Icarians - Knowledge (XXG)

2167:, Missouri. These Cabetists used Cabet's money and put down $ 500 on a $ 25,000 mortgage for thirty-nine acres and three buildings southwest of this city. Adjusting to a new area and new locals was difficult, but the Icarians adopted a constitution, a replica of the Nauvoo one, worked in the city, and enrolled their children into the local public schools. The colony quickly fell into various arguments. During the Civil War, many young men joined the Union cause. By 1864, only about twenty residents remained on the property. For the rest of the people, epidemics of dysentery and cholera occurred in the warmer months. Because the Icarians could not meet the mortgage payments, in March 1864, Arsène Sauva returned the keys to the property to St. Louis banker Thomas Allen (from whom the property had been purchased in 1858), leaving a large debt. That same year, most members left the community, and the Cheltenham Icaria was no longer extant. 1948:

integrated communal life not possible. Moreover, instead of the promised 1 million acres, actual contractual terms of the land distribution provided for the distribution of 320 acres of land to 3,125 individuals or families who each had to construct a log cabin and occupy their allotment by the deadline date of July 1, 1848. With only 69 hands available for the construction, there was little hope for construction of more than about 30 cabins by the deadline. The promised 1 million acres was thereby transformed into perhaps 10,000. By 1849, only 281 Icarians stayed loyal to Cabet and remained to rebuild, whereas the rest went back to France.

2214:, who was travelling the United States doing investigative research on such communities in preparation for writing a book. At that time Nordhoff found a two-story building, 60 feet by 24, which served as a collective dining hall, washhouse, and school About a dozen cheaply built frame houses sheltered the colonists, who at the time included about 65 members in 11 families. Most of those in the community were of French ethnicity, and French was the language spoken by the colonists, although among their number were included "one American, one Swiss, a Swede, a Spaniard, and two Germans." 1885:, with Cabet claiming the existence of 50,000 adherents of his ideas by the end of 1843. These supporters began to see Cabet as a political messiah and sought to implement the leader's ideas in a practical setting. It was gradually decided in this period that France did not present a favorable economic, political, or social environment for the implementation of the Icarian ideas; instead, the United States of America was chosen as a more fitting site for colonization – a nation with vast expanses of relatively inexpensive land and a democratic political tradition. 2227:

brotherhood of mankind, and the duty of holding all things in common; abolishes servitude or service (or servants); commands marriage, under penalties; provides for education; and requires that the majority shall rule." Governance was based upon weekly meetings of all adults each Saturday, with a President elected annually as formal head of the colony but officers for the conduct of meetings elected each week. In addition to the President there were four elected directors, in charge of agriculture, clothing, industry, and construction, respectively.

2179: 1732:. He also remained active in politics and was elected as a deputy to the lower chamber of the National Assembly in 1834. Cabet emerged as a fierce opponent of the new conservative regime and a potential revolutionary leader, drawing the attention of the regime and its repressive mechanism. In an effort to eliminate the dangerous democratic agitator, Cabet was given the choice of two years' imprisonment or five years in foreign exile. He decided upon the latter punishment and immediately went into exile in England. 2112:

rules, including the prohibition of talking in workshops, banning the use of tobacco and alcohol, and other regulations which were unpopular with some members of the community. He also moved to reestablish his own personal decision-making authority over the entire community, proposing in December 1855 to revise the constitution to provide for a powerful president elected to a four-year term. This president, under Cabet's new scheme, would have the ability to control all aspects of the community's government.

2515:"All for Each; Each for All", "To Each According to Their Needs", and "First Right is to Live; First Duty is to Work". They raised the American flag and played the "Star Spangled Banner" and "America". They travelled into Corning to watch the Fourth of July parade, but they remained apart from the anglophone Americans. At the end of the day, they returned to Icaria (three miles east) for a banquet, dance, and theatrical presentation. Icarians also celebrated Christmas, New Year's Day, and the 2116: 55: 2093: 2420: 2104:

German, and an office was established in Paris to recruit adherents for the American colony. The Nauvoo cultural life thrived. The Icarians held regular band concerts and theatre productions. Their library consisted of an extensive collection, ranging from reference works to applied science to popular novels, all in English and French, and totaling over 4,000 volumes. By 1855 there would be more than 500 participants in the Icarian project.

1518: 2235: 1971:). The small group arrived June 2, 1848, and immediately began a frenzied effort to construct dwellings in order to stake their land claims, attempting at the same time to plow and farm the prairie. Virtually no time remained to meet the terms of the land concession. The hot summer sun began to bake the ground. Poorly fed, poorly housed, overworked and exhausted, the Icarian colonists next fell victim to an outbreaks of 1646: 1767: 2089:

community "without developing special affection for parents" from a young age, theoretically instrumental to the smooth working of a Utopian society. Sundays were not what would be a typical religious Sunday. The Icarians practiced no religion, but there were days people voluntarily gathered in a fellowship called "Cours icarien" to discuss Cabet's writings and Christian morals and ethics.

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individual status as supreme decision-maker stood in marked contradiction to the democratic ideals of the community, however. Cabet himself realized as much and in 1850 he proposed a constitution which provided for an elected president and board of directors, which would supplant the absolute, personal authority of the unitary leader. This system functioned effectively for a time.

2085:. The structure included an annually elected president and one officer each to administer finance, farming, industry, and education. New members were admitted by a majority approval vote by the adult males, after living in the commune for four months, forfeiting all personal property, and pledging $ 80. Nonetheless, visitors were welcome to stay as long as they wished in a hotel. 2034: 1506: 1920: 2288: 2491:) was often read from and formed the dominant influence on religious thought, though it was not intended as a specific instruction on religious observances. In the Iowa colony, the Icarians adopted the practice of an informal religious gathering known as the "Cours Icariens" ("Icarian Course") on Sunday afternoons. In addition to reading from 1741:

cruel, idle, arrogant, usurping exclusive enjoyment of the products of a majority, passive, toiling, ignorant, who remained wholly destitute. ... To change all this, to find the means of preventing one portion of humanity from being eternally the prey of the other — such was his desire, the goal of all his efforts.

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present to a glorious future. Multiple editions of the book followed in quick succession and with public interest awakened Cabet quickly made the transition from author to builder of a practical movement to advance the communal ideas which he had expounded. In March 1841 Cabet launched a monthly magazine,

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After all purchases and repairs were done, the Nauvoo Icarian village consisted of a dwelling of individual apartments, two schools (one for girls and the other for boys), two infirmaries, a pharmacy, a large community kitchen with dining hall, a bakery, a butchery, and a room for laundry facilities.

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in 1853. In 1860, when the Nauvoo colony went bankrupt, many members of the community moved to the new site in Iowa. The settlers arrived with nothing but their skills along with $ 20,000 of debt. Their land was that of 4,000 acres (16 km) where they first found shelter in mud hovels and then in

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Political disagreements and personal animosities would lead to the second major split of the Icarians in America. Étienne Cabet began in America in 1849 with the authority of the sect's unquestioned leader, status which was freely granted to him by those inspired to action by the man's writings. This

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With the basic need of shelter immediately settled, a short period of energetic growth and relative prosperity followed. Farmland was rented, a saw mill and flour mill opened, workshops established, and schools and a theater founded. A periodical press was launched, publishing in French, English, and

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had long been in full swing and King Louis Philippe overthrown. The necessity of emigration to achieve democratic reforms seemed less compelling and the volunteers for Icarian colonization in America melted away. Some 1500 settlers were planned for the next wave of settlers; only 19 made the trip, of

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In 1820 Cabet moved to Paris, the political center of the French nation. There he continued to participate in secret revolutionary societies, at considerable personal risk. It ultimately took a decade for this underground political effort to bear fruit when in July 1830 revolution erupted seeking the

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Nordhoff noted that the community had no formal religious observances. Instead, "Sunday is a day of rest from labor, when the young men go out with guns, and the society sometimes has theatrical representations, or music, or some kind of amusement. The principle is to let each one do as he pleases."

