845:
the aromatic interactions. Altering the pH can also have similar effects, an example involved the use of the naphthalene (Nap) modified dipeptides Nap-Gly-Ala, and Nap- Ala-Gly, where a drop in pH induced gelation of the former, but led to crystallisation of the latter. A controlled pH decrease method using glucono-ÎŽ-lactone (GdL), where the GdL is hydrolysed to gluconic acid in water is a recent strategy that has been developed as a way to form homogeneous and reproducible hydrogels. The hydrolysis is slow, which allows for a uniform pH change, and thus resulting in reproducible homogenous gels. In addition to this, the desired pH can be achieved by altering the amount of GdL added. The use of GdL has been used various times for the hydrogelation of Fmoc and Nap-dipeptides. In another direction, Morris et al reported the use of GdL as a 'molecular trigger' to predict and control the order of gelation. Chirality also plays an essential role in gel formation, and even changing the chirality of a single amino acid from its natural L-amino acid to its unnatural D-amino acid can significantly impact the gelation properties, with the natural forms not forming gels. Furthermore, aromatic interactions play a key role in hydrogel formation as a result of Ï- Ï stacking driving gelation, shown by many studies.
1608:
including composition, crosslink density, polymer chain structure, and hydration level. The toughness of a hydrogel is highly dependent on what polymer(s) and crosslinker(s) make up its matrix as certain polymers possess higher toughness and certain crosslinking covalent bonds are inherently stronger. Additionally, higher crosslinking density generally leads to increased toughness by restricting polymer chain mobility and enhancing resistance to deformation. The structure of the polymer chains is also a factor in that, longer chain lengths and higher molecular weight leads to a greater number of entanglements and higher toughness. A good balance (equilibrium) in the hydration of a hydrogel leads is important because too low hydration causes poor flexibility and toughness within the hydrogel, but too high of water content can cause excessive swelling, weakening the mechanical properties of the hydrogel.
897:
1668:(LCST). UCST polymers increase in their water-solubility at higher temperatures, which lead to UCST hydrogels transitioning from a gel (solid) to a solution (liquid) as the temperature is increased (similar to the melting point behavior of pure materials). This phenomenon also causes UCST hydrogels to expand (increase their swell ratio) as temperature increases while they are below their UCST. However, polymers with LCSTs display an inverse (or negative) temperature-dependence, where their water-solubility decreases at higher temperatures. LCST hydrogels transition from a liquid solution to a solid gel as the temperature is increased, and they also shrink (decrease their swell ratio) as the temperature increases while they are above their LCST.
1587:
compression. This causes a decrease in water pressure, which adds additional stress upon compression. Similar to viscoelasticity, this behavior is time dependent, thus poroelasticity is dependent on compression rate: a hydrogel shows softness upon slow compression, but fast compression makes the hydrogel stiffer. This phenomenon is due to the friction between the water and the porous matrix is proportional to the flow of water, which in turn is dependent on compression rate. Thus, a common way to measure poroelasticity is to do compression tests at varying compression rates. Pore size is an important factor in influencing poroelasticity. The
575:
1612:
909:
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1639:, as the hydrogel may need to withstand mechanical forces within the body, but also maintain mechanical performance and stability over time. Most typical hydrogels, both natural and synthetic, have a positive correlation between toughness and hysteresis, meaning that the higher the toughness, the longer the hydrogel takes to recover its original shape and vice versa. This is largely due to sacrificial bonds being the source of toughness within many of these hydrogels. Sacrificial bonds are non-covalent interactions such as
1651:, that can break and reform under mechanical stress. The reforming of these bonds takes time, especially when there are more of them, which leads to an increase in hysteresis. However, there is currently research focused on the development of highly entangled hydrogels, which instead rely on the long chain length of the polymers and their entanglement to limit the deformation of the hydrogel, thereby increasing the toughness without increasing hysteresis as there is no need for the reformation of the bonds.
1624:
stored as it deforms in mechanical extension or compression. When the mechanical stress is removed, the hydrogel begins to recover its original shape, but there may be a delay in the recovery process due to factors like viscoelasticity, internal friction, etc. This leads to a difference between the stress-strain curve during loading and unloading. Hysteresis within a hydrogel is influenced by several factors including composition, crosslink density, polymer chain structure, and
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1754:
morphologies and anisotropic mechanical properties. Directional freezing of the hydrogels helps to align and coalesce the polymer chains, creating anisotropic array honeycomb tube-like structures while salting out the hydrogel yielded out a nano-fibril network on the surface of these honeycomb tube-like structures. While maintaining a water content of over 70%, these hydrogels' toughness values are well above those of water-free polymers such as
1730:. One unique processing technique is through the formation of multi-layered hydrogels to create a spatially-varying matrix composition and by extension, mechanical properties. This can be done by polymerizing the hydrogel matrixes in a layer by layer fashion via UV polymerization. This technique can be useful in creating hydrogels that mimic articular cartilage, enabling a material with three separate zones of distinct mechanical properties.
40:
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1820:
567:
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mathematical model for linear viscoelastic response. In this model, viscoelasticity is modeled analogous to an electrical circuit with a
Hookean spring, that represents the Young's modulus, and a Newtonian dashpot that represents the viscosity. A material that exhibit properties described in this model is a
1692:
The mechanical properties of hydrogels can be fine-tuned in many ways beginning with attention to their hydrophobic properties. Another method of modifying the strength or elasticity of hydrogels is to graft or surface coat them onto a stronger/stiffer support, or by making superporous hydrogel (SPH)
1607:
of a hydrogel refers to the ability of the hydrogel to withstand deformation or mechanical stress without fracturing or breaking apart. A hydrogel with high toughness can maintain its structural integrity and functionality under higher stress. Several factors contribute to the toughness of a hydrogel
1671:
Applications can dictate for diverse thermal responses. For example, in the biomedical field, LCST hydrogels are being investigated as drug delivery systems due to being injectable (liquid) at room temp and then solidifying into a rigid gel upon exposure to the higher temperatures of the human body.
844:
residues. The order of amino acids within the sequence is crucial for gelation, as has been shown many times. In one example, a short peptide sequence Fmoc-Phe-Gly readily formed a hydrogel, whereas Fmoc-Gly-Phe failed to do so as a result of the two adjacent aromatic moieties being moved, hindering
598:
three dimensional network of natural or synthetic polymers and a fluid, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. These properties underpin several applications, especially in the biomedical area. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from nature. The term 'hydrogel'
1623:
of a hydrogel refers to the phenomenon where there is a delay in the deformation and recovery of a hydrogel when it is subjected to mechanical stress and relieved of that stress. This occurs because the polymer chains within a hydrogel rearrange, and the water molecules are displaced, and energy is
1594:
Poroelasticity is described by several coupled equations, thus there are few mechanical tests that relate directly to the poroelastic behavior of the material, thus more complicated tests such as indentation testing, numerical or computational models are utilized. Numerical or computational methods
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can vary from 10 Pa to 3 MPa, a range of about five orders of magnitude. A similar effect can be seen by altering the crosslinking concentration. This much variability of the mechanical stiffness is why hydrogels are so appealing for biomedical applications, where it is vital for implants to match
1499:
For hydrogels, their elasticity comes from the solid polymer matrix while the viscosity originates from the polymer network mobility and the water and other components that make up the aqueous phase. Viscoelastic properties of a hydrogel is highly dependent on the nature of the applied mechanical
1586:
is a characteristic of materials related to the migration of solvent through a porous material and the concurrent deformation that occurs. Poroelasticity in hydrated materials such as hydrogels occurs due to friction between the polymer and water as the water moves through the porous matrix upon
649:, and chain entanglements (among others). A hydrogel generated through the use of physical crosslinks is sometimes called a 'reversible' hydrogel. Chemical crosslinks consist of covalent bonds between polymer strands. Hydrogels generated in this manner are sometimes called 'permanent' hydrogels.
