Harpsichord - Knowledge (XXG)

441: 682:(8') sound at the normal expected pitch, strings at four-foot pitch (4') sound an octave higher. Harpsichords occasionally include a sixteen-foot (16') choir (one octave lower than eight-foot) or a two-foot (2') choir (two octaves higher; quite rare). When there are multiple choirs of strings, the player is often able to control which choirs sound. This is usually done by having a set of jacks for each choir, and a mechanism for "turning off" each set, often by moving the upper register (through which the jacks slide) sideways a short distance, so that their plectra miss the strings. In simpler instruments this is done by manually moving the registers, but as the harpsichord evolved, builders invented levers, knee levers and pedal mechanisms to make it easier to change registration. 1046:

sculptural moldings and knobs (Italy). Soundboards bore paintings, either of individual items such as flowers and animals (Flanders, also France), or even (in expensive instruments), full-scale paintings of the kind usually executed on canvas. Keyboards could have the same "white keys" and "black keys" that pianos have today, but builders frequently employed the opposite pattern, with white sharps and black naturals. The study of harpsichord decoration became an important scholarly field in the 20th century, notably with the work of Sheridan Germann (2002), whose knowledge extended to the point of being able to pin down the particular anonymous artists who worked with particular builders.

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The jacks are similar, but they will benefit from being arranged back to back, since the two octaves take as much space as four in an ordinary harpsichord Prior to 1980 when Keith Hill introduced his design for a pedal harpsichord, most pedal harpsichords were built based on the designs of extant pedal pianos from the 19th century, in which the instrument is as wide as the pedalboard. While these were mostly intended as practice instruments for organists, a few pieces are believed to have been written specifically for the pedal harpsichord. However, the set of pedals can augment the sound from any piece performed on the instrument, as demonstrated on several albums by

558: 851: 215: 2122: 242: 460:, often made of plastic in the 21st century), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the far end returns to its rest position, and the jack falls back; the plectrum, mounted on a tongue mechanism that can swivel backwards away from the string, passes the string without plucking it again. As the key reaches its rest position, a felt damper atop the jack stops the string's vibrations. These basic principles are explained in detail below. 1201: 570: 797: 536: 464: 22: 915: 711: 3326: 3336: 813:

so light in construction that they were treated rather like a violin: kept for storage in a protective outer case, and played after taking it out of its case and placing it on a table. Such tables were often quite high – until the late 18th century people usually played standing up. Eventually, harpsichords came to be built with just a single case, though an intermediate stage also existed: the

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vary tonal quality. Volume is increased when the mechanism of the instrument is set up by the player (see below) so that the press of a single key plucks more than one string. Tonal quality can be varied in two ways. First, different choirs of strings can be designed to have distinct tonal qualities, usually by having one set of strings plucked closer to the nut, which emphasizes the higher

495: 1033:(1722) , Book One, chapter five, for insight into French baroque tuning; "Since most of these semitones are absolutely necessary in the tuning of organs and other similar instruments, the following chromatic system has been drawn up." Tuning an instrument nowadays usually starts with setting an A; historically it would commence from a C or an F. The harpsichord uses the bass clef (F clef). 732: 694: 1968: 1270: 647: 686:

that a player can have, for instance, an 8' manual and a 4' manual ready for use, enabling him to switch between them to obtain higher (or lower) pitches or different tone. In addition, such harpsichords often have a mechanism (the "coupler") that couples manuals together, so that a single manual plays both sets of strings.

491:. These are two long strips of wood (the upper movable, the lower fixed), which run in the gap between pinblock and bellyrail. The registers have rectangular mortises (holes) through which the jacks pass as they can move up and down. The registers hold the jacks in the precise location needed to pluck the string. 1089:

The first music written specifically for solo harpsichord was published around the early 16th century. Composers who wrote solo harpsichord music were numerous during the whole Baroque era in European countries including Italy, Germany, England and France. Solo harpsichord compositions included dance

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uses percussion, the strings being struck with leathered paper hammers instead of being plucked. The fortepiano is capable of changes in dynamic volume, giving it its name. This is unlike the harpsichord. By the late 18th century the harpsichord was supplanted by the piano and almost disappeared from

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The case also gives the harpsichord its external appearance and protects the instrument. A large harpsichord is, in a sense, a piece of furniture, as it stands alone on legs and may be styled in the manner of other furniture of its place and period. Early Italian instruments, on the other hand, were

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The wooden case holds in position all of the important structural members: pinblock, soundboard, hitchpins, keyboard, and the jack action. It usually includes a solid bottom, and also internal bracing to maintain its form without warping under the tension of the strings. Cases vary greatly in weight

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chords were seldom used at this time. In contrast, low C and D, both roots of very common chords, are sorely missed if a harpsichord with lowest key E is tuned to match the keyboard layout. When scholars specify the pitch range of instruments with this kind of short octave, they write "C/E", meaning

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The English "dogleg" jack system (also used in Baroque Flanders) does not require a coupler. The jacks labeled A in Figure 5 have a "dogleg" shape that permits either keyboard to play A. If the player wishes to play the upper 8' from the upper manual only and not from the lower manual, a stop handle

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The most flexible system is the French "shove coupler", in which the lower manual slides forward and backward. In the backward position, "dogs" attached to the upper surface of the lower manual engage the lower surface of the upper manual's keys. Depending on choice of keyboard and coupler position,

