741:
475:
497:, stamped with the Queen's mark and the number of the oven in which it was baked. When machinery was introduced into the process, the dough was thoroughly mixed and rolled into sheets about two yards (6 ft; 72 in; 183 cm) long and one yard (3 ft; 36 in; 91 cm) wide, which were then stamped in one stroke into about sixty hexagonal shaped biscuits. The hexagonal shape saved material and time and made them easier to pack compared to the traditional circular shaped biscuit. Hardtack remained an important part of the Royal Navy sailor's diet until the introduction of
840:
729:
36:
97:
380:
570:
433:
671:(armor plates) or Panzerkekse (armor cookies/tank cookies). Due to conscription for many years a large part of the male population knew about them from their service and thus they became somewhat popular even in civilian use. The company that makes them also sells them unaltered to the civilian market. They are said to have many properties, some jokingly assigned, such as the ability to combine them with standard issue
916:
108:
2021:
785:
862:. Alaskans are among the last to still eat hardtack as a significant part of their normal diet. Originally imported as a food product that could endure the rigors of transportation throughout Alaska, hardtack has remained a favored food even as other, less robust foods have become more readily available.
314:
hard, it would stay intact for years if kept dry. For long voyages, hardtack was baked four times, rather than the more common two, and prepared six months before sailing. Because it is dry and hard, hardtack (when properly stored and transported) will survive rough handling and temperature extremes.
329:
with varied and nutritious rations, to include "one pound daily of good, clean, sweet, sound, well-baked and well-conditioned wheaten biscuit". By at least 1731, it was officially codified in Naval regulation that each sailor was rationed one pound (0.45 kg; 450 g) of biscuit per day.
611:
in South Korea, meaning 'dry bread', and is still sold as a fairly popular snack food in both countries. (Canned kanpan is also distributed in Japan as emergency rations in case of earthquake, flood, or other disaster.) A harder hardtack than Kanpan, called
407:(1861–1865), three-by-three-inch (7.6 by 7.6 cm) hardtack was shipped from Union and Confederate storehouses. Civil War soldiers generally found their rations to be unappealing, and joked about the poor quality of the hardtack in the satirical song "
869:
to carry "survival gear", including food. Therefore, the blue-and-white Sailor Boy Pilot Bread boxes are ubiquitous at
Alaskan airstrips, in cabins, and in virtually every village. Unlike the traditional hardtack recipe, Sailor Boy Pilot Bread contains
740:
145:) made from flour, water, and sometimes salt. Hardtack is inexpensive and long-lasting. It is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages, land migrations, and military campaigns. Along with
881:
Hardtack is also a common pantry item in Hawaii, and The
Diamond Bakery's "Saloon Pilot" cracker is available there in grocery and convenience stores. The round hardtack crackers are available in large- and small-diameter sizes.
628:
Hardtack, baked with or without the addition of fat, was and still is a staple in
Russian military rations, especially in the Navy, as infantry traditionally preferred simple dried bread when long shelf life was needed. Called
815:
until it was discontinued in the first quarter of 2008. It was discontinued once before, in 1996, but a small uprising by its supporters brought it back in 1997. This variety comes in two sub-varieties, Flaky and Barge
391:
had outlined that each sailor was to be given 14 ounces of bread per day as part of their daily ration while serving onboard in the form of hardtack. The procurement of these stores was the responsibility of the ship's
309:
As the hardtack biscuits softened with time due to exposure to humidity and other weather elements, they became more palatable, so the bakers in the 12th century made biscuits as hard as possible. Because it was
459:, would float to the top, and the soldiers could skim off the insects and resume consumption. The weevils "left no distinctive flavor behind." Some men also turned hardtack into a mush by breaking it up with
1395:
2035:
633:(галета) in Russian, it is usually somewhat softer and more crumbly than traditional hardtack, as most varieties made in Russia include at least some fat or shortening, making them closer to
1252:
675:
to create a flammable device, or to glue them onto vehicles to increase their armor protection. One quality, liked by many soldiers, is its ability to hinder one's need to
1315:
858:, produces most of the commercially available hardtack in the United States, under the "Sailor Boy" label. As of January 2015, 98 percent of its production goes to
56:
wafers, brewis, cabin bread, dog biscuit, molar breakers, pilot bread, sea biscuit, sea bread, sheet iron, ship's bisket, shipbiscuit, tooth dullers, worm castles
1391:
1931:
508:
in 1898, some military hardtack was used by service members in etching or writing notes, often commemorating events or coined with phrases of the time.