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The children look remarkably healthy, and on Sunday were dressed with great taste. The living is still of the plainest. In the common dining-hall they assemble in groups at the tables, which were without a cloth, and they drink out of tin cups, and pour their water from tin cans. 'It is very plain,'

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In 1852, a lawsuit was filed in Paris against Cabet by a number of dissident former Icarians, who claimed their property was obtained by him by means of fraud. Cabet returned to France for 18 months to fight these charges. When he returned to America, he began to push through a series of restrictive

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The Icarian colonists found themselves contractually forced to settle non-contiguous 320 acre half sections of land (dark squares), with 320 acre half sections retained by the land development company, and alternating 640 acre tracts retained by the state of Texas. (It proved impossible to homestead

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Cabet serialized a rough English translation in Icarian periodicals of the 1850s. Academic specialist Robert P. Sutton, professor of history at Western Illinois University, made a translation into English that has been deposited with the Library of Congress, although it remains unpublished. In 2003,

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Studying, pondering the history of all ages and countries, he at length arrived at the conclusion that mere political reforms are powerless to give to society the ... welfare which it obstinately seeks. ... He found at all epochs the same phenomena: society sundered in twain; on one side a minority,

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for its conservatism and half-measures with respect to constitutional rule and the democratic rights of the people. This brought about Cabet's prompt removal from office by the new regime in Paris, at whose pleasure Cabet served. Following his dismissal as Corsican Attorney-General, Cabet turned his

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The most important holidays were February 3, the anniversary of the First Departure of Icarians from France, and July 4, the summer festival. On July 4, the refectory was decorated with garlands and boughs; cardboard signs declared "Equality", "Freedom", and "Unity", and banners had quotations like

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One legacy still continues in Nauvoo. Emile and Annette Baxter joined the Icarian community in 1855, staying with it through the 1857 breakup. They remained in Nauvoo and founded Baxter's Vineyards and Winery. It has been operated by several generations of the family and is Illinois' oldest winery.

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for America in an attempt to shore up the project. After landing in New York, he shipped out again for New Orleans, disembarking there on January 19, 1849. Cabet found his supporters in disarray, "in the deplorable spirit of a defeated army," to borrow words from an official history by the group. A

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carried a lengthy article entitled "Allons en Icarie" (Let Us Go to Icaria), detailing the proposal to establish an American colony based upon the Icarian political and economic ideals and calling for those committed to building an artisanal and agrarian community to volunteer. The wheels were thus

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has argued that the posting of Cabet to Corsica was a calculated "shrewd move on the part of the government" to remove a prominent radical critic from the political hothouse of Paris "under the guise of a reward for his services during the revolution." Be that as it may, despite his employment as a

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A charter created by the Society in 1853 specified that residents of the Nauvoo colony were required to donate all their worldly goods to the community, which had to include a minimum of $ 60. Those who passed a probationary period of four months would be allowed to move to the permanent colony in

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Nordhoff noted that the Iowa colony sold to the market about 2,500 pounds of wool annually, as well as cattle and hogs and the product of its manufacturing facilities. The group continued to operate under an elaborate constitution written by Cabet, "which lays down with great care the equality and

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The Icarians who had left Nauvoo owing to their support of personal leadership of Cabet and his restrictive behavioral agenda arrived in St. Louis on November 6, 1856. In an ironic twist of fate, the leader for whom they had executed the split of Icaria in Nauvoo, Étienne Cabet, died just two days

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Shattered by the loss of about 40% of its members and no longer able to raise financial support in France, the Nauvoo colony of the majority faction ultimately encountered insurmountable financial difficulties and was forced to disband in 1860. Many of the participants of the defunct Nauvoo colony

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The grim reality of their situation now clear, the Texas colonization venture was written off as a total loss by the participants and the survivors divided into small groups to make their way back to Shreveport and from there to New Orleans. Four more died en route. Finally arriving in New Orleans

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to a resting place halfway to the final destination. The first group of 25 men departed on April 8, followed in a second wagon by 14 others shortly thereafter. Both wagons broke down en route and the 39 Icarians were forced to proceed in small groups, packing what they could on their backs. It was

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Cabet believed that at least 10,000 or 20,000 working men would immediately enlist in the American colonization scheme, with the number soon swelling to a million skilled workers and artisans. Towns and huge cities bursting with industry would shortly follow, with accompanying schools and cultural

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Although regarded today as a "plodding melodrama" in which the reader was inundated with "tedious details of incidental aspects of Icarian life," Cabet's book was well received by readers of his day, with the principles it outlined viewed by many as a blueprint for advancement from a disappointing

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This position by Cabet was anathema to a majority of the Icarian cooperators, who were deeply inspired and influenced by the history and traditions of the Great French Revolution and its democratic ideals. Cabet's position was deeply held by him as essential to the preservation of the community's

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They were quick to discover that they had been deceived and that the actual lands designated for colonization were fully 25 miles away from the Red River; moreover, colony lands were not contiguous, but rather were separated into a checkerboard fashion, alternating state and private lands, making

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On January 21 the colonists held a general meeting to decide their fate. Cabet declared that if a majority sought to return home to France, he would support the decision — although with all the costs absorbed in the previous year such a move would have meant financial disaster for all. A small

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Cabet gave himself the task of choosing a precise location for colonization. Cabet turned to his friend Robert Owen for advice, traveling to London in September 1847 to consult with his British co-thinker. Owen recommended colonization in the new American state of Texas, a location reckoned to

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Every family used the same amount of space (two rooms in an apartment building), and were allowed the same amount of furniture. After the age of four, children lived apart from their parents at a boarding school, and visited families only on Sundays. This was intended to foster a love for the

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The first part of the book contains a glowing account of the blessings of the cooperative system of industry of the Icarians, their varied occupations and accomplishments, comfortable mode of life, admirable system of education, high morality, political freedom, equality of sexes, and general

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Culture in Icaria was the second highest priority, second only to education. The community held several concerts and theatrical productions for the entertainment of its members, performing works such as "The Salamander", "Death to the Rats", "Six Heads in a Hat", or "Fisherman's Daughter".

2371:, the community gained remaining members of Young Icaria and became Icaria-Speranza. At its height, the settlement had an estimated population of 55 individuals. This settlement disbanded in 1886. Today there is an historical marker just south of town marking where their schoolhouse was. 2267:

In 1898, this last community of Icarians disbanded voluntarily; the members chose to integrate into the surrounding towns. Its 46 years in existence made the Corning Icarian community the longest-lived non-religious communal living experiment in American history until the 21st century.

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happiness. The second part contains a history of Icaria. It appears that the social order of the country had been similar to that prevailing in the rest of the world, until 1782, when the great national hero, Icar, after a successful revolution, established the system of communism.

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During his five years of English exile, Cabet dedicated himself to philosophical and economic study, carefully considering the relationship between political structures and economic welfare throughout history. Cabet's findings were later summarized thus by one of his acolytes:

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Lord Carisdall, a young English nobleman, has by chance learned of the existence of a remote and isolated country known as Icaria. The unusual mode of life, habits, and form of government of the Icarians excite his lordship's curiosity, and he decides to visit their country.

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facilities assuring the good life for a happy and fulfilled community. Announcement of the plan was met with enthusiasm, and offers of participation along with gifts of money, seeds, farm implements, clothing, books, and other valuable and useful items began to flow in.

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majority of 280 decided to continue with the colonization project if a more suitable locale was found; 200 sought to return. A formal split of the Icarians along these lines immediately followed, the first of three great factional rifts which would split the movement.

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possess vast tracts of unoccupied land which would be as inexpensive as it was plentiful. Cabet made contact with a Texas land agent, The Peters Company, which agreed to present to Owen title for 1 million acres of land so long as it was colonized by July 1, 1848.

1849:... The last part of the book is devoted to the history of development of the idea of communism, and contains a summary of the views of almost all known writers on the subject, from Plato down to the famous utopians of the early part of the 19th Century. 2057:

in 1844, by 1845 Nauvoo had grown to a community of about 15,000 people – dwarfing the city of Chicago, which had only about 8,000 inhabitants at that time. Under threat of continuing violence from the surrounding communities and following a

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and returned constitutional government to France. Cabet played a leading role in the revolution as a leading member of the so-called "Insurrection Committee," activity for which he was recognized with appointment as Attorney-General for

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The Icarians lived in communal dwellings of dormitories that shared central living and dining areas. All families lived in two equal rooms in an apartment building and had the same kind of furniture. Children were raised in a communal

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At eighteen years of age, the Icarians were instructed on world religions. Marriage in the community was highly encouraged, almost insisted upon. Divorce was allowed; however, members were encouraged to remarry as soon as possible.

