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Venustiano
Carranza. Once Huerta was ousted, the loose coalition fell apart and Mexico was plunged into a civil war between the winners. Germany's backing of Huerta weakened their influence in Mexico while the hostility of the United States to the regime increased it. Although U.S. business interests had hoped that President Wilson would recognize the Huerta government, they realized he would not and began aligning themselves with different revolutionary factions. One historian argues that Huerta's regime was not as conservative or reactionary as portrayed, arguing that he did not attempt to "reincarnate" the Age of Díaz. "Huerta and his advisors both realized the days of Díaz were gone forever. They did not attempt to stem the new energies and forces unleashed in 1910; rather they attempted to moderate them." In general, however, his regime is seen as a repudiation of democracy and Huerta himself an iron-fisted authoritarian. Despite efforts in Mexico to redress the exclusion of Andrés Molina Enríquez from the pantheon of Mexican revolutionaries—since he is considered the intellectual father of the Article 27 of the
549:. He commanded about 500 men in his campaign against the Maya, starting in October 1901, and fought 79 different actions over the course of 39 days. Huerta was then promoted to Brigadier General and awarded the Medal of Military Merit In May 1902 he was promoted commander of federal army forces in Yucatán, and in October 1902 he reported to Díaz that he had "pacified" the Yucatán. During the campaign in Yucatán he became increasingly dependent on alcohol to continue functioning. His health began to decline, and perhaps because of his heavy drinking he complained he could not go outside in the sunshine without wearing sunglasses, and he suffered bouts of uncontrollable nervous shaking. His decaying teeth caused him much pain. In August 1903 he was appointed to head a committee tasked with reforming the uniforms of the federal army. In 1907 he retired from the army on grounds of ill health, having developed cataracts while serving in the southern jungles. He then applied his technical training by taking up the position of Head of Public Works in
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506:, where he distinguished himself in combat. He was known for ensuring that his men always got paid, often resorting to finding the money in ruthless ways. Following a complaint from the Catholic Church that Huerta had plundered a church to sell off its gold and silver to pay his men, Huerta justified his actions on the grounds that "Mexico can do without her priests, but cannot do without her soldiers". On another occasion, following a complaint from a bank that he emptied out one of its branches at gunpoint to get money to pay his men, Huerta pointed out he left a receipt and would pay back the bank what he had stolen when he received the necessary funds from Mexico City. Huerta then spent nine years of his military career undertaking
800:, whom Huerta fought when serving President Madero, now joined with Huerta as a counter-revolutionary. Four Deputies were executed over the summer of 1913 for criticizing the Huerta regime. One deputy was arrested by Mexico City police as he was delivering a speech denouncing Huerta at a rally and taken out to the countryside, where he was "shot while trying to escape". Lacking popular legitimacy, Huerta chose to turn the refusal of the US to recognize his government as an example of American "interference" in Mexico's internal affairs, organizing anti-American demonstrations in the summer of 1913 with the hope of gaining some popular support.
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Durango, so gaining his support was important to Huerta. Orozco had rebelled against Madero and Huerta had overthrown him, so there was the possibility of gaining his support. During a meeting of representatives of Huerta's government and Orozco's forces, Orozco laid out his terms for supporting Huerta. He sought recognition of his soldiers' service to the overthrown of Madero and pay; pensions and care of soldiers' widows and orphans, agrarian reforms, government payment of
Orozquista debts that financed the campaign against Madero, and employment of Orozquistas as
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towns, since his soldiers in the field would either desert or go over to the rebels. Throughout the civil war of 1913–14 the
Constitutionalists fought with a ferocity and courage that the federal army never managed. In Yucatán about 70% of the army were men conscripted from the prisons, while one "volunteer" battalion consisted of captured Yaqui. In October 1913, in the town of Tlalnepantla, the army's 9th Regiment, which was said to have been "crazed with alcohol and marijuana", mutinied, murdered their officers and went over to the rebels.
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753:(The Great National Problems) focused on inequality of land tenure. Molina Enríquez joined the Huerta government heading the Department of Labor. He had denounced the overthrow of Madero, but "initially saw in the Huerta regime the political formula he believed Mexico required: a strong military leader capable of imposing the social reforms Mexico needed to benefit the masses." However, despite internal support in the Huerta regime for reform, Huerta increasingly embraced militarization and Molina Enríquez resigned.
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636:, was a conspiracy of Porfirio Díaz's nephew, General Félix Díaz, General Bernardo Reyes, and General Madragón. The plotters attempted to draw in Huerta in January, but Huerta waited for a better incentive to join, since Félix Díaz expected to be the successor to Madero. The first day of the coup, February 9, General Reyes died in battle and General Lauro Villar, the commander of Madero's forces in Mexico City, was wounded. Madero appointed Huerta in his stead. According to historian
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529:, and was seen as part of Díaz's "court". Through Huerta was well liked at the Chapultepec Castle, acquiring the persona of a trim, efficient officer who was stern to his subordinates while displaying a courtly, polished manner towards his superiors, he began to suffer from severe insomnia and began drinking heavily during this time. In January 1895 he commanded a battalion of infantry against a rebellion in Guerrero led by Gen.