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Harpsichords with more than one keyboard (this usually means two keyboards, stacked one on top of the other in a step-wise fashion, as with pipe organs) provide flexibility in selecting which strings play, since each manual can be set to control the plucking of a different set of strings. This means

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When the key is released, the jack falls back down under its own weight, and the plectrum passes back under the string. This is made possible by having the plectrum held in a tongue attached with a pivot and a spring to the body of the jack. The bottom surface of the plectrum is cut at a slant; thus

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Some modern instruments are built with keyboards that can shift sideways, allowing the player to align the mechanism with strings at either A = 415 Hz or A = 440 Hz. If a tuning other than equal temperament is used, the instrument requires retuning once the keyboard is

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which trigger the plucking of the lowest-pitched keys of the harpsichord. Although there are no known extant pedal harpsichords from the 18th century or before, from Adlung (1758): the lower set of usually 8' strings "...is built like an ordinary harpsichord, but with an extent of two octaves only.

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The Flemish instruments served as the model for 18th-century harpsichord construction in other nations. In France, the double keyboards were adapted to control different choirs of strings, making a more musically flexible instrument (so-called 'expressive doubles'). Instruments from the peak of the

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A spinet is a harpsichord with the strings set at an angle (usually about 30 degrees) to the keyboard. The strings are too close together for the jacks to fit between them. Instead, the strings are arranged in pairs, and the jacks are in the larger gaps between the pairs. The two jacks in each gap

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Figure 4. French shove coupler. To the left: uncoupled keyboards. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The depressed lower key lifts jacks B and C. To the right: The upper keyboard is coupled to the lower one by pulling the latter. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The

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While many harpsichords have one string per note, more elaborate harpsichords can have two or more strings for each note. When there are multiple strings for each note, these additional strings are called "choirs" of strings. This provides two advantages: the ability to vary volume and ability to

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Throughout the historical period, the harpsichord was characteristically decorated; for extensive discussion and illustration see Kottick (2003). Cases were painted in bright colors (especially in 18th century France), or covered with elaborate wood veneer (18th century England), or adorned with

663:) permits the player to select one choir or the other. Second, having one key pluck two strings at once changes not just volume but also tonal quality; for instance, when two strings tuned to the same pitch are plucked simultaneously, the note is not just louder but also richer and more complex. 670:

apart. This is normally heard by the ear not as two pitches but as one: the sound of the higher string is blended with that of the lower one, and the ear hears the lower pitch, enriched in tonal quality by the additional strength in the upper harmonics of the note sounded by the higher string.

2099: 817:, which for purely aesthetic reasons was built to look as if the outer case contained an inner one, in the old style. Even after harpsichords became self-encased objects, they often were supported by separate stands, and some modern harpsichords have separate legs for improved portability. 2094: 935:. Harpsichords at octave pitch were more common in the early Renaissance, but lessened in popularity later on. However, the ottavino remained very popular as a domestic instrument in Italy until the 19th century. In the Low Countries, an ottavino was commonly paired with an 939:

virginals, encased in a small cubby under the soundboard of the larger instrument. The ottavino could be removed and placed on top of the virginal, making, in effect, a double manual instrument. These are sometimes called 'mother-and-child' or 'double' virginals.

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Twentieth-century efforts to revive the harpsichord began with instruments that used piano technology, with heavy strings and metal frames. Starting in the middle of the 20th century, ideas about harpsichord making underwent a major change, when builders such as

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Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but all have the same basic mechanism. The player depresses a key that rocks over a pivot in the middle of its length. The other end of the key lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small

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Through the 19th century, the harpsichord was almost completely supplanted by the piano. In the 20th century, composers returned to the instrument, as they sought out variation in the sounds available to them. Under the influence of

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buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a buff stop, which brings a strip of buff leather or other material in contact with the strings, muting their sound to simulate the sound of a plucked

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The harpsichord was most likely invented in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century, harpsichord makers in Italy were making lightweight instruments with low tension brass stringing. A different approach was taken in the

634:. The soundboard efficiently transmits the vibrations of the strings into vibrations in the air; without a soundboard, the strings would produce only a very feeble sound. A string is attached at its far end by a loop to a 1942:

Harpsichords and More. Harpsichords, Spinets, Clavichords, Virginals. Portraits of a Collection. The Beurmann Collection in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, and at the Estate of Hasselburg in East Holstein,

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family. Their harpsichords used a heavier construction and produced a more powerful and distinctive tone with higher tension steel treble stringing. These included the first harpsichords with two keyboards, used for

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juts out almost horizontally (normally the plectrum is angled upwards a tiny amount) and passes just under the string. Historically, plectra were made of bird quill or leather; many modern harpsichords have plastic

589:) at the end nearest the player. When rotated with a wrench or tuning hammer, the tuning pin adjusts the tension so that the string sounds the correct pitch. Tuning pins are held tightly in holes drilled in the 297: 1029: 616:. As with the nut, the horizontal position of the string along the bridge is determined by a vertical metal pin inserted into the bridge, against which the string rests. The bridge itself rests on a 281: 2904: 827:

Harpsichords have been decorated in a great many different ways: with plain buff paint (e.g. some Flemish instruments), with paper printed with patterns, with leather or velvet coverings, with

1186:(1756–1791), wrote harpsichord music. For both, the instrument featured in the earlier period of their careers, and was largely supplanted by the piano starting roughly in the late 1770s. 867:

The virginal is a smaller and simpler rectangular form of the harpsichord having only one string per note; the strings run parallel to the keyboard, which is on the long side of the case.