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Cabet turned to the idea of reorganization of society on a communal basis — known as "Communism" in the terminology of the day. His ideas for the modification of society closely paralleled those of a man he met in English exile,

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To earn money, the Icarians established commerce with the outside world by a small store outside St. Louis. Here they sold their handmade shoes, boots and dresses, and also sold items made by the mills and distillery.

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A historical exhibit about the Icarians can be found in the lobby of the Adams County hall in Corning, and a living history site is being rebuilt on the location of the site where the Icarians lived until 1898.

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This recital gives Cabet the opportunity for a scathing criticism of the faults of the present social structure, and also to outline his favorite measures for the transition from that system to the new regime.

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When the Icarians first arrived at Nauvoo on March 15, 1849, they purchased a number of buildings, grounds, houses, cattle and the burned-out Mormon Temple which they intended to use as an academy or school.

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All work was divided by sex. Men worked as tailors, masons, wheelwrights, shoemakers, mechanics, blacksmiths, carpenters, tanners, and butchers. Women worked as cooks, seamstresses, washerwomen and ironers.

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Men and women were given equal participation opportunities in weekly community assemblies, voting on admissions, constitutional changes, and the election of the officer in charge of clothing and lodging.

198: 193: 5175: 5050: 5045: 1793:(Voyage and Adventures of Lord William Carisdall in Icaria), published in a special edition for friends in 1839, and a general public edition in 1840. A new edition in 1842 shortened the title to 5099: 244: 1979:, illnesses which killed four and sickened the rest. Making a bad situation still worse, the one medical doctor in the company broke down into a state of insanity and deserted his fellows. 2135:) and the Cabetists, finally resolving itself in a formal split. The Cabetists were expelled, and Cabet led about 170 of his followers out of Nauvoo in October 1856, heading downriver to 5212: 4899: 42: 1610:. In an attempt to put his economic and social theories into practice, Cabet led his followers to the United States of America in 1848, where the Icarians established a series of 5257: 1144: 4889: 1963:

Only 27 intrepid French settlers were able to make the final leg of the trip from the farm designated as a resting place to their new Texan utopia, a site located in today's

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In 1839, his five years' exile in England complete, Cabet returned to France. He soon began writing a book to expound his economic and social ideas. Following the example of

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Snider, Felicie Cottet; Graves, William H; Vaughn, T.; Morrison, A. B. (1914). "A Short Sketch of the Life of Jules Leon Cottet, a Former Member of the Icarian Community".

5040: 2367:. The group bought the 885-acre Bluxome ranch on the Russian River, which included vineyards, orchards, and arable land. Originally named Speranza, after Leroux's review 1999:

portion of the prospective colonists sought to abandon the project and to return to France; others sought to continue the colonization project in a more suitable locale.

6121: 2010:. Once back in France, many of the former Icarian colonists initiated legal proceedings against Cabet for fraud – charges which he was ultimately forced home to answer. 2170:

In 1872, the buildings went into a state of disrepair, and in 1875, a fire destroyed the buildings on this property, removing the last evidence of the Icarian colony.

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late in 1848, the Texas pioneers were met by several hundred colonization enthusiasts from France, who had been slowly congregating in that city. Their mood was grim.

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Because long-term celibacy was viewed askance by the community, marriage was the norm. Divorce was acceptable under the assumption individuals would remarry soon.

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French Icarian colony being rebuilt as a living history site near Corning, Iowa. Seen are replicas of the great hall and the community's 1860 schoolhouse.

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Quest for Utopia: the Icarians of Adams County: with colonies in Denton County, Texas, Nauvoo, Illinois, Cheltenham, Missouri, and Cloverdale, California

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degree in 1812. Cabet was not inclined towards jurisprudence, however, preferring the rough and tumble of politics and journalism. Following the fall of

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Adaptation of the Icarians to America : proceedings of the 1987 Cours Icarien Symposium, Corning, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska, July 18 & 19, 1987

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These works are solely by Étienne Cabet except where noted. They are in order by publication year then by title, with translations noted accordingly.

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In Nauvoo, there was a library of over 4,000 books, the biggest in Illinois at the time. The community also distributed a biweekly newspaper titled

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moved to a new site on the same property about one mile southeast. The move was done by moving eight frame houses from the original colony. The

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The Icarians believed in a higher power and had a ten-section principle that briefly stated what they thought was needed in a perfect society.

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community was no longer viable and was forced to disband due to bankruptcy in 1878. The new community established a new constitution in 1879.

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Nauvoo would become the first permanent Icarian Community, the Icarians immediately adopting the charter and structure described in Cabet's

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Immigration of the Icarians to Illinois : proceedings of the Icarian weekend in Nauvoo, Nauvoo, Illinois, July 19 & 20, 1986

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allowed not only the exposition of his ideal form of administration but an opportunity for cloaked criticism of the existing regime.

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France and North America, utopias and utopians : proceedings of the Third Symposium of French-American Studies, March 4-8, 1974

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in the states of Texas, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and California. The movement split several times due to factional disagreements.

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Assimilation of Icarians into American life : proceedings of the 1988 Cours Icarien symposium, Nauvoo, Illinois, July 9, 1988

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Soon thereafter, a steam-powered flour mill, a distillery, pigsty and sawmill were added. A local coal mine was worked for fuel.

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The Mississippi River town of Nauvoo, Illinois as it appeared circa 1855, during the time of its occupation by Icarian colonists.

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Icaria-Speranza : final utopian experiment of Icarians in America : proceedings of the 1989 Cours Icarien Symposium

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and to make their way from there to the designated area in Texas, which was represented as being in close proximity to the

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purports to be a journal in which our traveler records his remarkable experiences and discoveries in the strange country.

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Louis Philippe I, the moderate conservative Orléanist king who replaced the extreme conservative Charles X following the

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not until April 21 that they arrived at their resting place, still more than a hundred difficult miles from their goal.

1629: 1277: 1209: 1199: 1099: 986: 125: 2398:, not just by their own parents. Tasks were divided among the group; one might be a seamstress and never need to cook. 6042: 5408: 5363: 5312: 5207: 4055:. Symposium of French-American Studies. Lafayette, LA: Center for Louisiana Studies, Univ. of Southwestern Louisiana. 1460: 1292: 1259: 1214: 1094: 1006: 886: 6116: 5428: 5026: 4224: 2256:" were in favor. By a vote of 31–17, the community electors voted against the franchise for women. After that, the 1541: 1282: 1234: 1169: 1016: 174: 3729:

Icarian Community (1880). "Brief history of Icaria: constitution, laws and regulations of the Icarian community".

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whom barely more than half ever made it to Texas to join the beleaguered "advance guard" in their Sisyphean task.

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A new colony of "Icaria Speranza" was established by Jules Leroux (brother of French socialist philosopher

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set in motion for the formation of what was intended to be a prosperous and enviable collective entity.

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Johnson, Christopher H. (1971). "Communism and the Working Class before Marx: The Icarian Experience".

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Bush, Robert D. (December 1977). "Communism, Community and Charisma: The Crisis in Icaria at Nauvoo".

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Humanistic values of the Icarian movement: proceedings of the Symposium on the "Revelance [

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Sutton, Robert P. (Spring 1986). "Utopian Fraternity: Ideal and Reality in Icarian Recreation".

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A photographic history of Icaria-Speranza: a French utopian experiment at Cloverdale, California

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News of the Texas catastrophe reached Cabet in France and on December 13, 1848, he set out from

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Contemporary scholar Robert P. Sutton records this amount as 86,000 francs, or about $ 3,000 (

2705: 2697: 2685: 2664: 2648: 2631: 2615: 2597: 2577: 2567: 2551: 2427:

community listing those who died here from 1878 to 1898; erected by the state of Iowa in 1992.

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moral fiber, however, and in his position he was staunchly supported by "a strong minority."