452:
provisions, soldiers would break up the hardtack and drop it into their morning coffee. This would not only soften the hardtack but the insects, mostly
440:-era army (left) and navy (right) hardtack. Note the shape, as army hardtack was shipped in boxes and shipboard navy provisions were shipped in barrels.
419:", and featured lyrics describing the hardtack rations as being 'old and very wormy' and causing many 'stomachs sore'. John Billings, a soldier in the
616:(堅パン), is historically popular in Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan as one of its regional specialty foods. In Korea, geonppang (hardtacks) mixed with
800:
2135:
529:) (c. 1266), where it is one of several kinds of bread named. It seems to have been hard sea-biscuit, which perhaps had then some mark or seal (a
306:, associated most medical problems with digestion. For sustenance and health, eating a biscuit daily was considered good for one's constitution.
467:; otherwise they dropped the mush directly on the coals of their campfire. They also mixed hardtack with brown sugar, hot water, and sometimes
722:
mean "tank" or "armor" and "weapon", respectively). They are also popular amongst civilians, and are a common part of a meal in some regions.
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2088:
1955:
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796:
is one maker of traditional hardtack. They specialize in a high density, high caloric product that is well suited for use by expeditions.
1736:
1290:
885:
Those who buy commercially baked hardtack in the contiguous US are often those who stock up on long-lasting foods for disaster survival
941:
1549:
771:. The Lae Biscuit Company, which is the most commonly found and popular brand in that country, makes multiple varieties of hardtack.
1819:
1264:
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904:. The 3rd US Regular Infantry Reenactors, for example, often cook many recipes during their reenacting camps, to include hardtack.
1902:
501:; canned meat was first marketed in 1814, and preserved beef in tins was officially introduced to the Royal Navy rations in 1847.
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41:
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167:
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The name is derived from "tack", the
British sailor slang for food. The earliest use of the term recorded by the
20:
505:
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520:
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The third variety is Sweet Bread, which is slightly softer than regular hardtack due to a higher sugar and
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379:
302:. The more refined captain's biscuit was made with finer flour. Some 5th century BCE physicians, such as
901:
348:", biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages from the port of
341:
333:
Hardtack, crumbled or pounded fine and used as a thickener, was a key ingredient in New
England seafood
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679:, some claiming they did not need to defecate for three days after consuming large quantities of them.
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35:
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933:– Bent's Cookie Factory were purveyors of "water crackers" and hardtack during the American Civil War
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1903:"Northern Exposure: A Henrico firm's hardtack cracker has become a cultural staple for Alaskans"
1316:"Being Healthy Starts in Your Gut: Tips for Promoting Optimal Gut Health and Preventing Disease"
1128:
1051:
Cook, Alexander (2004). "Sailing on The Ship: Re-enactment and the Quest for
Popular History".
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645:. Other brands enjoy significant popularity among the civilian population as well, both among
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In the 1500s, the
Knights of Malta brought ship-biscuits from Naples and Sicily to Malta.
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The first variety, a cracker similar to a cross between an unsalted saltine and hardtack,
634:
569:
134:
76:
2001:
1366:
656:, hardtack was and still is a traditional addition to a fish and vegetable salad called
463:, then adding water. If the men had a frying pan, they could cook the mush into a lumpy
432:
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operated in Milton and sold these items to Civil War re-enactors and others until 2018.
