428:
525:. The first fragment was found on 28 May 2020 by 11-year-old Ruby Reynolds, while looking for fossils on the beach at Blue Anchor with her father, fossil collector Justin Reynolds. They contacted researcher Dean Lomax, who himself reached out to Paul de la Salle. Subsequent expeditions were led by the team, revealing additional pieces until 16 October 2022, and known parts of the surangular, a lower jaw-bone, were reassembled in that same year. While incomplete, the surangular, an element representing only part of the entire lower jaw length, has been estimated to have measured more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) in total.
3331:
866:
122:
2600:
3337:
744:
2611:
143:
2617:
3325:
2090:
2606:
2084:
841:, running ventrally across the entire length of the surangular in the BAS specimen. While a suture is present between the two bones, it disappears in a section anterior to the coronoid process. Along with the continuous bone structure, this implies that the bones were possibly fused in life, a unique condition among ichthyosaurs. Researchers speculate that this was related to
2096:
815:. In comparison, other shastasaurids show a much less marked curvature. An extensive MAME process is present for muscle attachment. Another thin process, posterior to the latter, shows vertical ridges and furrows on its medial side, and has also been reported in the Cuers specimen.
1549:
775:
found a shorter length estimate of 22 metres (72 ft). Researchers pointed out that, while differences in proportions between species make these estimates speculative, they were conventional given the scarcity of material.
848:
large size and the individual's maturity. This morphology was also observed in one of the Aust bones, and is believed to also be present in the
Lilstock specimen despite poorer preservation. Similarly, unique patterns of
824:, while the shaft shows a subcircular rather than oblong cross-section at that position. While less well-preserved, the anterior part of the surangular bears a lateral groove believed to represent the continuation of the
547:
Other fragmentary remains were discovered but not identified with the holotype specimen, including two large rib sections from another potential giant ichthyosaur, found at a higher stratigraphic level.
787:
scaling, due to a misidentification of the coronoid process with the nearby MAME (muscle adductor mandibulae externus) process. Comparing the position of the MAME process in the BAS specimen to that in
1343:
811:
from other shastasaurids. The surangular is spatulate at its posterior end and shows an almost 90-degree upwards turn. This is consistent in both the
Lilstock and BAS specimens, ruling out
1012:
1424:
Kelley, Neil P.; Irmis, Randall B.; dePolo, Paige E.; Noble, Paula J.; Montague-Judd, Danielle; Little, Holly; Blundell, Jon; Rasmussen, Cornelia; Percival, Lawrence M.E.;
1120:
666:
The Cuers specimen is known from fragments discovered in two separate excavations, but believed to represent a single specimen. A small rostrum fragment believed to be a
1588:
761:
as a model, the researchers estimated the
Lilstock ichthyosaur to have been around 26 metres (85 ft) long or 25% larger by direct scaling, nearly the size of a
427:
404:
bones of the lower jaw, discovered in separate places in 2016 and 2020. Other specimens throughout
Western Europe have been linked to the species based on similar
755:
While its incompleteness made the size of the animal difficult to determine, it was clearly very large. By comparing the
Lilstock surangular to the same bone in
528:
The specimen consists of fragments of a right surangular, more complete than the
Lilstock specimen, with some fragments possibly belonging to the angular bone.
1156:
908:, and would show that shastasaurids were flourishing until their disappearance in the end-Triassic extinction. Their ecology made their remains vulnerable to
1628:
1335:
880:, but current research indicates that the jaws of shastasaurid ichthyosaurs do not fit the suction-feeding profile. This is because their short and narrow
3330:
1312:
728:
384:
3480:
1180:"The dinosaurs that weren't: osteohistology supports giant ichthyosaur affinity of enigmatic large bone segments from the European Rhaetian"
727:, found in the fossil record 13 million years after their relatives. The lineage is believed to have gone extinct immediately after in the
532:
features suggest that the specimen was still growing, so was either a subadult or a young adult. Multiple encrusting organisms, including
3500:
1508:
3490:
2599:
682:
fragments associated to both collection numbers. It was originally described as shastasaurid-like, with flattened centra similar to
335:
1504:"An Upper Triassic (Norian) ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) from northern Alaska and dietary insight based on gut contents"
1008:
1621:
1243:; Vincent, Peggy; Garcia, Géraldine; Goolaerts, Stijn; Martin, Jeremy E.; Roggero, Daniel; Valentin, Xavier (26 September 2014).
