
366:wig
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