352:). It measures the density of the fluid. Where no sugar or other dissolved substances are present, the specific gravity of a solution of ethanol in water can be directly correlated to the concentration of alcohol. Saccharometers for measuring sugar-water mixtures measure densities greater than water. Many have scales marked with volume percents of "potential alcohol", based on a pre-calculated specific gravity. A higher "potential alcohol" reading on this scale is caused by a greater specific gravity, assumed to be caused by the introduction of dissolved sugars or carbohydrate based material. A reading is taken before and after fermentation and approximate alcohol content is determined by subtracting the post fermentation reading from the pre-fermentation reading.
545:
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244:. It is usual for hydrometers to be used with dense liquids to have the mark 1.000 (for water) near the top of the stem, and those for use with lighter liquids to have 1.000 near the bottom. In many industries a set of hydrometers is used (1.0–0.95, 0.95–.) to have instruments covering the range of specific gravities that may be encountered.
1682:
1482:
457:. Tables are used to correct the reading to the standard temperature. Hydrometers are also used for maintenance of wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries to ensure the electrolyte is of the proper strength for the application; for this battery chemistry the specific gravity of the electrolyte is not related to the state of charge of the battery.
372:
composition. The instrument is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. If the milk sample is pure, the lactometer floats higher than if it is adulterated or impure.
97:, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates to relative density. Hydrometers can contain any number of scales along the stem corresponding to properties correlating to the density.
415:
It consists of a large weighted glass bulb with a thin stem rising from the top with calibrated markings. The sugar level can be determined by reading the value where the surface of the liquid crosses the scale. The higher the sugar content, the denser the solution, and thus the higher the bulb will
428:
enclosed in the float section. For measuring the density of petroleum products, such as fuel oils, the specimen is usually heated in a temperature jacket with a thermometer placed behind it since density is dependent on temperature. Light oils are placed in cooling jackets, typically at 15 °C.
170:
The instrument in question is a cylindrical tube, which has the shape of a flute and is about the same size. It has notches in a perpendicular line, by means of which we are able to test the weight of the waters. A cone forms a lid at one of the extremities, closely fitted to the tube. The cone and
600:
for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grain in suspension and of the fluid. The grain diameter thus can be calculated from a knowledge of the distance and time of fall. The hydrometer also determines the
371:
A lactometer is used to check purity of cow's milk. The specific gravity of milk does not give a conclusive indication of its composition since milk contains a variety of substances that are either heavier or lighter than water. Additional tests for fat content are necessary to determine overall
112:: a solid suspended in a fluid is buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended solid. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper a hydrometer of a given weight sinks; the stem is calibrated to give a numerical reading.
411:
and ice-creams. The first brewers' saccharometer was constructed by
Benjamin Martin (with distillation in mind), and initially used for brewing by James Baverstock Sr in 1770. Henry Thrale adopted its use and it was later popularized by John Richardson in 1784.
100:
Hydrometers are calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in
556:
135:(3rd century BC) who used its principles to find the density of various liquids. An early description of a hydrometer comes from a Latin poem, written in the 2nd century AD by Remnius, who compared the use of a hydrometer to the method of
472:
solution used for engine cooling. The degree of freeze protection can be related to the density (and so concentration) of the antifreeze; different types of antifreeze have different relations between measured density and freezing point.
327:
Specialized hydrometers are frequently named for their use: a lactometer, for example, is a hydrometer designed especially for use with dairy products. They are sometimes referred to by this specific name, sometimes as hydrometers.
187:
in the 12th century. It was rediscovered in 1612 by
Galileo and his circle of friends, and used in experiments especially at the Accademia del Cimento. It appeared again in the 1675 work of Robert Boyle (who coined the name
171:
the tube have one base only. This is called the baryllium. Whenever you place the tube in water, it remains erect. You can then count the notches at your ease, and in this way ascertain the weight of the water.
568:
544:
521:. As urine's specific gravity is dictated by its ratio of solutes (wastes) to water, a urinometer makes it possible to quickly assess a patient's overall level of hydration.
212:' discovery of the device by which the alcoholic content of a liquid can be automatically determined. The use of the Sikes device was made obligatory by British law in 1818.
1382:
1267:
The manufacture of leather: being a description of all of the processes for the tanning and tawing with bark, extracts, chrome and all modern tannages in general use
806:
336:
An alcoholmeter is a hydrometer that indicates the alcoholic strength of liquids which are essentially a mixture of alcohol and water. It is also known as a
2347:
1049:
601:
specific gravity (or density) of the suspension, and this enables the fraction of particles of a certain equivalent particle diameter to be calculated.