1112:
792:, they provided a revised length estimate of 25 metres (82 ft), likely making it the largest marine reptile ever described.
766:
3495:
456:
1578:
541:
3336:
865:
274:
142:
3485:
2610:
1614:
896:
is believed to have been a predator, hunting smaller prey including other marine reptiles in a fashion similar to an
408:
features, although their affiliation is uncertain. Estimates scaling up the bones from other ichthyosaur species put
1148:
3373:
877:
704:. The morphology of the posterior jaw was considered unique at the time of discovery, but has since been linked to
2616:
3505:
3368:
3324:
912:, with one of the fossils showing signs of scavenging before burial, explaining the scarcity of known fossils.
837:
3457:
1244:
940:"A giant Late Triassic ichthyosaur from the UK and a reinterpretation of the Aust Cliff 'dinosaurian' bones"
625:
613:
558:
as a new genus and species of probable shastasaurid ichthyosaur based on BRSMG Cg3178 and BRSMG Cg2488. The
121:
3394:
2089:
2083:
1304:
3426:
3363:
1499:
1245:"Ichthyosaurs from the French Rhaetian indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary"
812:
517:
specimen, BRSMG Cg3178 (the "BAS specimen"), was discovered in sediments of the
Westbury Formation near
254:
3444:
2437:
2359:
2307:
1517:
1447:
1378:
1261:
953:
383:
has been considered evidence that shastasaurids were still thriving until their disappearance in the
2095:
1367:"Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology"
2723:
2566:
1713:
1583:
1502:; Kelley, Neil; Whalen, Michael T.; Mcroberts, Christopher; Carter, Joseph G. (19 September 2014).
1252:
552:
2580:
2836:
2255:
2140:
1890:
1775:
1762:
1725:
1637:
1541:
1481:
499:
468:
364:
137:
3431:
799:, have been informally estimated to be even larger at 30 to 35 metres (98 to 115 ft) long.
498:
Another smaller jaw fragment from a giant ichthyosaur is known from
Lilstock; it is stored in a
2605:
1055:
Lomax, D. R.; de la Salle, P.; Perillo, M.; Reynolds, J.; Reynolds, R.; Waldron, J. F. (2024).
743:
641:
3154:
3029:
2994:
2950:
2475:
1855:
1533:
1473:
1465:
1406:
1285:
1277:
1221:
1203:
1090:
989:
971:
464:
1503:
857:
are believed to have played a role in approaching the biological size limits in vertebrates.
3274:
3223:
3191:
3074:
2879:
2735:
2680:
2234:
2171:
1525:
1455:
1429:
1396:
1386:
1269:
1211:
1193:
1080:
1070:
979:
961:
870:
675:
573:
291:
1057:"The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK"
731:, with later ichthyosaurs never reaching similar sizes until their extinction in the early
3117:
3109:
3101:
3059:
2963:
2911:
2812:
2573:
2552:
2545:
2423:
2402:
2262:
1972:
1933:
1899:
1871:
1820:
1438:
732:
436:
391:
1305:"Giant Triassic Ichthyosaur is One of Biggest Animals Ever | Paleontology | Sci-News.com"
884:
are unsuitable to withstand impact forces for such kind of feeding and some species like
1521:
1451:
1382:
1265:
1216:
1179:
1085:
1056:
957:
3267:
3260:
3232:
3001:
2939:
2932:
2895:
2888:
2867:
2762:
2708:
2465:
2445:
2415:
2367:
2351:
2334:
2287:
2195:
2187:
2180:
1946:
1401:
1366:
1240:
984:
939:
935:
690:
621:
476:
440:
416:
210:
3474:
3253:
3131:
3038:
3017:
2821:
2754:
2744:
2701:
2661:
2203:
2155:
2126:
2113:
2043:
1915:
1908:
1831:
1813:
1545:
1485:
1425:
568:
475:
measuring 96 centimetres (3.15 ft) long. In 2018, Dean Lomax, Paul de la Salle,
356:
197:
72:
30:
3417:
3212:
3205:
3184:
3169:
3124:
3094:
2979:
2925:
2798:
2535:
2483:
2383:
2343:
2300:
2246:
2220:
2001:
1994:
1954:
1922:
1864:
832:
771:
757:
720:
700:
529:
480:
372:
1529:
1391:
1075:
966:
3087:
3052:
2971:
2777:
2770:
2647:
2634:
2559:
2494:
2453:
2390:
2314:
1844:
1800:
1789:
1682:
1574:
890:
had robust sectorial teeth with gut contents of mollusc shells and vertebrates.