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Retail shelf of Sailor Boy Pilot Bread in the
Stuaqpaq ("big store") AC Value Store in
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The second is Hard Bread, a traditional hardtack, and is the principal ingredient in
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368:. Bent's company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the
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251:
218:
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1231:
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154:
1462:
1392:"History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences"
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962:
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A package of
Newfoundland Purity hard bread with one hard bread biscuit in front
704:
695:
672:
600:
546:
498:
423:, outlines many details on how hardtack was utilized during the war in his book
365:
303:
212:
150:
1890:
Title AS 02.35.110. Uniform Air
Licensing Act, Emergency rations and equipment.
1843:
243:. Australian and New Zealand military personnel knew them with some sarcasm as
911:
827:
676:
460:
326:
1480:
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710:
494:
357:
146:
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Out of the cracker barrel: the Nabisco story, from animal crackers to zuzus
1064:
588:
mentioned hardtack as being a staple food of Chinese hard-labor workers in
533:) on it; or else, was so called from its being designed for the use of the
667:, hardtack is included in every military ration and colloquially known as
157:
for many militaries and navies from the 17th to the early 20th centuries.
107:
987:
751:
617:
534:
294:(1189–1192) with "biskit of muslin", which was a mixed grain compound of
1981:
1082:
812:
811:. It was a popular item in much of New England and was manufactured by
755:
664:
646:
553:
cracker can contain 100 calories (20 percent from fat) from 2 grams of
490:
464:
334:
179:
130:
72:
1073:
915:
489:'s reign was made by machine at the Royal Clarence Victualing Yard at
1514:
Regulations and Instructions Relating to His Majesty's Service at Sea
1002:
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468:
453:
445:
393:
349:
311:
295:
275:
263:
1982:"Olustee Battlefield Reenactment Everything from bacon and hardtack"
2024: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1564:"Rules and Regulations for the Naval Service, Naval Affairs vol. 1"
900:
Many other people who currently buy or bake hardtack in the US are
784:
1795:
1417:"Hard to Swallow – A Brief History of Hardtack and Ship's Biscuit"
936:
838:
783:
750:
1852) the oldest in the world—displayed at the maritime museum in
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378:
279:
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53:
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641:(хлебцы армейские), or "army crackers", is included in Russian
352:. These were also used extensively as a source of food by the
299:
2073:"Dancing with the Mermaids: Ship's Biscuit and Portable Soup"
698:
military rations. In military slang they are jokingly called
364:. Since the journey took months, hardtack was stored in the
2036:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
545:
Commercially available hardtack is a significant source of
471:
to create what they called a pudding, to serve as dessert.
599:
Hardtack was a staple of military servicemen in Japan and
1652:
Hard Tack and Coffee, or The Unwritten Story of Army Life
1587:
Hard Tack and Coffee, or The Unwritten Story of Army Life
1539:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1996. pp. 163–166.
620:(star candy) as a medley is considered a popular snack.
1677:
Hardtack and Coffee, or The Unwritten Story of Army Life
1956:"The Best Emergency Food Supplies That Last For Years"
1343:"VFOOD6260 - VAT Food - HMRC internal manual - GOV.UK"
803:, they currently produce three varieties of hardtack:
478:
Hexagonal hardtack produced by the Royal Navy for the
1550:"Two centuries of biscuit baking at Bent's in Milton"
1451:
Knighton, C. S. (2004). "Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703)".
519:
was a type of bread in England, as referenced in the
383:
1832 advertisement for hardtack in a Boston directory
1537:
Serious Pig: An American Cook in Search of His Roots
83:
60:
49:
1803:
1762:"INSCRIBED PIECE OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR HARDTACK"
1610:
1120:
686:, hardtack wafers (known by their official name:
340:In 1801, Josiah Bent began a baking operation in
603:well into the late 20th century. It is known as
1726:Vol III (1847), London, Charles Knight, p. 354.
1517:. His Majesty's Privy Council. 1731. p. 60
1165:. Advisory Board. Greenwood Press. p. 62.
823:, a traditional Newfoundland and Labrador meal.
549:in a small, durable package. A store-bought 24-
2039:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
1617:. Daily Life Series. Greenwood Press. p.
40:A preserved hardtack from the U.S. Civil War,
8:
1724:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge
1285:
1283:
262:The introduction of the baking of processed
26:
1457:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
792:Hardtack is a mainstay in parts of Canada.