738:. Huerta agreed to the terms, and Orozco threw his support to Huerta on 27 February 1913. Orozco sought to persuade Emiliano Zapata to make peace with Huerta regime. Zapata had held Orozco in high esteem as a fellow revolutionary who had rejected the Madero regime. However, for Zapata, Orozco's support of Huerta was anathema, saying "Huerta represents the defection of the army. You represent the defection of the Revolution."
698:, making him next in line for the presidency. After less than an hour in office (some sources say as little as 15 minutes), Lascuráin resigned, handing the presidency to Huerta. At a late-night special session of Congress surrounded by Huerta's troops, the legislators endorsed his assumption of power. Four days later Madero and Pino Suárez were taken from the National Palace to prison at night and shot by officers of the
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594:. Huerta's forces burned villages supporting the rebellion and attacked their residents. These actions frustrated Madero's later attempts to placate those rebels. Huerta had a record of opposing revolutionaries and intrigues with Madero's enemies. Huerta's actions in Morelos forced a break between Emiliano Zapata and Madero, who was later to rebel against Madero immediately after his November 1911 election.
745:(House of the World Worker). The Casa organized demonstrations and strikes, which the Huerta regime initially tolerated. But then the government cracked down, arresting and deporting some leaders, and destroying the Casa's headquarters. Huerta also sought to diffuse agrarian agitation, which fueled the rebellion in Morelos led by Emiliano Zapata. The most vocal intellectual in favor of land reform was
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533:. The rebellion was ended when Díaz brokered a deal with Neri, who surrendered in exchange for a promise to remove the unpopular state governor. Huerta confirmed his reputation for ruthlessness by refusing to take prisoners and continuing to attack the followers of Neri even after Díaz had signed a ceasefire. In December 1900 Huerta commanded a successful military campaign against the
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541:. During the near-genocidal campaign against the Yaqui, Huerta was more concerned with mapping out the terrain of Sonora, but at times he commanded forces in the field against the Yaqui. From 12 April-8 September 1901 Huerta put down a rebellion in Guerrero, completely "pacifying" the state. In May 1901 he was promoted to the rank of general. In 1901–02 he suppressed a
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648:, was an active participant in the plot to overthrow Madero. Ambassador Wilson believed that Huerta would not have staged a coup had the United States not assured them that it would recognize the new regime. Following a confused few days of fighting in Mexico City between loyalist and rebel factions of the army, Huerta had Madero and vice-president
428:, José Victoriano Huerta Márquez was born and baptized on Monday, December 23, 1850, in the town of Colotlán. (Other sources indicate he was born on March 23, 1845, in the Agua Gorda ranch.) His parents were Jesús Huerta Córdoba, originally from Colotlán, Jalisco and María Lázara del Refugio Márquez Villalobos, originally from
640:, "It was a decision for which would pay with his life." Having secured that key position, Huerta reopened negotiations with the plotters and joined them in secret. His task was to undermine Madero militarily without betraying his own complicity and began military operations that weakened Madero's forces. The
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In the historiography of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta is the "demon" of the
Mexican Revolution, against whom all others are measured. Diverse factions and interests in Mexico came together against the Huerta regime, including the Zapatistas in Morelos and the Constitutionalists in northern Mexico under
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had a certain respect for Diaz as a patriarchal leader who had enough sense to finally leave with dignity in 1911, whereas Huerta was seen as a thuggish soldier who had Madero murdered and sought to terrorize the nation into submission. Huerta disliked cabinet meetings, ordered his ministers about as
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against the long-established Díaz regime, Huerta was teaching mathematics in Mexico City. He applied successfully to rejoin the army with his former rank and was accepted. He did not play a major role in the early stages of the
Revolution that led to the resignation of Díaz, although he commanded the
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proved to be poor soldiers, prone to desertion and mutiny, since they were serving against their will and felt hatred for their commanding officers. Officers mistreated both their enlisted men and the common people. Huerta had to follow a defensive strategy of keeping the army concentrated in large
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was applied especially heavily in southern Mexico, where the majority of the people were indigenous. Thousands of
Juchiteco and Maya were rounded up to fight a war in the north of Mexico that they felt did not concern them. A visitor to Mérida, Yucatán wrote of "heart-breaking" scenes as hundreds of
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that violated Mexico's sovereignty. Even Huerta's opponents agreed with his stance. The
Constitutionalist Army, the forces of the northern coalition opposing Huerta, defeated the Federal Army. Huerta was forced to resign in July 1914 and flee the country to Spain, only 17 months into his presidency,
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The
Federal Army Huerta took over in February 1913 on paper numbered between 45,000 and 50,000 men. Huerta continued to increase the strength of the army, issuing a decree for conscripting 150,000 men in October 1913; another decree for conscripting 200,000 men in January 1914 and one for a quarter
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had a general bias in favor of liberal democracy and had distaste for Gen. Huerta, who had come to power by coup and was implicated in the murder of Madero, but was initially open to recognizing Huerta provided that he could "win" an election that would give him a democratic veneer. Félix Díaz and
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Orozco's rebellion was a major threat to the Madero government, since he had standing as a revolutionary and commanded significant forces. Madero sent Huerta to crush the rebellion. He had at his command troops of the
Mexican Federal Army and these were joined by irregulars led by Pancho Villa, at
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refused to recognize the new regime which had come to power by coup. The U.S. allowed arms sales to rebel forces. Many foreign powers did recognize the regime, including
Britain and Germany, but withdrew further support when revolutionary forces started to show military success against the regime;