886:
820:
684:
518:
352:
47:
3281:
3239:
3146:
3139:
3045:
2986:
2853:
2694:
2668:
2430:
2276:
2269:
2021:
2012:
1961:
1698:
1667:
1460:
1433:
1273:
909:
881:
850:
762:
695:
667:
537:
484:
472:
415:
body length at nearly 25 metres (82 ft), which would make it the largest
401:
92:
57:
1537:
1469:
1281:
1207:
975:
3176:
3161:
3009:
2828:
1981:
488:
405:
154:
97:
41:
1477:
1410:
1289:
1225:
1094:
993:
646:
904:
throughout the
Triassic, believed to be built upon newly evolved forms of
3411:
3198:
2322:
2147:
1661:
1061:
944:
905:
901:
724:
671:
522:
514:
460:
368:
360:
174:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
34:
1198:
479:, and Ramues Gallois identified the Lilstock specimen as belonging to a
3452:
3246:
2028:
1673:
1336:"Largest ever animal may have been Triassic ichthyosaur super-predator"
652:
533:
184:
102:
77:
1149:"Paleontologists unearth what may be the largest known marine reptile"
483:. This also prompted the authors to reinterpret large bones in nearby
1655:
1606:
164:
3388:
636:
Other fragmentary remains of giant ichthyosaurs of a similar age to
1113:"Ancient fossils lead to discovery of largest known marine reptile"
3439:
1184:
864:
742:
660:
656:
559:
492:
426:
348:
807:
Apart from its size, features of the surangular bone distinguish
1579:"This 80-foot-long sea monster was the killer whale of its time"
1009:"How we found a giant ichthyosaur almost as big as a blue whale"
897:
3392:
3352:
2632:
2111:
1760:
1648:
1610:
491:, as possible giant ichthyosaur fragments from the surangular,
818:
The coronoid process is also less prominent laterally than in
679:
900:. This has been taken as evidence for the richness of marine
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
303:
938:; Gallois, Ramues (9 April 2018). Wong, William Oki (ed.).
324:
318:
309:
306:
1365:
Motani R, Tomita T, Maxwell E, Jiang D, Sander P (2013).
297:
831:
Another bone fragment is believed to correspond to the
1434:"Grouping behavior in a Triassic marine apex predator"
1178:
Perillo, Marcello; Sander, P. Martin (9 April 2024).
876:
Older studies have suggested that shastasaurids were
487:, previously considered to be from large terrestrial
336:
327:
300:
294:
321:
315:
3401:
3222:
3073:
3028:
2949:
2909:
2878:
2851:
2811:
2796:
2743:
2722:
2678:
2645:
2533:
2493:
2464:
2401:
2333:
2286:
2245:
2218:
2170:
2124:
2042:
2011:
1980:
1971:
1932:
1898:
1889:
1854:
1830:
1799:
1773:
1724:
1697:
312:
674:fragment (MHNTV PAL-2/2010) are known, as well as
379:years up to the latest Triassic. The discovery of
435:-affiliated specimens have been found around the
129:Holotype (A, C) and referred (B, D) specimens of
463:specimen"), was found in 2016 by researcher and
1050:
572:—whose name means "fish lizard", combining the
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1622:
8:
536:, are present, as well as possible signs of
1142:
1140:
1138:
929:
927:
925:
723:and giant ichthyosaur to be known from the
3389:
3349:
3079:
2955:
2917:
2906:
2859:
2808:
2804:
2729:
2719:
2686:
2653:
2642:
2629:
2530:
2407:
2292:
2226:
2167:
2132:
2121:
2108:
1986:
1977:
1938:
1895:
1836:
1805:
1781:
1770:
1757:
1703:
1694:
1645:
1629:
1615:
1607:
1147:University of Manchester (17 April 2024).
795:The Aust specimens, tentatively linked to
600:), meaning "lizard"—with the Greek suffix
120:
20:
1569:
1567:
1459:
1400:
1390:
1215:
1197:
1084:
1074:
983:
965:
540:. It is scheduled to be displayed at the
921:
1334:Marshall, Michael (29 December 2022).
