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Hendursaga was a divine watchman. He has been characterized as a "protective god with a friendly face." Attested epithets attributed only to him include "chief herald," "watchman of the street," and "lamp of the people," applied only to him, as well as "chief herald," "high constable," "herald of the
193:
heptad which developed in later times. It is unclear if they are animal hybrids, or instead magical animals. Each is associated with one specific creature: A fox, dog, two birds (one described as pecking at insects, possibly a raven, the other huge vulture, devouring carrion), wolf, nin-imma bird
732:
L. Verderame, the Seven
Attendants of Hendursaĝa: A study of animal symbolism in Mesopotamian cultures, L. Feliu - F. Karahashi - G. Rubio, the First Ninety Years: A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil (SANER 12), de Gruyter, Berlin, 2017,
188:
In a
Sumerian hymn to Hendursaga, he is stated as being assisted by three groups of seven attendants. This first group of seven is described in detail in the hymn. They were known as "warriors", and it is theorized that this heptad is related to the
163:. According to a hymn dedicated to him, she bestowed his functions, as well as his insignia, a staff (or perhaps a torch) upon him. Hendursaga was also believed to have served as her advisor and cooperate with her steward Enniglulu.
216:
According to a hymn dedicated to
Hendursaga, it was believed that lighting a torch and invoking his name guaranteed safe passage through city streets at night. An incantation implores him for protection from demons, including
146:, though due to state of preservation and possible scribal errors this is uncertain. Another god closely related to both of them was Engidudu, who was the divine guardian of the Tabira Gate in the city of
136:, Hendursaga came to be equated with Ishum in bilingual contexts, with the former appearing in Sumerian and the latter in Akkadian formulas. They were also equated with each other in the Weidner and
213:. Identification of both of these sanctuaries is based on inscribed mace heads found during excavations. However, it has also been argued that these objects might have no cultic function.
124:, present in many of these epithets, which is conventionally translated as "herald." in this context should be understood as "constable," "town cryer" or "night watchman."
243:) are also known, though they are uncommon. An "evil lamma" is listed in a similar enumeration of demons in a text dedicated to the medicine goddess Ninisina.
758:
185:, a goddess of crafts and birth from Kisiga. This was a secondary development based on the equivalence between him and Ishum, whose spouse Ninmug usually was.
578:
181:, though in that period family relations between deities were often particularly fluid or uncertain. In a later tradition his wife was
82:
The etymology of the name
Hendursaga is uncertain. However, it is possible it was related to his functions and can be translated from
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19:
773:
567:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
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was normally understood as a type of benevolent protective minor goddess, multiple references to "evil lamma" (
31:: "For Hendursaga, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house." Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
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Hendursaga was one of the deities chiefly associated with the area controlled by the state of Lagash.
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728:"The Seven Attendants of Hendursaĝa: A study of animal symbolism in Mesopotamian cultures (draft)"
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silent street," and "herald of the silent night," and "hero who goes about at night," shared with
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62:. He was regarded as a divine night watchman. He was commonly associated with the goddess
658:"Shifting Alignments: The Dichotomy of Benevolent and Malevolent Demons in Mesopotamia"
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616:
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617:"The Gods Išum and Ḫendursanga: Night Watchmen and Street-lighting in Babylonia"
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s refers to him as "the god who wanders the thoroughfares." According to
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699:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
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God lists, and such an equation may also be attested in a copy of
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is otherwise unattested, but it is assumed that it is related to
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It is possible that in the third millennium BCE, his wife was
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Demons and
Illness from Antiquity to the Early-Modern Period
66:. In a number of god lists, he was equated with the similar
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as "torch (or staff) bearer who goes in front." The word
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156:, Engidudu is used as an alternate name for Ishum.
564:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
166:In a hymn to Nanshe, Hendursaga is called a son of
592:. Toronto Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
689:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
547:
532:
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759:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
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205:A chapel of Hendursaga might had existed in
159:Hendursaga was also closely associated with
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627:(1). University of Chicago Press: 1–8.
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754:A hymn to Ḫendursaĝa (Ḫendursaĝa A)
14:
726:Verderame, Lorenzo (2017-01-01).
521:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
509:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
453:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
438:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
355:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
194:(probably an owl) and a shark.
687:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
621:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
128:Associations with other deities
656:Konstantopoulos, Gina (2017).
1:
42:, ḫendur-saŋ), also spelled
588:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1997).
795:
693:Archiv für Orientforschung
615:George, Andrew R. (2015).
670:10.1163/9789004338548_003
664:. BRILL. pp. 17–38.
314:, Facts on File, 1993
32:
590:Gudea and his dynasty
273:"Sumerian Dictionary"
134:Old Babylonian period
23:Dedication tablet by
22:
548:Konstantopoulos 2017
533:Konstantopoulos 2017
308:Encyclopedia of Gods
277:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
97:, a type of staff.
523:, pp. 233=234.
494:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
262:, pp. 117–118.
110:'s address to demon
33:
774:Mesopotamian gods
580:978-3-7278-1738-0
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60:Mesopotamian god
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779:Justice gods
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736:. Retrieved
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558:Bibliography
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426:George 2015
409:George 2015
397:George 2015
382:George 2015
367:George 2015
338:George 2015
295:George 2015
260:Edzard 1997
116:, the word
105:. The text
44:Hendursanga
768:Categories
738:2022-05-15
718:2022-03-31
320:0816029091
247:References
231:and "evil
175:Dumuziabzu
36:Hendursaga
705:0066-6440
649:161546618
641:0022-2968
608:809041550
211:Ninshubur
150:. In the
143:An = Anum
78:Character
48:Endursaga
713:41670228
241:lama hul
92:Akkadian
84:Sumerian
68:Akkadian
58:) was a
52:𒀭𒉺𒊕𒂷
757:in the
733:396-415
198:Worship
191:Sebitti
711:
703:
676:
647:
639:
606:
596:
577:
318:
223:maškim
183:Ninmug
179:Lagash
161:Nanshe
138:Nippur
122:nāgiru
118:nimgir
108:Marduk
95:ḫuṭāru
88:ḫendur
64:Nanshe
40:𒀭𒉺𒊕
29:Lagash
709:JSTOR
645:S2CID
571:(PDF)
312:p. 75
237:lamma
233:lamma
219:galla
148:Assur
103:Ishum
72:Ishum
25:Gudea
701:ISSN
674:ISBN
637:ISSN
604:OCLC
594:ISBN
575:ISBN
316:ISBN
228:udug
70:god
666:doi
629:doi
170:.
168:Utu
46:or
770::
730:.
707:.
697:51
691:.
672:.
660:.
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635:.
625:74
623:.
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602:.
573:.
540:^
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460:^
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225:,
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207:Ur
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668::
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