526:(MDF). Hardwoods may be used in a variety of objects, but are most frequently seen in furniture or musical instruments because of their density which adds to durability, appearance, and performance. Different species of hardwood lend themselves to different end uses or construction processes. This is due to the variety of characteristics apparent in different timbers, including density, grain, pore size, growth and fibre pattern, flexibility and ability to be steam bent. For example, the
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trees that reproduce by flowers, and have broad leaves. Many species are deciduous. Those of temperate regions lose their leaves every autumn as temperatures fall and are dormant in the winter, but those of tropical regions may shed their leaves in response to seasonal or sporadic periods of drought.
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As the name suggests, the wood from these trees is generally harder than that of softwoods, but there are significant exceptions. In both groups there is an enormous variation in actual wood hardness, with the range in density in hardwoods completely including that of softwoods; some hardwoods
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Hardwoods have a more complex structure than softwoods and are often much slower growing as a result. The dominant feature separating "hardwoods" from softwoods is the presence of pores, or
267:. The vessels may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates (simple, scalariform, reticulate, foraminate), and structure of cell wall, such as spiral thickenings.
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514:. Solid hardwood joinery tends to be expensive compared to softwood. In the past, tropical hardwoods were easily available, but the supply of some species, such as Burma
522:, is now becoming scarce due to over-exploitation. Cheaper "hardwood" doors, for instance, now consist of a thin veneer bonded to a core of softwood, plywood or
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spp.) makes it suitable for the making of chair seats where the driving in of legs and other components can cause splitting in other woods.
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more suited for camp fires, cooking fires, and smoking meat, as they tend to burn hotter and longer than softwoods like
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Eidgenössische
Forschungsanstalt fĂĽr Wald, Schnee und Landscaft, Birmensdorf (Hrsg,). Haupt, Bern und Stuttgart.
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Ansell, Martin P. (2015). "Chapter 11: Preservation, Protection and
Modification of Wood Composites".
370:. The terpene content of the hardwood significantly differs from the softwood, and mainly consists of
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There is a correlation between density and calories/volume. This makes the denser hardwoods like
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Woodhead
Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 54. Wood Composites
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Ek, Monica; Gellerstedt, Göran; Henriksson, Gunnar (2009). "Chapter 7: Wood extractives".
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Pulp and Paper
Chemistry and Technology. Volume 1, Wood Chemistry and Wood Biotechnology
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318:, than softwoods. These extractives are usually categorized into three broad groups:
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and other higher terpenes. Triterpenoids commonly purified from hardwoods include
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303:. The constituents of hardwood lignin differs from those included in softwood.
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Hardwood from deciduous species, such as oak, normally shows annual
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Hardwoods contain less amount of non-structural constituents, named
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Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications, including
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make them burn quickly and without producing quite as much heat.
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Sjöström, Eero (October 22, 2013). "Chapter 5: Extractives".
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or cedar whose low-density construction and highly-flammable
839:. Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki.
728:
Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (June 2003).
173:. These are usually found in broad-leaved temperate and
830:
Anatomie europäischer Hölzer—Anatomy of
European woods.
346:, fatty alcohols (waxes) and sterols (steryl esters),
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International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
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The
Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and variability.
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images showing the presence of pores in hardwoods (
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
450:. Hardwood is rich in phenolic compounds, such as
330:. Aliphatic compounds found in hardwoods include
804:(Second ed.). San Diego: Elsevier Science.
693:CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol IV, pg 15
837:Introduction to Microscopic Wood Identification
884:
802:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
647:"Identification of the Most Common Hardwoods"
8:
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311:are the main monomers of hardwood lignin.
291:The structural polymers of hardwoods are
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
2399:Building and Wood Workers' International
746:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938
279:) are softer than most softwoods, while
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707:. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
842:Wilson, K., and D.J.B. White (1986).
673:"Why Hardwoods Are The Softest Woods"
618:Forests And Forest Plants – Volume II
7:
2534:
615:John N. Owens; H. Gyde Lund (2009).
74:adding citations to reliable sources
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2384:American Association of Woodturners
621:. EOLSS Publications. p. 134.
283:is an example of a hard softwood.
256:, but these may be absent in some
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2414:National Wood Carvers Association
645:Nix, Steve (December 20, 2022) .
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2389:Architectural Woodwork Institute
857:Center for Wood Anatomy Research
683:from the original on 2021-12-21.
50:
671:MinuteEarth (October 9, 2020).
61:needs additional citations for
2394:British Woodworking Federation
846:Stobart & Son Ltd, London.
734:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1:
2404:Caricature Carvers of America
774:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
204:. Hardwood (which comes from
390:. Hardwood polyterpenes are
828:Schweingruber, F.H. (1990)
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247:Hardwoods are produced by
36:
29:
27:Wood from angiosperm trees
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2419:Society of Wood Engravers
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524:medium-density fibreboard
32:Hardwood (disambiguation)
2600:Wood-related terminology
37:Not to be confused with
835:Timonen, Tuuli (2002).
2496:Frameless construction
1577:Wood-plastic composite
244:
235:, top) and absence in
208:trees) contrasts with
156:
510:, and manufacture of
227:
155:is a popular hardwood
151:
2424:Timber Framers Guild
1278:Australian Blackwood
730:"Ligninbiosynthesis"
70:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2144:Hammer-headed tenon
1663:Janka hardness test
634:Extract of page 134
591:Janka hardness test
496:musical instruments
320:aliphatic compounds
1005:Japanese carpentry
862:2022-01-21 at the
328:phenolic compounds
258:tropical hardwoods
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2501:Green woodworking
2358:Wood preservation
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2189:Tongue and groove
2169:Mortise and tenon
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1756:Warrington hammer
1585:
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1273:African Blackwood
1065:Segmented turning
811:978-0-08-092589-9
781:978-3-11-021339-3
714:978-1-78242-454-3
628:978-1-905839-39-1
581:Hardwood flooring
528:interlocked grain
309:coniferyl alcohol
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16:(Redirected from
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2159:Mason's mitre
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1474:Red Quebracho
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950:Bow and arrow
948:
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945:Boat building
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596:Brinell scale
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576:List of woods
574:
573:
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488:boat building
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372:triterpenoids
369:
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341:
337:
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297:hemicellulose
294:
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129:
126:November 2014
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2308:Heat bending
2253:Edge banding
2025:Router plane
2020:Rebate plane
1980:Finger plane
1711:
1415:
1409:
1389:
1383:Lignum vitae
1204:
1141:
1135:
1100:Wood carving
1075:Shipbuilding
1060:Root carving
1020:Log building
985:Chip carving
843:
836:
829:
801:
771:
737:
733:
723:
704:
698:
689:
676:
666:
654:. Retrieved
650:
640:
617:
610:
545:
535:
484:construction
473:
470:Applications
396:gutta percha
380:cycloartenol
348:hydrocarbons
313:
290:
272:
269:
262:
254:growth rings
246:
159:
158:
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
2580:Woodworking
2529:WikiProject
2475:Rift sawing
2465:Flat sawing
2353:Wood drying
2030:Scrub plane
2015:Razee plane
1965:Block plane
1819:Mitre clamp
1766:Wood scribe
1717:Combination
1459:Purpleheart
1155:Douglas fir
1105:Woodturning
938:Occupations
900:Woodworking
376:polyprenols
368:campesterol
332:fatty acids
316:extractives
2554:Categories
2484:Techniques
2433:Conversion
2363:Wood stain
2291:Treatments
2079:Birdsmouth
2045:Spokeshave
1995:Jack plane
1985:Fore plane
1824:Pipe clamp
1789:Band clamp
1713:Carpenters
1534:Engineered
1484:Rubberwood
1333:Eucalyptus
1137:Calocedrus
1050:Pyrography
1015:Kohlrosing
651:Treehugger
602:References
464:flavonoids
444:δ-cadinols
436:δ-cadinene
432:hinokitiol
410:, such as
408:diterpenes
364:sitostanol
360:sitosterol
358:, such as
350:, such as
338:and their
249:angiosperm
214:gymnosperm
206:angiosperm
198:subtropics
168:angiosperm
96:newspapers
85:"Hardwood"
2273:Parquetry
2268:Oystering
2263:Marquetry
2104:Butterfly
1771:Workbench
1703:Sandpaper
1683:Mitre box
1628:Drawknife
1618:Burnisher
1603:Abrasives
1552:Hardboard
1213:Afromosia
1095:Whittling
1045:Parquetry
1030:Marquetry
975:Certosina
970:Carpentry
960:Cabinetry
907:Overviews
492:furniture
452:stilbenes
424:β-myrcene
416:β-pinenes
293:cellulose
287:Chemistry
243:, bottom)
237:softwoods
202:evergreen
192:, but in
190:deciduous
186:latitudes
179:temperate
39:Heartwood
18:Hardwoods
2565:Forestry
2519:Category
2298:Adhesive
2278:Purfling
2258:Intarsia
2199:Profiles
2124:Dovetail
2063:Geometry
1902:Hand saw
1887:Crosscut
1872:Circular
1867:Chainsaw
1814:Holdfast
1479:Rosewood
1411:American
1406:Mahogany
1378:Jelutong
1348:Hornbeam
1313:Cocobolo
1308:Chestnut
1223:Andiroba
1035:Millwork
1000:Intarsia
995:Fretwork
990:Ébéniste
919:Glossary
860:Archived
754:14503002
681:Archived
586:Softwood
570:See also
520:mahogany
512:charcoal
500:flooring
494:making,
428:limonene
420:3-carene
388:squalene
344:glycerol
324:terpenes
216:trees).