828:, also known from the Cuers specimen.
640:have also been reported from Germany (
1106:
1104:
765:. Scaling based on the height at the
451:The first specimen later referred to
7:
3458:57B85E76-0A91-4EBF-9634-5B5A5FB10B60
3445:03840923-BF4C-A602-FDC0-FD844D50F925
1111:Strickland, Ashley (17 April 2024).
934:Lomax, Dean R.; De la Salle, Paul;
400:. It is known from two fragmentary
1591:from the original on 19 April 2024
1552:from the original on 22 April 2024
1509:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1346:from the original on 18 April 2024
1315:from the original on 20 April 2024
1159:from the original on 17 April 2024
1123:from the original on 20 April 2024
1015:from the original on 20 April 2024
729:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
385:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
375:, extending the family's range by
371:, England. It is believed to be a
14:
670:(MHNTV PAL-1-10/2012) and a long
3335:
3329:
3323:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2094:
2088:
2082:
783:pointed out inaccuracies in the
471:. It consists of a partial left
290:
141:
502:and still remains undescribed.
542:Bristol Museum and Art Gallery
1:
3481:Fossil taxa described in 2024
1007:Lomax, Dean (10 April 2018).
1530:10.1080/02724634.2014.866573
1392:10.1371/journal.pone.0066075
1303:News Staff (11 April 2018).
1076:10.1371/journal.pone.0300289
967:10.1371/journal.pone.0194742
608:
596:
584:
365:Westbury Mudstone Formation
16:Genus of giant ichthyosaurs
3522:
3501:Late Triassic ichthyosaurs
779:The 2024 study describing
602:
590:
578:
566:, combines a reference to
3359:
3348:
3321:
3082:
2958:
2920:
2905:
2862:
2807:
2732:
2718:
2689:
2656:
2641:
2628:
2596:
2529:
2410:
2295:
2229:
2166:
2135:
2120:
2107:
2080:
1989:
1941:
1839:
1808:
1784:
1769:
1756:
1706:
1693:
1644:
1500:Druckenmiller, Patrick S.
1461:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.005
1274:10.1007/s00114-014-1242-7
758:Shastasaurus sikanniensis
260:
253:
138:Scientific classification
136:
128:
119:
23:
3491:Ichthyosauromorph genera
838:Cymbospondylus youngorum
749:Ichthyotitan severnensis
612:), meaning "giant". The
556:Ichthyotitan severnensis
506:Holotype and description
467:Paul de la Salle in the
267:Ichthyotitan severnensis
698:dentition analogous to
588:), meaning "fish", and
3496:Ichthyosaurs of Europe
873:
752:
632:Other possible remains
551:In 2024, Lomax et al.
443:
3427:Paleobiology Database
868:
813:taphonomic distortion
746:
430:
390:The genus contains a
2438:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2360:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2308:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1446:(24): 5398–5405.e3.
1430:Pyenson, Nicholas D.
495:or other jaw bones.
423:Discovery and naming
2724:Temnodontosauroidea
1584:National Geographic
1522:2014JVPal..34.1460D
1452:2022CBio...32E5398K
1383:2013PLoSO...866075M
1266:2014NW....101.1027F
1253:Naturwissenschaften
1239:Fischer, Valentin;
1199:10.7717/peerj.17060
958:2018PLoSO..1394742L
835:by comparison with
751:compared to a human
246:I. severnensis
3486:Fossils of England
3354:Related categories
2837:Protoichthyosaurus
2256:Barracudasauroides
2141:Quasianosteosaurus
1891:Ichthyosauriformes
1776:Ichthyosauromorpha
1763:Ichthyosauromorpha
1726:Ichthyosauromorpha
1638:Ichthyosauromorpha
874:
826:fossa surangularis
753:
500:private collection
469:Westbury Formation
444:
363:), known from the
233:Lomax et al., 2024
3468:
3467:
3395:Taxon identifiers
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3374:Triassic reptiles
3344:
3343:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3155:Kazakhstanosaurus
3069:
3068:
3030:Ophthalmosaurinae
2995:Myobradypterygius
2951:Ophthalmosauridae
2847:
2846:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2624:
2623:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2476:Qianichthyosaurus
2214:
2213:
2103:
2102:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2038:
2037:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1856:Parahupehsuchinae
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1577:(20 April 2024).