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and former president of Mexico (1880–84). In the interim, Huerta's career prospered thanks to the patronage of González. In Mexico City, he married Emilia Águila Moya, whom he met in Veracruz, on 21 November 1880. The marriage produced 11 children. The names of his children surviving him in 1916
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To secure volunteers, Huerta attempted to use Mexican nationalism and anti-Americanism. In the fall of 1913, running spurious stories in the press warning of an imminent U.S. invasion and asking for patriotic men to step up to defend Mexico. The campaign attracted some volunteers from the lower
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Huerta moved quickly to consolidate power within Mexico with the support of state governors. Huerta sought support from Pascual Orozco, whose rebellion against Madero Huerta had been in charge of suppressing. Orozco still held the leadership of significant forces in Chihuahua and potentially in
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wrote about Huerta: "The consistent thread which ran through the Huerta regime, from start to finish, was militarisation: the growth and reliance on the Federal Army, the military takeover of public offices, the preference for military over political solutions, the militarisation of society in
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on film 0443681 v. 24 p. 237 shows a baptism date of 23 December 1850 saying he was one day old born on Monday at 8 a.m., which 23 December 1850 was a Monday, and his mother's name was Refugio Márquez. His death certificate gives the birthdate of 23 December 1853. The marriage record dated 21
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the rest of the conservative leaders had seen Huerta as a transitional leader and pressed for early elections, which they expected to be won by Díaz on a Catholic conservative platform, and were rudely surprised when they discovered Huerta wanted to keep the presidency for himself.
452:. Huerta learned to read and write at a school run by the local priest, making him one of the relatively few literate people in Colotlán. He had decided upon a military career early on as the only way of escaping the poverty of Colotlán. In 1869 he was employed by visiting Gen.
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and some well-armed Mexican supporters. However, a US Army colonel with 25 soldiers and two deputy US marshals intervened and arrested him as he left the train, on a charge of sedition. The German-initiated plan for Huerta to regain the Mexican presidency through a
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Upon graduating from the military academy in 1877, Huerta was commissioned into the Corps of Engineers. After entering the army as a lieutenant in the engineers in 1877, he was put in charge of improving the Loreto and Guadalupe forts in Puebla and the
617:) amnesty, which might have weakened their forces already suffering from lack of money and arms. Huerta's forces defeated Orozco's at Rellano in May 1912. With that victory Huerta "had suddenly become a military hero with a national reputation."
851:, as vagrants, criminals, captured rebels, political prisoners and sometimes just men on the streets were rounded up to serve in the Federal Army. In Veracruz workers getting off the night shift at factories were rounded up in a
812:, but his methods were unlike those of Diaz, who had shown a talent for compromise and diplomacy; seeking support from and playing off regional elites, using not only army officers but also technocrats, former guerrilla leaders,
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As Madero lost support and as internal and external groups plotted to remove him from the presidency, Huerta secretly joined the conspiracy. The coup d'état that toppled Madero in February 1913, known in Mexican history as the
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mounted police force and the state militias, Huerta had approximately 300,000 men, or about 4% of the population, fighting for him by early 1914. Faced with Mexicans' widespread reluctance to serve, Huerta had to resort to the
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609:, who was also attempting to suppress the revolt. Accused of stealing a horse, Villa then faced execution by Huerta without trial. Only Madero's last minute intervention saved the life of one of his most effective generals.
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middle class, through they were usually disillusioned when they learned that they were going to fight other Mexicans, not the Americans. In rural Mexico a sense of Mexican nationalism barely existed at this time among the
884:. Huerta's patriotic campaign was a complete failure in the countryside. The other source of volunteers was provided by allowing wealthy landlords to raise private armies under the guise of the state militias, but few
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he was released on bail, but remained under house arrest due to risk of flight to Mexico. A day after, he attended a dinner at Fort Bliss. Later he was returned to jail, and while so confined died, perhaps of
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and provincial elites to support his regime. By contrast, Huerta relied entirely upon the army for support, giving officers all of the key jobs, regardless of their talents, as Huerta sought to rule with
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of million men in March 1914. These figures were never achieved as many men fled to fight for the Constitutionalists rather than Huerta. Together with an increase in the number of the paramilitary
823:("The Iron Hand"), believing only in military solutions to all problems. For this reason, Huerta during his short time as president was the object of far more hatred than Diaz ever was; even the
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landings to provide support, while offering (perhaps as a bargaining chip) to make war on the US, which Germany hoped would end munitions supplies to the Allies. Their meetings, held at the
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in Veracruz. In January 1879 he was promoted to captain and assigned to the staff of the 4th Division in Guadalajara, in charge of engineering. The commander of the 4th Division was
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Huerta attempted to build further support for his government, and the urban working class in Mexico City made important gains before being suppressed. In particular, the leftist
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and expropriate private owners of resources like oil—Molina Enríquez is usually considered by Mexican historiography as "tainted" due to his service in the Huerta government.
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and demanded Huerta step aside for democratic elections. In August 1913 Wilson imposed an arms embargo on Mexico, forcing Huerta to turn to Europe and Japan to buy arms.