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irradiation, the photoinitiators will cleave and form free radicals, which will begin a polymerization reaction that forms crosslinks between polymer strands. This reaction will cease if the light source is removed, allowing the amount of crosslinks formed in the hydrogel to be controlled. The
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is often performed. Typically, in these measurements the one side of the hydrogel is subjected to a sinusoidal load in shear mode while the applied stress is measured with a stress transducer and the change in sample length is measured with a strain transducer. One notation used to model the
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precursors. The precursors self-assemble into fibers, tapes, tubes, or ribbons that entangle to form non-covalent cross-links. The second mechanism involves non-covalent interactions of cross-linked domains that are separated by water-soluble linkers, and this is usually observed in longer
1753:
is another method in which a directional temperature gradient is applied to the hydrogel is another way to form materials with anisotropic mechanical properties. Utilizing both the freeze-casting and salting-out processing techniques on poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels to induce hierarchical
1503:
Physical models for viscoelasticity attempt to capture the elastic and viscous material properties of a material. In an elastic material, the stress is proportional to the strain while in a viscous material, the stress is proportional to the strain rate. The
Maxwell model is one developed
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the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissues. Characterizing the mechanical properties of hydrogels can be difficult especially due to the differences in mechanical behavior that hydrogels have in comparison to other traditional engineering materials. In addition to its rubber
896:
632:
being cross-linked via disulfide bonds, are non-toxic and are used in numerous medicinal products. Physical hydrogels usually have high biocompatibility, are not toxic, and are also easily reversible by simply changing an external stimulus such as pH, ion concentration
2027:
swelling forces resulting from the exchange of counterions within the gel matrix. Particularly significant is its application in assessing the binding of peptide drugs to biopolymers within the body, as the swelling response of the gel can provide insights into these
2084:, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) have been implemented extensively for drug delivery to organs such as eye, nose, kidneys, lungs, intestines, skin and brain. Future work is focused on reducing toxicity, improving biocompatibility, expanding assembly techniques
1709:
While a hydrogel's mechanical properties can be tuned and modified through crosslink concentration and additives, these properties can also be enhanced or optimized for various applications through specific processing techniques. These techniques include
789:
a popular choice for fine-tuning hydrogels. This technique has seen considerable use in cell and tissue engineering applications due to the ability to inject or mold a precursor solution loaded with cells into a wound site, then solidify it in situ.
765:
multi-domain structures. Tuning of the supramolecular interactions to produce a self-supporting network that does not precipitate, and is also able to immobilize water which is vital for to gel formation. Most oligopeptide hydrogels have a
1924:
Environmentally sensitive hydrogels (also known as 'smart gels' or 'intelligent gels'). These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite and release their load as result of such a
810:
hydrogels are formed by temperature change. A water solution of gelatin forms an hydrogel at temperatures below 37â35 °C, as Van der Waals interactions between collagen fibers become stronger than thermal molecular vibrations.
1512:. In order to describe the time-dependent creep and stress-relaxation behavior of hydrogel, a variety of physical lumped parameter models can be used. These modeling methods vary greatly and are extremely complex, so the empirical
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908:
1435:
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Nguyen LH, Kudva AK, Saxena NS, Roy K (October 2011). "Engineering articular cartilage with spatially-varying matrix composition and mechanical properties from a single stem cell population using a multi-layered hydrogel".
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hydrogels are usually produced by the freeze-thawed technique. In this, the solution is frozen for a few hours, then thawed at room temperature, and the cycle is repeated until a strong and stable hydrogel is formed.
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qualities, giving rise to their wide use of applications, particularly in biomedicine; as such, their physical properties can be fine-tuned in order to maximise their use. Methods to do this are: modulation of the
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Hydrogels have been considered as vehicles for drug delivery. They can also be made to mimic animal mucosal tissues to be used for testing mucoadhesive properties. They have been examined for use as reservoirs in
876:
1489:
857:", hydrogels can encapsulate chemical systems which upon stimulation by external factors such as a change of pH may cause specific compounds such as glucose to be liberated to the environment, in most cases by a
780:, compounds that cleave from the absorption of photons, are added to the precursor solution which will become the hydrogel. When the precursor solution is exposed to a concentrated source of light, usually
5859:
Pupkaite J, Rosenquist J, Hilborn J, Samanta A (September 2019). "Injectable Shape-Holding
Collagen Hydrogel for Cell Encapsulation and Delivery Cross-linked Using Thiol-Michael Addition Click Reaction".
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The most commonly seen environmental sensitivity in hydrogels is a response to temperature. Many polymers/hydrogels exhibit a temperature dependent phase transition, which can be classified as either an
628:. Chemical hydrogels can result in strong reversible or irreversible gels due to the covalent bonding. Chemical hydrogels that contain reversible covalent cross-linking bonds, such as hydrogels of
773:
peptides have also been reported. The typical mechanism of gelation involves the oligopeptide precursors self-assemble into fibers that become elongated, and entangle to form cross-linked gels.
3836:
Ma M, Kuang Y, Gao Y, et al. (March 2010). "Aromatic-aromatic interactions induce the self-assembly of pentapeptidic derivatives in water to form nanofibers and supramolecular hydrogels".
1737:. Due to this phenomenon, through the addition of salt solution, the polymer chains of a hydrogel aggregate and crystallize, which increases the toughness of the hydrogel. This method, called "
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Thermodynamic electricity generation: When combined with ions allows for heat dissipation for electronic devices and batteries and converting the heat exchange to an electrical charge.
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1162:
1128:
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Mellati A, Dai S, Bi J, et al. (2014). "A biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel with tuneable properties for mimicking three-dimensional microenvironments of stem cells".
5296:
Youhong Guo; C. M. Dundas; X. Zhou; K. P. Johnston; Guihua Yu (2021). "Molecular
Engineering of Hydrogels for Rapid Water Disinfection and Sustainable Solar Vapor Generation".
1823:
An adhesive bandage with a hydrogel pad, used for blisters and burns. The central gel is clear, the adhesive waterproof plastic film is clear, the backing is white and blue.
987:
In the unswollen state, hydrogels can be modelled as highly crosslinked chemical gels, in which the system can be described as one continuous polymer network. In this case:
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Implanted or injected hydrogels have the potential to support tissue regeneration by mechanical tissue support, localized drug or cell delivery, local cell recruitement or
879:
1283:
1256:
6454:
Gao J, Liu R, Wu J, et al. (May 2012). "The use of chitosan based hydrogel for enhancing the therapeutic benefits of adipose-derived MSCs for acute kidney injury".
3527:
Orbach R, Adler-Abramovich L, Zigerson S, et al. (September 2009). "Self-assembled Fmoc-peptides as a platform for the formation of nanostructures and hydrogels".
3871:
Kwon GH, Jeong GS, Park JY, et al. (September 2011). "A low-energy-consumption electroactive valveless hydrogel micropump for long-term biomedical applications".
3033:
3437:
Fichman G, Gazit E (April 2014). "Self-assembly of short peptides to form hydrogels: design of building blocks, physical properties and technological applications".
3037:
2617:
Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-SchnĂŒrch, A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".
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Window coating/replacement: Hydrogels are under consideration for reducing infrared light absorption by 75%. Another approach reduced interior temperature using a
594:
solids and at least 10% by weight or volume of interstitial fluid composed completely or mainly by water. In hydrogels the porous permeable solid is a water
3000:
Gdansk
University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Polymer Technology Department, 80-233 Gdansk, ul Narutowicza 11/12; Gibas, Iwona; Janik, Helena (2010-12-15).
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based on a hydrogel bar (4Ă0.3Ă0.05 mm size) actuated by applied voltage. This pump can be continuously operated with a 1.5 V battery for at least 6 months.
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656:, which can be divided broadly into two categories according to their origin: natural or synthetic polymers. Natural polymers for hydrogel preparation include
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924:
Hydrogels have been investigated for diverse applications. By modifying the polymer concentration of a hydrogel (or conversely, the water concentration), the
949:. These properties are extremely important to consider while performing mechanical experiments. Some common mechanical testing experiments for hydrogels are
1799:
hydrogels. They have replaced hard contact lenses. One of their most attractive properties is oxygen permeability, which is required since the cornea lacks
620:
The crosslinks which bond the polymers of a hydrogel fall under two general categories: physical hydrogels and chemical hydrogels. Chemical hydrogels have
5245:
Youhong Guo; H. Lu; F. Zhao; X. Zhou; W. Shi; Guihua Yu (2020). "Biomass-Derived Hybrid
Hydrogel Evaporators for Cost-Effective Solar Water Purification".
1369:
3746:
Marchesan S, Waddington L, Easton CD, et al. (November 2012). "Unzipping the role of chirality in nanoscale self-assembly of tripeptide hydrogels".