1375:
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A battery hydrometer with thermometer (thermohydrometer) measures the temperature-compensated specific gravity and electrolyte temperature.
1334:
562:
Battery condition indicator to measure the density of the electrolyte in a lead–acid battery, indicating the charge of the battery (~1985)
532:
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453:. A hydrometer calibrated to read specific gravity relative to water at 60 °F (16 °C) is a standard tool for servicing
162:
415 CE), an important female Greek mathematician, is the first person traditionally associated with the hydrometer. In a letter,
1299:
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for stability, and a narrow stem with graduations for measuring. The liquid to test is poured into a tall container, often a
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A saccharometer is a type of hydrometer used for determining the amount of sugar in a solution, invented by
67:
1548:
505:
A salinometer is a hydrometer used to measure the salt content of the feed water to a marine steam boiler.
429:
Very light oils with many volatile components are measured in a variable volume container using a floating
355:
These were important instruments for determining tax, and specific maker's instruments could be specified.
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Explanation of Allan's
Saccharometer: Appointed by Act of Parliament for the Use of Distillers, & C
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Schematic drawing of a hydrometer. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper the weighted float
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1180:
Bud, Robert; Warner, Deborah Jean; Chaplin, Simon; Johnston, Stephen; Peterson, Betsy Bahr (1998).
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but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include:
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867:"Un enfant illustre de Beaugency : le physicien et aéronaute Jacques Charles (1746-1823)"
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964:"Dicas [married name Arstall], Mary (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments"
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1936:
1757:
1186:. Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
1023:
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193:
77:
A hydrometer usually consists of a sealed hollow glass tube with a wider bottom portion for
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An acidometer, or acidimeter, is a hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of an
1457:
574:
Antifreeze tester measures the density of engine coolant, indicating its freezing point.
2422:
2314:
2231:
2035:
1797:
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871:
Les
Publications de l'Académie d'Orléans, Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts
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1217:(Fifth ed.). United States: Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press. p. 1314.
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592:, are graded. Hydrometer analysis is performed if the grain sizes are too small for
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A barkometer is calibrated to test the strength of tanning liquors used in tanning
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869:[An illustrious child of Beaugency: the physicist and aeronaut].
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scale, primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry
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This section is about the hydrometer. For the optical instrument, see
26:
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2407:
2397:
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2117:
2092:
2040:
1850:
1215:
Instrument and automation engineers' handbook: measurement and safety
430:
408:
468:
Another automotive use of hydrometers is testing the quality of the
1865:
1290:
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip Elmer LaMoreaux, Travis H. Hughes (ed.),
584:
A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils,
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The hydrometer probably dates back to the Greek philosopher
752:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 153.
750:
220:
The hydrometer sinks deeper in low-density liquids such as
208:
in the late 18th century, more or less contemporarily with
973:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1345:, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
166:
asks
Hypatia, his teacher, to make a hydrometer for him:
905:
807:
Encyclopedia of the
History of Arabic Science, Volume 2
279:, universally used worldwide by the petroleum industry.
686:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 429.
318:, formerly used in the bleaching and dyeing industries
363:
and her family enjoyed a similar monopoly in the US.
139:
used by
Archimedes to determine the gold content of
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2275:
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2230:
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2023:
1972:
1959:
1874:
1828:
1819:
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1407:
1183:Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia
962:
732:
730:
728:
888:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 132.
445:battery can be estimated from the density of the
1292:Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists
232:, and less deep in high-density liquids such as
50:is an instrument used for measuring density or
1294:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004
1213:Béla G. Lipták; Kriszta Venczel, eds. (2017).
433:sampling device to minimize light end losses.
424:A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that has a
1376:
907:. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, Publishers.
800:Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996).
177:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
8:
285:, formerly used in industrial chemistry and
1093:Country House Brewing in England, 1500-1900
886:The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story
711:. Literary Licensing, LLC. pp. 63–64.
2236:
1969:
1825:
1417:
1383:
1369:
1361:
804:. In Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (eds.).
775:"Letter 15 - To the Philosopher (Hypatia)"
260:worker using a hydrometer to measure the
1159:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830
16:Device used to measure density of liquids
1016:Journal of the American Chemical Society
873:(in French) (4). Académie d'Orléans: 37.
970:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
781:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
674:
528:
34:sinks. The depth is read off the scale
1050:"Glass lactometer, England, 1875-1900"
517:is a medical hydrometer designed for
183:in the 11th century and described by
7:
407:, and it can also be used in making
300:, used for measuring the density of
1012:"Signification of Lactometer Tests"
268:Modern hydrometers usually measure
961:Morrison-Low, A. D. (2004-09-23).
931:The dictionary of beer and brewing
709:Archimedes And The Door Of Science
264:density of a salt evaporation pond
14:
1401:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1343:Milk Producer Group Resource Book
928:Rabin, Dan; Forget, Carl (1998).
779:The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
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1608:
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1579:
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1509:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
567:
555:
543:
531:
70:with one or more scales such as
1054:Science Museum Group Collection
899:Dick, William Brisbane (1975).
865:Blondel, Claude-Joseph (2003).
206:Jacques Alexandre César Charles
1264:Davis, Charles Thomas (1897).
773:FitzGerald, Augustine (1926).
1:
2051:Mechanically stabilized earth
1123:Hanneman, Leonard J. (1993).
684:A history of beer and brewing
596:. The basis for this test is
359:had a monopoly in the UK and
344:, but commonly misspelled as
152:
1803:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1357:, Home Winemaking Techniques
1326:Guide to Brewing Hydrometers
997:UK public library membership
934:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
738:Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette
391:A 20th century saccharometer
338:proof and Tralles hydrometer
108:The hydrometer makes use of
2364:Stress distribution in soil
1010:Geisler, Joseph F. (1891).
538:An alcohol meter in a still
2550:
1514:Pore pressure measurement
627:Elevator paradox (physics)
399:. It is used primarily by
379:
18:
2267:Preconsolidation pressure
1662:Standard penetration test
1398:
1129:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
1090:Sambrook, Pamela (1996).
884:Denison, Merrill (1955).
707:Bendick, Jeanne (2011) .
441:The state of charge of a
192:), with types devised by
2514:Ancient Roman technology
1763:California bearing ratio
1561:Rotary-pressure sounding
1392:Geotechnical engineering
1355:How The Hydrometer Works
1073:Thomson, Thomas (1840).
682:Hornsey, Ian S. (2003).
58:based on the concept of
19:Not to be confused with
2183:Geosynthetic clay liner
2158:Expanded clay aggregate
1778:Proctor compaction test
1719:Crosshole sonic logging
1705:Nuclear densometer test
1462:Geo-electrical sounding
1351:, Winemaking Home Page.
1156:Mathias, Peter (1959).
787:2027/mdp.39015008616180
323:Specialized hydrometers
2446:Earthquake engineering
2257:Lateral earth pressure
1882:Hydraulic conductivity
1733:Wave equation analysis
1712:Exploration geophysics
1604:Deformation monitoring
1573:Rotary weight sounding
1321:Hydrometer Information
1270:. H. C. Baird & co
979:10.1093/ref:odnb/49542
392:
265:
173:
128:
39:
1624:Settlement recordings
1549:Rock control drilling
1450:Cone penetration test
1349:Using Your Hydrometer
1316:Hypatia of Alexandria
1079:. D. & W. Millar.
842:"In-depth Hydrometer"
814:. pp. 614–642 .
632:Fahrenheit hydrometer
390:
255:
168:
147:Hypatia of Alexandria
123:
110:Archimedes' principle
62:. They are typically
29:
2529:Laboratory glassware
2524:Laboratory equipment
2486:Agricultural science
2188:Cellular confinement
580:Use in soil analysis
455:automobile batteries
342:Johann Georg Tralles
309:, primarily used in
181:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
2378:Numerical analysis
2262:Overburden pressure
2252:Pore water pressure
2032:Shoring structures
1907:Reynolds' dilatancy
1808:Water content tests
1793:Triaxial shear test
1753:Soil classification
1726:Pile integrity test
1243:The Free Dictionary
1028:10.1021/ja02124a009
901:"Degrees of Baum'e"
742:Holmes, Frederic L.
642:Hydrostatic bubbles
2353:Slab stabilisation
2333:Stability analysis
1337:2012-10-21 at the
1162:. University Press
652:Oscillating U-tube
437:Battery hydrometer
393:
266:
164:Synesius of Cyrene
137:fluid displacement
129:
95:graduated cylinder
40:
2501:
2500:
2372:
2371:
2348:Sliding criterion
2310:Response spectrum
2226:
2225:
2056:Pressure grouting
1955:
1954:
1815:
1814:
1768:Direct shear test
1474:Permeability test
1330:Jurjen Draaijer.