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general". Huerta "came very close to converting Mexico into the most completely militaristic state in the world." Huerta's stated goal was a return to the "order" of the
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By 1890 Huerta had reached the rank of Colonel of Engineers. From 1890 to 1895 Huerta lived in Mexico City, becoming a regular visitor to the presidential residence at
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November 1880 at Santa Veracruz parrish in Mexico City as filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah on film 0035853 confirms his mother's name as: Del Refugio Márquez.
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to serve as his personal secretary. In that role he distinguished himself and, with Gen. Guerra's support, gained admission to the Mexican National Military Academy (
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The Huerta government was promptly recognized by all the western European governments, but not the government of the United States. The outgoing US administration of
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by Fernando Orozco Linares give a birthdate of 23 March 1854 and a maternal surname of Ortega. However, the parish register of Colotlán, Jalisco as filmed by the
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they had just defeated. Huerta pledged allegiance to President Madero, and carried out Madero's orders to crush anti-Madero revolts by rebel generals such as
440:, Zacatecas and the second from Colotlán, Jalisco and were his maternal grandparents José María Márquez and María Soledad Villalobos. He identified himself as
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605:, who had helped topple Díaz and then rebelled against his regime. In the Orozco rebellion, Huerta saw the opportunity to eliminate revolutionary general
518:. He traveled extensively to all parts of Mexico in this position. French cultural influence was very strong in 19th-century Mexico, and Huerta's hero was
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with the aid of other Mexican generals and the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. His violent seizure of power set off a new wave of armed conflict in the
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780:(evoking the 1857 Liberal Constitution) to oust the usurper Huerta and restore constitutional government. Supporters of Carranza's plan included
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if they were non-commissioned officers and displayed in general a highly autocratic style. Huerta established a harsh military dictatorship.
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Despite the fact that revolutionary forces supporting Madero had forced Díaz's resignation, Madero ordered them demobilized and retained the
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368:– actually fifteen days – saw the forced resignation of Madero and his vice president and their murders. The coup was backed by the nascent
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in favor of the US, with the plan being to trade recognition for settling the dispute on American terms. Newly inaugurated U.S. president
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522:. He supported Gen. Díaz as the closest approximation to his Napoleonic ideal, believing that Mexico needed a "strongman" to prosper.
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wanted to fight, let alone die, for Gen. Huerta, since some Constitutionalists were promising land reform, although not First Chief
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364:(1911–13). In February 1913, Huerta joined a conspiracy against Madero, who entrusted him to control a revolt in Mexico City. The
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were Jorge, María Elisa, Victor, Luz, Elena, Dagoberto, Eva and Celia. Huerta participated in the "pacification campaigns" in
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660:(The Embassy Pact), which provided for the exile of Madero and Pino Suárez and Huerta's takeover of the Mexican government.
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refused and Huerta had him arrested and murdered in March 1913. The most important challenge from a state governor was by
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436:. His paternal grandparents were Rafael Huerta Benítez and María Isabel de la Trinidad Córdoba, the first originally from
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during the Mexican Revolution. He is still vilified as a traitor by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as
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880:. Mexico was an abstract entity that meant nothing, and most peasants were primarily loyal to their own villages, the
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972:(as well as another New York hotel, "probably the Holland House" at Fifth Avenue and 30th Street), were observed by
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There is dispute about the date of birth and the maternal surname of Victoriano Huerta. Many sources, including
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Huerta has been portrayed or referenced in any number of movies dealing with the Mexican Revolution, including
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in November 1911, General Huerta carried out a campaign in Morelos, attempting to crush the rebellion led by
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John Eisenhower, "Intervention!: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1917" 1993, p. 150
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military escort that gave Díaz safe conduct into exile in May 1911. During the interim presidency of
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in 1872. As a cadet, Huerta excelled at math, leading him to specialize in artillery and topography.
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after the Federal Army collapsed. While attempting to intrigue with German spies in the U.S. during
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The Teapot Dome Scandal: How Big Oil Bought the Harding White House and Tried to Steal the Country
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Henderson, Peter V. N. "Woodrow Wilson, Victoriano Huerta, and the Recognition Issue in Mexico."
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17 - "Temporada de Zopilotes" (Buzzard's Season) Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Editorial Planeta, 2000
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https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3131&context=gradschool_disstheses
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855:(forced conscription), while in Mexico City poor men going to hospitals were rounded up in the
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922:, Huerta bowed to internal and external pressure and resigned the presidency on 15 July 1914.
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When Huerta refused to call elections, and with the situation further exacerbated by the
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Bailey, David C. "Revisionism and the recent historiography of the Mexican Revolution."
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After the Federal Army was repeatedly defeated in battle by Constitutionalist generals
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Maya said goodbye to their wives as they were forced to board a train while in chains.
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refused to recognize the new government, as a way of pressuring Mexico to end the
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Woodrow Wilson became hostile to the Huerta administration, recalled ambassador
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The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
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The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer
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their continuing support of him threatened their own relationships with the
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Rausch, George "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" pp. 136–145 from
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Venustiano Carranza disavows Victoriano Huerta's claim to the presidency
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Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era
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of German Navy Intelligence for money to purchase weapons and arrange
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702:(federal police), who were assumed to be acting on Huerta's orders.
