122:. In the 1980s, Horrobin sold primrose oil in the United States without legally demonstrating its safety and efficacy, leading to government confiscations and felony indictments of his associates. Horrobin was later accused of withholding research data and suppressing the reports of scientists who questioned his claims. During Horrobin's tenure as chief executive, Scotia Pharmaceuticals obtained licences for several drugs based on evening primrose oil, but these licenses were withdrawn for lack of efficacy. Amidst charges of mismanagement and research fraud, Horrobin was ousted as CEO by a unanimous vote of the board and left the company in 1998. In 2001, Scotia, one of the first publicly traded biotechnology companies in the
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claims to customers, "planting articles on their research in the media, deploying researchers to make claims on their behalf, using radio phone-ins" and other tactics. Horrobin wrote to
General Nutrition, "Obviously you could not advertise Efamol for these purposes but equally obviously there are ways of getting the information across". As a result, the FDA began to seize shipments of EPO and handed down felony indictments to General Nutrition, several executives and store managers for "conspiring to defraud the FDA and violating provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act". General Nutrition and its president entered guilty pleas and paid fines, but Horrobin was not prosecuted.
537:, Horrobin was "a founding father of the biotechnology industry and regarded by some as one of Britain's finest original thinkers in medicine", but the same obituary also noted that Horrobin's implication of fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia was not accepted by other scientists; that his approach was "unorthodox" and unpopular; and that his major business venture failed. The many problems at Scotia under Horrobin's leadership, which led to the company's eventual collapse, were a theme in several obituaries including two highly critical and controversial accounts written by former Horrobin colleague
465:(2001), Horrobin outlined his hypothesis that schizophrenia contributed to the evolution of modern humans. According to Horrobin, fat metabolism was altered as humans evolved from other primates, leading to early humans with schizophrenia. These humans were more creative and did not experience as much physical pain as others. Horrobin suggested that the "genes for schizophrenia are responsible for most of the religious sense, most of the technical and artistic creativity and most of the leadership qualities of modern human beings".
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fairly presenting "both the positive and negative aspects of its subject's life". Kelliher did not accept the BMJ apology as genuine and maintained that inaccuracies and "unjustified slander" remained, but the Press
Complaints Commission declined to take any action against the journal, stating that the BMJ had offered "sufficient remedial action". According to the commission, the journal was not obliged to omit negative information, including the journal's contention "that Dr Horrobin was 'in some ways a charlatan'".
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of treating a wide variety of illnesses". Efamol's lawyers responded that the product was not dangerous and that it had not made unsubstantiated claims. The
American Dietetic Association, representing over 50,000 nutritionists, questioned the value of Horrobin's product since "one-tenth of a teaspoon of ordinary corn oil has as much of the fatty acids as a capsule of Evening Primrose Oil, at a fraction of the cost". In 1989, the FDA commissioned a report by investigator
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success, operating losses and enigmatic nature. Horrobin stated that any of four products in Scotia's drugs pipeline could bring the company billions of pounds in revenue. In early 1995, Horrobin said that he hoped to receive approval in the "next 18 months to sell one or both" of two of these drugs. In late 1996, Horrobin predicted that he would receive approval for one of the drugs "in under two years". In 1997, Horrobin stated, "Scotia will be cash-positive by 2000".