553:
574:
148:
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Liu X, Ma L, Mao Z, Gao C (2011), Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RA (eds.), "Chitosan-Based
Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration",
6419:
Ozcelik B, Brown KD, Blencowe A, et al. (May 2013). "Ultrathin chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel films for corneal tissue engineering".
1985:
scaffolds. When used as scaffolds, hydrogels may contain human cells to repair tissue. They mimic 3D microenvironment of cells. Materials include
6530:
Ramdas M, Dileep KJ, Anitha Y, et al. (April 1999). "Alginate encapsulated bioadhesive chitosan microspheres for intestinal drug delivery".
2076:. Polymeric drug delivery systems have overcome challenges due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and anti-toxicity. Materials such as
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1812:
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5678:
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3985:
3064:
2498:
2338:
2265:
6327:
Tang Y, Heaysman CL, Willis S, Lewis AL (September 2011). "Physical hydrogels with self-assembled nanostructures as drug delivery systems".
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Water sustainability: Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials platforms for solar-powered water purification, water disinfection, and
1442:
902:
A short-peptide-based hydrogel matrix, capable of holding about one hundred times its own weight in water. Developed as a medical dressing.
3276:
Adelnia, Hossein; Ensandoost, Reza; Shebbrin
Moonshi, Shehzahdi; Gavgani, Jaber Nasrollah; Vasafi, Emad Izadi; Ta, Hang Thu (2022-02-05).
878:
3612:
Chen L, Morris K, Laybourn A, et al. (April 2010). "Self-assembly mechanism for a naphthalene-dipeptide leading to hydrogelation".
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1661:
91:
86:
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Warren DS, Sutherland SP, Kao JY, et al. (2017). "The
Preparation and Simple Analysis of a Clay Nanoparticle Composite Hydrogel".
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salt solution. Some of these processing techniques can be used synergistically with each other to yield optimal mechanical properties.
1701:, have been shown to significantly modify the stiffness and gelation temperature of certain hydrogels used in biomedical applications.
2374:
728:
is usually much lower than synthetic hydrogels. There are also synthetic hydrogels that can be used for medical applications, such as
2771:
Yan, Yonggan; Xu, Shulei; Liu, Huanxi; Cui, Xin; Shao, Jinlong; Yao, Peng; Huang, Jun; Qiu, Xiaoyong; Huang, Chuanzhen (2020-05-20).
2477:
NikoliÄ, LjubiĆĄa B.; ZdravkoviÄ, Aleksandar S.; NikoliÄ, Vesna D.; IliÄ-StojanoviÄ, SneĆŸana S. (2018), Mondal, Md. Ibrahim H. (ed.),
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motion. Thus, the time dependence of these applied forces is extremely important for evaluating the viscoelasticity of the material.
861:
to the liquid state. Chemomechanical polymers are mostly also hydrogels, which upon stimulation change their volume and can serve as
853:
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue due to their significant water content. As responsive "
806:, is dissolved into an aqueous sodium alginate solution, that causes the calcium ions to create ionic bonds between alginate chains.
96:
4995:
4053:
Anseth KS, Bowman CN, Brannon-Peppas L (September 1996). "Mechanical properties of hydrogels and their experimental determination".
2304:
2199:"Harnessing the power of biological macromolecules in hydrogels for controlled drug release in the central nervous system: A review"
318:
133:
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Rose S, Prevoteau A, ElziĂšre P, et al. (January 2014). "Nanoparticle solutions as adhesives for gels and biological tissues".
2011:
The swelling behavior exhibited by charged hydrogels can be used as a valuable tool for investigating interactions between charged
992:
5998:
Malmsten M, Bysell H, Hansson P (2010-12-01). "Biomacromolecules in microgels â Opportunities and challenges for drug delivery".
1958:: Hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or antigens, can be used as biosensors, as well as in DDS.
180:
3001:
5143:"Superaerophobic Polyethyleneimine Hydrogels for Improving Electrochemical Hydrogen Production by Promoting Bubble Detachment"
6035:"Ion-Exchange Controls the Kinetics of Deswelling of Polyelectrolyte Microgels in Solutions of Oppositely Charged Surfactant"
546:
6274:
4919:
Hua M, Wu S, Ma Y, et al. (February 2021). "Strong tough hydrogels via the synergy of freeze-casting and salting out".
1591:
has been used to predict pore size by relating the pressure drop to the difference in stress between two compression rates.
3474:"Nanostructured Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Through Self-Assembly of FluorenylmethoxycarbonylâDipeptides"
303:
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Physically crosslinked hydrogels can be prepared by different methods depending on the nature of the crosslink involved.
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1611:
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There are two suggested mechanisms behind physical hydrogel formation, the first one being the gelation of nanofibrous
101:
4678:"Injectable Hydrogels Based on Pluronic/Water Systems Filled with Alginate Microparticles for Biomedical Applications"
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The toughness and hysteresis of a hydrogel are especially important in the context of biomedical applications such as
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thereof. Whereas natural hydrogels are usually non-toxic, and often provide other advantages for medical use, such as
333:
128:
123:
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Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".
4418:"Tough double network hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement and low hysteresis based on highly entangled networks"
3059:. Monographs in supramolecular chemistry. Vol. 11. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93â124.
2197:
Ghosh, Shampa; Ghosh, Soumya; Sharma, Hitaishi; Bhaskar, Rakesh; Han, Sung Soo; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2024-01-01).
776:
One notable method of initiating a polymerization reaction involves the use of light as a stimulus. In this method,
748:
5076:
Jeon, Dasom; Park, Jinwoo; Shin, Changhwan; Kim, Hyunwoo; Jang, Ji-Wook; Lee, Dong Woog; Ryu, Jungki (2020-04-10).
1965:. Hydrogels with reversible chemistry are required to allow for fluidization during injection/printing followed by
328:
157:
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Wanselius, Marcus; Searle, Sean; Rodler, Agnes; Tenje, Maria; Abrahmsén-Alami, Susanna; Hansson, Per (June 2022).
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2008:
systems. Ionic strength, pH and temperature can be used as a triggering factor to control the release of the drug.
1961:
Cell carrier: Injectable hydrogels can be used to carry drugs or cells for applications in tissue regeneration or
1509:
81:
4629:"Effect of crosslinker length on the elastic and compression modulus of poly(acrylamide) nanocomposite hydrogels"
1998:
1508:. Another physical model used is called the Kelvin-Voigt Model and a material that follow this model is called a
539:
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296:
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5011:
Schmid, Julian; Armstrong, Tobias; Dickhardt, Fabian J.; Iqbal, SK Rameez; Schutzius, Thomas M. (2023-12-22).
2867:"Hydrogels based on pH-responsive reversible carbonânitrogen double-bond linkages for biomedical applications"
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There are many other stimuli that hydrogels can be responsive to, including: pH, glucose, electrical signals,
914:
Photo of the same short-peptide-based hydrogel, held in forceps to demonstrate its stiffness and transparency.
1945:
Air bubble-repellent (superaerophobicity). Can improve the performance and stability of electrodes for water
6648:"Three-dimensional porous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds fabricated with biodegradable hydrogel porogens"
945:, hydrogels have an additional time dependent deformation mechanism which is dependent on fluid flow called
398:
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Hadjichristidis, Nikos; Gnanou, Yves; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof; Muthukumar, Murugappan, eds. (2022-03-07).
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717:
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6300:"Electro-active polymer hydrogels exhibit emergent memory when embodied in a simulated game environment"
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Wanselius, Marcus; Rodler, Agnes; Searle, Sean S.; Abrahmsén-Alami, Susanna; Hansson, Per (2022-09-15).
5200:"Nanofibrillar hydrogels outperform Pt/C for hydrogen evolution reactions under high-current conditions"
3564:"The delicate balance between gelation and crystallisation: structural and computational investigations"
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hydrogels are formed by ionic interactions between alginate and double-charged cations. A salt, usually
725:
493:
313:
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Cook MT, Khutoryanskiy VV (November 2015). "Mucoadhesion and mucosa-mimetic materials--A mini-review".
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5551:"Superaerophobic hydrogels for enhanced electrochemical and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production"
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5078:"Superaerophobic hydrogels for enhanced electrochemical and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production"
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4322:"Influence of the Degree of Swelling on the Stiffness and Toughness of Microgel-Reinforced Hydrogels"
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in which G' is the real (elastic or storage) modulus, G" is the imaginary (viscous or loss) modulus.