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An amount of money was pared from the treasury to send the 200 disaffected Icarians home to

1669: 1657: 1607: 1567: 1510: 1475: 1435: 1317: 1312: 956: 843: 733: 648: 538: 468: 463: 398: 358: 145: 106: 95: 3758: 1955:. A wagon was obtained and loaded it with provisions for a difficult overland trek via the 6080: 5992: 5940: 5818: 5658: 5598: 5578: 5528: 5513: 5488: 5062: 4960: 2614:(in French). Poitiers: Service Commun de Documentation de l'Université de Poitiers. 1854. 2234: 1826: 1719: 1699: 1650: 1625: 1400: 1342: 693: 608: 593: 503: 488: 483: 403: 373: 368: 353: 343: 210: 113: 4801:. Macomb, IL, US: University Libraries, Western Illinois University. 2010. Archived from 2207:

by selling food at good prices, and they were able to pay their collective debt by 1870.

1870: 2163:

On February 15, 1858, a group of 151 Icarians took possession of a few hundred acres in

5919: 5798: 5773: 5728: 5708: 5643: 5593: 5563: 5558: 5498: 5277: 5123: 4701: 4343: 3968: 3694: 2071: 1712: 1665: 1322: 966: 768: 743: 698: 673: 578: 458: 448: 348: 328: 267: 3789: 1766: 6100: 5957: 5848: 5828: 5813: 5793: 5778: 5758: 5753: 5683: 5668: 5633: 5583: 5568: 4779: 4635: 4606: 4583: 4251: 4180:

Garno, Diana M (1995). "Gender Dilemmas: 'Equality' and 'Rights' for Icarian Women".

3799: 2696:(2). Translated by Teakle, Thomas. Iowa City: The State Historical Society: 214–286. 2547: 2360: 2200: 2196: 2067: 1702:

in a matter of a few frenzied days forced the abdication of the conservative monarch

1684: 1621: 1365: 853: 828: 823: 803: 798: 778: 763: 748: 738: 653: 633: 603: 568: 563: 528: 518: 493: 453: 393: 5877: 5768: 5733: 5648: 5638: 5628: 5603: 5548: 5538: 5518: 5473: 3760:

The communistic societies of the United States: from personal visit and observation

3604: 3596: 2046: 1287: 818: 758: 703: 613: 583: 573: 558: 543: 513: 428: 418: 383: 323: 2222:

said one to me; 'but we are independent — no man's servants — and we are content.'

2013:

The majority, consisting of about 280 people, joined Cabet in setting out for the

1724: 4867: 2591: 2363:) and Armand Dehay, who in 1881 moved from Jeune Icarie to an area just south of 2292:

California Registered Historical Landmark No. 981: Icaria-Speranza Utopian Colony

1774:

The symmetrical layout includes a group of slogans summing up Cabet's philosophy.

5853: 5838: 5833: 5808: 5788: 5783: 5723: 5703: 5663: 5553: 5483: 5072: 4425:Étienne Cabet and the Voyage en Icarie: a study in the history of social thought 1937: 1779: 1747: 1611: 863: 858: 838: 833: 813: 808: 793: 788: 783: 708: 663: 658: 628: 598: 443: 338: 220: 5898: 5678: 5117: 4928: 4771: 4747: 4626: 4574: 4520: 4316: 4271: 4209: 4155: 4105:

Blick, Boris; Grant, H. Roger (October 1973). "French Icarians in St. Louis".

4097: 3958: 3881: 3772: 3721: 2566:. Translated by Roberts, Leslie J. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 2003. 2555: 2287: 1952: 1865:

So-called "Icarianism" attracted numerous supporters in such French cities as

1680: 1485: 1307: 623: 408: 261: 79: 4755: 4691: 4683: 4645: 4597: 4558: 4504: 4483: 4467: 4300: 4242: 4193: 4172: 4147: 4126: 4118: 4081: 4060: 4025: 3927: 3865: 3824: 3746: 3702: 3649: 2701: 2619: 2601: 2190:

to form a new permanent settlement, and Icarians began settling southwest of

1928:

On February 3, 1848 a so-called "advance guard" of 69 Icarians departed from

1606:

movement, established by the followers of politician, journalist, and author

22:

The Icarian movement was inspired by an 1840 utopian novel by Étienne Cabet,

6062: 5962: 5843: 5718: 5623: 5082: 5013: 4662: 4537: 4415: 4381: 4333: 3989: 3898: 3685: 2709: 2652: 2635: 2628:

Colonie ou république Icarienne dans les Etats-Unis d'Amérique: son histoire

2581: 2136: 2033: 1995: 1691:

fundamental change of the conservative regime which had gained power in the

1677: 1480: 1370: 688: 643: 553: 438: 388: 230: 162: 89: 4722: 4442: 4398: 4364: 1919: 1862:

to help propagandize and organize the new political movement's supporters.

4810: 3852:

Roberts, Leslie J (1991). "Etienne Cabet and his Voyage en Icarie, 1840".

3844: 2672: 2668: 18: 5688: 5613: 5134: 4734:

Wiegenstein, Steve (August 1, 2006). "The Icarians and Their Neighbors".

3840: 2676: 2495:

and other books, these gatherings included quiet games and conversation.

2395: 2127:

The factional battle continued for a year between the Dissidents (led by

2007: 1929: 1878: 1783: 1723:

government functionary in Corsica, Cabet moved into criticism of the new

1347: 638: 533: 278: 4763: 4566: 4512: 4475: 4201: 4089: 3873: 3738: 2661:

Opinion icarienne sur le mariage: organisation icarienne, naturalisation

1812: 1683:, participating in political groups which espoused a constitutional and 1664:, France in 1788 to a middle-class family of artisans. Cabet attended a 1505: 6027: 4726: 4308: 2078:. The Latter-day Saints later sold their land to the Icarians in 1849. 1976: 1972: 1708: 1440: 4829: 2447:

The religion of choice should have an understanding of the following:

2248:

In the 1870s, the Icarian colony near Corning had another split. The "

4374:

Soldiers of humanity: a history and census of the Icarian communities

4326:

Etienne Cabet and the Icarian communist movement in France, 1839-1848

3558: 2796: 2210:

In the spring of 1874 the Icarian colony near Corning was visited by

1968: 1882: 1874: 1450: 4653:

Sutton, Robert P.; National Icarian Heritage Society, eds. (1993) .

4545:

Snyder, Lillian (Autumn 1983). "Family life in the Icarian colony".

4345:

Utopian communism in France : Cabet and the Icarians, 1839-1851

4292: 4223:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 3382: 4608:

The search for brotherhood, peace, and justice: the story of Icaria

1668:

secondary school and continued his education, ultimately earning a

2418: 2233: 2177: 2091: 2032: 1932:, France for a new life in Texas, leaving aboard the sailing ship 1918: 1866: 1765: 1676:

in 1815, Cabet became active in the struggle against conservative

1661: 1644: 17: 4253:

Heavens on earth : utopian communities in America, 1680-1880

3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3937:"Chapter 2: Etienne Cabet and the Icarians at Nauvoo, 1849–1860" 2156:

later. The new leader became a thirty-two-year-old lawyer named

4871: 4287:(3). Washington, DC: American Historical Association: 642–689. 3522: 2558:– via Bibliothèque virtuelle de l’Université de Poitiers. 4853:

Manuscript Collection Descriptions, Harold B. Lee Library, BYU

3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3130: 3128: 4391:

Nauvoo, Illinois, since the exodus of the Mormons, 1846-1973

3805:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3508: 1620:

The last community of Icarians, located a few miles outside

1588: 1585: 1579: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3262: 3260: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3145: 3143: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2252:" were against allowing women the right to vote, but the " 1944:. The advance guard arrived in America on March 27, 1848. 3788:. Sacramento, CA, US: State of California. Archived from 3657: 2980: 2914: 2912: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2025:, where the Icarian experiment finally began in earnest. 1570: 5213:

Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism

4532:. Sunnyvale, CA, US: National Icarian Heritage Society. 4452:"Nauvoo, Illinois, under Mormon and Icarian Occupations" 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 2519:, a fall harvest corn festival similar to Thanksgiving. 1728:

hand to writing, authoring a four-volume history of the

5176:

2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States

4742:(3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 289–295. 4068:

Barnes, Sherman B (June 1941). "An Icarian in Nauvoo".

3889:

Ross, D. W.; National Icarian Heritage Society (1989).