483:). Reviews of the book were mixed, writing of a "useful contribution" that was also "highly partisan and selective"; an "engaging and plausible argument" that is "not so convincingly" argued; and a book "brightly written" but with "a huge hole in its central premise" Horrobin was somewhat critical of his theory, describing it as a "just-so story perhaps fed by my own personal delusions". The book was compared unfavorably to similar works by
566:, alleging that the BMJ obituary was "inaccurate" and "intrusive at a time of grief" in violation of the Code of Practice. Kelliher was founder and at the time chief executive of Equazen, a company marketing fish and evening primrose oils including a formulation called eye q, said to improve scholastic ability in children. However, in his initial complaint to the BMJ Kelliher stated that he had no competing interests. In reaction, the
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questioned his ethics. It suggested that
Horrobin "may prove to be the greatest snake oil salesman of his age", stating that his evening primrose oil would "go down in history as the remedy for which there is no disease" and reporting that several of Scotia's product licences were later withdrawn because the drugs were ineffective. The obituary generated the largest e-mail response to an obituary in the history of the
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259:. In 1993, under Horrobin's leadership, Scotia was one of the first biotechnology companies to be floated on the London Stock Exchange. Scotia spent heavily on research, being ranked 79th among all UK companies in 1993, and reached a peak market capitalisation of about £600m in 1996. As a major shareholder of Scotia, Horrobin rose to number 212 in 1996 on the list of the wealthiest people in the
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Tarabetic. Also known as Efamol, the product contained evening primrose oil and was intended to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Scotia immediately lost one quarter of its value. Licences for several evening primrose oil-containing drugs were later withdrawn. A Scotia product, Epogam, was reportedly the first drug to have its licence withdrawn as a result of "evidence that it didn't work".
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director. When he tried to stage a "boardroom coup" to return himself to the executive position, the other directors refused to support him, and
Horrobin resigned. As the company's value fell from about £600 m to £16 m, Horrobin and his successor each blamed the other for the company's failure. Scotia went into administration in 2001.
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unable to propose a mechanism underlying the hypothesised link. To raise money for his research, Horrobin left academia and in 1977 established a company called Efamol to sell evening primrose oil (EPO) as a proposed treatment for various ailments. For example, Horrobin considered EPO to be a treatment for
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Horrobin was an author on over 800 publications, including about 500 scientific papers, many of which appeared in journals he edited. Horrobin's belief in a connection between fatty acids and schizophrenia guided much of his career. From 1970, Horrobin was medical adviser to the
Schizophrenia Society
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in 2003. The
Council ruled that Jamal had committed "serious professional misconduct for falsifying his results", manipulating the supposed randomisation of the clinical trial conducted over a decade earlier. Scotia was faulted by industry observers for what was called a "highly unusual" compensation
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in 1989, concluding that EPO was effective. Horrobin excluded the negative results of the largest published study to date but included purported results of seven of his own unpublished studies that remained unpublished as of 2006. When several scientists asked to see the unpublished data, Horrobin's
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to process Efamol into capsules in
California; it would then be sold to General Nutrition and relabeled for resale under a different brand name. According to an FDA investigation, Horrobin suggested marketing strategies to circumvent the laws, including coaching retail representatives on making oral
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While working as an academic investigator, in Africa and later, Horrobin developed a theory implicating altered fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia. The idea did not generate interest, and
Horrobin failed to obtain funding. It was noted that Horrobin presented only circumstantial evidence and was
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to provide an outlet for unorthodox ideas and research that would not be evaluated by other scientists before publication. Horrobin envisioned the journal as a resort for thinkers who were "very good at generating ideas, but are complete klutzes in the field" and committed to publishing ideas based
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Efamol continued to ship EPO into the United States and to market its products. In a 1989 article on "health food frauds", the New York Times reported on the FDA's seizure of "more than $ 1 million worth" of illegal EPO. The FDA again accused Efamol of marketing the oil "with unsubstantiated claims