954:
938:
737:
162:
56:
5199:
3652:"Relationship between molecular structure, gelation behaviour and gel properties of Fmoc-dipeptides"
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Another emerging technique to optimize hydrogel mechanical properties is by taking advantage of the
858:
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5349:"Scalable super hygroscopic polymer films for sustainable moisture harvesting in arid environments"
4788:"Exploring the Role of Nanoparticles in Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Hydrogel Nanocomposites"
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Human mesenchymal stem cell interacting with 3D hydrogel - imaged with label-free live cell imaging
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689:
685:
503:
71:
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Hua M, Wu D, Wu S, et al. (March 2021). "4D Printable Tough and
Thermoresponsive Hydrogels".
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composites, in which a cross-linkable matrix swelling additive is added. Other additives, such as
6555:
6491:"Sealing effect of rapidly curable gelatin-poly (L-glutamic acid) hydrogel glue on lung air leak"
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5755:"Injectable hydrogels delivering therapeutic agents for disease treatment and tissue engineering"
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properties of a hydrogel are highly dependent on the type and quantity of its crosslinks, making
721:
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408:
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5711:"Holographic sensors: three-dimensional analyte-sensitive nanostructures and their applications"
4483:"Hydrogels of arrested phase separation simultaneously achieve high strength and low hysteresis"
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6082:"Responsive Hyaluronic AcidâEthylacrylamide Microgels Fabricated Using Microfluidics Technique"
3799:"Exploiting CH-Ï interactions in supramolecular hydrogels of aromatic carbohydrate amphiphiles"
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5732:
5706:
5674:
5641:
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5480:
5421:
5386:
5321:
5270:
5219:
5172:
5123:
5105:
5058:
5040:
4991:
4952:
4944:
4890:
4855:
4819:
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4717:
4658:
4609:
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4528:
4510:
4463:
4445:
4398:
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3501:
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3419:
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3362:
3315:
3212:
3168:
3111:
3060:
2974:
2935:
2886:
2847:
2839:
2792:
2753:
2745:
2706:
2688:
2630:
2599:
2542:
2494:
2424:
2370:
2334:
2300:
2261:
2218:
2160:
1734:
1513:
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950:
841:
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6502:
6463:
6428:
6391:
6383:
6336:
6307:
6220:
6152:
6111:
6093:
6046:
6007:
5972:
5927:
5919:
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5828:
5820:
5776:
5766:
5722:
5633:
5578:
5570:
5521:
5511:
5470:
5460:
5413:
5376:
5368:
5313:
5262:
5211:
5162:
5113:
5097:
5048:
5032:
4983:
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4882:
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4022:
4014:
3940:
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3810:
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3763:
3718:
3671:
3621:
3583:
3536:
3493:
3446:
3409:
3354:
3305:
3297:
3256:
3202:
3158:
3150:
3101:
3093:
3013:
2966:
2925:
2917:
2878:
2831:
2784:
2737:
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2622:
2589:
2581:
2532:
2486:
2451:
2414:
2406:
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2326:
2292:
2253:
2210:
2152:
2065:
1897:
1763:
1505:
824:
820:
803:
733:
701:
693:
413:
383:
323:
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1130: is the (number) average molecular weight between two adjacent cross-linking points.
976:
942:
933:
657:
486:
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378:
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5456:
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5158:
5093:
5053:
5028:
5012:
4932:
4748:
4693:
4644:
4523:
4498:
4482:
4458:
4433:
4417:
4370:
4272:
4217:
3936:
3759:
3714:
3667:
3579:
3489:
3405:
3293:
3252:
3146:
2676:
2245:
2148:
2132:
1358:{\displaystyle \sigma _{t}=G_{\textrm {swollen}}\left(\lambda ^{2}-\lambda ^{-1}\right)}
6672:
6647:
6467:
6396:
6371:
6116:
6081:
5932:
5907:
5833:
5808:
5781:
5754:
5583:
5550:
5526:
5499:
5475:
5440:
5381:
5348:
5118:
5077:
4851:
4814:
4787:
4712:
4677:
4297:
4256:
4027:
4002:
3163:
3130:
3106:
3081:
2930:
2905:
2701:
2660:
2594:
2569:
2419:
2394:
2257:
1973:
1962:
1928:
1847:
1834:
1750:
1742:
1727:
1583:
946:
854:
777:
705:
520:
373:
116:
39:
6507:
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4605:
4157:
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Shock Absorbing Materials - protein-based hydrogels that can absorb supersonic impacts
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5889:
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5282:
5231:
5184:
4964:
4902:
4772:
4142:
4066:
3960:
3513:
3327:
2986:
2954:
2804:
2642:
2554:
2463:
2230:
2093:
2073:
2005:
1879:
1723:
1698:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1070:
929:
642:
621:
418:
227:
222:
200:
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1430:{\displaystyle \sigma _{e}=G_{\textrm {swollen}}\left(\lambda -\lambda ^{-2}\right)}
6697:"Novel glycopolymer hydrogels as mucosa-mimetic materials to reduce animal testing"
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3944:
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2788:
2490:
2214:
2172:
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1839:
1694:
1673:
958:
799:
761:
752:
Simplified scheme to show the self-assembly process involved in hydrogel formation.
634:
510:
454:
403:
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6759:
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5417:
5404:
Brudno Y, Mooney DJ (December 2015). "On-demand drug delivery from local depots".
4557:
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6387:
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4386:
3450:
2906:"Designing degradable hydrogels for orthogonal control of cell microenvironments"
2519:
Summonte, S; Racaniello, GF; Lopedota, A; Denora, N; Bernkop-SchnĂŒrch, A (2021).
2478:
1516:
description is commonly used to describe the viscoelastic behavior in hydrogels.
6817:
6298:
Strong, Vincent; Holderbaum, William; Hayashi, Yoshikatsu (September 18, 2024).
6011:
5923:
5441:"Bioinspired mechanically active adhesive dressings to accelerate wound closure"
4320:
Kessler, Michael; Yuan, Tianyu; Kolinski, John M.; Amstad, Esther (2023-02-21).
4134:
2032:
1800:
1771:
1738:
1719:
1715:
1625:
1595:
attempt to simulate the three dimensional permeability of the hydrogel network.
781:
770:
525:
471:
259:
247:
6543:
6312:
5873:
5372:
4940:
4441:
4173:
3131:"Rational design and application of responsive alpha-helical peptide hydrogels"
2684:
2626:
2585:
2410:
1831:
Coatings for gas evolution reaction electrodes for efficient bubble detachment
1787:
641:); they are also used for medical applications. Physical crosslinks consist of
6663:
6225:
5771:
3191:"Recent advances in photo-crosslinkable hydrogels for biomedical applications"
2970:
1994:
1955:
1901:
1620:
829:
766:
713:
709:
595:
591:
368:
348:
190:
6825:
6632:
6623:
6606:
6372:"Defining and designing polymers and hydrogels for neural tissue engineering"
6164:
6141:"Microfluidics platform for studies of peptide â polyelectrolyte interaction"
6107:
6058:
6034:
6019:
5984:
5223:
5176:
5109:
5044:
4662:
4514:
4449:
4394:
4347:
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4181:
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3366:
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2890:
2843:
2796:
2749:
2692:
2661:"The design of reversible hydrogels to capture extracellular matrix dynamics"
2320:
2286:
2222:
2164:
1979:
Provide absorption, desloughing and debriding of necrotic and fibrotic tissue
5824:
5637:
4003:"Strain rate viscoelastic analysis of soft and highly hydrated biomaterials"
3018:
2819:
2725:
2330:
2296:
2081:
1887:
1851:
1819:
1604:
961:
887:
862:
697:
343:
274:
264:
217:
61:
6777:
6732:
6681:
6551:
6516:
6475:
6440:
6405:
6348:
6172:
6125:
6066:
5941:
5881:
5842:
5790:
5736:
5645:
5592:
5574:
5535:
5484:
5465:
5425:
5390:
5325:
5317:
5274:
5266:
5167:
5142:
5127:
5101:
5062:
5036:
4956:
4894:
4886:
4859:
4823:
4764:
4721:
4613:
4532:
4506:
4467:
4402:
4355:
4338:
4321:
4306:
4280:
4241:
4225:
4036:
3892:
3857:
3783:
3732:
3633:
3548:
3497:
3458:
3374:
3358:
3216:
3172:
3115:
2939:
2851:
2757:
2710:
2634:
2603:
2546:
2428:
602:
4074:
3207:
3190:
3082:"Functionalized α-Helical Peptide Hydrogels for Neural Tissue Engineering"
5684:
5516:
5013:"Imparting scalephobicity with rational microtexturing of soft materials"
3775:
2077:
1933:
1909:
1843:
1796:
1519:
In order to measure the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of polymers
669:
661:
587:
498:
476:
338:
17:
6582:
6098:
4804:
4756:
4018:
3414:
3389:
3310:
6713:
6696:
6607:"Hydrogels with self-assembling ordered structures and their functions"
5976:
5215:
4987:
4702:
3884:
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3798:
3767:
3723:
3698:
3587:
3563:
2921:
2882:
2455:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1986:
1952:
Culturing cells: Hydrogel-coated wells have been used for cell culture.