1224:978-1-4987-2764-8
1096:. A&C Black.
995:(Subscription or
988:978-0-19-861412-8
821:978-0-415-12411-9
746:Levere, Trevor H.
693:978-0-85404-630-0
464:Antifreeze tester
449:solution used as
357:Bartholomew Sikes
202:William Nicholson
179:, it was used by
175:According to the
126:Practical Physics
2541:
2360:Bearing capacity
2247:Effective stress
2237:
2138:Land reclamation
2078:Land development
1973:Natural features
1970:
1937:Specific storage
1826:
1758:Atterberg limits
1696:
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1597:Screw plate test
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420:Thermohydrometer
270:specific gravity
161:
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124:Hydrometer from
72:specific gravity
52:relative density
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2476:Earth materials
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2153:Earth structure
2148:Erosion control
2046:Ground freezing
2036:Retaining walls
2019:
1961:
1951:
1912:Angle of repose
1870:
1811:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1698:Visible bedrock
1650:Simple sounding
1638:Shear vane test
1414:instrumentation
1413:
1411:
1403:
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1339:Wayback Machine
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2423:Related fields
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Classification
2340:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:Seismic hazard
2312:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:Shear strength
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Friction angle
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Oedometer test
1795:
1790:
1788:Sieve analysis
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1674:Total sounding
1665:
1664:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1283:
1256:
1245:. Farlex. 2003
1230:
1223:
1205:
1192:
1172:
1148:
1135:
1115:
1102:
1082:
1065:
1041:
1002:
987:
953:
940:
920:
913:
891:
876:
857:
833:
820:
792:
765:
758:
724:
717:
699:
692:
673:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Gravity (beer)
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
606:
603:
594:sieve analysis
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
566:
564:
561:
554:
552:
549:
542:
540:
537:
530:
526:
523:
510:
507:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
475:
465:
462:
438:
435:
421:
418:
397:Thomas Thomson
377:
374:
368:
365:
333:
330:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:Twaddell scale
313:
304:
295:
289:
280:
249:
246:
217:
214:
210:Benjamin Sikes
155:
117:
114:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Geomorphology
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Consolidation
2293:
2291:
2290:Frost heaving
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:Geosynthetics
2166:
2164:
2163:Crushed stone
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Cut-and-cover
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Water content
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:Sample series
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:Investigation
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1193:9780815315612
1189:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1138:
1136:9780750604307
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1103:9781852851279
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
990:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
965:
957:
954:
943:
941:9781579580780
937:
933:
932:
924:
921:
916:
914:9780308101579
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
880:
877:
872:
868:
861:
858:
847:
846:Museo Galileo
843:
837:
834:
823:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
759:9780262082822
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:9781258014889
714:
710:
703:
700:
695:
689:
685:
678:
675:
668:
663:
662:Refractometer
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:Density meter
610:
609:
604:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
570:
565:
558:
553:
546:
541:
534:
529:
524:
522:
520:
516:
508:
506:
500:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
476:
474:
471:
463:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:sulfuric acid
444:
436:
434:
432:
427:
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
389:
383:
382:Saccharimeter
376:Saccharometer
375:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
332:Alcoholometer
331:
329:
322:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:
303:
299:
298:Oechsle scale
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
273:
271:
263:
259:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Antoine Baumé
191:
186:
182:
178:
172:
167:
165:
151:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
127:
122:
115:
113:
111:
106:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2471:Biogeography
2466:Hydrogeology
2456:Soil science
2436:Geochemistry
2195:Infiltration
2123:Cut and fill
2066:Soil nailing
1932:Permeability
1897:Bulk density
1772:
1614:Inclinometer
1537:Ram sounding
1422:
1342:
1332:Milk Testing
1291:
1286:
1278:
1272:. Retrieved
1266:
1259:
1249:18 September
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1239:"Acidometer"
1233:
1214:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1182:
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1158:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1125:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1092:
1085:
1075:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1022:(2): 93–98.
1019:
1015:
1005:
968:
956:
945:. Retrieved
930:
923:
904:
894:
885:
879:
870:
860:
849:. Retrieved
845:
836:
825:. Retrieved
805:
795:
778:
768:
749:
708:
702:
683:
677:
617:Densitometer
583:
512:
504:
492:
480:
467:
459:
440:
423:
414:
394:
370:
354:
349:
345:
337:
335:
326:
287:pharmacology
267:
219:
190:"hydrometer"
189:
176:
174:
169:
145:
130:
125:
107:
99:
76:
47:
43:
41:
35:
31:
2481:Archaeology
2205:Foundations
2178:Geomembrane
2061:Slurry wall
2000:Water table
1964:Interaction
1960:Structures
1947:Sensitivity
1744:Laboratory
1279:Barkometer.