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disengages the jacks labeled A and engages instead an alternative row of jacks called "lute stop" (not shown in the Figure). A lute stop is used to imitate the gentle sound of a plucked

1023: = 440 Hz. An accepted exception is for French baroque repertoire, which is often performed with a = 392 Hz, approximately a semitone lower again. See 440: 306: 1135: 1060: 1059: 1056: 577:. A decorative rose descends below the soundboard in which it is mounted; the soundboard itself is adorned with floral painting around the rose. The bridge is at lower right. 326: 1061: 272: 2134: 911:. In a clavicytherium, the jacks move horizontally without the assistance of gravity, so that clavicytherium actions are more complex than those of other harpsichords. 714:

Figure 5. Dogleg jack, English coupler system. When depressed, the upper key lifts the "dogleg" jack (jack A) upwards. The lower key lifts all three jacks A, B, and C.

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sought to re-establish the building traditions of the Baroque period. Harpsichords of this type of historically informed building practice dominate the current scene.

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and sturdiness: Italian harpsichords are often of light construction; heavier construction is found in the later Flemish instruments and those derived from them.

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An authoritative survey by a leading builder of how early harpsichords were built and how the harpsichord evolved over time in different national traditions.

2584: 2183: 1903:. A study (written in English and German) of harpsichord building by a leading figure in the modern revival of historically authentic methods of building. 1058: 376:, are among the most widely admired of all harpsichords, and are frequently used as models for the construction of modern instruments. In England, the 2150: 1330: 327: 25:

Harpsichord with double keyboard. The inside of the lid is decorated with two original paintings depicting the battle between Apollo and Pan based on

33:(1590). The front cover shows Apollo and the Muses on Mount Helicon. The exterior was repainted with red chinoiserie decoration in the 18th century. 2036: 1616:"Model IX is the famous double virginal. An ottavino of model VIII is inserted into the case of the virginal like a drawer slipping into a bureau." 718:

The use of multiple manuals in a harpsichord was not originally provided for the flexibility in choosing which strings would sound, but rather for

318: 259: 186:. The basso continuo part acted as the foundation for many musical pieces in this era. During the late 18th century, with the development of the 194:

in the 19th century) the harpsichord gradually disappeared from the musical scene (except in opera, where it continued to be used to accompany

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A clavicytherium is a harpsichord with the soundboard and strings mounted vertically facing the player, the same space-saving principle as an

808:. The false inner case begins to the right of the keyboard, and continues backward only far enough to provide a slot to support the jack rail. 1950: 1782: 1756: 1609: 1387: 1350: 1283: 1990: 1057: 3390: 2146: 251: 134:, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it. Like a 2074: 1696: 601:, a sharp edge that is made of hardwood and is normally attached to the wrestplank. The section of the string beyond the nut forms its 545:

when the descending plectrum touches the string from above, the angled lower surface provides enough force to push the tongue backward.

3370: 1645: 1159: 574: 445: 2089: 2079: 2016: 1928: 1915: 1900: 1878: 1856: 1831: 1811: 1424: 199: 1134:(1685–1757) began his career in Italy but wrote most of his solo harpsichord works in Spain; his most famous work is his series of 3385: 3129: 2859: 2084: 2069: 2577: 2176: 784:, known as "G/B', the apparent lowest key B is tuned to G, and apparent C-sharp and D-sharp are tuned to A and B respectively. 948:

Occasionally, harpsichords were built which included another set or sets of strings underneath and played by foot-operated

557: 3365: 2829: 2602: 1628: 1158:), continue to be performed very widely, often on the piano. Bach was also a pioneer of the harpsichord concerto, both in 890: 659:, and produces a "nasal" sound quality. The mechanism of the instrument, called "stops" (following the use of the term in 369: 3375: 3139: 1293: 521:

When the front of the key is pressed, the back of the key rises, the jack is lifted, and the plectrum plucks the string.

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is a thin, rectangular piece of wood that sits upright on the end of the keylever. The jacks are held in place by the

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The great bulk of the standard repertoire for the harpsichord was written during its first historical flowering, the

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When the jack arrives in fully lowered position, the felt damper touches the string, causing the note to cease.

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than later ones, although there are many exceptions. The largest harpsichords have a range of just over five

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shows a characteristic practice of his time, with the instrument mounted on a table and the player standing.

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In France, a great number of highly characteristic solo works were created and compiled into four books of

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instrument and as a soloing instrument. During the Baroque era, the harpsichord was a standard part of the

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was an instrument that could be folded up to make it more compact, thus facilitating travelling with it.

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In virtually all instances, "more than one" means two. For the one known three-manual instrument, see

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demanded by compositional practice and theoretical experimentation. More common were instruments with

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the player can select any of the sets of jacks labeled in "figure 4" as A, or B and C, or all three.