1865:
1681:
807:
757:
673:
665:
653:
638:
629:
76:
66:
6768:
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1759:
1484:{\displaystyle \lambda =l_{\textrm {current}}/l_{\textrm {original}}}
1231:
In a simple uniaxial extension or compression test, the true stress,
866:
677:
515:
4257:"Concurrent stiffening and softening in hydrogels under dehydration"
1890:
are excellent for helping to create or maintain a moist environment.
566:
6275:"New protein-based armor material can withstand supersonic impacts"
4416:
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1869:
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1786:
1610:
747:
601:
573:
565:
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1741:", has been applied to poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels by adding a
5809:"Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering"
2777:
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2479:"Synthetic Hydrogels and Their Impact on Health and Environment"
1939:
1171:
For the swollen state, a perfect gel network can be modeled as:
481:
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Controlled release of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizer)
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1056:{\displaystyle G=N_{p}kT={\rho RT \over {\overline {M}}_{c}}}
578:
Peptide hydrogel formation shown by the inverted vial method.
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Hydrogels have two main regimes of mechanical properties:
5439:
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3472:
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1524:
sinusoidal response to the periodic stress or strain is:
6188:"Hydrogel glass windows let in more light and less heat"
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The dominant material for contact lenses are acrylate-
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5500:"Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems"
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570:
Gelatin, here in sheets for cooking, is a hydrogel.
6000:Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
5807:Liu M, Zeng X, Ma C, et al. (December 2017).
5549:Jeon D, Park J, Shin C, et al. (April 2020).
3650:Adams DJ, Mullen LM, Berta M, et al. (2010).
2904:Kharkar PM, Kiick KL, Kloxin AM (September 2013).
2824:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
2203:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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4001:Tirella A, Mattei G, Ahluwalia A (October 2014).
2773:"A multi-functional reversible hydrogel adhesive"
2444:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide
2015:and various species, including multivalent ions,
1088:is the number of polymer chains per unit volume,
4007:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
3562:Adams DJ, Morris K, Chen L, et al. (2010).
2250:Smart Polymeric Nano-Constructs in Drug Delivery
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4980:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
2359:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
2114: by Jessica Hutchinson available under the
2055:Computational tasks, including emergent memory.
1900:medical electrodes using hydrogels composed of
1222:{\displaystyle G_{\textrm {swollen}}=GQ^{-1/3}}
5901:
5899:
2818:Monteiro, O. A.; Airoldi, C. (November 1999).
2726:"Thermosensitive sol-gel reversible hydrogels"
2068:, or encapsulation of nanoparticles for local
4627:Zaragoza J, Chang A, Asuri P (January 2017).
4371:"Fatigue Fracture of Self-Recovery Hydrogels"
819:Peptides based hydrogels possess exceptional
547:
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6033:Nilsson, Peter; Hansson, Per (2005-12-01).
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3228:
3226:
3184:
3182:
3086:ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
3036:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2322:Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference
2023:. This response arises due to fluctuating
652:Hydrogels are prepared using a variety of
554:
540:
29:
6767:
6722:
6712:
6671:
6622:
6506:
6489:Otani Y, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (April 1999).
6395:
6311:
6224:
6115:
6097:
5931:
5832:
5780:
5770:
5726:
5673:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
5627:
5582:
5525:
5515:
5474:
5464:
5380:
5166:
5117:
5052:
4914:
4912:
4813:
4803:
4711:
4701:
4652:
4522:
4457:
4337:
4296:
4026:
3722:
3413:
3309:
3260:
3206:
3162:
3105:
3017:
2929:
2700:
2593:
2536:
2418:
2092:; particularly ionic drugs, delivered by
1532:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1413:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1341:
1328:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1292:
1269:
1263:
1242:
1236:
1209:
1202:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1114:
1104:
1101:
1045:
1035:
1021:
1006:
994:
149:Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
3838:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2483:Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels
1164:can be calculated from the swell ratio,
769:, and assemble to form fibers, although
4116:
4114:
4099:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4048:
4046:
2123:
2001:, and other naturally derived polymers.
957:(confined or unconfined), indentation,
871:
32:
6748:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
6145:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
4875:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
3645:
3643:
3607:
3605:
3025:
5854:
5852:
5802:
5800:
5748:
5746:
4633:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4195:
4193:
4191:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
2654:
2652:
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2386:
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2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
680:. Common synthetic polymers include
6652:Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods
6211:Miller, Brittney J. (8 June 2022).
6039:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4326:Macromolecular Rapid Communications
3006:Chemistry & Chemical Technology
1969:of the original hydrogel structure.
1666:lower critical solution temperature
1662:upper critical solution temperature
1157:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}_{c}}
1123:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}_{c}}
6468:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.061
4852:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.014
2288:Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers
2258:10.1016/b978-0-323-91248-8.00012-x
624:, whereas physical hydrogels have
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4097:Modules in Mechanics of Materials
3233:CalĂł E, Khutoryanskiy VV (2015).
760:assemblies, usually observed for
134:Controlled radical polymerization
5204:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
3053:"Peptide and Protein Hydrogels."
2110: This article incorporates
2105:
1828:Scalephobicity and antifouling
907:
895:
874:
6329:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
6213:"How smart windows save energy"
4090:""Engineering viscoelasticity""
3925:International Materials Reviews
3302:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110974
3262:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.024
3098:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00051
3051:Dooling LJ, Tirrell DA (2013).
2033:temperature-responsive hydrogel
1096:is the ideal gas constant, and
840:, and increasing the number of
606:IUPAC definition for a hydrogel
6495:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
6186:Irving, Michael (2022-08-31).
4982:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4654:10.1088/1742-6596/790/1/012037
4594:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
4162:Accounts of Materials Research
3945:10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000022
2789:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124622
2730:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2619:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2491:10.1007/978-3-319-76573-0_61-1
2252:, Elsevier, pp. 129â150,
2215:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127708
1:
6798:Journal of Chemical Education
6760:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.064
6508:10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00153-8
6304:Cell Reports Physical Science
6157:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121785
5418:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.011
5406:Journal of Controlled Release
4606:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00203-4
4558:10.1002/9783527815562.mme0043
2871:Materials Chemistry Frontiers
2836:10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00068-9
2742:10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00242-3
2538:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.037
2525:Journal of Controlled Release
1920:Encapsulation of quantum dots
97:FloryâHuggins solution theory
6605:Wu ZL, Gong JP (June 2011).
6575:Chitosan for Biomaterials II
6433:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.020
6388:10.1016/j.neures.2011.12.005
6341:10.1517/17425247.2011.588205
4387:10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00045
4067:10.1016/0142-9612(96)87644-7
3451:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.013
2399:Journal of Advanced Research
1143:
1109:
1040:
622:covalent cross-linking bonds
6818:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00389
6273:Lavars, Nick (2022-12-15).
6012:10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.016
5924:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00179
4135:10.1016/j.jtice.2018.02.017
2959:Journal of Polymer Research
1859:Atmospheric water generator
1521:dynamic mechanical analysis
1278:{\displaystyle \sigma _{e}}
1251:{\displaystyle \sigma _{t}}
1077:is the Boltzmann constant,
966:dynamic mechanical analysis
163:Condensation polymerization
129:Free-radical polymerization
124:Chain-growth polymerization
27:Soft water-rich polymer gel
6875:
6544:10.1177/088532829901300402
6313:10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102151
5874:10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00769
5667:Schneider HJ, ed. (2015).