598:Stoke's Law
501:Salinometer
451:electrolyte
426:thermometer
307:Plato scale
283:Baumé scale
277:API gravity
198:Baumé scale
2508:Categories
2338:Mitigation
2320:Shear wave
2305:Earthquake
2300:Compaction
2285:Permafrost
2276:Phenomena/
2173:Geotextile
2098:Embankment
2088:Excavation
2025:Earthworks
1985:Vegetation
1980:Topography
1902:Thixotropy
1892:Void ratio
1875:Properties
1773:Hydrometer
1518:Piezometer
1438:Core drill
1300:3540408827
1274:2009-10-11
1199:2009-10-11
1166:2012-03-16
1142:2009-10-11
1126:Patisserie
1109:2009-10-11
1059:2024-01-01
999:required.)
947:2009-10-11
851:2024-01-01
827:2019-03-26
669:References
657:Pyknometer
647:Hygrometer
550:Lactometer
519:urinalysis
515:urinometer
509:Urinometer
489:Barkometer
477:Acidometer
470:antifreeze
401:winemakers
367:Lactometer
361:Mary Dicas
302:grape must
185:Al-Khazini
141:Hiero II's
133:Archimedes
64:calibrated
48:lactometer
44:hydrometer
21:Hygrometer
2461:Hydrology
2441:Petrology
2329:analysis
2327:Landslide
2232:Mechanics
2143:Track bed
2128:Fill dirt
2113:Terracing
1686:Trial pit
1501:Statnamic
1486:Load test
1036:0002-7863
812:Routledge
802:"Statics"
622:Dasymeter
443:lead-acid
68:graduated
2491:Agrology
2380:software
2278:problems
2108:Causeway
2083:Landfill
2010:Subgrade
1927:Porosity
1922:Cohesion
1335:Archived
748:(eds.).
740:(2000).
605:See also
226:gasoline
222:kerosene
85:such as
79:buoyancy
60:buoyancy
2519:Brewing
2431:Geology
2403:SVSlope
2213:Shallow
2133:Grading
2071:Tieback
2015:Subsoil
2005:Bedrock
1995:Topsoil
1990:Terrain
1783:R-value
1746:testing
1496:Dynamic
1423:in situ
1421:Field (
1310:Sources
1302:, p.299
525:Gallery
495:leather
416:float.
409:sorbets
405:brewers
346:traille
340:(after
311:brewing
230:alcohol
158:370; d.
143:crown.
116:History
103:spirits
91:mercury
83:ballast
56:liquids
2413:Plaxis
2408:UTEXAS
2398:SVFlux
2388:SEEP2D
2240:Forces
2093:Trench
2041:Gabion
1851:Gravel
1491:Static
1298:
1221:
1190:
1133:
1100:
1034:
993:
985:
938:
911:
818:
756:
715:
690:
431:piston
350:tralle
248:Scales
240:, and
228:, and
216:Ranges
204:, and
160:
2393:STABL
1866:Loess
1829:Types
590:clays
586:silts
262:brine
242:acids
234:brine
196:(the
2218:Deep
1861:Loam
1856:Peat
1846:Sand
1841:Silt
1836:Clay
1821:Soil
1523:Well
1296:ISBN
1251:2010
1219:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1032:ISSN
983:ISBN
936:ISBN
909:ISBN
816:ISBN
754:ISBN
713:ISBN
688:ISBN
588:and
483:acid
403:and
348:and
292:Brix
258:NASA
238:milk
156:350–
150:(b.
87:lead
81:, a
66:and
2103:Cut
1412:and
1024:doi
975:doi
783:hdl
200:),
89:or
54:of
46:or
2510::
2362:*
1341:.
1277:.
1241:.
1052:.
1030:.
1020:13
1018:.
1014:.
981:.
967:.
903:.
844:.
810:.
777:.
744:;
727:^
513:A
497:.
485:.
256:A
236:,
224:,
153:c.
105:.
74:.
42:A
1966:)
1962:(
1425:)
1384:e
1377:t
1370:v
1253:.
1227:.
1202:.
1169:.
1145:.
1112:.
1062:.
1038:.
1026::
991:.
977::
950:.
917:.
854:.
830:.
789:.
785::
762:.
721:.
696:.
384:.
38:.
36:A
32:B
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