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of older music, in new compositions, and, in rare cases, in certain styles of popular music (e.g.,

131: 74: 3335: 1859:. A catalogue, originating with work by Boalch in the 1950s, of all extant historical instruments. 3247: 3227: 3202: 3192: 3144: 3024: 2999: 2984: 2974: 2969: 2939: 2716: 2678: 2618: 2530: 1933: 1589: 1475: 1467: 1131: 674:

When describing a harpsichord it is customary to specify its choirs of strings, often called its

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The term denotes the whole family of similar plucked-keyboard instruments, including the smaller

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view for most of the 19th century: an exception was its continued use in opera for accompanying

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firms produced sophisticated harpsichords of great power and sonority. German builders such as

3283: 3032: 2944: 2899: 2786: 2771: 2698: 2668: 2633: 2610: 2593: 2489: 2472: 2375: 1946: 1924: 1911: 1896: 1884: 1874: 1852: 1827: 1807: 1778: 1752: 1605: 1459: 1420: 1393: 1383: 1346: 1342: 1074: 1019: = 415 Hz, roughly a semitone lower than the modern standard concert pitch of A 764: 569: 429: 219: 171: 30: 2112: 1601: 969:, built in the 16th century, had an unusual keyboard layout, designed to accommodate variant 678:. To describe the pitch of the choirs of strings, pipe organ terminology is used. Strings at 3207: 3149: 3037: 2959: 2914: 2869: 2844: 2839: 2794: 2761: 2756: 2721: 2663: 2638: 2426: 2390: 2215: 2192: 1700: 1451: 1338: 1210: 1095: 936: 932: 919: 914: 801: 796: 679: 393: 389: 288: 123: 82: 66: 42: 1649: 889:

mentions his "tryangle" several times. This was not the percussion instrument that we call

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today; rather, it was a name for octave-pitched spinets, which were triangular in shape.

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in the lowest register. It replaced rarely used bass notes with more widely used notes.

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A particularly vivid effect is obtained when the strings plucked simultaneously are an

183: 139: 103: 1881:. Covers the innovations of the Ruckers family, the founders of the Flemish tradition. 1440:

Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano".

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that the lowest note is a C, played on a key that normally would sound E. In another

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Performed by Sylvia Kind on a harpsichord of the type made in the early 20th century

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More than 450 Harpsichords at the MIMO (Musical Instruments Museums Online) portal

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for the lowest register. The rationale behind this system was that the low notes F

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Many harpsichords have a lid that can be raised, a cover for the keyboard, and a

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The Historical Harpsichord, Vol. 4, A Monograph Series in Honor of Frank Hubbard

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choirs; these instruments have recently served as models for modern builders.

342: 195: 187: 147: 135: 1463: 1397: 3108: 2344: 2245: 1254:. For a detailed account of music composed for the revived harpsichord, see 1251: 845: 731: 163: 159: 1138:. Perhaps the most celebrated composers who wrote for the harpsichord were 882:

face in opposite directions, and each plucks a string adjacent to the gap.

693: 1142:(1685–1759), who composed numerous suites for harpsichord, and especially 3093: 2275: 2220: 656: 613: 505: 453: 298:

Johann Sebastian Bach – English Suite No. 1 in A major, BWV 806 – prelude

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Three historic harpsichords from the Hans Adler Memorial collection at

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Byron's letters and journals: 1816–1817 : 'So late into the night'

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The Modern Harpsichord: Twentieth Century Instruments and Their Makers

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At the other end of its vibrating length, the string passes over the

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Detail of the harpsichord by Karl Conrad Fleischer; Hamburg, 1720 in

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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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Germann, Sheridan (2002) Harpsichord Decoration: A Conspectus. In

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Detail of the mechanism of the Harpsichord by Christian Zell, at

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Cembalobau: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus der Werkstattpraxis

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in 1923, and modeled after a 1698 instrument by Joannes Carcassi

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An early diagram of a vertical harpsichord (clavicytherium) by

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made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a

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Figure 1: schematic view of a 2 × 8' single manual harpsichord

1004:". The traditional pitch range for a 5-octave instrument is F 240: 198:). In the 20th century, it made a resurgence, being used in 1331:"Buff stop [harp stop and (erroneously) lute stop]" 388:

extended the sound repertoire of the instrument by adding

831:, or occasionally with highly elaborate painted artwork. 532:), which is covered with soft felt to muffle the impact. 480:

that passes through a hole drilled through the keylever.

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Harpsichord attributed to Girolama Zenti, Viterbo, 1622

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A few historic harpsichords from the collection at the

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may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

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designated as such, and in the harpsichord part of his

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The vertical motion of the jack is then stopped by the

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Domenico Scarlatti – Sonata in D minor K. 9, Allegretto

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Ruckers, a Harpsichord and Virginal Building Tradition

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An extensive survey by a leading contemporary scholar.

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Performed by Martha Goldstein on a Flemish harpsichord

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The Harpsichord and Clavichord: an introductory study

1697:"Bach on the Pedal Harpsichord by E. Power Biggs at" 266:

Performed by Robert Schröter on a French harpsichord

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Golden Harpsichord by Michele Todini, Rome, c. 1675

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Makers of the Harpsichord and Clavichord, 1440–1840

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Johann Sebastian Bach – Prelude in C major, BWV 846