1432:(December 2022).
1426:Mather, Tamsin A.
1260:(12): 1027–1040.
620:, references the
447:Lilstock specimen
431:Localities where
419:currently known.
281:
280:
234:
3513:
3506:Triassic England
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3390:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3275:Simbirskiasaurus
3224:Platypterygiinae
3192:Pervushovisaurus
3080:
3075:Platypterygiidae
2956:
2918:
2907:
2880:Stenopterygiidae
2860:
2809:
2805:
2736:Temnodontosaurus
2730:
2720:
2687:
2681:Neoichthyosauria
2654:
2643:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2531:
2408:
2293:
2235:Cymbospondylidae
2227:
2172:Cymbospondylidae
2168:
2133:
2122:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2086:
1987:
1978:
1939:
1896:
1837:
1806:
1782:
1771:
1758:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1516:(6): 1460–1465.
1496:
1490:
1489:
1463:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1249:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1201:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1052:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
969:
936:Massare, Judy A.
931:
871:life restoration
847:
767:coronoid process
676:vertebral centra
650:
611:
605:
604:
599:
593:
592:
587:
581:
580:
465:fossil collector
414:
378:
347:) is an extinct
343:
339:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
269:
265:
232:
225:
214:
209:
196:
146:
145:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3369:Marine reptiles
3355:
3340:
3287:
3218:
3118:Brachypterygius
3110:Athabascasaurus
3102:Arthropterygius
3065:
3060:Ophthalmosaurus
3024:
2964:Arthropterygius
2945:
2914:
2912:Ophthalmosauria
2901:
2874:
2856:
2843:
2813:Ichthyosauridae
2801:
2784:
2739:
2714:
2683:
2674:
2650:
2637:
2620:
2586:
2574:Svalbardosaurus
2553:Pachygonosaurus
2546:Barracudasaurus
2509:
2489:
2460:
2424:Californosaurus
2403:Euichthyosauria
2397:
2329:
2282:
2263:Contectopalatus
2241:
2223:
2210:
2162:
2129:
2116:
2099:
2058:
2034:
2007:
1973:Eoichthyosauria
1967:
1934:Ichthyopterygia
1928:
1900:Omphalosauridae
1877:
1872:Parahupehsuchus
1850:
1826:
1821:Nanchangosaurus
1795:
1778:
1765:
1740:
1720:
1689:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1439:Current Biology
1423:
1422:
1418:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1247:
1241:Cappetta, Henri
1238:
1237:
1233:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1069:(4). e0300289.
1054:
1053:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1001:
952:(4): e0194742.
933:
932:
923:
918:
878:suction-feeders
863:
845:
805:
741:
733:Late Cretaceous
714:
644:
634:
508:
449:
437:Bristol Channel
425:
412:
376:
341:
337:
293:
289:
277:
271:
263:
262:
249:
231:
223:
212:
207:
194:
140:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3268:Plutoniosaurus
3264:
3261:Platypterygius
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3233:Caypullisaurus
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:Nannopterygius
2998:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2940:Macropterygius
2936:
2933:Delphinosaurus
2929:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2896:Stenopterygius
2892:
2889:Magnipterygius
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:Chacaicosaurus
2863:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2763:Excalibosaurus
2759:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2709:Suevoleviathan
2705:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2466:Toretocnemidae
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2446:Mikadocephalus
2442:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2416:Auroroborealia
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:Himalayasaurus
2364:
2356:
2352:Guanlingsaurus
2348:
2339:
2337:
2335:Shastasauridae
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2288:Merriamosauria
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2196:Thalattoarchon
2192:
2188:Phantomosaurus
2184:
2181:Cymbospondylus
2176:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1947:Isfjordosaurus
1942:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1563:
1491:
1416:
1377:(12): e66075.