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The Mexican Revolution. Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants
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Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1915
333:; 23 December 1850 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican
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Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming Process of the Mexican Revolution
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Huerta's government resisted the U.S. incursion into the port of
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Mexican Militarism: The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army
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Rausch, Georgre "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 141.
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Rausch, Georgre "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 140.
1566:
Rausch, Georgre "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 140.
1296:, the position of Vice President was left vacant by Presidents
1210:
Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox
424:
According to the records in the books of the Parish Notary of
2038:
The Mexican Revolution: Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction
1990:
The Mexican Revolution: Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction
1961:
The Mexican Revolution: Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction
1948:
The Mexican Revolution: Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction
1885:. Berkeley: University of California Press 1987, pp. 271–272.
1476:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta", pp. 136–145.
1587:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" pp. 140–141.
1271:, vol. 1, pp. 655–658. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
444:, and both his parents are reported to have been ethnically
2332:, vol. 3, p. 216. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996
1467:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" pp. 136–145
1420:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
613:
Torreón in April 1912. Huerta offered Orozco's supporters (
1451:
Rausch, Georgre "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta".
679:
To give the coup the appearance of legitimacy, Huerta had
2358:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972, pp. 369–370
934:
José C. Delgado, Victoriano Huerta and Abraham F. Ratner.
652:
seized and briefly imprisoned on 18 February 1913 in the
1539:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta", p. 139.
401:, Huerta was arrested in 1915 and died in U.S. custody.
2385:. Narrative of the Decena Tragica (The tragic 10 days)
2105:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968, 4–5
1637:
Cronica del Traje Militar en Mexico del Siglo XVI al XX
1626:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 142.
1614:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 141.
1596:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 141.
1557:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 140.
1548:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 139.
1530:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 139.
1518:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 138.
1506:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 138.
1442:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 137.
1405:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 136.
1396:
Rausch, "The Early Career of Victoriano Huerta" p. 136.
957:, finally arriving in the United States in April 1915.
3442:
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
1898:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1994, pp. 62–63.
656:. The conspirators then met at the US Embassy to sign
586:
following the resignation of Díaz and the election of
1583:
1581:
1463:
1461:
1257:. 2 vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1990.
3412:
Candidates in the 1913 Mexican presidential election
1950:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990 p. 62.
1686:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1967, p. 82.
3301:
3229:
3171:
3135:
3014:
2947:
996:was foiled. After some time in a US Army prison at
307:
299:
289:
284:
276:
266:
258:
241:
213:
208:
192:
180:
170:
150:
138:
126:
114:
95:
66:
2330:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1741:
1115:Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
1009:or possibly of cancer. While the main symptom was
480:Huerta in full dress uniform and with decorations.
1374:, vol. 1, p. 655, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1300:and Huerta, and was officially abolished in 1917.
1192:Orozco: Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary
2259:
2257:
2126:
2124:
1971:
1969:
1823:
1821:
1013:, poisoning by the US was widely suspected. In
2168:
2166:
1622:
1620:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1512:
553:and planning a new street layout for the city.
57: and the second or maternal family name is
1665:
1663:
1661:
1264:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972.
2925:
2493:
1247:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
8:
1840:Richmond, Douglas W. "Victoriano Huerta" in
1413:
1411:
1370:Richmond, Douglas W. "Victoriano Huerta" in
1267:Richmond, Douglas W. "Victoriano Huerta" in
784:, who nonetheless remained loyal to his own
2429:Newspaper clippings about Victoriano Huerta
938:Huerta went into exile, first traveling to
448:, although his father is said to have been
2932:
2918:
2910:
2500:
2486:
2478:
2441:
2274:Dark Invasion: 1915 – Germany's Secret War
1485:Genealogical Society of Utah, Film 0035853
979:Huerta traveled from New York by train to
74:
63:
3293:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
1030:, which empowered the state to implement
960:While in the US he negotiated with Capt.
2328:LaFrance, David. "Victoriano Huerta" in
2286:The Exile and Death of Victoriano Huerta
2251:(New York: NEL Mentor, 1967), pp. 73–74.
2221:. July 27, 1914. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
1387:, Volume 21, No. 2 October 1964 p. 136.
772:, governor of Coahuila, who drafted the
352:After a military career under President
110:19 February 1913 – 15 July 1914
1455:, Volume 21, No. 2 October 1964 p. 137.
1330:
1281:
1194:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
899:, President Wilson landed US troops to
3422:Military personnel from El Paso, Texas
3417:Mexican secretaries of foreign affairs
2215:Final Message to the Mexican Congress"
2001:Richmond, "Victoriano Huerta", p. 657.
3288:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
796:. However, former revolutionary Gen.
328:
35:President of Mexico from 1913 to 1914
7:
1167:United States occupation of Veracruz
1057:And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself
3199:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
2395:Works by or about Victoriano Huerta
1203:. México, D.F.: Siglo XXI Editores.
1180:Hispanic American Historical Review
262:Evergreen Cemetery (El Paso, Texas)
152:Secretary of the Interior of Mexico
642:United States Ambassador to Mexico
25:
3437:20th-century presidents of Mexico
3282:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1201:Pascual Orozco, ¿Héroe y traidor?