2135:Interview with harpsichord builder Craig Tomlinson 1931:. (material from here is also available online in 1797:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1770: 1593: 355:starting in the late 16th century, notably by the 1250:is scored for harpsichord, piano and two chamber 722:of the instrument to play in different keys (see 1749:The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments 992:On the whole, earlier harpsichords have smaller 138:, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard 2070:Double virginal by Hans Ruckers, Antwerp, 1581 2578: 2177: 1600:. Harvard: Harvard University Press. p. 1146:(1685–1750), whose solo works (for instance, 8: 1524: 1522: 1315:. For forged three-manual instruments, see 1204:Modern harpsichord, made by Colzani in 2021 1174:Two of the most prominent composers of the 931:Ottavini are small spinets or virginals at 698:depressed lower key lifts jacks A, B and C. 2585: 2571: 2563: 2184: 2170: 2162: 539:Figure 3: how the harpsichord action works 2151:International Music Score Library Project 2100:Harpsichord by Pleyel et Cie, Paris, 1928 2075:Harpsichord by Jan Couchet, Antwerp, 1650 2017:Learn how and when to remove this message 1921:The New Grove: Early Keyboard Instruments 1826:(2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. 1699:. Jsbach.org. 20 May 1995. Archived from 800:A false inner–outer harpsichord from the 735:Some early harpsichords and organs had a 1866:, ed. by Howard Schott. Pendragon Press. 1777:(2 ed.). Harvard University Press. 1564: 368:French tradition, by makers such as the 1576: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1376:Kottick, Edward L. (15 February 2016). 1343:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04266 1304: 622:, a thin panel of wood usually made of 1329:Ripin, Edwin M.; Koster, John (2001). 642:Multiple manuals and choirs of strings 605:, which is plucked and creates sound. 340: 143: 2095:Harpsichord, Italy, late 17th century 2085:Spinetta or Virginal, Venice, c. 1540 1773:Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making 1284:List of historical harpsichord makers 763:. Deep bass notes typically form the 170:. The harpsichord was widely used in 7: 1945:, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York, 2012, 1891:, Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument 1648:. Harpsichord.org.uk. Archived from 824:for holding sheet music and scores. 476:is a simple pivot, which rocks on a 190:(and then the increasing use of the 1228:for the instrument were written by 1015:Tuning pitch is often taken to be A 2080:Octave virginal, Augsburg, c. 1600 561:Sound board of a harpsichord with 341:Problems playing these files? See 200:historically informed performances 16:Plucked-string keyboard instrument 14: 1910:, New York : October House, 1106:of the late Renaissance, notably 3334: 3325: 3324: 2860:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 2147:Scores featuring the harpsichord 1966: 1895:, Bergkirchen : Bochinsky, 1268: 1190:Music of the harpsichord revival 630:or—in some Italian harpsichords— 323: 302: 277: 256: 743:Some early harpsichords used a 575:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 553:Strings, tuning, and soundboard 446:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 399:Around the year 1700 the first 1873:, Cambridge University Press, 1747:Dearling, Robert, ed. (1996). 581:Each string is wound around a 498:Figure 2: upper part of a jack 319:Adriano Banchieri – The Battle 1: 2603:List of Renaissance composers 1795:The Harpsichord Owner's Guide 1676:Keith Hill – Instrument Maker 1111: 1069:being played on a harpsichord 638:that secures it to the case. 612:, another sharp edge made of 223: 146:. Harpsichords may also have 2037:"Queen Elizabeth's Virginal" 1906:Zuckermann, Wolfgang (1969) 1806:. Indiana University Press. 1804:A History of the Harpsichord 1382:. Indiana University Press. 1379:A history of the harpsichord 1294:List of keyboard instruments 1220:(1872–1951) and in France, 860:Lady Standing at a Virginal 3407: 3391:Basso continuo instruments 3233:Petrus Phalesius the Elder 3048:English Virginalist School 2065:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2045:Victoria and Albert Museum 1723:"The Transposing Keyboard" 1193: 1164:Fifth Brandenburg Concerto 900: 874: 843: 725:History of the harpsichord 234:History of the harpsichord 231: 3371:Early musical instruments 3304: 3015:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck 2600: 1940:Beurmann, Andreas (2012) 1847:Boalch, Donald H. (1995) 1822:Russell, Raymond (1973). 1149:The Well-Tempered Clavier 1067:Little Prelude in C major 456:(a wedge-shaped piece of 291:on an Italian harpsichord 86: 2108:Witwatersrand University 1802:Kottick, Edward (2003). 1793:Kottick, Edward (1987). 1631:18 February 2018 at the 1419:, USA; Revised edition. 1313:Hieronymus Albrecht Hass 1256:Contemporary harpsichord 1196:Contemporary harpsichord 650:A two-manual harpsichord 386:Hieronymus Albrecht Hass 3386:Renaissance instruments 3043:English Madrigal School 2503:Piano Technicians Guild 1590:Marchand, Leslie Alexis 1417:Oxford University Press 1411:Ehrlich, Cyril (1990). 