3247: 3245: 3243: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 1791:

Voyage et aventures de Lord William Carisdall en Icarie

3941:

Utopian communities of Illinois: heaven on the prairie

3835:, Flint, TX: National Icarian Heritage Society, 1994, 3631:

Ten Years That Shook the City: San Francisco 1968-1978

2195:

crudely built log cabins. The colony near what became

4657:. Nauvoo, IL, US: National Icarian Heritage Society. 4376:. Nauvoo, IL, US: National Icarian Heritage Society. 3970:

Les Icariens: the utopian dream in Europe and America

3848:

The magazine of the National Icarian Heritage Society

1594: 1591: 1576: 4410:. Navoo, IL, US: National Icarian Heritage Society. 4113:. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Historical Society: 3–28. 2596:(in French). Paris: au bureau du "Populaire". 1846. 2041:

Nauvoo was founded in 1839 for the gathering of the

1582: 5950: 5862: 5466: 5341: 5195: 5188: 5148: 5098: 5012: 4959: 4914: 4907: 2846: 2844: 2686:"History and constitution of the Icarian Community" 2611:

Ce que je ferais si j'avais cinq cent mille dollars

2336: 2328: 2320: 2311: 2297: 2280: 1573: 4811:"Lillian Snyder Icarian Living History Foundation" 4707:. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society. 4700: 4634:Snyder, Lillian M; Sutton, Robert P, eds. (1987). 4342: 3967: 3711: 2647:. Nauvoo, IL, US: Icarian Printing Establishment. 3943:. Charleston, SC: History Press. pp. 57–66. 3559:Ross & National Icarian Heritage Society 1989 3335: 3222: 2751: 2548:"Voyage en Icarie: roman philosophique et social" 1687:form of government under monarchical leadership. 4547:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 4493:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 4456:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 4070:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 2763:Secular communes that have surpassed it include 2143:would join the parallel Icarian colony in Iowa. 1770:Title page of the 1848 Fifth Edition of Cabet's 4736:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 4589:] of the Icarian Movement to Today's world" 3634:. San Francisco: City Lights Foundation Books. 3496: 2076:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1924:even these lands by the July 1, 1848 deadline.) 1831: 1738: 4393:(PhD). St. Louis, MO: Saint Louis University. 4220:American communities and co-operative colonies 3733:. Corning, IA: Office of Publication, Icaria. 2199:was granted a charter of incorporation by the 4883: 3909:Icaria: a chapter in the history of communism 2604:– via Bibliothèque nationale de France. 2119:Temple Block map, Nauvoo Icarians (1849-1856) 2096:Historic Nauvoo marker near the Nauvoo Temple 1542: 8: 6003:Individualist anarchism in the United States 3763:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 3697:. New York; London: Funk & Wagnalls Co. 3628:Carlsson, Chris; Elliott, Lisa Ruth (2011). 2241:, Icarian Community journal, that succeeded 2203:in 1860. The community prospered during the 2139:to establish a new colony in that vicinity. 4026:"What is America's French Icarian Village?" 3695:"History of socialism in the United States" 3358: 3308: 3285: 3134: 2043:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 5333:World Socialist Party of the United States 5192: 4911: 4890: 4876: 4868: 4795:"Baxter-Snyder Center for Icarian Studies" 4703:An Icarian communist in Nauvoo: commentary 4406:National Icarian Heritage Society (1995). 4167:(PhD). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa. 4107:The Bulletin - Missouri Historical Society 2771:, which have both existed for 56–57 years. 2643:Icarian Community; Cabet, Étienne (1854). 2593:Le Vrai Christianisme Suivant Jesus-Christ 2286: 2277: 1549: 1535: 1047:World Socialist Party of the United States 29: 5379:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 5032:Communist Party USA and African Americans 4349:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. 2798:What is America’s French Icarian Village? 2630:(in French). Paris: Chez l'auteur. 1855. 1115:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 180:Communist Party USA and African Americans 6122:Utopian communities in the United States 5130:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 3974:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 3780:Office of Historic Preservation (2019). 3589:"Louisa Commune Flourishes for 43 Years" 3546: 3460: 3448: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3266: 3203: 3149: 3119: 3102: 3090: 3073: 3033: 2992: 2918: 2835: 2114: 1951:The party could only proceed by boat to 4423:Piotrowski, Sylvester Anthony (1975) . 3054: 3004: 2968: 2816: 2784: 2735: 1333:A People's History of the United States 41: 3797:Pitzer, Donald; Boyer, Paul S (1997). 3370: 3251: 3234: 3182: 3161: 3016: 2743: 2423:Plaque at the Icarian cemetery at the 1825:A basic plot outline was published by 1145:International Workingmen's Association 917:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5258:New Students for a Democratic Society 4592:(1st ed.). The Country Printer. 4018: 3615:from the original on October 14, 2013 3484: 2550:(in French). Paris: J. Mallet. 1842. 2335: 2327: 2319: 2310: 1936:These were to proceed to the port of 7: 5243:International Socialist Organization 4611:. Deep River, IA: Brennan Printing. 3716:. New York: Norton. pp. 58–77. 3570: 3534: 3523:Office of Historic Preservation 2019 3472: 3384:Baxter's Vineyards & Winery 2013 2930: 2903: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2690:Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2186:In 1852, Icarians purchased land in 2074:, Utah, the current headquarters of 1140:International Socialist Organization 5228:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 1789:The result of Cabet's writing was 907:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 5449:Workers Party of the United States 5419:Social Democratic Party of America 5283:Revolutionary Communist Party, USA 5263:Party for Socialism and Liberation 4640:. Macomb, IL, US: Yeast Printing. 4427:. Westport, Conn: Hyperion Press. 3658:"French Icarian Colony Foundation" 2663:(in French). Paris: Auteur. 1855. 1641:Cabet as radical French politician 1255:Workers Party of the United States 1225:Social Democratic Party of America 972:Revolutionary Communist Party, USA 947:Party for Socialism and Liberation 14: 5434:Students for a Democratic Society 4672:Western Illinois Regional Studies 3680:. Corning, IA: Gauthier Pub. Co. 1240:Students for a Democratic Society 1075:American Union of Associationists 1059:Inactive or defunct organizations 5424:Socialist Labor Party of America 5389:Maoist Internationalist Movement 5223:Democratic Socialists of America 4834:French Icarian Colony Foundation 4328:(PhD). University of Wisconsin. 4256:. New York: Dover Publications. 4030:French Icarian Colony Foundation 3912:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 3662:French Icarian Colony Foundation 3510:French Icarian Colony Foundation 1695:following the fall of Napoleon. 1566: 1516: 1504: 1230:Socialist Labor Party of America 1165:Maoist Internationalist Movement 1155:Labor Party of the United States 922:Green Party of the United States 897:Democratic Socialists of America 53: 5374:Democratic Socialist Federation 5253:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 5238:Industrial Workers of the World 4582:Snyder, Lillian M, ed. (1980). 4528:Snyder, Lillian M, ed. (1994). 4341:Johnson, Christopher H (1974). 4324:Johnson, Christopher H (1968). 4217:Hinds, William Alfred (2004) . 4142:(4). Miami University: 409–28. 3893:. Nauvoo, IL, US: The Society. 3713:"California's utopian colonies" 3609:Baxter's Vineyards & Winery 2750:records the figure as $ 5,000 ( 1110:Democratic Socialist Federation 942:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 927:Industrial Workers of the World 5968:Anarchism in the United States 5885:International Socialist Review 4900:Socialism in the United States 4281:The American Historical Review 2981:Syracuse University Press 2023 2463:Destiny of Humanity, Happiness 2314:California Historical Landmark 2275:Historic site in Sonoma County 1298:International Socialist Review 1205:Revolutionary Socialist League 1: 6112:Pre-statehood history of Iowa 5203:Black Riders Liberation Party 4969:1877 St. Louis general strike 4450:Rees, Thomas (January 1929). 