714:armored motorized forces (the German words
270:, provided a more reliable source of food.
325:first regularized naval victualing in the
25:
1072:
1337:
1335:
897:meals rather than traditional hardtack.
889:, though these usually take the form of
411:". The song was sung to the tune of the
16:Biscuit often for naval and military use
1785:. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989
1701:"Hardtack Is Easy to Make, Hard to Eat"
1680:. George M. Smith & Co. p. 116
1655:. George M. Smith & Co. p. 119
1590:. George M. Smith & Co. p. 113
1454:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1291:"Ship's Biscuits – Royal Navy hardtack"
1162:Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food
1019:
724:
396:, and was not strictly outlined by the
274:sailors carried a flat brittle loaf of
2101:The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine
2053:
2042:
2004:. Third US Regular Infantry Reenactors
1566:. American State Papers, 15th Congress
830:content, and is eaten as a snack food.
2104:. Taylor & Francis. p. 228.
2077:Food on the Move: Proceedings of the
801:St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
174:It is known by other names including
7:
2079:Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery
1230:. 19thusregulars.com. Archived from
1739:. BexleyHistory.org. Archived from
1535:John Thorne and Matt Lewis Thorne,
1320:Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center
1293:. Royal Navy Museum. Archived from
1257:Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1196:New England Country Store Cookbook
767:Hardtack remains popular today in
14:
1609:Volo, D. D.; Volo, J. M. (1998).
1259:. Oxford University Press. 2018.
702:(tank or armor wafers), a pun on
286:had a biscuit called bucellatum.
2149:863 American Civil War Hardtack.
2019:
1108:. Oxford University Press. 2022.
914:
739:
727:
106:
95:
34:
2133:History and Recipe for Hardtack
2002:"Cooking: How to make Hardtack"
1936:Diamond Bakery Official Website
1613:Daily Life in Civil War America
1489:(3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan.
1398:from the original on 2008-04-08
1127:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
579:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
48:
1901:Robertson, Gary (2014-10-01).
746:A ship's biscuit—purportedly (
1:
2098:Schroeder-Lein, G.R. (2015).
1864:Hunt, Joshua (13 July 2022).
1699:Wheeler, Linda (2004-12-12).
1228:"19th United States Infantry"
1199:. Iuniverse Inc. p. 72.
747:
417:Hard Times Come Again No More
1866:"Alaska Runs on Pilot Bread"
1463:UK public library membership
461:blows from their rifle butts
409:Hard Tack Come Again No More
266:, including the creation of
1800:Goldblatt, Howard (transl.)
1737:"Spanish American Hardtack"
485:Royal Navy hardtack during
398:Board of Navy Commissioners
42:Pensacola Museum of History
2207:
2075:. In Harlan Walker (ed.).
2071:Layinka Swinburne (1997).
649:and the general populace.
421:10th Massachusetts Battery
206:(as rations for sailors),
18:
1783:Oxford English Dictionary
1433:. Royal Museums Greenwich
865:Alaskan law requires all
609:geonbbang (geonppang, 건빵)
480:British Arctic Expedition
250:(not to be confused with
168:Oxford English Dictionary
91:
33:
21:Hardtack (disambiguation)
1674:Billings, J. D. (1887).
1649:Billings, J. D. (1887).
1584:Billings, J. D. (1887).
1486:The London Encyclopaedia
1053:History Workshop Journal
734:Lithuanian SU-1 hardtack
692:SU-2 – Special Hardtacks
577:produced for use by the
290:of England left for the
1932:"Saloon Pilot Crackers"
1371:British Food: A History
694:) are still present in
521:Assize of Bread and Ale
1483:; Keay, Julia (2008).
848:
789:
688:Suchary Specjalne SU-1
582:
482:
448:infestation common in
441:
384:
210:, and pejoratively as
1840:www.laebiscuit.com.pg
1193:Smith, P. W. (2003).
1032:Encyclopedia Virginia
902:Civil War re-enactors
842:
787:
639:khlyebtsy armyeyskiye
572:
477:
435:
382:
342:Milton, Massachusetts
337:from the late 1700s.