210:softwood
160:Hardwood
2539:Commons
2455:Whipsaw
2450:Sawmill
2343:Varnish
2338:Thermal
2313:Lacquer
2248:Binding
2217:Chamfer
2084:Biscuit
2050:Surform
1942:Whipsaw
1912:Keyhole
1897:Fretsaw
1877:Compass
1862:Bucksaw
1852:Bandsaw
1847:Backsaw
1829:Sawbuck
1799:F-clamp
1794:C-clamp
1668:Jointer
1572:Plywood
1524:Zebrano
1464:Ovankol
1429:Meranti
1417:African
1388:Linden
1343:Hickory
1298:Cedrela
1293:Camphor
1288:Bubinga
1283:Boxwood
1263:Bilinga
1248:Avodire
1165:Juniper
1150:Cypress
1025:Luthier
914:History
677:YouTube
656:June 4,
542:Cooking
508:barrels
504:cooking
460:tannins
456:lignans
448:borneol
404:sesqui-
384:betulin
356:sterols
352:alkanes
265:vessels
200:mostly
194:tropics
110:scholar
2445:Hewing
2184:Splice
2139:Halved
2134:Groove
2129:Finger
2109:Coping
2094:Bridle
2071:Joints
1952:Planes
1937:Veneer
1927:Scroll
1922:Ripsaw
1907:Jigsaw
1882:Coping
1781:Clamps
1708:Square
1698:Shaper
1693:Router
1673:Mallet
1648:Gimlet
1623:Chisel
1519:Willow
1509:Walnut
1499:Totara
1489:Sapele
1454:Poplar
1439:Padauk
1401:Merbau
1373:Jarrah
1358:Imbuia
1353:Idigbo
1318:Cumaru
1303:Cherry
1228:Anigre
1190:Spruce
1143:Cedrus
1010:Khatam
965:Caning
928:lumber
808:
778:
752:
711:
625:
554:, and
552:cherry
534:wood (
392:rubber
340:esters
301:lignin
299:, and
183:boreal
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
2590:Trees
2323:Paint
2232:Ovolo
2227:Ogive
2212:Bevel
2179:Scarf
2164:Miter
1932:Table
1917:Miter
1892:Frame
1809:Gripe
1725:Speed
1721:Miter
1653:Gauge
1643:Float
1638:Fence
1633:Drill
1591:Tools
1514:Wenge
1504:Utile
1469:Ramin
1424:Maple
1396:Lovoa
1368:Iroko
1338:Hazel
1323:Ebony
1268:Birch
1258:Beech
1253:Balsa
1243:Aspen
1238:Apple
1218:Alder
1175:Kauri
1170:Larch
1132:Cedar
1115:Woods
1090:Treen
564:pitch
556:apple
536:Ulmus
480:tools
400:mono-
342:with
277:balsa
177:. In
171:trees
166:from
153:Beech
117:JSTOR
103:books
2560:Wood
2222:Ogee
2207:Bead
2149:Knee
2119:Dado
2099:Butt
1839:Saws
1751:Vise
1688:Rasp
1613:Adze
1494:Teak
1449:Plum
1444:Pear
1205:Hard
1185:Rimu
1180:Pine
1124:Soft
924:Wood
806:ISBN
776:ISBN
750:PMID
709:ISBN
658:2024
623:ISBN
560:pine
518:and
516:teak
476:fuel
442:and
414:and
406:and
386:and
366:and
326:and
307:and
273:e.g.
241:pine
196:and
181:and
164:wood
89:news
2348:Wax
2318:Oil
2154:Lap
2089:Box
1857:Bow
1729:Try
1608:Axe
1562:OSB
1557:MDF
1434:Oak
1363:IpĂŞ
1328:Elm
1233:Ash
1195:Yew
1160:Fir
742:doi
548:oak
532:elm
530:of
281:yew
233:oak
229:SEM
162:is
72:by
2556::
1727:,
1723:,
1719:,
1715:,
1414:,
1140:,
790:^
762:^
748:.
738:54
736:.
732:.
679:.
675:.
649:.
550:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
466:.
462:,
454:,
446:,
440:α-
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
412:α-
402:,
394:,
382:,
374:,
362:,
354:,
334:,
322:,
295:,
275:,
260:.
1732:)
1710:(
1420:)
1408:(
1146:)
1134:(
930:)
926:(
892:e
885:t
878:v
814:.
784:.
756:.
744::
717:.
660:.
631:.
271:(
239:(
139:)
133:(
128:)
124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
93:·
66:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