1357:
1326:
1295:
1231:
1170:
1134:
1100:
1026:
999:
920:
919:
917:
914:
862:
859:
804:
801:
740:
739:Size estimates
737:
713:
710:
691:Himalayasaurus
655:) and France (
633:
630:
622:Severn Estuary
507:
504:
448:
445:
441:Severn Estuary
424:
421:
417:marine reptile
397:I. severnensis
392:single species
279:
278:
273:Lomax et al.,
272:
258:
257:
251:
250:
242:
240:
236:
235:
221:
217:
216:
211:Shastasauridae
205:
201:
200:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:Maiaspondylus
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:Cryopterygius
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3039:Acamptonectes
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3018:Thalassodraco
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:Ichthyosaurus
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:Eurhinosaurus
2752:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:Leptonectidae
2742:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:Hauffiopteryx
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Hudsonelpidia
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:Sphaerodontes
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2204:Xinminosaurus
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2156:Xinminosaurus
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:Ichthyosauria
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Ichthyosauria
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:Ichthyosauria
2041:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:Omphalosaurus
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:Cartorhynchus
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Hupehsuchidae
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:Eohupehsuchus
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1340:NewsScientist
1337:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
888:
883:
879:
872:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
844:
840:
839:
834:
829:
827:
823:
822:
816:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
782:
777:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
759:
750:
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
692:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
648:
643:
639:
631:
629:
627:
626:type locality
623:
619:
615:
614:specific name
610:
598:
586:
575:
571:
570:
569:Ichthyosaurus
565:
561:
557:
554:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
513:
505:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:Cg2488 (the "
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
422:
420:
418:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
388:
386:
382:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Late Triassic
354:
350:
346:
345:
332:
287:
286:
276:
270:
268:
259:
256:
255:Binomial name
252:
248:
247:
241:
238:
237:
230:
229:
222:
219:
218:
215:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:Ichthyosauria
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
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169:
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160:
159:
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123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:205–202
36:
32:
31:Late Triassic
26:
22:
19:
3403:Ichthyotitan
3402:
3364:Ichthyosaurs
3328:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3213:Undorosaurus
3211:
3206:Sveltonectes
3204:
3197:
3190:
3185:Parrassaurus
3183:
3175:
3170:Muiscasaurus
3168:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3125:Catutosaurus
3123:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3095:Aegirosaurus
3093:
3086:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2980:Jabalisaurus
2978:
2970:
2962:
2938:
2931:
2926:Argovisaurus
2924:
2894:
2887:
2866:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2799:Thunnosauria
2776:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2734:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2667:
2660:
2603:
2581:Tibetosaurus
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:Nomina dubia
2534:
2484:Toretocnemus
2482:
2474:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2389:
2384:Shastasaurus
2382:
2376:Ichthyotitan
2375:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2344:Besanosaurus
2342:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2301:Besanosaurus
2299:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:Mixosauridae
2233:
2221:Hueneosauria
2202:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2087:
2027:
2020:
2002:Utatsusaurus
2000:
1995:Parvinatator
1993:
1960:
1955:Chaohusaurus
1953:
1945:
1923:Sclerocormus
1921:
1914:
1907:
1870:
1865:Eretmorhipis
1863:
1843:
1819:
1812:
1788:
1678:
1593:. Retrieved
1582:
1575:Black, Riley
1554:. Retrieved
1513:
1507:
1494:
1443:
1437:
1419:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1257:
1251:
1234:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1152:
1125:. Retrieved
1116:
1066:
1060:
1017:. Retrieved
1002:
949:
943:
894:Ichthyotitan
893:
892:
885:
875:
869:Speculative
861:Paleoecology
855:Ichthyotitan
854:
843:Ichthyotitan
842:
836:
833:angular bone
830:
825:
819:
817:
809:Ichthyotitan
808:
806:
803:Bone anatomy
797:Ichthyotitan
796:
794:
790:Besanosaurus
789:
785:Besanosaurus
784:
781:Ichthyotitan
780:
778:
772:Besanosaurus
770:
769:compared to
756:
754:
748:
721:shastasaurid
719:is the only
717:Ichthyotitan
716:
715:
706:Ichthyotitan
705:
701:Shastasaurus
699:
689:
683:
665:
651:district of
638:Ichthyotitan
637:
635:
617:
567:
564:Ichthyotitan
563:
560:generic name
555:
550:
546:
530:Histological
527:
512:Ichthyotitan
511:
509:
497:
481:shastasaurid
477:Judy Massare
453:Ichthyotitan
452:
450:
433:Ichthyotitan
432:
410:Ichthyotitan
409:
406:osteological
396:
395:
389:
381:Ichthyotitan
380:
373:shastasaurid
285:Ichthyotitan
284:
283:
282:
266:
261:
245:
244:
228:Ichthyotitan
227:
226:
131:Ichthyotitan
130:
25:Ichthyotitan
24:
18:
3088:Acuetzpalin
3053:Mollesaurus
2972:Gengasaurus
2778:Wahlisaurus
2771:Leptonectes
2648:Parvipelvia
2635:Parvipelvia
2560:Pessosaurus
2495:Parvipelvia
2454:Shonisaurus
2391:Shonisaurus
2315:Pessopteryx
1845:Hupehsuchus
1801:Hupehsuchia
1790:Baisesaurus
1683:Neodiapsida
887:Shonisaurus
882:hyoid bones
821:Shonisaurus
712:Description
708:specimens.