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However, the initial successes of Scotia on the stock markets and
Horrobin's reassurances were undermined by what investors perceived as long-standing and systemic problems at the company, and they saw their fears confirmed with the rejection in March 1997 of regulatory approval for Scotia's drug
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As the supplement sales generated revenue, Horrobin's company began work on numerous drugs, most of them containing evening primrose oil. In 1993, the company was floated and enjoyed several years of increasing capitalisation as Horrobin reassured investors who worried about the company's lack of
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published an apology to Horrobin's family expressing regret for any distress caused. The journal corrected what its editor considered several insignificant spelling and factual errors and published three further obituaries of Horrobin. However, the journal also defended its original obituary as
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Horrobin was ousted as chief executive of Scotia by a unanimous vote of the board and was replaced on 1 January 1998 by Robert Dow, whom Horrobin had hired several months earlier to help with the company's business plan and investor relations. Horrobin remained until May 1998 as a non-executive
94:(6 October 1939 – 1 April 2003) was a British-Canadian entrepreneur, medical researcher, author and editor. He is best known as the founder of the biotechnology company Scotia Holdings and as a promoter of evening primrose oil as a medical treatment, Horrobin was founder and editor of the
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The BMJ obituary sparked a months-long controversy. The obituary described Horrobin as "effortlessly prolific" and "one of the most persuasive people on earth", but also criticised him as excessively promoting evening primrose oil despite a lack of scientific evidence, noting that some critics
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as "woolly, sprawling and lacking in focus". They also questioned Horrobin's judgement in promoting his wife to research manager of the company despite her lack of scientific or business training; her highest qualification was a BA in English and women's studies. Investors were restive about
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Horrobin, within several years of founding Efamol, was selling EPO in more than 25 countries. He marketed the supplement as a treatment for "PMS, alcoholism, pregnancy-induced hypertension, atopic eczema, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid
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legal team convinced the journal to refuse the request. In 1997, Horrobin's team successfully halted the publication of another meta-analysis commissioned by the Department of Health. Research published after Horrobin's death indicates that fatty acids are no more effective than a
294:, a medical doctor and consumer protection advocate. Barrett advised the FDA that Horrobin's marketing of Efamol was done in "a transparent attempt to evade the food and drug laws". In a report on the incident published by the consumer information organisation
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in 2003. Obituaries noted his contributions to the biotechnology industry, intellectual acumen, original thinking and adventurousness, while some criticised his promotion of primrose oil and other questionable claims. Notably controversial obituaries in
281:(FDA), Horrobin did not satisfactorily demonstrate the efficacy and safety of his supplement. The FDA advised Efamol not to ship EPO to the United States without obtaining approval. Horrobin agreed, but began making shipments. Horrobin conspired with
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Horrobin was a prolific writer of academic and popular works. He was also the founder/co-founder and editor of two journals, and, with his brother Peter, the co-founder of MTP Press. Peter Horrobin later founded a religious cult, Ellel Ministries.
247:"after trying it on the son of a librarian from his college". Horrobin planned to use the profits from Efamol to fund research and development of drugs containing EPO fatty acids. Efamol, renamed Scotia Pharmaceuticals in 1987, was active in
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scheme, as it had offered the doctor a portion of profits from future sales, although the Council suggested that Jamal was prompted to commit fraud by his "belief" in the efficacy of the drug and not by his desire for financial gain.
562:. Respondents, including Horrobin's colleagues, friends and family, were largely critical of the negative tone of the obituary. On behalf of Horrobin's family, Horrobin's son-in-law, Adam Kelliher, filed a complaint with the British
523:. He died of pneumonia as a complication of this cancer in 2003. Horrobin was survived by his wife, Sherri Clarkson, and two children from a previous marriage. A number of obituaries were published, both in medical journals such as
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described Scotia's supplement business as "struggling". Horrobin responded to the borage competition by accusing his rivals of "duping women, selling pigs in pokes and marketing 'unstable and potentially toxic products'."