5373:10.1038/s41467-022-30505-2
4941:10.1038/s41586-021-03212-z
4442:10.1038/s41467-024-45485-8
4174:10.1021/accountsmr.2c00026
2685:10.1038/natrevmats.2015.12
2627:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007
2586:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663
2411:10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
1258:, and engineering stress,
738:polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
158:Step-growth polymerization
6664:10.1089/ten.TEC.2008.0642
6226:10.1146/knowable-060822-3
5772:10.1186/s40824-018-0138-6
5670:Chemoresponsive Materials
5147:Advanced Energy Materials
3347:Macromolecular Bioscience
2971:10.1007/s10965-017-1278-4
1999:elastin-like polypeptides
1878:Dressings for healing of
1565:{\displaystyle G=G'+iG''}
730:polyethylene glycol (PEG)
6624:10.1038/asiamat.2010.200
5753:Lee JH (December 2018).
3282:European Polymer Journal
3240:European Polymer Journal
2910:Chemical Society Reviews
2665:Nature Reviews Materials
1649:hydrophobic interactions
1615:Model of Hysteresis Loop
1599:Toughness and Hysteresis
1285:, can be calculated as:
815:Peptides based hydrogels
720:of nearby tissue, their
647:hydrophobic interactions
6701:Chemical Communications
5825:10.1038/boneres.2017.14
5638:10.1126/science.1116995
3019:10.23939/chcht04.04.297
2393:Ahmed EM (March 2015).
2331:10.1016/c2009-1-28406-1
2297:10.1016/c2016-0-03544-1
168:Addition polymerization
102:Coilâglobule transition
5575:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3944
5466:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3963
5318:10.1002/adma.202102994
5267:10.1002/adma.201907061
5168:10.1002/aenm.202201452
5102:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3944
5037:10.1126/sciadv.adj0324
4887:10.1021/acsami.0c17532
4507:10.1126/sciadv.adh7742
4339:10.1002/marc.202200864
4281:10.1126/sciadv.ade3240
4226:10.1002/adma.202206577
3498:10.1002/adma.200501522
3359:10.1002/mabi.200600069
1942:moisture in arid areas
1882:or other hard-to-heal
1824:
1816:
1792:
1655:Environmental response
1616:
1589:KozenyâCarman equation
1566:
1491: is the stretch.
1485:
1431:
1359:
1279:
1252:
1223:
1158:
1124:
1057:
753:
607:
579:
571:
280:Self-healing hydrogels
43:
6376:Neuroscience Research
5759:Biomaterials Research
5353:Nature Communications
4552:(1 ed.). Wiley.
4422:Nature Communications
3703:Nature Communications
3208:10.2144/btn-2018-0083
2090:topical drug delivery
1938:Granules for holding
1822:
1814:
1790:
1705:Processing techniques
1614:
1567:
1510:KelvinâVoigt material
1486:
1432:
1360:
1280:
1253:
1224:
1159:
1125:
1058:
920:Mechanical properties
751:
605:
577:
569:
494:Cookware and bakeware
446:Industrial production
314:X-ray crystallography
42:
5963:(109): 63951â63961.
5517:10.3390/ijms23073665
2621:. 151â152: 191â221.
2070:photothermal therapy
2042:Water gel explosives
1914:polyvinylpyrrolidone
1756:polydimethylsiloxane
1747:Directional freezing
1531:
1443:
1370:
1291:
1262:
1235:
1177:
1134:
1100:
993:
599:was coined in 1894.
6844:Colloidal chemistry
6810:2017JChEd..94.1772W
6707:(77): 14447â14450.
6583:10.1007/12_2011_118
6099:10.3390/gels8090588
6045:(50): 23843â23856.
5969:2014RSCAd...463951M
5721:(20): 10654â10696.
5620:2005Sci...310.1139D
5614:(5751): 1139â1143.
5567:2020SciA....6.3944J
5457:2019SciA....5.3963B
5365:2022NatCo..13.2761G
5310:2021AdM....3302994G
5259:2020AdM....3207061G
5159:2022AdEnM..1201452B
5094:2020SciA....6.3944J
5029:2023SciA....9J.324S
4933:2021Natur.590..594H
4881:(11): 12689â12697.
4805:10.3390/nano8110882
4757:10.1038/nature12806
4749:2014Natur.505..382R
4694:2019Mate...12.1083C
4645:2017JPhCS.790a2037Z
4499:2023SciA....9H7742Z
4434:2024NatCo..15.1344Z
4273:2023SciA....9E3240X
4218:2022AdM....3406577N
4019:10.1002/jbm.a.34914
3937:2014IMRv...59...44O
3760:2012Nanos...4.6752M
3715:2013NatCo...4.1480M
3668:2010SMat....6.1971A
3580:2010SMat....6.4144A
3490:2006AdM....18..611J
3415:10.1557/mrc.2017.92
3406:2017MRSCo...7..416J
3294:2022EurPJ.16410974A
3253:2015EurPJ..65..252C
3147:2009NatMa...8..596B
2677:2016NatRM...115012R
2149:1960Natur.185..117W
1783:Soft contact lenses
787:photopolymerization
716:effect and improve
690:sodium polyacrylate
686:polyethylene glycol
654:polymeric materials
467:Protective Coatings
82:MarkâHouwink theory
6714:10.1039/C5CC02428E
6611:NPG Asia Materials
6421:Acta Biomaterialia
5977:10.1039/C4RA12215A
5298:Advanced Materials
5247:Advanced Materials
5216:10.1039/D2TA08775H
4988:10.1002/0471238961
4703:10.3390/ma12071083
4206:Advanced Materials
3980:. Academic Press.
3885:10.1039/C1LC20288J
3815:10.1039/c0sc00621a
3768:10.1039/c2nr32006a
3724:10.1038/ncomms2499
3588:10.1039/c0sm00409j
3478:Advanced Materials
3439:Acta Biomaterialia
3394:MRS Communications
2922:10.1039/C3CS60040H
2883:10.1039/C8QM00317C
2456:10.1007/BF01830147
2325:. Elsevier. 2012.
2004:Sustained-release
1983:Tissue engineering
1906:polyethylene oxide
1868:where they absorb
1825:
1817:
1793:
1645:ionic interactions
1633:tissue engineering
1617:
1562:
1481:
1427:
1355:
1275:
1248:
1219:
1154:
1120:
1053:
859:gelâsol transition
754:
637:) or temperature (
626:non-covalent bonds
608:
580:
572:
44:
6804:(11): 1772â1779.
6592:978-3-642-24061-4
6462:(14): 3673â3681.
6217:Knowable Magazine
6051:10.1021/jp054835d
5862:Biomacromolecules
5728:10.1021/cr500116a
5680:978-1-78262-242-0
4927:(7847): 594â599.
4846:(29): 6946â6952.
4743:(7483): 382â385.
4567:978-3-527-34455-0
4375:ACS Macro Letters
4061:(17): 1647â1657.
4013:(10): 3352â3360.
3987:978-0-12-812278-5
3879:(17): 2910â2915.
3850:10.1021/ja9088764
3754:(21): 6752â6760.
3626:10.1021/la903694a
3541:10.1021/bm900584m
3529:Biomacromolecules
3066:978-1-84973-561-2
2916:(17): 7335â7372.
2877:(10): 1765â1778.
2574:Biomacromolecules
2500:978-3-319-76573-0
2361:. pp. 1â20.
2340:978-0-08-087862-1
2267:978-0-323-91248-8
2143:(4706): 117â118.
1735:Hofmeister series
1477:
1460:
1394:
1315:
1188:
1146:
1112:
1051:
1043:
983:Rubber elasticity
973:rubber elasticity
881:
795:Polyvinyl alcohol
767:ÎČ-sheet structure
694:acrylate polymers
682:polyvinyl alcohol
564:
563:
477:Consumer products
16:(Redirected from
6866:
6829:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6716:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6427:(5): 6594â6605.
6416:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6335:(9): 1141â1159.
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6254:. April 22, 2020
6244:
6238:
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6235:
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6228:
6208:
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6201:
6199:
6198:
6183:
6177:
6176:
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6130:
6129:
6119:
6101:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6030:
6024:
6023:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5935:
5912:Chemical Reviews
5903:
5894:
5893:
5868:(9): 3475â3484.