1218:Violet Gordon-Woodhouse 1184:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1136:555 harpsichord sonatas 1104:English virginal school 988:Compass and pitch range 2885:Tomás Luis de Victoria 2689:Oswald von Wolkenstein 1869:O'Brien, Grant (1990) 1276:Classical music portal 1205: 1140:Georg Friedrich Händel 1070: 923: 864: 809: 740: 715: 699: 651: 578: 566: 540: 499: 468: 448: 245: 229: 115: 107: 78: 70: 62: 54: 46: 34: 2905:Transition to Baroque 2850:Pierre de Manchicourt 1504:Find full details in 1203: 1064: 918:An ottavino built by 917: 853: 799: 759:are seldom needed in 734: 713: 696: 649: 572: 560: 538: 497: 466: 443: 405:Bartolomeo Cristofori 244: 217: 122:played by means of a 27:The Judgment of Midas 24: 3366:Keyboard instruments 2935:Girolamo Frescobaldi 2742:Cristóbal de Morales 2524:Amplifiers, speakers 2366:Generalized keyboard 2197:keyboard instruments 1987:improve this article 1703:on 12 September 2018 1646:"Pedal Harpsichords" 1413:The Piano: A History 1317:Leopoldo Franciolini 1025:Jean-Philippe Rameau 885:The English diarist 353:Southern Netherlands 3376:Baroque instruments 3053:Florentine Camerata 3025:Composition schools 2684:Gaspar van Weerbeke 2371:Isomorphic keyboard 2361:Enharmonic keyboard 2251:Electronic keyboard 1999:footnote references 1751:. London: Carlton. 1555:, various locations 1508:, p. 133 ff., 1155:Goldberg Variations 1030:Treatise on Harmony 982:folding harpsichord 857:'s famous painting 767:of the chord, and F 3248:Thomas Vautrollier 3228:Ottaviano Petrucci 3203:Pierre Attaingnant 3193:Hieronymus Andreae 3000:Michael Praetorius 2985:Claudio Monteverdi 2975:Giovanni de Macque 2970:Luzzasco Luzzaschi 2940:Alfonso Fontanelli 2830:Francisco Guerrero 2805:Antonio de Cabezón 2717:Thomas Crecquillon 2699:Middle (1470–1530) 2679:Johannes Tinctoris 2619:Alexander Agricola 2531:Keyboard amplifier 2451:Piano construction 2129:Craftsman insights 1934:Grove Music Online 1923:. Macmillan, 1989 1885:Skowroneck, Martin 1672:"About Leith Hill" 1512:, p. 65 ff., 1335:Grove Music Online 1206: 1132:Domenico Scarlatti 1071: 924: 865: 810: 741: 716: 700: 652: 579: 567: 541: 500: 469: 449: 246: 230: 120:musical instrument 35: 3348: 3347: 2945:Giovanni Gabrieli 2772:Philippe Verdelot 2669:Johannes Ockeghem 2611:Early (1400–1470) 2594:Renaissance music 2560: 2559: 2027: 2026: 2019: 1951:978-3-487-14470-2 1784:978-0-674-88845-6 1758:978-1-85868-185-6 1611:978-0-674-08945-7 1456:10.1093/em/cal050 1389:978-0-253-02347-6 1352:978-1-56159-263-0 1235:Concert champêtre 1128:François Couperin 1062: 944:Pedal harpsichord 815:false inner–outer 585:(also known as a 528:(also called the 430:Martin Skowroneck 328: 307: 282: 261: 220:Arnault de Zwolle 93: 31:Hendrick Goltzius 3398: 3338: 3328: 3327: 3208:Vittorio Baldini 3185:Music publishing 2960:Hans Leo Hassler 2915:Gregorio Allegri 2870:Cipriano de Rore 2845:Vicente Lusitano 2840:Orlando di Lasso 2795:Jacques Arcadelt 2762:Pierre de la Rue 2757:Josquin des Prez 2737:Clément Janequin 2732:Antoine de Févin 2722:Antonius Divitis 2664:Johannes Martini 2639:Guillaume Du Fay 2587: 2580: 2573: 2564: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2163: 2149:: Scores at the 2060: 2058: 2056: 2047:. Archived from 2022: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2002: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1837: 1817: 1798: 1788: 1776: 1762: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1599: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1373: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1326: 1320: 1309: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1238:, 1927–28), and 1211:Arnold Dolmetsch 1182:(1732–1809) and 1170:Classical period 1113: 1063: 920:Arnold Dolmetsch 802:Deutsches Museum 778: 777: 772: 771: 758: 757: 752: 751: 680:eight-foot pitch 603:vibrating length 330: 329: 309: 308: 289:Martha Goldstein 284: 283: 263: 262: 243: 228: 225: 91: 88: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3321: 3313: 3300: 3252: 3238:Girolamo Scotto 3223:Antonio Gardano 3179: 3118: 3072: 3019: 3010:Heinrich Schütz 3005:Philippe Rogier 2955:Orlando Gibbons 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890:Giaches de Wert 2880:Christopher Tye 2835:Claude Le Jeune 2825:Claude Goudimel 2820:Nicolas Gombert 2815:Andrea Gabrieli 2810:Jacobus Clemens 2781: 2777:Adrian Willaert 2707:Martin Agricola 2693: 2629:Antoine Busnois 2624:Gilles Binchois 2605: 2596: 2591: 2561: 2556: 2540: 2519: 2484: 2446: 2413: 2404:Manual keyboard 2385: 2349: 2330:Piano accordion 2199: 2190: 2159: 2156: 2117:Cobb Collection 2054: 2052: 2051:on 30 June 2007 2035: 2023: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1984: 1975:This article's 1971: 1967: 1960: 1844: 1842:Further reading 1834: 1821: 1814: 1801: 1792: 1785: 1765: 1759: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1633:Wayback Machine 1624: 1620: 1612: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1520: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1390: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1248:Double Concerto 1240:Manuel de Falla 1230:Francis Poulenc 1222:Wanda Landowska 1215:harpsichordists 1198: 1192: 1172: 1120: 1087: 1054: 1052: 1043: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1007: 990: 963: 946: 933:four-foot pitch 929: 905: 899: 879: 873: 848: 842: 837: 790: 775: 774: 769: 768: 755: 754: 749: 748: 644: 555: 533: 503:In the jack, a 492: 438: 370:Blanchet family 348: 347: 339: 337: 336: 335: 334: 331: 324: 321: 315: 314: 313: 310: 303: 300: 294: 293: 292: 285: 278: 275: 269: 268: 267: 264: 257: 254: 247: 241: 236: 226: 212: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3404: 