4163:Fotion, Janice Clark (1966). 2684:Cabet, Étienne (April 1917). 2475:God, Father of the Human Race 882:Black Riders Liberation Party 121:1877 St. Louis general strike 5414:Social Democratic Federation 5404:Puerto Rican Socialist Party 5399:Proletarian Party of America 4974:1912 Lawrence textile strike 1711:following the coronation of 1220:Social Democratic Federation 1210:Revolutionary Youth Movement 1200:Proletarian Party of America 1130:Independent Socialist League 1100:Communist League of Struggle 987:South Carolina Workers Party 126:1912 Lawrence textile strike 5409:Social Democracy of America 5364:Communist League of America 5313:Socialist Rifle Association 5208:Colorado Springs Socialists 4849:"Icarian Community records" 4605:Snyder, Lillian M. (1996). 4389:Luke, Kenneth Otto (1973). 4165:Cabet and Icarian communism 3497:Carlsson & Elliott 2011 1888:In May 1847, Cabet's organ 1805:published a translation by 1260:Young Patriots Organization 1215:Social Democracy of America 1095:Communist League of America 1007:Socialist Rifle Association 887:Black Socialists in America 6138: 5429:Socialist Party of America 5161:2007–2008 financial crisis 5027:American Protective League 5014:Repression and persecution 3966:Sutton, Robert P. (1994). 3801:America's communal utopias 1759: 1235:Socialist Party of America 937:National Progressive Party 301:2007–2008 financial crisis 175:American Protective League 163:Repression and persecution 6076: 5609:William Batchelder Greene 5454:Youth International Party 5248:Legal Marijuana Now Party 5189:Parties and organizations 5156:1999 Seattle WTO protests 4748:10.1007/s10761-006-0011-5 4006:Syracuse University Press 3998:Syracuse University Press 3961:– via Google Books. 3782:"Icaria-Speranza Commune" 3710:Hine, Robert V. (1973) . 3693:Hillquit, Morris (1903). 3676:Gauthier, Paul S (1992). 2746:, p. 61), while the 2348: 2344: 2307: 2285: 2051:Latter Day Saint movement 1982:Back home in France, the 1803:Syracuse University Press 902:Freedom Party of New York 296:1999 Seattle WTO protests 5714:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez 5369:Communist Workers' Party 5303:Socialist Equality Party 5022:American Defense Society 4979:Catholic Worker Movement 3935:Soland, Randall (2017). 2239:Le Communiste-Libertaire 2023:Hancock County, Illinois 1782:in using the form of an 1523:United States portal 1391:Bill of Rights socialism 1135:International Socialists 1105:Communist Workers' Party 1065:American Indian Movement 997:Socialist Equality Party 170:American Defense Society 131:Catholic Worker Movement 33:This article is part of 5998:Individualist anarchism 5318:Socialist Workers Party 5273:Progressive Labor Party 5268:Peace and Freedom Party 5233:Freedom Socialist Party 5171:2011 Wisconsin protests 4699:Vallet, Emile (1971) . 4372:Larsen, Dale R (1998). 4250:Holloway, Mark (1966). 3359:Pitzer & Boyer 1997 3309:Pitzer & Boyer 1997 3286:Pitzer & Boyer 1997 3135:Pitzer & Boyer 1997 2748:Brief History of Icaria 2645:Conditions of admission 2324:Icaria-Sperenza Commune 1967:in Texas (northwest of 1406:Individualist anarchism 1012:Socialist Workers Party 962:Progressive Labor Party 952:Peace and Freedom Party 912:Freedom Socialist Party 5674:Martin Luther King Jr. 5354:American Workers Party 5140:Poor People's Campaign 5078:Seattle General Strike 4805:on September 26, 2011. 4051:Allain, Mathé (1978). 3786:California State Parks 3731:Lse Selected Pamphlets 3336:Icarian Community 1880 3223:Icarian Community 1880 2752:Icarian Community 1880 2522: 2428: 2365:Cloverdale, California 2355:Cloverdale, California 2245: 2224: 2183: 2120: 2097: 2038: 1925: 1851: 1775: 1743: 1654: 1080:American Workers Party 1032:Working Families Party 284:Poor People's Campaign 226:Seattle General Strike 27: 6023:Libertarian socialism 5479:Stephen Pearl Andrews 5394:New American Movement 5298:Socialist Alternative 5288:Social Democrats, USA 5058:Espionage Act of 1917 4815:icarianfoundation.org 3906:Shaw, Albert (1884). 3833:Reflections of Icaria 3599:on November 18, 2011. 2422: 2237: 2219: 2181: 2165:Cheltenham, St. Louis 2129:Alexis Armel Marchand 2118: 2095: 2049:, the founder of the 2036: 1922: 1858:as well as an annual 1769: 1648: 1431:Libertarian socialism 1175:New American Movement 992:Social Democrats, USA 982:Socialist Alternative 206:Espionage Act of 1917 21: 6053:Scientific socialism 5988:Democratic socialism 5544:Voltairine de Cleyre 5349:American Labor Party 5113:Black Power movement 4984:Green Corn Rebellion 3611:. Nauvoo, Illinois. 3587:Autry, Curt (2010). 2151:Cheltenham, Missouri 1915:Denton County, Texas 1762:The Voyage to Icaria 1602:were a French-based 1511:Socialism portal 1471:Scientific socialism 1396:Democratic socialism 1070:American Labor Party 876:Active organizations 257:Black power movement 136:Green Corn Rebellion 46:in the United States 6107:History of Illinois 5983:Anarcho-syndicalism 5978:Anarcho-primitivism 5934:Voluntary Socialism 5824:Bartolomeo Vanzetti 5444:White Panther Party 5439:Weather Underground 5359:Black Panther Party 5328:Workers World Party 5308:Socialist Party USA 5218:Communist Party USA 4924:Bishop Hill Commune 4002:"Travels in Icaria" 3537:, pp. 139–143. 3432:, pp. 337–338. 3105:, pp. 126–127. 2995:, pp. 122–123. 2944:"Sutton, Robert P." 2375:Community structure 2133:Jean Baptist Gerard 1910:Icarian settlements 1897:Colonization begins 1693:Bourbon Restoration 1386:Anarcho-syndicalism 1338:Voluntary Socialism 1250:White Panther Party 1245:Weather Underground 1085:Black Panther Party 1042:Working Class Party 1037:Workers World Party 1002:Socialist Party USA 932:Legal Marijuana Now 892:Communist Party USA 274:March on Washington 185:Communist Party USA 75:Bishop Hill Commune 26:(Voyage to Icaria). 5764:Charles Ruthenberg 5739:A. Philip Randolph 5619:Michael Harrington 5534:Stokely Carmichael 5384:Farmer–Labor Party 5166:Occupy Wall Street 5068:John Birch Society 4989:Labor unionization 3605:"Baxter's History" 2493:Vrai christianisme 2485:Vrai christianisme 2460:God and Perfection 2429: 2337:Reference no. 2246: 2188:Adams County, Iowa 2184: 2158:Benjamin Mercadier 2121: 2098: 2039: 1984:Revolution of 1848 1926: 1776: 1700:Revolution of 1830 1674:Napoleon Bonaparte 1655: 1651:revolution of 1830 1185:Nonpartisan League 1125:Human Rights Party 1120:Farmer–Labor Party 306:Occupy Wall Street 216:John Birch Society 141:Labor unionization 28: 6117:Saint-Simonianism 6094: 6093: 6068:Utopian socialism 6048:Post-left anarchy 5973:Anarcho-communism 5927:The Other America 5699:Charlene Mitchell 5589:William Z. Foster 5509:Alexander Berkman 5462: 5461: 5323:Spartacist League 5184: 5183: 4916:Utopian socialism 4000:(July 16, 2023). 3755:Nordhoff, Charles 3641:978-1-931404-12-9 3463:, pp. 91–92. 2564:Travels in Icaria 2509:Colonie Icarienne 2489:True Christianity 2352: 2351: 2332:November 22, 1988 2070:left in 1846 for 2064:Latter-day Saints 2060:succession crisis 2015:Mississippi River 1820:Travels in Icaria 1807:Leslie J. Roberts 1784:allegorical novel 1772:Voyage en Icarie. 1730:French Revolution 1604:utopian socialist 1559: 1558: 1491:Utopian socialism 1466:Post-left anarchy 1381:Anarcho-communism 1328:The Other America 1027:Spartacist League 354:Bellamy (Francis) 69:Utopian socialism 6129: 6086:Socialism portal 6058:Social democracy 6033:Marxism–Leninism 5913:Monopoly Capital 5906:Looking Backward 5871:Appeal to Reason 5804:Lysander Spooner 5694:David McReynolds 5574:W. E. B. Du Bois 5504:Victor L. Berger 5293:Socialist Action 5193: 5088:Smith Act trials 5004:Women's suffrage 4994:Haymarket affair 4951:Oneida Community 4940:Looking Backward 4912: 4902: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4783: 4730: 4706: 4695: 4666: 4649: 4630: 4601: 4578: 4541: 4524: 4487: 4446: 4419: 4402: 4385: 4368: 4348: 4337: 4320: 4275: 4246: 4213: 4176: 4159: 4130: 4101: 4064: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3993: 3973: 3962: 3931: 3902: 3885: 3847: 3828: 3804: 3793: 3792:on June 1, 2019. 