685:Shonisaurus
645: [
618:severnensis
519:Blue Anchor
353:ichthyosaur
3475:Categories
3418:Q125509005
3282:Sisteronia
3240:Kyhytysuka
3147:Janusaurus
3140:Grendelius
3046:Baptanodon
2987:Janusaurus
2854:Baracromia
2695:Dearcmhara
2669:Macgowania
2504:see below↓
2431:Callawayia
2277:Phalarodon
2270:Mixosaurus
2053:see below↓
2022:Gulosaurus
2013:Grippiidae
1962:Thaisaurus
1735:see below↓
1714:Sauropsida
1699:Sauropsida
1672:Subclass:
1668:Sauropsida
1192:: e17060.
916:References
910:scavengers
853:growth in
851:periosteal
763:blue whale
696:aulacodont
668:premaxilla
538:scavenging
489:archosaurs
485:Aust Cliff
473:surangular
402:surangular
377:13 million
3177:Palvennia
3162:Keilhauia
3010:Palvennia
2829:Malawania
1982:Grippidia
1654:Kingdom:
1546:129908740
1538:0272-4634
1486:254874088
1470:0960-9822
1282:0028-1042
1208:2167-8359
976:1932-6203
902:food webs
694:, and an
642:Bonenburg
624:near the
553:described
355:from the
351:of giant
239:Species:
213: (?)
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
3412:Wikidata
3199:Sumpalla
2323:Wimanius
2148:Tholodus
1674:Diapsida
1662:Chordata
1660:Phylum:
1656:Animalia
1595:20 April
1589:Archived
1556:21 April
1550:Archived
1478:36538877
1411:24348983
1371:PLOS ONE
1350:22 April
1344:Archived
1319:20 April
1313:Archived
1290:25256640
1226:38618574
1217:11011611
1163:20 April
1157:Archived
1127:20 April
1121:Archived
1095:38630678
1086:11023487
1062:PLOS ONE
1019:20 April
1013:Archived
994:29630618
945:PLOS ONE
906:plankton
747:Size of
725:Rhaetian
672:mandible
534:bivalves
523:Somerset
515:holotype
461:Lilstock
369:Somerset
361:Rhaetian
340:-thee-ə-
204:Family:
185:Reptilia
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
35:Rhaetian
3453:ZooBank
3247:Leninia
2029:Grippia
1666:Class:
1518:Bibcode
1448:Bibcode
1402:3859474
1379:Bibcode
1309:SciNews
1262:Bibcode
1153:SciNews
985:5890986
954:Bibcode
653:Warburg
585:ichthys
264:†
243:†
220:Genus:
191:Order:
181:Class:
109:↓
3432:489014
1544:
1536:
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846:'s
609:-titan
603:-τιτάν
597:sauros
591:σαῦρος
576:words
413:'s
3440:Plazi
1679:Clade
1542:S2CID
1482:S2CID
1248:(PDF)
1185:PeerJ
661:Cuers
657:Autun
649:]
579:ἰχθύς
574:Greek
493:hyoid
457:BRSMG
349:genus
1712:see
1597:2024
1558:2024
1534:ISSN
1474:PMID
1466:ISSN
1407:PMID
1352:2024
1321:2024
1286:PMID
1278:ISSN
1222:PMID
1204:ISSN
1165:2024
1129:2024
1091:PMID
1021:2024
990:PMID
972:ISSN
898:orca
688:and
678:and
659:and
510:The
439:and
344:-tən
275:2024
48:PreꞒ
1526:doi
1456:doi
1397:PMC
1387:doi
1270:doi
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