3402: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3314: 3310:Medieval music 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3243:Tielman Susato 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3218:Valerio Dorico 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3058:Franco-Flemish 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2950:Carlo Gesualdo 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920:Thomas Campion 2917: 2911: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865:Costanzo Porta 2862: 2857: 2855:Hans Neusidler 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2727:Costanzo Festa 2724: 2719: 2714: 2712:Antoine Brumel 2709: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2654:Heinrich Isaac 2651: 2646: 2644:John Dunstaple 2641: 2636: 2634:Loyset Compère 2631: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2552:Prepared piano 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2536:Leslie speaker 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2442:Pedal keyboard 2439: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2376:Jankó keyboard 2373: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323:Electric piano 2320: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2241:Clavicytherium 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2154: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2061: 2025: 2024: 1979:external links 1974: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1958:External links 1956: 1955: 1954: 1938: 1918: 1904: 1882: 1867: 1860: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1819: 1812: 1799: 1790: 1783: 1767:Hubbard, Frank 1763: 1757: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1714: 1688: 1663: 1652:on 23 May 2013 1637: 1618: 1610: 1581: 1569: 1567:, p. 138. 1557: 1545: 1533: 1518: 1497: 1485: 1450:(4): 635–644. 1432: 1425: 1403: 1388: 1365: 1351: 1321: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1263: 1260: 1244:Elliott Carter 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1171: 1168: 1119: 1116: 1086: 1083: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1005: 989: 986: 971:tuning systems 962: 961:Other variants 959: 955:E. Power Biggs 950:pedal keyboard 945: 942: 928: 925: 903:Clavicytherium 901:Main article: 898: 897:Clavicytherium 895: 875:Main article: 872: 869: 844:Main article: 841: 838: 836: 833: 789: 786: 643: 640: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 542: 522: 519: 501: 481: 437: 434: 338: 332: 322: 317: 316: 311: 301: 296: 295: 286: 276: 271: 270: 265: 255: 250: 249: 248: 239: 238: 237: 232:Main article: 211: 208: 184:continuo group 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3403: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3381:C instruments 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3317:Baroque music 3312: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198:Andrea Antico 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077:Musical forms 3075: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2990:Thomas Morley 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2980:Luca Marenzio 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2875:Thomas Tallis 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767:John Taverner 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2752:Jacob Obrecht 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545:Miscellaneous 2543: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318:Digital piano 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301:Theatre organ 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286:Hammond organ 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Bowed clavier 2209: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2021: 2018: 2010: 2000: 1996: 1995:inappropriate 1992: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929:0-393-02554-3 1926: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1916:0-8079-0165-2 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1901:3-932275-58-6 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879:0-521-36565-1 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857:0-19-318429-X 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833:0-571-04795-5 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1813:0-253-34166-3 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1725:. Hubharp.com 1724: 1718: 1715: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1579:, p. 61. 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565:Dearling 1996 1561: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1495:, p. 19. 1494: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1426:0-19-816171-9 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Classical era 1169: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130:(1668–1733). 1129: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1114:1540–1623). 