3776: 3750: 3725: 3715: 3706: 3689: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3600: 3595:. 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Cannon 5514:Murray Bookchin 5489:Kuwasi Balagoon 5458: 5337: 5180: 5144: 5094: 5063:First Red Scare 5008: 4961:Progressive Era 4955: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4793: 4790: 4733: 4715: 4698: 4669: 4652: 4633: 4619: 4604: 4581: 4544: 4527: 4490: 4449: 4435: 4422: 4405: 4388: 4371: 4357: 4340: 4323: 4293:10.2307/1851621 4278: 4264: 4249: 4235: 4216: 4182:Utopian Studies 4179: 4162: 4133: 4104: 4067: 4050: 4047: 4045:Further reading 4034: 4032: 4024: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3982: 3965: 3951: 3934: 3920: 3905: 3888: 3854:Utopian Studies 3851: 3831: 3817: 3796: 3779: 3753: 3728: 3709: 3692: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3642: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3603: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3391: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3342: 3334: 3315: 3307: 3292: 3284: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3210: 3202: 3189: 3181: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3061: 3053: 3040: 3032: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865:, pp. 7–8. 2861: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2823: 2815: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2720: 2683: 2659: 2642: 2626: 2608: 2590: 2574: 2562: 2546: 2534: 2525: 2501: 2442: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2377: 2357: 2316: 2293: 2276: 2258:jeunes icariens 2254:jeunes icariens 2243:La Jeune Icarie 2176: 2153: 2031: 1917: 1912: 1899: 1860:Icarian Almanac 1827:Morris Hillquit 1809: 1764: 1758: 1720:Morris Hillquit 1643: 1638: 1628:experiments in 1626:communal living 1569: 1565: 1555: 1517: 1515: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1401:Green anarchism 1361: 1353: 1352: 1283:Current Affairs 1273: 1265: 1264: 1060: 1052: 1051: 877: 869: 868: 564:Haywood (Harry) 319: 311: 310: 211:First Red Scare 114:Progressive Era 65: 45: 43: 12: 11: 5: 6135: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5951:Related topics 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5941:Why Socialism? 5937: 5930: 5923: 5920:Monthly Review 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:Upton Sinclair 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5774:Bernie Sanders 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5729:Albert Parsons 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:Huey P. Newton 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:Angela Heywood 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5594:Luigi Galleani 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564:Daniel De Leon 5561: 5559:Eugene V. Debs 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5499:Edward Bellamy 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5278:Redneck Revolt 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5124:I Have a Dream 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5041:labor movement 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4855:. July 8, 2013 4845: 4826: 4807: 4789: 4788:External links 4786: 4785: 4784: 4731: 4713: 4696: 4667: 4650: 4631: 4617: 4602: 4579: 4542: 4525: 4499:(3): 200–217. 4488: 4462:(4): 506–524. 4447: 4433: 4420: 4403: 4386: 4369: 4355: 4338: 4321: 4276: 4262: 4247: 4233: 4214: 4177: 4160: 4131: 4102: 4076:(2): 233–244. 4065: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4022: 3994: 3980: 3963: 3949: 3932: 3918: 3903: 3886: 3860:(1–2): 77–94. 3849: 3829: 3815: 3794: 3777: 3751: 3726: 3707: 3690: 3673: 3654: 3640: 3625: 3601: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3475:, p. 127. 3465: 3453: 3451:, p. 338. 3434: 3422: 3420:, p. 336. 3410: 3408:, p. 337. 3389: 3375: 3363: 3361:, p. 284. 3340: 3313: 3311:, p. 283. 3290: 3288:, p. 282. 3271: 3269:, p. 129. 3256: 3239: 3227: 3208: 3206:, p. 128. 3187: 3166: 3154: 3152:, p. 127. 3139: 3137:, p. 281. 3124: 3122:, p. 126. 3107: 3095: 3093:, p. 125. 3078: 3076:, p. 124. 3059: 3038: 3036:, p. 123. 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2935: 2923: 2921:, p. 122. 2908: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2840: 2838:, p. 121. 2821: 2802: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2756: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2681: 2657: 2640: 2624: 2606: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2572: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523:Women's rights 2521: 2500: 2497: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469:Perfectibility 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457:Causes of Evil 2455: 2452: 2441: 2438: 2425:jeune icariens 2416: 2413: 2403: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2262:vieux icariens 2250:vieux icariens 2175: 2172: 2152: 2149: 2072:Salt Lake City 2062:, most of the 2045:. 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4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981:9780252020674 3977: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950:9781439661666 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3919:9780790569529 3915: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3816:9781469604459 3812: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3667:September 11, 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561:, p. 21. 3560: 3555: 3552: 3549:, p. 93. 3548: 3547:Gauthier 1992 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461:Gauthier 1992 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449:Nordhoff 1875 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:Nordhoff 1875 3426: 3423: 3419: 3418:Nordhoff 1875 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406:Nordhoff 1875 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3373:, p. 65. 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:Hillquit 1903 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254:, p. 61. 3253: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3237:, p. 56. 3236: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204:Hillquit 1903 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3185:, p. 58. 3184: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164:, p. 57. 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150:Hillquit 1903 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120:Hillquit 1903 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:Hillquit 1903 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091:Hillquit 1903 3087: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Hillquit 1903 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3057:, p. 79. 3056: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:Hillquit 1903 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3019:, p. 28. 3018: 3013: 3010: 3007:, p. 83. 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2993:Hillquit 1903 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2971:, p. 92. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2933:, p. 16. 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919:Hillquit 1903 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836:Hillquit 1903 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2819:, p. 77. 2818: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2754:, p. 6). 