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Quote: "Dr Horrobin was best known for creating Scotia Holdings, a once sprawling biotechnology company which has the unfortunate distinction of being the UK’s only quoted biotechnology company to have collapsed into
1411:"'A rotter, a snake oil salesman, a chancer' – how scientist's obituary sparked a storm. A vitriolic attack in the British Medical Journal has devastated eminent academic David Horrobin's family, reports Robin McKie"
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By the end of 1997, Scotia was nearly broke and did not have enough money to fund another year of research. Investors worried that Horrobin had spread the company and its resources too thinly, a state described by
190:, obtaining degrees in both medicine and surgery, and during the same period earned a doctorate in neurophysiology and neuroendocrinology. On completing his pre-clinical work, Horrobin became a fellow of
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Findings of fraud associated with Scotia trials also weighed on Horrobin's company. Goran Jamal, a doctor who had participated in developing Efamol, was found guilty of research fraud by the
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to be a waste of resources, and believed that large-scale clinical trials were unnecessary and unethical. However, in at least one case, he defended modern medicine by writing a critique of
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Horrobin's emphasis on products related to evening primrose oil, which they considered a "hippy" project, "outmoded and of questionable scientific validity". When it was found that
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Horrobin believed that many diseases involve a lack of fatty acid precursors and might be alleviated by supplementing with the appropriate fatty acid. Horrobin's efforts focused on
453:. Science writer Susan Allport, in her book on dietary fatty acids, states that Horrobin founded this journal to disseminate his ideas about evening primrose oil and fatty acids.
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511:, published in 2005, Crow protested that "much of the credit for his theory has been misdirected by Faulks to the late maverick doctor and writer, David Horrobin".
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suggested that Horrobin had also actively suppressed research findings contradicting his claims about EPO. Horrobin wrote a meta-analysis of EPO research on
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His initial interest was in schizophrenia, but after failing to raise funding for more research, he founded the cash-cow operation that would become Scotia.
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who had proposed a similar theory in 1995, accused Horrobin of failing to acknowledge Crow's contributions to the development of his ideas. When novelist
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1592:"Efficacy and tolerability of borage oil in adults and children with atopic eczema: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial"
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Horrobin DF (1991). "Interactions between n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the regulation of cardiovascular disorders and inflammation".
2247:"How a novelist's twist sparked academic feud. When the feted author of Birdsong slipped a recent psychiatric idea into his work, one don saw red"
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and neurodegenerative diseases. The company was sold after his death to the Amarin Corporation and is now known as Amarin Neuroscience Ltd.
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Horrobin, David F. (2003). "Modern biomedical research: an internally self-consistent universe with little contact with medical reality?".
533:, and in the popular press. Most obituaries referred to Horrobin as a highly intelligent, creative and persuasive individual. According to
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of Great Britain. He later served as the Society's president. Horrobin also wrote on other scientific issues. He considered research with
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Takwale A, Tan E, Agarwal S, Barclay G, Ahmed I, Hotchkiss K, Thompson JR, Chapman T, Berth-Jones J (13 December 2003).
2520:"Mr Adam Kelliher complained to the Press Complaints Commission, on behalf of the family of the late Dr David Horrobin"
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2220:"The human stain. The Madness of Adam and Eve by David Horrobin asks the question: did schizophrenia make us sapient?"
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Horrobin, David F. (1983). "The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome".
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Following his departure from Scotia, Horrobin set up a new company, Laxdale Ltd, to examine the use of omega-3
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system, which, he believed, stifled creativity and innovation in science. Horrobin founded and edited the non-
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Horrobin, David F. (1997). "Essential fatty acids in the management of impaired nerve function in diabetes".
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1539:"Scotia collapses into bickering. The arguments get personal as trading in biotech firm's shares is halted"
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589:, created an annual David Horrobin Prize for medical theory in his honour. He was posthumously awarded the
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than did the evening primrose, rival companies had begun to take market share of the supplement. In 1996,
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1580:"General Nutrition will withhold 13 products", AP, Morning Call, Allentown PA, 7 December 1984, p. A.04
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angered Horrobin's friends and family by also portraying negative aspects of Horrobin's life, with the
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The Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them
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Dietary supplements and functional foods by Geoffrey P. Webb. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. 140519098
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Horrobin, David F. (1987). "Essential fatty acids, prostaglandins, and alcoholism: an overview".
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A more extensive bibliography is available on the Institute for Scientific Information website.
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Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H (2004). "Systematic review of treatments of atopic eczema".
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obituary stating that Horrobin "may prove to be the greatest snake oil salesman of his age".