129:) is a type of dense
1477:Hibbert, Christopher
1431:"The ship's biscuit"
1159:Smith, A.F. (2006).
1065:10.1093/hwj/57.1.247
876:vegetable shortening
809:Crown Pilot Crackers
637:. One such variety,
506:Spanish–American War
426:Hard Tack and Coffee
356:who migrated to the
19:For other uses, see
1705:The Washington Post
947:Compressed food bar
607:(乾パン) in Japan and
594:Cultural Revolution
557:but practically no
112:Media: Hardtack
30:
2144:The American Table
2138:2022-01-23 at the
2083:. Prospect Books.
1980:Fasulo, Thomas R.
1764:. HorseSoldier.com
983:Meal, Ready-to-Eat
931:G. H. Bent Company
856:Richmond, Virginia
849:
790:
583:
573:Japanese hardtack
483:
442:
438:American Civil War
405:American Civil War
389:United States Navy
385:
374:G. H. Bent Company
370:American Civil War
362:California in 1849
298:, bean flour, and
101:Cookbook: Hardtack
2111:978-1-317-45709-1
2090:978-0-907325-79-6
2052:Missing or empty
2045:cite encyclopedia
2031:Chambers, Ephraim
1628:978-0-313-30516-0
1496:978-1-405-04924-5
1461:(Subscription or
1206:978-0-595-25396-8
1172:978-0-313-33527-3
1119:Cahn, W. (1969).
949:– modern analogue
845:Utqiagvik, Alaska
450:improperly stored
153:, hardtack was a
120:
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50:Alternative names
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1104:"hardtack, n.".
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1024:
973:List of crackers
924:
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891:food ration bars
794:Purity Factories
769:Papua New Guinea
749:
743:
731:
643:military rations
635:saltine crackers
504:As early as the
354:gold prospectors
282:cake, while the
239:"; Germany) and
143:American English
110:
99:
84:Main ingredients
69:American English
38:
31:
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2174:Crackers (food)
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1059:(57): 247–255.
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1036:
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1026:
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1021:
1017:
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998:Saltine cracker
920:
913:
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852:Interbake Foods
837:
821:fish and brewis
782:
777:
765:
758:
744:
735:
732:
626:
567:
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514:
260:
163:
155:standard ration
135:British English
116:
77:British English
45:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2127:External links
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2033:, ed. (1728).
2016:
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968:List of breads
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953:Cracker (food)
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590:Inner Mongolia
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487:Queen Victoria
413:Stephen Foster
346:water crackers
288:King Richard I
259:
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208:ship's biscuit
171:is from 1830.
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2026:public domain
2003:
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1937:
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1927:
1924:
1913:on 2014-10-16
1912:
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1846:on 2017-09-03
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1297:on 2009-10-31
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1008:Water biscuit
1006:
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958:Cream cracker
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669:Panzerplatten
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436:Reproduction
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387:By 1818, the
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292:Third Crusade
289:
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278:bread called
277:
273:
269:
265:
257:
255:
253:
252:Anzac biscuit
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
233:Panzerplatten
230:
229:tooth dullers
226:
222:
220:
215:
214:
209:
205:
201:
200:soda crackers
197:
193:
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177:
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43:
37:
32:
22:
2115:. Retrieved
2100:
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2054:|title=
2034:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1906:
1896:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1839:
1830:
1805:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1731:
1723:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1676:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1651:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1612:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1586:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1558:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1513:
1507:
1484:
1473:Weinreb, Ben
1452:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1373:. 2012-06-10
1370:
1367:"Shortbread"
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1270:. Retrieved
1256:
1253:"bucellatum"
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1195:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1161:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1122:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
899:
895:freeze dried
884:
880:
864:
850:
798:
791:
766:
719:
715:
709:
703:
700:Panzerwaffel
699:
691:
687:
681:
668:
662:
658:cappon magro
651:
638:
630:
627:
613:
608:
604:
598:
584:
574:
544:
524:
517:Cocket bread
516:
515:
512:Cocket bread
503:
499:canned foods
484:
443:
424:
402:
386:
366:wagon trains
339:
332:
323:Samuel Pepys
320:
317:
308:
261:
244:
241:worm castles
240:
237:armor plates
236:
232:
228:
224:
217:
213:dog biscuits
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:(possibly a
175:
173:
166:
164:
126:
122:
121:
87:Flour, water
963:Crisp bread
922:Food portal
799:Located in
705:Panzerwaffe
696:Polish Army
673:shoe polish
601:South Korea
547:food energy
403:During the
344:, selling "
304:Hippocrates
196:sea biscuit
192:pilot bread
188:cabin bread
151:corned beef
2158:Categories
2117:October 6,
1987:2008-10-23
1960:Forbes.com
1941:2023-03-11
1917:2015-01-08
1850:2017-06-28
1781:"Cocket".