903:Mexico's most important seaport,
686:assume the presidency; under the
675:Victoriano Huerta and his cabinet
493:, a close associate of President
3432:People of the Mexican Revolution
3407:Mexican people imprisoned abroad
3351:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
2868:
2464:19 February 1913 – 15 July 1914
1152:List of heads of state of Mexico
1136:
776:, calling for the creation of a
751:Los grandes problemas nacionales
1702:. U of Nebraska Press. p.
1288:After the ousting of President
1230:41#2 (1984), pp. 151–176,
1105:, Huerta is a major character.
557:Mexican Revolution under Madero
3392:Leaders who took power by coup
2412:biography of Victoriano Huerta
2406:biography of Victoriano Huerta
569:, Pres. Madero's brother, and
322:José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
218:José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
1:
2996:French Intervention in Mexico
1641:Artes de Mexico No. 102, 1968
949:. From there he moved to the
725:Victoriano Huerta (left) and
621:Huerta and Madero's overthrow
404:His supporters were known as
81:
3314:Liberation Army of the South
3242:Mexican Constitution of 1917
3194:Convention of Aguascalientes
2356:Huerta: A Political Portrait
2300:, Marshall Cavendish, 2002,
2298:Mexico and the United States
1783:Revolutions in world history
1350:, Random House, Inc., 2008,
1315:Genealogical Society of Utah
1262:Huerta: A Political Portrait
942:, aboard the German cruiser
49:, the first or paternal
2854:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
2580:Francisco Javier Echeverría
2560:Antonio López de Santa Anna
2433:20th Century Press Archives
2234:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009,
1208:Caballero, Raymond (2015).
1199:Caballero, Raymond (2020).
1190:Caballero, Raymond (2017).
1108:Both Victoriano Huerta and
1099:The Friends of Pancho Villa
1028:1917 Constitution of Mexico
688:1857 Constitution of Mexico
565:General Huerta (left) with
330:[biɣtoˈɾjanoˈweɾta]
3463:
3397:Exiled Mexican politicians
3277:Monument to the Revolution
3102:Francisco León de la Barra
2960:Economic History of Mexico
2706:Francisco León de la Barra
2232:America's War for Humanity
926:Exile, late life and death
867:The men rounded up in the
624:
584:Francisco León de la Barra
358:Francisco León de la Barra
44:
37:
3214:United States involvement
2877:
2866:
2829:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2681:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
2515:
2466:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2416:Genealogy and descendancy
2404:Colotlán official website
2230:Russell, Thomas Herbert.
1077:, Huerta is portrayed by
788:; northern revolutionary
749:, whose 1909 publication
696:Secretary of the Interior
620:
510:studies in the states of
315:
204:
157:
103:
91:
73:
3427:Politicians from Jalisco
3042:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
2776:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
2343:The Secret War in Mexico
1770:The Secret War in Mexico
1671:The Secret War in Mexico
1418:Coerver, Don M. (2004).
790:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
187:Rafael Lorenzo Hernández
38:Not to be confused with
3204:Pancho Villa Expedition
3179:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
3143:Plan of San Luis Potosí
2746:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
2625:Manuel María Lombardini
2590:José Joaquín de Herrera
2276:, Harper, 2014, p. 228.
2249:The Zimmermann Telegram
1740:McLynn, Frank (2002P).
1090:, Huerta was played by
743:Casa del Obrero Mundial
711:Chamizal border dispute
658:El Pacto de la Embajada
577:On the eve of the 1910
458:Heroico Colegio Militar
199:Alberto García Granados
3237:Emigration from Mexico
3172:Political developments
3032:José María Pino Suárez
2701:Manuel González Flores
2620:Juan Bautista Ceballos
2369:Andrés Molina Enríquez
2318:. Lucknow Books. 2016.
2200:The Mexican Revolution
2187:The Mexican Revolution
2174:The Mexican Revolution
2158:The Mexican Revolution
2145:The Mexican Revolution
2132:The Mexican Revolution
2116:The Mexican Revolution
2090:The Mexican Revolution
2077:The Mexican Revolution
2064:The Mexican Revolution
2051:The Mexican Revolution
2025:The Mexican Revolution
2012:The Mexican Revolution
1977:The Mexican Revolution
1935:The Mexican Revolution
1922:The Mexican Revolution
1909:The Mexican Revolution
1843:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1829:The Mexican Revolution
1813:The Mexican Revolution
1800:The Mexican Revolution
1748:. Carroll & Graf.
1372:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1294:José María Pino Suárez
1269:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1255:The Mexican Revolution
1118:(2008), when Indiana (
935:
778:Constitutionalist Army
761:
747:Andrés Molina Enríquez
730:
676:
667:: Presidency of Mexico
650:José María Pino Suárez
574:
481:
356:and Interim President
326:Spanish pronunciation:
3382:Deaths from cirrhosis
3262:1968 student protests
3082:Plutarco Elías Calles
2761:Plutarco Elías Calles
2726:Francisco S. Carvajal
2658:Manuel Robles Pezuela
2555:Valentín Gómez Farías
2470:Francisco S. Carvajal
1781:Richards, Michael D.
1696:Knight, Alan (1990).
1635:Joseph Hefter, p. 80
1311:Gobernantes de México
1157:Huerta's Federal Army
933:
759:
724:
674:
564:
479:
382:Wilson administration
380:. But the succeeding
300:Years of service
145:Francisco S. Carvajal
3062:Ricardo Flores Magón
2981:Constitution of 1857
2799:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2794:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2789:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2741:Roque González Garza
2640:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
2605:Pedro María de Anaya
2550:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
2540:Anastasio Bustamante
2530:José María Bocanegra
2509:Presidents of Mexico
2425:of Victoriano Huerta
2247:Tuchman, Barbara W.