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Horrobin, David F. (1994). "Unsaturated lipids: a new approach to the treatment of cancer".
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Horrobin, David F. (1993). "Omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids in atherosclerosis".
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arthritis, mastalgia (breast pain) and other problems", but according to the United States
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against eczema; Scotia's medicines licences for evening primrose oil drugs was withdrawn.
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1672:"Scotia's Unusual Approach May Yet Silence Critics : A Small Drug Firm Thinks Big"
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only on whether he or other reviewers considered them "interesting and reasonable".
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British-Canadian entrepreneur, medical researcher, author and editor (1939 – 2003)
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Staples, R (1995). "Scotia Pharmaceuticals: Harnessing the power of plants".
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Omega-6 essential fatty acids: pathophysiology and roles in clinical medicine
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Tom Stevenson, The Investment Column, The Independent, 11 September 1996.
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Murphy J., The Pharmaceutical Journal, 1 May 2004 Vol 272 No 7297 p543.
957:"Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema"
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in medical physiology. In 1975, he became professor of medicine at the
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and his hypotheses on essential fatty acids and degenerative disease.
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was one of six books shortlisted for the 2002 Aventis Prize (now the
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in 1963. At Magdalen, he was strongly influenced by the nutritionist
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2388:"The trouble with medical journals" Richard Smith, RSM Press, 2006.
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1170:"Primrose Oil and Eczema: How Research Was Promoted and Suppressed"
683:. New York: Medical and Technical Publishing Co. Ltd. p. 118.
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Ben Goldacre, Bad Science Column, The Guardian, 23 September 2003.
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The madness of Adam & Eve: how schizophrenia shaped humanity
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People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn
664:. Aylesbury: Medical and Technical Pub. Co., Ltd. p. 70.
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Announcement of the David Horrobin Prize on the Elsevier site
1758:"Gulf War syndrome doctor faked £90m trial for diabetes drug"
111:) co-founded with his then graduate student Morris Karmazyn.
2200:"Prizes for Science Books – previous winners and shortlists"
2032:"Medical Hubris. A Reply to Ivan Illich. David F. Horrobin"
1853:"Obituary for David Horrobin. Original mind will be missed"
1818:"Scotia placed in administration after EMEA rejects Foscan"
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Phospholipid spectrum disorders in psychiatry and neurology
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Allegations of selective reporting and research suppression
2478:"Obituary for David Horrobin: Summary of rapid responses"
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Amarin Corporation 2nd quarter 2004 statement of results.
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Robin McKie, The Observer, in The Guardian, 25 May 2003.
1642:"The Investment Column: Scotia scrabbles for a success"
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David Pilgrim, Times Higher Education, 5 October 2001.
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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
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Communicating Science. Pierr Laszlo, Springer, 2006.
2370:"BMJ apologises for 'insensitive' obituary of doctor"
1731:" Scotia founder quits in shake-up at ailing biotech"
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Rosie Murray-West, The Telegraph, 11 September 2004.
1746:"Fraud charge deals fresh blow to Scotia investors"
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Magnus Grimond, The Independent, 25 September 1997.
1333:"David Horrobin – Champion of evening primrose oil"
813:Horrobin, David F. (1990). "Gamma linolenic acid".
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Essential Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Nutrition
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1919:"New book suggests schizophrenia shaped humankind"
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505:stated that Horrobin's ideas influenced his novel
1733:Sameena Ahmad, The Independent, 10 December 1997.
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2189:Anthony Clare, The New Statesman, 16 April 2001.
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1308:"Should we give the biotechies money to burn?"
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2249:Vanessa Thorpe, The Guardian, 21 August 2005.
1805:"Horrobin quits Scotia in dispute over chief"
1172:Stephen Barrett, Quackwatch, 31 January 2004.
1013:(2nd ed.). Carnforth, UK: Marius Press.
1009:Peet, M. (2003). Glen I; Horrobin DF (eds.).
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1674:Erik Ipsen, The New York Times, 27 May 1995.