1768:2023-03-12
1747:2023-03-11
1710:2013-11-24
1634:October 6,
1570:2023-03-11
1481:Keay, John
1465:required.)
1437:2023-03-11
1402:2018-01-09
1377:2023-01-25
1352:2018-01-09
1347:www.gov.uk
1325:2023-01-25
1301:2010-01-14
1238:2013-12-25
1212:October 6,
1178:October 6,
1144:October 6,
1106:OED Online
1074:1885/54218
1037:2023-03-11
1028:"Hardtack"
1015:References
828:shortening
618:byulsatang
541:Modern use
358:gold mines
327:Royal Navy
225:sheet iron
2179:Fur trade
2008:March 12,
1965:March 12,
1875:March 12,
1870:Eater.com
1684:March 12,
1659:March 12,
1594:March 12,
1521:March 12,
1272:March 12,
1091:194110027
872:leavening
816:biscuits.
763:Melanesia
711:Wehrmacht
535:coxswains
495:Hampshire
321:In 1665,
204:sea bread
161:Etymology
147:salt pork
127:hard tack
44:, Florida
2169:Biscuits
2136:Archived
1802:(1995).
1396:Archived
1083:25472737
988:Pemmican
908:See also
752:Kronborg
677:defecate
575:"Kanpan"
335:chowders
272:Egyptian
221:breakers
123:Hardtack
28:Hardtack
2028::
1836:"Cabin"
942:Bannock
887:rations
813:Nabisco
756:Denmark
665:Germany
647:campers
614:Katapan
555:protein
491:Gosport
469:whiskey
465:pancake
280:dhourra
264:cereals
258:History
180:cognate
139:cracker
131:biscuit
73:biscuit
65:Cracker
2108:
2087:
2081:, 1996
1818:
1796:Ma, Bo
1625:
1493:
1459:
1263:
1203:
1169:
1135:
1089:
1081:
1003:Tsampa
860:Alaska
780:Canada
716:Panzer
708:, the
684:Poland
631:galeta
624:Europe
605:Kanpan
531:cocket
457:larvae
454:weevil
446:insect
415:song "
394:Purser
372:. The
350:Boston
296:barley
284:Romans
276:millet
248:wafers
182:with "
176:brewis
105:
2142:from
1131:–28.
1087:S2CID
1079:JSTOR
978:Matzo
937:Baati
720:Waffe
654:Genoa
586:Ma Bo
559:fiber
444:With
312:baked
268:flour
246:ANZAC
219:molar
184:brose
137:) or
71:) or
54:ANZAC
2119:2017
2106:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2058:help
2010:2023
1967:2023
1877:2023
1816:ISBN
1686:2023
1661:2023
1636:2017
1623:ISBN
1596:2023
1523:2023
1491:ISBN
1274:2023
1261:ISBN
1214:2017
1201:ISBN
1180:2017
1167:ISBN
1146:2017
1133:ISBN
993:Rusk
874:and
718:and
565:Asia
551:gram
186:"),
149:and
125:(or
61:Type
1619:127
1069:hdl
1061:doi
893:or
854:of
690:or
682:In
663:In
652:In
360:of
300:rye
254:).
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2047:}}
2043:{{
1958:.
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1990:.
1969:.
1944:.
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1525:.
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1241:.
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1093:.
1071::
1063::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