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1013: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 985: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 960: 958: 956: 951: 943: 941: 938: 934: 926: 921: 916: 912: 910: 909:upright piano 904: 896: 894: 892: 888: 883: 878: 870: 868: 862: 861: 856: 852: 847: 839: 834: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 807: 803: 798: 794: 787: 785: 783: 766: 762: 746: 738: 733: 729: 727: 726: 721: 720:transposition 712: 708: 706: 695: 691: 687: 683: 681: 677: 672: 669: 664: 662: 658: 648: 641: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 576: 571: 564: 559: 552: 547: 543: 537: 531: 527: 523: 520: 517: 513: 508: 507: 502: 496: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 459: 455: 447: 442: 435: 433: 431: 427: 423: 422:Frank Hubbard 417: 415: 410: 406: 403:was built by 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:Pascal Taskin 371: 365: 363: 362:transposition 358: 354: 346: 344: 320: 299: 290: 287:Performed by 274: 253: 235: 221: 216: 209: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180:accompaniment 178:, both as an 177: 176:Baroque music 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 149: 145: 142:, and even a 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 28: 23: 19: 3315: 3308: 3279:Architecture 3213:Jacob Bathen 2930:John Dowland 2800:William Byrd 2674:Leonel Power 2381:Short octave 2265: 2261:Harmonichord 2158: 2155: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2127: 2053:. 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The early 398: 390:sixteen-foot 366: 349: 157: 99: 95: 47:clavicembalo 38: 36: 26: 18: 3361:Harpsichord 3269:Renaissance 3264:Early music 3160:Netherlands 3140:Elizabethan 2995:Jacopo Peri 2965:Alonso Lobo 2925:John Cooper 2787:Late (1530) 2747:Jean Mouton 2659:Jean Japart 2649:Walter Frye 2490:Maintenance 2463:Innovations 2409:Split sharp 2399:Frequencies 2340:Synthesizer 2266:Harpsichord 2204:Instruments 2030:Instruments 1443:Early Music 1118:Baroque era 1085:Renaissance 1075:Renaissance 855:Jan Vermeer 829:chinoiserie 822:music stand 782:arrangement 761:early music 676:disposition 661:pipe organs 478:balance pin 227: 1430 204:Baroque pop 172:Renaissance 144:pedal board 108:klavecimbel 39:harpsichord 3355:Categories 3294:Philosophy 3289:Literature 3257:Background 3123:Traditions 3099:Magnificat 3089:Intermedio 3033:Burgundian 2427:Expression 2296:Reed organ 2291:Pipe organ 2256:Fortepiano 2236:Clavichord 1741:References 1289:Clavichord 1252:orchestras 1144:J. S. Bach 1041:Decoration 619:soundboard 595:wrestplank 583:tuning pin 530:upper rail 518:) plectra. 414:recitative 409:fortepiano 401:fortepiano 343:media help 196:recitative 188:fortepiano 136:pipe organ 132:soundboard 75:Portuguese 3109:Offertory 3038:Colorists 2900:Mannerism 2458:Acoustics 2246:Claviharp 2055:12 August 2041:Furniture 1991:excessive 1480:191481821 1464:0306-1078 1398:933437874 1226:Concertos 1096:fantasias 1037:shifted. 1012:(FF–f‴). 846:Virginals 840:Virginals 657:harmonics 587:wrest pin 489:registers 436:Mechanism 160:virginals 87:клавеси́н 3330:Category 3307: ← 3170:Portugal 3094:Madrigal 3068:Venetian 2345:Virginal 2276:Melodica 2221:Carillon 2216:Calliope 1769:(1967). 1681:30 April 1629:Archived 1626:Ottavino 1592:(1973). 1358:18 April 1262:See also 1152:and the 927:Ottavino 891:triangle 835:Variants 776:♯ 770:♯ 756:♯ 750:♯ 636:hitchpin 614:hardwood 591:pinblock 565:patterns 526:jackrail 506:plectrum 474:keylever 454:plectrum 394:two-foot 128:plectrum 124:keyboard 116:klawesyn 100:klavesin 96:klavesín 71:clavecín 55:clavecin 3320:→ 3150:Germany 3130:British 2473:Aliquot 2437:Sustain 2354:Layouts 2308:Orphica 2226:Celesta 2193:Musical 1985:Please 1977:use of 1943:Germany 1887:(2003) 1472:4137311 1079:Baroque 1065:Bach's 998:octaves 632:cypress 563:Chladni 378:Kirkman 357:Ruckers 210:History 164:muselar 118:) is a 83:Russian 67:Spanish 63:Cembalo 43:Italian 3340:Portal 3165:Poland 3145:France 3135:Cyprus 3114:Pavane 2908:c.1600 2513:Wrench 2508:Tuning 2498:Action 2468:Wiring 2419:Pedals 2335:Spinet 2271:Keytar 1949: 1927: 1914: 1899: 1877: 1855: 1830: 1810: 1781: 1755: 1729:22 May 1707:22 May 1656:22 May 1608: 1478: 1470: 1462: 1423: 1396: 1386: 1349: 1213:, the 1124:ordres 1100:fugues 1098:, and 1092:suites 1081:eras. 994:ranges 877:Spinet 871:Spinet 806:Munich 668:octave 624:spruce 610:bridge 516:celcon 512:delrin 428:, and 168:spinet 166:, and 140:manual 112:Polish 59:German 51:French 3284:Dance 3175:Spain 3155:Italy 3084:Carol 3063:Roman 2478:Cross 2313:Piano 2281:Organ 2231:Chime 2141:Music 1476:S2CID 1468:JSTOR 1300:Notes 1232:(the 1160:works 1050:Music 773:and G 753:and G 458:quill 382:Shudi 192:piano 104:Dutch 79:cravo 3104:Mass 2902:and 2432:Soft 2391:Keys 2195:and 2057:2007 1947:ISBN 1925:ISBN 1912:ISBN 1897:ISBN 1875:ISBN 1853:ISBN 1828:ISBN 1808:ISBN 1779:ISBN 1753:ISBN 1731:2013 1709:2013 1683:2018 1658:2013 1606:ISBN 1460:ISSN 1421:ISBN 1394:OCLC 1384:ISBN 1360:2021 1347:ISBN 1077:and 980:The 965:The 788:Case 765:root 705:lute 485:jack 483:The 472:The 392:and 380:and 372:and 174:and 153:lute 148:stop 3274:Art 1993:or 1452:doi 1339:doi 1246:'s 1126:by 1027:'s 804:in 728:). 628:fir 599:nut 593:or 514:or 206:). 102:), 98:or 92:tr. 29:by 3357:: 2043:. 2039:. 1893:83 1674:. 1604:. 1602:75 1521:^ 1474:. 1466:. 1458:. 1448:34 1446:. 1415:. 1392:. 1368:^ 1345:. 1337:. 1333:. 1258:. 1242:. 1178:, 1166:. 1112:c. 1094:, 1008:–F 957:. 937:8' 707:. 626:, 424:, 364:. 224:c. 222:, 162:, 155:. 114:: 110:, 106:: 85:: 81:, 77:: 73:, 69:: 65:; 61:: 57:, 53:: 49:, 45:: 37:A 2586:e 2579:t 2572:v 2185:e 2178:t 2171:v 2119:) 2115:( 2059:. 2020:) 2014:( 2009:) 2005:( 2001:. 1983:. 1953:. 1937:) 1836:. 1816:. 1787:. 1761:. 1733:. 1711:. 1685:. 1660:. 1614:. 1516:. 1482:. 1454:: 1429:. 1400:. 1362:. 1341:: 1319:. 1110:( 1021:4 1017:4 1010:6 1006:1 510:( 345:. 89:( 41:(

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