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1050:"Pioneer of UK biotechnology dies of cancer"
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2303:"Was BMJ wrong to print critical obituary?"
2170:"A polluted puddle of poetry and psychosis"
1807:Andrew Yates, The Independent, 12 May 1998.
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1234:(7215): 352. September 2002. Archived from
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2379:Jon Slattery, Press Gazette, 25 July 2003.
2222:John McCrone, The Guardian, 28 April 2001.
2106:"Something rotten at the core of science?"
1689:"GMC reprimands doctor for research fraud"
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1373:Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids
1224:"Epogam and Efamast lose product licences"
729:. Montreal: Lunesdale House. p. 146.
205:in east Africa, Horrobin was appointed as
59:. Please do not remove this message until
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2434:"Correction – Obituary of David Horrobin"
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1906:ISI publications list for David Horrobin
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2536:"An apology: Obituary of David Horrobin"
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2155:"First Publication For Seattle Theorist"
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1116:"F.D.A. in Battle on Health Food Frauds"
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821:(1). Carnforth, UK: Marius Press: 1–45.
186:. He studied medicine on scholarship at
55:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2522:Press Complaints Commission, Report 63.
2030:Cooperman, Earl M. (17 February 1979).
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815:Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy
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1999:Medical Hubris: A Reply to Ivan Illich
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1369:"David Horrobin (1939–2003): a memoir"
727:Medical Hubris: A reply to Ivan Illich
702:A Guide to Kenya and Northern Tanzania
471:Royal Society Prizes for Science Books
393:Research, publications and editorships
233:Drug companies and dietary supplements
209:and chairman of medical physiology at
1748:Mark Court, The Times, 11 March 2003.
1199:
1197:
637:The Communication Systems of the Body
519:In 2001, Horrobin was diagnosed with
447:Horrobin also co-founded the journal
7:
2069:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2036:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2671:20th-century British businesspeople
2646:Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
1510:"Fears over future of Quantanova".
367:
1432:. University of California Press.
779:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01250.x
25:
2636:Academics of Newcastle University
2631:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
1828:(7133): 143. 2001. Archived from
1657:"Scotia's hopes for magic bullet"
1537:Clark, Andrew (26 January 2001).
1289:from the original on 29 June 2011
794:Horrobin, David F. (Ed.) (1990).
641:. New York: Basic Books. p.
473:; the prize was won that year by
347:contained a higher percentage of
219:University of Newcastle upon Tyne
2626:Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
2157:The Scientist, 13 November 1989.
2001:. Montreal, Canada: Eden Press.
1285:(Obituary). London. 2 May 2003.
662:Principles of biological control
607:
134:and neurodegenerative diseases.
34:
497:, a professor of psychiatry at
201:Following participation in the
1331:Richmond, C. (17 April 2003).
595:American Oil Chemists' Society
583:, having acquired the journal
515:Death and obituary controversy
409:animal models of human disease
368:Horrobin's ousting from Scotia
267:Controversy and administration
221:, where he was appointed as a
1:
2280:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13046-2
2261:"Obituary – David F Horrobin"
2122:10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01618-7
1948:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1122:. 1 June 1989. Archived from
272:Legal and regulatory problems
238:Founding of Efamol and Scotia
162:Education and academic career
2360:, Patrick West, 20 July 2003
2063:Baker, H. (18 August 1979).
1917:Reid, Graham (7 June 2001).
1206:Health Technology Assessment
1087:10.1016/0952-3278(91)90196-C
1048:Court, Mark (2 April 2003).
461:In the popular science book
279:Food and Drug Administration
2651:British medical researchers
2494:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1089-b
2450:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1089-a
2104:Horrobin, David F. (2001).
1997:Horrobin, David F. (1977).
1869:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1089-a
1386:10.1016/j.plefa.2004.01.001
990:Horrobin, David F. (2001).
955:Horrobin, David F. (2000).
725:Horrobin, David F. (1977).
698:Horrobin, David F. (1972).