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2573:9780815630098 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:Cabet's book 2481: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:Pierre Leroux 2354: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2323: 2321:Official name 2315: 2306: 2303: 2302:Sonoma County 2300: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2201:state of Iowa 2198: 2197:Corning, Iowa 2193: 2189: 2180: 2174:Corning, Iowa 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Brigham Young 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2021:, located in 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Denton County 1961: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856:Le Populaire, 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658:Étienne Cabet 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Corning, Iowa 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608:Étienne Cabet 1605: 1599: 1564: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1416:Labor history 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366:American Left 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1190:Patriot Party 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1150:Justice Party 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 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5549:Angela Davis 5539:Noam Chomsky 5519:Earl Browder 5474:Martin Abern 5149:Contemporary 5104:civil rights 4938: 4933: 4857:. Retrieved 4852: 4837:. Retrieved 4833: 4818:. Retrieved 4814: 4803:the original 4798: 4739: 4735: 4702: 4675: 4671: 4654: 4636: 4607: 4588: 4584: 4553:(2): 83–95. 4550: 4546: 4529: 4496: 4492: 4459: 4455: 4424: 4407: 4390: 4373: 4344: 4325: 4284: 4280: 4252: 4219: 4188:(2): 52–74. 4185: 4181: 4164: 4139: 4135: 4110: 4106: 4073: 4069: 4052: 4033:. Retrieved 4029: 4011:February 27, 4009:. Retrieved 4005: 3969: 3940: 3908: 3890: 3857: 3853: 3832: 3800: 3790:the original 3785: 3759: 3730: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3661: 3630: 3617:. Retrieved 3608: 3597:the original 3592: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3509: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3425: 3413: 3383: 3378: 3366: 3338:, p. 7. 3230: 3225:, p. 6. 3157: 3098: 3055:Roberts 1991 3012: 3005:Roberts 1991 3000: 2988: 2976: 2969:Roberts 1991 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2946: 2938: 2926: 2899: 2894: 2889:, p. 9. 2882: 2877:, p. 8. 2870: 2858: 2853:, p. 7. 2817:Roberts 1991 2797: 2759: 2747: 2738: 2693: 2689: 2660: 2644: 2627: 2610: 2592: 2563: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2526: 2517:Fete du Mais 2516: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2454:Intelligence 2446: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2409: 2405: 2392: 2383: 2368: 2358: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2185: 2169: 2162: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2126: 2122: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2047:Joseph Smith 2040: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1962: 1957:Bonham Trail 1950: 1946: 1933: 1927: 1904: 1900: 1890:Le Populaire 1889: 1887: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1777: 1771: 1754: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1717: 1697: 1689: 1660:was born in 1656: 1619: 1562: 1560: 1456:Minimum wage 1426:Labor unions 1288:Daily Worker 434:Davis (Mike) 290:Contemporary 289: 288: 249:civil rights 243: 242: 161: 160: 112: 111: 94: 84: 67: 23: 15: 5854:John Zerzan 5839:Cornel West 5834:Hasan Piker 5809:Paul Sweezy 5789:Emil Seidel 5784:Bobby Seale 5724:Robert Owen 5704:Johann Most 5664:Daniel Hoan 5554:Dorothy Day 5494:Jack Barnes 5484:Paul Avrich 5073:McCarthyism 4946:New Harmony 4859:October 10, 4839:October 10, 4820:October 10, 3619:October 19, 3593:WWBT NBC 12 3371:Soland 2017 3252:Sutton 1994 3235:Sutton 1994 3183:Sutton 1994 3162:Sutton 1994 3017:Sutton 1994 2954:November 8, 2906:, p. 9 2744:Sutton 1994 2466:Sociability 2369:L'Esperance 1938:New Orleans 1810: [ 1780:Thomas More 1748:Robert Owen 1612:egalitarian 1160:Labor Party 221:McCarthyism 102:New Harmony 6101:Categories 6013:Labor laws 5899:The Jungle 5863:Literature 5679:Jo Labadie 5118:COINTELPRO 5037:Communists 4929:Brook Farm 4830:"About Us" 4772:5544765396 4723:1041132701 4627:1084967766 4575:5547558627 4521:5542896947 4317:4646471755 4272:1035599611 4210:5542770374 4156:1006094036 4098:5542912492 4019:Cabet 2003 3959:1004538134 3882:5542773652 3773:1020418629 3722:1028861073 3485:Autry 2010 2902:Quoted in 2898:A. Sauva, 2779:References 2769:Kaliflower 2556:1102119037 2472:The Remedy 2380:Admissions 2329:Designated 2192:Queen City 1953:Shreveport 1760:See also: 1718:Historian 1685:republican 1681:monarchism 1678:theocratic 1630:US history 1486:Trotskyism 1421:Labor laws 1308:The Jungle 1170:Red Guards 1017:Solidarity 754:Ruthenberg 649:McReynolds 549:Harrington 474:Ehrenreich 414:Carmichael 262:COINTELPRO 80:Brook Farm 6063:Socialism 6043:Mutualism 5963:Anarchism 5844:Malcolm X 5749:John Reed 5719:Phil Ochs 5624:Harry Hay 5106:movements 5083:Smith Act 5051:1937–1957 5046:1919–1937 4780:143907906 4756:1092-7697 4692:197969243 4684:0192-1355 4646:891986356 4598:903226311 4559:0020-7667 4505:0019-2287 4484:847886264 4468:0019-2287 4301:0002-8762 4243:609764632 4194:1045-991X 4173:956744250 4148:0360-5531 4127:485454966 4119:0026-6590 4082:0019-2287 4061:247265884 3928:681177676 3866:1045-991X 3845:942791990 3825:593295722 3747:778044712 3703:894101194 3650:669754916 3571:Hine 1973 3535:Shaw 1884 3473:Shaw 1884 2931:Shaw 1884 2904:Shaw 1884 2887:Shaw 1884 2875:Shaw 1884 2863:Shaw 1884 2851:Shaw 1884 2765:Twin Oaks 2702:0740-8579 2673:457217473 2669:255287992 2620:864436728 2602:763983641 2205:Civil War 2137:St. Louis 1996:Liverpool 1942:Red River 1829:in 1903: 1715:as king. 1704:Charles X 1481:Socialism 1461:Mutualism 1410:in the US 1375:in the US 1371:Anarchism 1180:New Party 799:Shachtman 634:Lovestone 251:movements 231:Smith Act 199:1937–1957 194:1919–1937 90:Jonestown 44:Socialism 5689:Dyer Lum 5654:Joe Hill 5614:Gus Hall 5135:New Left 5100:Anti-war 4934:Icarians 4764:20853106 4663:28203956 4567:23027177 4538:31853938 4513:40194201 4476:40187583 4416:36656124 4382:40393187 4334:10566214 4202:20719412 4090:40187993 3990:28215643 3899:20328420 3874:20719028 3841:30870064 3757:(1875). 3739:60214711 3686:26823716 3613:Archived 2718:See also 2710:20683368 2677:29620127 2653:54271194 2636:85798566 2582:52412046 2440:Religion 2389:Equality 2298:Location 2281:Icarians 2066:, under 2017:town of 2008:Le Havre 1930:Le Havre 1879:Toulouse 1615:communes 1563:Icarians 1348:ZNetwork 764:Sandburg 744:Roediger 719:Randolph 669:Mitchell 594:Hillquit 489:Feinberg 424:Cockburn 374:Brisbane 369:Bookchin 344:Balagoon 279:New Left 245:Anti-war 85:Icarians 35:a series 6028:Marxism 5892:Jacobin 5039:in the 4999:May Day 4908:History 4799:wiu.edu 4443:1857976 4399:1428599 4365:1223569 4309:1851621 3581:Sources 2900:Icarie. 2499:Culture 2402:Housing 1977:malaria 1973:cholera 1709:Corsica 1636:History 1441:Marxism 1303:Jacobin 1293:Dissent 854:Zeidler 819:Tankian 769:Sanders 694:Parenti 659:Morello 624:Labadie 609:Jameson 604:Hoffman 569:Hawkins 544:Hampton 539:Hammett 529:Guthrie 519:Graeber 514:Goldman 509:Gilmore 484:Fearing 469:Du Bois 464:Dreiser 459:De Leon 419:Chomsky 384:Browder 364:Berkman 334:Andrews 187:in the 151:May Day 64:History 5467:People 5342:Former 5196:Active 4778: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4727:247463 4721: 4711: 4690: 4682: 4661: 4644: 4625: 4615: 4596: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4536: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4441: 4431: 4414: 4397: 4380: 4363: 4353: 4332: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4270: 4260: 4241: 4231: 4227:–395. 4208: 4200: 4192: 4171: 4154: 4146: 4125: 4117: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4059: 3988: 3978: 3957: 3947: 3926: 3916: 3897: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3839: 3823: 3813: 3809:–296. 3771: 3767:–339. 3745: 3737: 3720: 3701: 3684: 3648: 3638: 2708: 2700: 2667: 2651: 2634: 2618: 2600: 2580: 2570: 2554: 2396:creche 2385:Iowa. 2055:killed 2053:, was 2019:Nauvoo 1969:Dallas 1883:Toulon 1881:, and 1875:Nantes 1451:Maoism 859:Zerzan 834:Turner 824:Thomas 814:Sweezy 804:Shakur 794:Seidel 789:Seeger 779:Sawant 749:Rustin 739:Rocker 724:Ripley 674:Newton 629:London 614:Keller 574:Hedges 524:Greene 504:Gitlow 499:Foster 454:Dennis 409:Cantor 404:Cannon 394:Butler 379:Brooks 359:Berger 339:Avrich 329:Alston 318:People 4776:S2CID 4760:JSTOR 4563:JSTOR 4509:JSTOR 4472:JSTOR 4305:JSTOR 4198:JSTOR 4086:JSTOR 3870:JSTOR 3735:JSTOR 2730:Notes 2532:Works 1934:Rome. 1867:Reims 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