5856:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5715:Chemical Reviews
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5683:. Archived from
5664:
5658:
5657:
5631:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5561:(15): eaaz3944.
5555:Science Advances
5546:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5445:Science Advances
5436:
5430:
5429:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5210:(4): 1658â1665.
5195:
5189:
5188:
5170:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5088:(15): eaaz3944.
5082:Science Advances
5073:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5023:(51): eadj0324.
5017:Science Advances
5008:
5002:
5001:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4834:
4828:
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4807:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4732:
4726:
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4715:
4705:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4589:
4572:
4571:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4493:(26): eadh7742.
4487:Science Advances
4478:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4341:
4332:(16): e2200864.
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4261:Science Advances
4252:
4246:
4245:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4030:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3920:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3844:(8): 2719â2728.
3833:
3827:
3826:
3803:Chemical Science
3794:
3788:
3787:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3676:10.1039/b921863g
3647:
3638:
3637:
3620:(7): 5232â5242.
3609:
3600:
3599:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3535:(9): 2646â2651.
3524:
3518:
3517:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3445:(4): 1671â1682.
3434:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3313:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3155:10.1038/nmat2479
3135:Nature Materials
3126:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3023:
3021:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2830:(2â3): 119â128.
2815:
2809:
2808:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
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2559:
2558:
2540:
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2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2474:
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2345:
2344:
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2283:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2157:10.1038/185117a0
2128:
2109:
2066:immunomodulation
1874:sanitary napkins
1764:synthetic rubber
1712:electro-spinning
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1506:Maxwell material
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
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1152:
1147:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1092:is the density,
1081:is temperature,
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1010:
911:
899:
883:
882:
825:biodegradability
821:biocompatibility
804:calcium chloride
706:biodegradability
702:biocompatibility
556:
549:
542:
460:Applied coatings
297:Characterization
30:
21:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6854:Water chemistry
6834:
6833:
6832:
6795:
6791:
6789:Further reading
6786:
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5600:
5548:
5547:
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5496:
5492:
5451:(7): eaaw3963.
5438:
5437:
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5403:
5402:
5398:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5304:(35): 2102994.
5295:
5294:
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5253:(11): 1907061.
5244:
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5192:
5153:(29): 2201452.
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4267:(1): eade3240.
4254:
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3791:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3024:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2102:
2062:
1991:methylcellulose
1848:polyacrylamides
1835:Breast implants
1809:
1785:
1780:
1707:
1690:
1657:
1601:
1581:
1554:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1497:
1495:Viscoelasticity
1469:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1198:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1034:
1023:
1002:
991:
990:
985:
977:viscoelasticity
943:viscoelasticity
934:storage modulus
926:Young's modulus
922:
915:
912:
903:
900:
891:
884:
875:
855:smart materials
851:
817:
778:photoinitiators
746:
658:hyaluronic acid
618:
613:
560:
531:
530:
442:
434:
433:
364:
356:
355:
299:
289:
288:
206:Polyisobutylene
187:Functional type
183:
173:
172:
119:
109:
108:
52:
33:Polymer science
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6872:
6870:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6754:(2): 991â998.
6738:
6687:
6658:(4): 583â594.
6638:
6597:
6591:
6565:
6538:(4): 290â296.
6522:
6501:(4): 922â926.
6481:
6446:
6411:
6382:(3): 199â213.
6362:
6319:
6290:
6265:
6239:
6203:
6178:
6131:
6072:
6025:
6006:(6): 435â444.
5990:
5947:
5918:(2): 834â873.
5895:
5848:
5796:
5742:
5697:
5679:
5659:
5629:10.1.1.318.690
5598:
5541:
5490:
5431:
5396:
5339:
5288:
5237:
5190:
5133:
5068:
5003:
4996:
4970:
4908:
4865:
4829:
4778:
4727:
4668:
4619:
4600:(3): 321â339.
4573:
4566:
4538:
4473:
4408:
4381:(3): 312â317.
4361:
4312:
4247:
4187:
4168:(2): 101â114.
4148:
4110:
4080:
4042:
3993:
3986:
3966:
3898:
3863:
3828:
3789:
3738:
3689:
3639:
3601:
3554:
3519:
3484:(5): 611â614.
3464:
3429:
3400:(3): 416â426.
3380:
3353:(8): 623â633.
3333:
3268:
3222:
3178:
3141:(7): 596â600.
3121:
3092:(6): 431â439.
3072:
3065:
3043:
3012:(4): 297â304.
2992:
2945:
2896:
2857:
2810:
2763:
2716:
2648:
2609:
2560:
2511:
2499:
2469:
2450:(7): 213â214.
2434:
2405:(2): 105â121.
2382:
2376:978-0471238966
2375:
2346:
2339:
2312:
2305:
2278:
2266:
2236:
2178:
2122:
2121:
2101:
2098:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2009:
2002:
1980:
1977:
1974:holotomography
1970:
1963:3D bioprinting
1959:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1891:
1876:
1862:
1855:
1840:Contact lenses
1837:
1832:
1829:
1808:
1805:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1751:freeze-casting
1743:sodium sulfate
1728:freeze-casting
1706:
1703:
1699:microparticles
1689:
1686:
1656:
1653:
1641:hydrogen bonds
1600:
1597:
1584:Poroelasticity
1580:
1579:Poroelasticity
1577:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1496:
1493:
1472:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1272:
1268:
1245:
1241:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1084:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
984:
981:
947:poroelasticity
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
906:
904:
901:
894:
892:
885:
873:
850:
847:
816:
813:
745:
742:
643:hydrogen bonds
617:
616:Classification
614:
612:
609:
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
521:Plastic bottle
518:
513:
508:
507:
506:
504:Food Container
501:
491:
490:
489:
479:
474:
469:
464:
463:
462:
457:
447:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
267:
262:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
228:Vinyl polymers
225:
220:
215:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
188:
184:
181:Classification
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
131:
126:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
77:Phase behavior
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6871:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6291:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6266:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6204:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5813:Bone Research
5810:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5698:
5687:on 2017-10-29
5686:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
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5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4997:9780471484943
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4792:Nanomaterials
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:(1): 012037.
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:Lab on a Chip
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3776:11368/2841344
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:BioTechniques
3192:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
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2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2306:9780081021941
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:iontophoresis
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:brachytherapy
2071:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2028:interactions.
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:drug delivery
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:self-assembly
1721:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:nanoparticles
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:drug delivery
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1470:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1149:
1140:
1115:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:shear modulus
1068:
1063:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
988:
982:
980:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
931:
930:shear modulus
927:
919:
910:
905:
898:
893:
889:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
814:
812:
809:
805:
801:
796:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
615:
610:
604:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
568:
557:
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550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
293:
292:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
223:Polycarbonate
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
201:Polypropylene
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
31:
19:
6801:
6797:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6617:(6): 57â64.
6614:
6610:
6600:
6574:
6568:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6459:
6456:Biomaterials
6455:
6449:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6303:
6293:
6282:. Retrieved
6278:
6268:
6256:. Retrieved
6251:
6242:
6230:. Retrieved
6216:
6206:
6195:. Retrieved
6191:
6181:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5915:
5911:
5865:
5861:
5819:(1): 17014.
5816:
5812:
5762:
5758:
5718:
5714:
5705:Yetisen AK,
5700:
5689:. Retrieved
5685:the original
5669:
5662:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5020:
5016:
5006:
4979:
4973:
4924:
4920:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4843:
4840:Biomaterials
4839:
4832:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4597:
4593:
4548:
4541:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4209:
4205:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4126:
4122:
4101:. Retrieved
4096:
4088:Roylance D.
4083:
4058:
4055:Biomaterials
4054:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3976:
3969:
3931:(1): 44â59.
3928:
3924:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3659:
3655:
3617:
3613:
3574:(17): 4144.
3571:
3567:
3557:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3311:10072/417476
3285:
3281:
3271:
3244:
3238:
3201:(1): 40â53.
3198:
3194:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3056:
3046:
3028:cite journal
3009:
3005:
2995:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2736:(1): 37â51.
2733:
2729:
2719:
2671:(2): 15012.
2668:
2664:
2618:
2612:
2580:(1): 24â56.