679:Horrobin, David F. (1971).
660:Horrobin, David F. (1970).
633:Horrobin, David F. (1964).
564:Press Complaints Commission
467:The Madness of Adam and Eve
463:The Madness of Adam and Eve
217:. In 1972, he moved to the
130:as possible treatments for
109:Prostaglandins and Medicine
61:conditions to do so are met
2687:
2552:10.1136/bmj.327.7408.229-e
2232:"Fat is an insanity issue"
1822:The Pharmaceutical Journal
1778:"Obituary: David Horrobin"
1705:10.1136/bmj.326.7392.730/a
1468:"Obituary: David Horrobin"
1228:The Pharmaceutical Journal
480:The Universe in a Nutshell
1608:10.1136/bmj.327.7428.1385
491:and artistic creativity.
2641:British chief executives
2355:Warts ‘n’ all obituaries
2071:(Letter to the editor).
1568:Pharmaceutical Executive
1484:10.1136/bmj.326.7394.885
1339:. London. Archived from
798:. New York: Wiley-Liss.
92:David Frederick Horrobin
2540:British Medical Journal
2482:British Medical Journal
2438:British Medical Journal
2432:McGoldrick, S. (2003).
2341:12 October 2008 at the
1857:British Medical Journal
1851:McGoldrick, S. (2003).
1693:British Medical Journal
1472:British Medical Journal
1428:Allport, Susan (2008).
544:British Medical Journal
402:Scientific publications
361:General Medical Council
283:General Nutrition, Inc.
196:Hugh Macdonald Sinclair
188:Balliol College, Oxford
151:British Medical Journal
2586:Stephen S. Chang Award
2336:"Keeping an open mind"
1786:. London. 9 April 2003
974:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.367s
227:University of Montreal
2591:10 April 2008 at the
2411:10.1007/3-540-31920-4
1927:. Wilson & Horton
967:(1 Suppl): 367S–72S.
932:10.2337/diab.46.2.s90
856:10.1055/s-2007-994016
601:Selected bibliography
541:and published in the
383:essential fatty acids
306:In 2006, a column in
203:Flying Doctor Service
2375:16 June 2011 at the
2259:Oransky, I. (2003).
2110:Trends Pharmacol Sci
1512:The Herald (Glasgow)
767:Alcohol Clin Exp Res
706:. Scribner. p.
521:mantle cell lymphoma
485:Kay Redfield Jamison
349:gamma-linolenic acid
174:, Horrobin attended
139:mantle cell lymphoma
120:gamma-linolenic acid
118:oil, which contains
2546:(7408): 229. 2003.
2187:"The Lust for Life"
1466:Richmond C (2003).
881:World Rev Nutr Diet
844:Semin Thromb Hemost
128:omega-3 fatty acids
48:of this article is
2666:People from Bolton
2065:""Medical Hubris""
1924:New Zealand Herald
1570:(Jan 1995): 56–62.
1238:on 4 December 2008
1120:The New York Times
994:. London: Bantam.
926:(Suppl 2): S90–3.
617:has a profile for
586:Medical Hypotheses
575:Posthumous honours
440:Medical Hypotheses
211:Nairobi University
100:Medical Hypotheses
2476:Davies S (2003).
2418:978-3-540-31919-1
2358:Prospect Magazine
2136:on 14 August 2007
2008:978-0-88831-001-9
1514:. 23 March 2002.
1439:978-0-520-25380-3
902:978-3-8055-6040-5
893:10.1159/000423997
623:
539:Caroline Richmond
499:Oxford University
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2678:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2429:
2420:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2301:Marks N (2003).
2298:
2292:
2291:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
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1793:
1791:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1602:(7428): 1385–0.
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1463:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1367:Stein J (2004).
1364:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:on 13 March 2010
1328:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:"David Horrobin"
1275:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1173:
1167:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1064:
1063:administration."
1061:
1060:on 12 June 2011.