1653:Revolutionary Mexico
599:Mexican Federal Army
491:Gen. Manuel González
231:Agua Gorda, Colotlán
3387:Indigenous Mexicans
3158:Plan of Agua Prieta
3092:José Yves Limantour
3047:Venustiano Carranza
3027:Francisco I. Madero
2883:President of Mexico
2824:Miguel de la Madrid
2819:José López Portillo
2804:Adolfo López Mateos
2771:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2751:Adolfo de la Huerta
2731:Venustiano Carranza
2711:Francisco I. Madero
2686:José María Iglesias
2653:Félix María Zuloaga
2460:President of Mexico
1894:Shadle, Stanley F.
1785:, Routledge, 2004,
1292:and Vice President
1290:Francisco I. Madero
1182:58.1 (1978): 62–79
920:Battle of Zacatecas
918:, climaxing in the
890:Venustiano Carranza
770:Venustiano Carranza
707:William Howard Taft
588:Francisco I. Madero
378:Taft administration
343:Francisco I. Madero
339:President of Mexico
98:President of Mexico
40:Adolfo de la Huerta
3324:División del Norte
3319:Constitutionalists
3107:Félix Díaz Velasco
2941:Mexican Revolution
2849:Enrique Peña Nieto
2809:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2668:José Ignacio Pavón
2600:José Mariano Salas
2520:Guadalupe Victoria
2445:Political offices
2421:2019-08-06 at the
2354:Meyer, Michael C.
1881:Hart, John Mason.
1682:Meyer, Michael C.
1651:Hart, John Mason.
1346:McCartney, Laton.
1260:Meyer, Michael C.
1112:are referenced in
1103:James Carlos Blake
1038:In popular culture
962:Franz von Rintelen
936:
803:British historian
762:
731:
677:
575:
527:Chapultepec Castle
482:
412:("The Jackal") or
362:Mexican Revolution
347:Mexican Revolution
3359:
3358:
3272:Historical Museum
3163:Plan of San Diego
3153:Plan of Guadalupe
3037:Victoriano Huerta
2955:History of Mexico
2907:
2906:
2894:Emperor of Mexico
2861:(President-elect)
2859:Claudia Sheinbaum
2766:Emilio Portes Gil
2736:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2721:Victoriano Huerta
2645:Ignacio Comonfort
2610:Manuel de la Peña
2585:Valentín Canalizo
2476:
2475:
2467:Succeeded by
2410:México para niños
1868:quoted in Meyer,
1846:, vol. 1, p. 656.
1084:In the 1968 film
1063:In the 1952 film
1051:Duck, You Sucker!
974:Secret Servicemen
940:Kingston, Jamaica
834:Henry Lane Wilson
774:Plan of Guadalupe
646:Henry Lane Wilson
416:("The Usurper").
319:
318:
68:Victoriano Huerta
16:(Redirected from
3454:
3402:Mexican generals
3127:Genovevo de la O
3015:Important people
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2872:
2871:
2570:José Justo Corro
2525:Vicente Guerrero
2502:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2450:Preceded by
2442:
2399:Internet Archive
2372:
2365:
2359:
2352:
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2320:
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2154:
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2112:
2106:
2101:Lieuwen, Edwin,
2099:
2093:
2086:
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2073:
2067:
2060:
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1744:Villa and Zapata
1737:
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1307:
1301:
1286:
1223:
1212:. Create Space.
1204:
1195:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1015:The Dark Invader
766:Abraham González
692:Attorney General
681:foreign minister
487:castle of Perote
332:
327:
285:Military service
248:
228:23 December 1850
227:
225:
209:Personal details
195:
183:
164:19 February 1913
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3355:
3297:
3267:Popular culture
3257:Mexican miracle
3225:
3189:Morelos Commune
3167:
3131:
3087:Lázaro Cárdenas
3052:Emiliano Zapata
3010:
2943:
2938:
2908:
2903:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2844:Felipe Calderón
2834:Ernesto Zedillo
2814:Luis Echeverría
2784:Lázaro Cárdenas
2780:
2716:Pedro Lascuráin
2672:
2649:
2595:Mariano Paredes
2565:Miguel Barragán
2545:Melchor Múzquiz
2511:
2506:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2453:Pedro Lascuráin
2423:Wayback Machine
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2263:Tuchman, p. 73.
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1173:Further reading
1142:
1137:
1135:
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1075:Emiliano Zapata
1040:
1023:
1011:yellow jaundice
970:Manhattan Hotel
928:
782:Emiliano Zapata
764:Chihuahua Gov.
684:Pedro Lascuráin
669:
654:National Palace
634:Ten Tragic Days
629:
627:Ten Tragic Days
623:
559:
474:
472:Military career
422:
387:U.S. government
372:as well as the
366:Ten Tragic Days
325:
267:Political party
250:
246:
245:13 January 1916
229:
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175:Pedro Lascuráin
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1453:The Americas
1452:
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1422:. ABC-CLIO.