2577:
2573:
2563:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2504:, retrieved
2482:
2472:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2402:
2398:
2358:
2321:
2315:
2287:
2281:
2271:, retrieved
2249:
2239:
2206:
2202:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2104:
2103:
2086:
2080:, chitosan,
2063:
2060:Biomaterials
1967:self-healing
1947:electrolysis
1902:cross-linked
1794:
1778:Applications
1732:
1708:
1691:
1684:, and more.
1670:
1658:
1630:
1618:
1602:
1593:
1582:
1574:
1518:
1514:Prony Series
1502:
1498:
1438:
1366:
1287:
1230:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
989:
986:
970:
923:
852:
818:
792:
775:
762:oligopeptide
755:
734:polyacrylate
718:regeneration
651:
619:
583:
581:
511:Vinyl record
455:Blow molding
441:Applications
213:Polyurethane
196:Polyethylene
57:Architecture
6859:Soft matter
5707:Naydenova I
5510:(7): 3665.
5359:(1): 2761.
4798:(11): 882.
4688:(7): 1083.
4428:(1): 1344.
4129:: 118â122.
3809:(7): 1349.
3709:(1): 1480.
3662:(9): 1971.
3656:Soft Matter
3568:Soft Matter
3247:: 252â267.
2531:: 470â482.
1864:Disposable
1846:hydrogels,
1801:vasculature
1772:spider silk
1739:salting out
1720:4D printing
1626:temperature
955:compression
782:ultraviolet
744:Preparation
526:Plastic bag
472:3D printing
260:Homopolymer
248:Polystyrene
72:Degradation
6838:Categories
6769:2299/16856
6724:2299/16512
6284:2022-12-25
6197:2022-09-26
6151:: 121785.
6092:(9): 588.
5691:2019-04-17
3288:: 110974.
2965:(7): 112.
2783:: 124622.
2506:2023-01-17
2273:2023-01-16
2209:: 127708.
2100:References
1995:hyaluronan
1976:microscopy
1956:Biosensors
1904:polymers (
1888:Wound gels
1664:(UCST) or
1621:hysteresis
939:elasticity
832:sequence,
830:amino acid
714:antifungal
710:antibiotic
698:copolymers
487:Whitewalls
409:Staudinger
379:MacDiarmid
363:Scientists
349:Viscometry
191:Polyolefin
67:Morphology
51:Properties
6826:0021-9584
6633:1884-4057
6279:New Atlas
6258:April 23,
6192:New Atlas
6165:0378-5173
6108:2310-2861
6059:1520-6106
6020:1359-0294
5985:2046-2069
5890:199574808
5765:(1): 27.
5624:CiteSeerX
5334:236174198
5283:211036014
5232:254387206
5224:2050-7496
5185:249355500
5177:1614-6832
5110:2375-2548
5045:2375-2548
4965:232048202
4903:227258845
4773:205236639
4682:Materials
4663:1742-6588
4515:2375-2548
4450:2041-1723
4395:2161-1653
4348:1022-1336
4289:2375-2548
4234:0935-9648
4182:2643-6728
4143:103246330
3961:136844625
3953:0950-6608
3823:2041-6520
3748:Nanoscale
3684:1744-683X
3596:1744-683X
3514:136880479
3506:0935-9648
3424:2159-6867
3367:1616-5187
3328:245576810
3320:0014-3057
2987:136085690
2979:1022-9760
2891:2052-1537
2844:0141-8130
2805:213116098
2797:0927-7757
2750:0169-409X
2693:2058-8437
2643:135464452
2555:229694027
2464:197928622
2231:264944892
2223:0141-8130
2165:0028-0836
2116:CC BY 3.0
2082:cellulose
1852:polymacon
1688:Additives
1605:toughness
1447:λ
1415:−
1411:λ
1407:−
1404:λ
1375:σ
1343:−
1339:λ
1335:−
1326:λ
1296:σ
1267:σ
1240:σ
1204:−
1144:¯
1110:¯
1041:¯
1025:ρ
962:rheometry
888:micropump
863:actuators
838:chirality
771:α-helical
722:stability
611:Chemistry
596:insoluble
592:permeable
450:Extrusion
429:Braconnot
419:Baekeland
399:de Gennes
384:Shirakawa
344:Rheometry
275:Hydrogels
265:Copolymer
256:Structure
218:Polyester
117:Synthesis
62:Tacticity
18:Hydrogels
6778:26440734
6733:26221632
6682:19216632
6560:31364133
6552:10340211
6517:10320229
6476:22361096
6441:23376126
6406:22192467
6357:24843309
6349:21619469
6252:Phys.org
6173:35500690
6126:36135299
6067:16375370
5942:35930422
5882:31408340
5843:28584674
5791:30275970
5737:25211200
5646:16293750
5593:32300656
5536:35409025
5485:31355332
5426:26374941
5412:: 8â17.
5391:35589809
5326:34292641
5275:32022974
5128:32300656
5063:38117897
5054:10732533
4957:33627812
4895:33263991
4860:21723599
4824:30380606
4765:24336207
4722:30986948
4614:11744175
4533:37390216
4524:10313164
4468:38350981
4459:10864390
4403:35632906
4356:36809684
4307:36598986
4242:36126085
4037:23946054
3893:21761057
3858:20131781
3784:22955637
3733:23403581
3634:19921840
3614:Langmuir
3549:19705843
3459:23958781
3375:16881042
3217:30730212
3173:19543314
3116:26240838
2940:23609001
2852:10517518
2758:11755705
2711:29214058
2635:31028759
2604:32567846
2547:33359581
2429:25750745
2291:. 2018.
2118:license.
2078:collagen
2021:proteins
2017:peptides
2013:polymers
1910:polyAMPS
1872:, or in
1844:silicone
1807:Research
1797:siloxane
1758:(PDMS),
1682:antigens
1680:, ions,
1678:pressure
1559:″
1545:′
1476:original
842:aromatic
800:Alginate
726:strength
670:alginate
662:chitosan
639:gelatine
635:alginate
630:thiomers
584:hydrogel
499:Bakelite
414:Goodyear
339:Rheology
6806:Bibcode
6673:2819712
6397:3408056
6232:15 July
6117:9498840
5965:Bibcode
5957:RSC Adv
5933:9881015
5834:5448314
5782:6158836
5654:9036803
5616:Bibcode
5608:Science
5584:7148083
5563:Bibcode
5527:8998863
5476:6656537
5453:Bibcode
5382:9120194
5361:Bibcode
5306:Bibcode
5255:Bibcode
5155:Bibcode
5119:7148083
5090:Bibcode
5025:Bibcode
4949:1774154
4929:Bibcode
4815:6265757
4745:Bibcode
4713:6479463
4690:Bibcode
4641:Bibcode
4495:Bibcode
4430:Bibcode
4298:9812377
4269:Bibcode
4214:Bibcode
4075:8866026
4028:4304325
3933:Bibcode
3756:Bibcode
3711:Bibcode
3664:Bibcode
3576:Bibcode
3486:Bibcode
3402:Bibcode
3290:Bibcode
3249:Bibcode
3164:2869032
3143:Bibcode
3107:4517957
2931:3762890
2702:5714327
2673:Bibcode
2595:7805012
2420:4348459
2173:4211987
2145:Bibcode
2025:osmotic
1987:agarose
1925:change.
1866:diapers
1459:current
1393:swollen
1314:swollen
1187:swollen
1069:is the
951:tension
867:sensors
808:Gelatin
758:peptide
674:gelatin
666:heparin
424:Hayward
404:Ziegler
394:Edwards
6824:
6776:
6731:
6680:
6670:
6631:
6589:
6558:
6550:
6515:
6474:
6439:
6404:
6394:
6355:
6347:
6171:
6163:
6124:
6114:
6106:
6065:
6057:
6018:
5983:
5940:
5930:
5888:
5880:
5841:
5831:
5789:
5779:
5735:
5677:
5652:
5644:
5626:
5591:
5581:
5534:
5524:
5483:
5473:
5424:
5389:
5379:
5332:
5324:
5281:
5273:
5230:
5222:
5183:
5175:
5126:
5116:
5108:
5061:
5051:
5043:
4994:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4921:Nature
4901:
4893:
4858:
4822:
4812:
4771:
4763:
4737:Nature
4720:
4710:
4661:
4612:
4564:
4531:
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