1056:. Archived from
1045:
1024:
1005:
986:
976:
951:
914:
875:
838:
809:
790:
761:
740:
721:
705:
694:
675:
656:
640:
621:
611:
610:
591:Stephen S. Chang
503:Sebastian Faulks
489:bipolar disorder
192:Magdalen College
116:evening primrose
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:Wayback Machine
2584:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2377:Wayback Machine
2368:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2343:Wayback Machine
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:, 7 April 2001.
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2038:(Book review).
2029:
2028:
2024:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1960:10.1038/nrd1012
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1687:Dyer O (2003).
1686:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1465:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1337:The Independent
1330:
1329:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1168:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1021:
1008:
1002:
989:
954:
917:
903:
878:
841:
812:
806:
793:
764:
743:
737:
724:
718:
697:
691:
678:
672:
659:
653:
632:
629:
628:
627:
620:David Horrobin
612:
608:
603:
577:
551:The Independent
529:and Horrobin's
517:
475:Stephen Hawking
459:
457:Popular science
427:
418:Medical Nemesis
404:
395:
379:
370:
353:The Independent
327:
304:
292:Stephen Barrett
274:
269:
240:
235:
164:
145:The Independent
85:
74:
68:
65:
54:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2567:
2524:
2509:
2488:(7398): 1089.
2465:
2444:(7398): 1091.
2421:
2398:
2381:
2362:
2347:
2328:
2319:
2293:
2251:
2239:
2224:
2212:
2191:
2174:
2159:
2147:
2096:
2075:(4): 405–406.
2055:
2022:
2007:
1989:
1954:(2): 151–154.
1938:
1909:
1895:
1884:
1863:(7398): 1089.
1843:
1832:on 24 May 2010
1809:
1797:
1762:
1750:
1735:
1720:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1582:
1573:
1558:
1520:
1499:
1445:
1438:
1415:
1400:
1354:
1312:
1300:
1249:
1215:
1193:
1174:
1149:
1137:
1126:on 6 July 2022
1100:
1065:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1006:
1000:
987:
961:Am J Clin Nutr
952:
915:
901:
876:
839:
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804:
791:
762:
741:
735:
722:
716:
695:
689:
676:
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657:
651:
613:
606:
605:
604:
602:
599:
576:
573:
516:
513:
458:
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426:
425:Journal editor
423:
403:
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394:
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378:
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369:
366:
326:
323:
303:
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273:
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261:United Kingdom
239:
236:
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180:King's College
163:
160:
124:United Kingdom
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
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14:
13:
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9:
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2487:
2483:
2479:
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2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
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2408:
2402:
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2394:1-85315-673-6
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2255:
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2240:
2236:
2235:The Telegraph
2233:
2228:
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2221:
2216:
2213:
2201:
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2100:
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2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
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1827:
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1806:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1779:
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1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
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1706:
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1699:(7392): 730.
1698:
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1500:
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1478:(7394): 885.
1477:
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1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:(4): 339–43.
1378:
1374:
1370:
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1359:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
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1301:
1288:
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1283:The Telegraph
1280:
1274:
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1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
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1081:(2): 127–31.
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
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1020:1-871622-25-5
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1012:
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1003:
1001:0-593-04649-8
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993:
988:
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980:
975:
970:
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949:
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933:
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925:
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912:
908:
904:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:(2): 129–37.
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:0-471-56693-4
801:
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788:
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780:
776:
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768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
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736:0-88831-086-2
732:
728:
723:
719:
717:0-684-12629-X
713:
709:
704:
703:
696:
692:
690:0-85200-025-1
686:
682:
677:
673:
671:0-85200-002-2
667:
663:
658:
654:
652:0-465-01287-6
648:
644:
639:
638:
631:
630:
625:
624:
616:
600:
598:
596:
593:Award by the
592:
588:
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582:
574:
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569:
565:
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555:
553:
552:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:The Telegraph
532:
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512:
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456:
454:
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451:
445:
442:
441:
436:
435:peer reviewed
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