1419:
1401:
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1385:The Americas
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1371:
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1284:
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1251:Knight, Alan
1244:
1228:The Americas
1227:
1209:
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1191:
1179:
1162:La Cucaracha
1124:Shia LaBeouf
1113:
1110:Pancho Villa
1107:
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1066:Viva Zapata!
1064:
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916:Pancho Villa
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821:La Mano Dura
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704:
678:
665:La Mano Dura
664:
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571:Pancho Villa
524:
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423:
414:El Usurpador
413:
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391:
351:
335:Federal Army
321:
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294:Mexican Army
247:(1916-01-13)
194:Succeeded by
159:
140:Succeeded by
105:
58:
54:
47:Spanish name
26:
3377:1916 deaths
3372:1850 births
3006:Científicos
2965:Encomiendas
2839:Vicente Fox
2635:Rómulo Díaz
2535:Pedro Vélez
1101:(1996), by
1092:Herbert Lom
1087:Villa Rides
1069:, starring
1032:land reform
994:coup d'état
805:Alan Knight
615:Orozquistas
531:Canuto Neri
508:topographic
466:Mexico City
462:Chapultepec
430:El Plateado
399:World War I
182:Preceded by
128:Preceded by
85: 1912
3366:Categories
3346:Soldaderas
3339:Magonistas
3334:Felicistas
3219:formations
3001:Porfiriato
2991:La Reforma
2986:Reform War
2948:Background
2212:"Huerta's
1326:References
998:Fort Bliss
985:New Mexico
878:campesinos
825:Zapatistas
810:Porfiriato
579:Revolution
545:rising in
442:indigenous
438:Villanueva
420:Early life
406:Huertistas
376:under the
224:1850-12-23
80:Portrait,
3329:Federales
2970:Haciendas
2345:, p. 566.
2147:, p. 79.
2114:Knight,
1872:, p. 101.
1655:, p. 252.
1003:cirrhosis
551:Monterrey
434:Zacatecas
410:El Chacal
337:and 39th
303:1877–1907
171:President
160:In office
106:In office
96:39th
18:Huertista
3447:Colotlán
3309:Factions
3209:Maximato
2419:Archived
2367:Shadle,
2198:Knight,
2189:, p. 80.
2185:Knight,
2176:, p. 80.
2172:Knight,
2156:Knight,
2143:Knight,
2134:, p. 79.
2092:, p. 78.
2088:Knight,
2075:Knight,
2066:, p. 77.
2062:Knight,
2053:, p. 77.
2049:Knight,
2040:, p. 77.
2036:Knight,
2023:Knight,
2014:, p. 72.
2010:Knight,
1992:, p. 63.
1979:, p. 63.
1975:Knight,
1963:, p. 62.
1959:Knight,
1937:, p. 71.
1933:Knight,
1924:, p. 67.
1920:Knight,
1911:, p. 67.
1907:Knight,
1831:, p. 64.
1827:Knight,
1811:Knight,
1802:, p. 68.
1798:Knight,
1772:, p. 98.
1730:, p. 97.
1673:, p. 96.
1497:obituary
1130:See also
905:Veracruz
815:caciques
729:(right).
520:Napoleon
516:Veracruz
426:Colotlán
394:Veracruz
237:, Mexico
45:In this
31:Veracruz
2435:of the
2431:in the
2397:at the
2371:, p. 4.
2130:Knight,
1988:Knight,
1855:Meyer,
1352:p. 1901
1005:of the
953:, then
946:Dresden
843:rurales
736:rurales
700:rurales
573:, 1912.
547:Yucatán
504:Sinaloa
450:Mestizo
446:Huichol
311:General
235:Jalisco
59:Márquez
51:surname
3230:Legacy
2898:Regent
2381:
2341:Katz,
2302:p. 405
2236:p. 500
2118:p. 79.
2079:p. 78.
2027:p. 77.
1815:p. 69.
1768:Katz,
1752:
1726:Katz,
1710:
1669:Katz,
1426:
1232:online
1216:
1184:online
1021:Legacy
981:Newman
966:U-boat
901:occupy
792:; and
539:Sonora
512:Puebla
277:Spouse
254:, U.S.
122:Vacant
55:Huerta
3302:Other
3284:(PRI)
3136:Plans
2975:Casta
1787:p. 26
1276:Notes
1007:liver
955:Spain
886:peons
535:Yaqui
500:Tepic
460:) at
2379:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1054:and
944:SMS
914:and
869:leva
861:leva
857:leva
853:leva
849:leva
543:Maya
514:and
502:and
308:Rank
271:None
242:Died
214:Born
2437:ZBW
1704:483
1073:as
537:in
464:in
389:.
53:is
3368::
2256:^
2217:.
2165:^
2123:^
1968:^
1820:^
1706:.
1660:^
1639:,
1619:^
1580:^
1523:^
1511:^
1460:^
1410:^
1359:^
1253:.
1243:.
1234:.
1094:.
1081:.
1060:.
1048:,
983:,
907:.
892:.
644:,
432:,
349:.
233:,
82:c.
2933:e
2926:t
2919:v
2900:)
2896:(
2890:)
2886:(
2501:e
2494:t
2487:v
2238:.
1789:.
1758:.
1716:.
1432:.
1354:.
1222:.
1186:.
324:(
226:)
222:(
61:.
42:.
20:)
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