533:
1121:
748:
1004:
115:
1163:
prezygapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal fossae and S-shaped transverse processes in top view; and the higher ratio of length between the ilium and the accompanying pubis than in any other known theropod. Allain and colleagues also identified some anatomical features that are unique among other known tetanuran theropods, including the rearmost dorsal ribs articulating with the sternal complex, the pubis's main body having obturator and pubic openings, and the ischium having a foramen on its upper end and a shaft that was flattened sideways. The shrinkage of the pubis and ischium relative to the pelvis has been observed in basal
5682:
7814:
5675:
630:
1235:
1730:
1823:
1634:
4179:
1924:
733:; the abstract indicated additional remains from the original individual had been found after excavations continued in 2012. These remains include three teeth, the left pubis, and many vertebrae, including a nearly complete neck, the first dorsal vertebra, and seven more caudal vertebrae. Some of these additional vertebrae were compared with those of other spinosaurids in a 2015 paper by German palaeontologist Serjoscha Evers and colleagues, in which they noted similarities with the vertebrae of the African spinosaurid
900:
5004:
1040:
1538:
4990:
1656:
1489:
1567:
1448:
7266:
6470:
1589:
7252:
4983:
7259:
4185:
5689:
1426:
141:
1949:
4997:
7827:
6488:
6476:
971:, which is over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long, shows a very high spine on the twelfth dorsal vertebra representing a crest that rose from the back and a lower rounded sail that extended from the sacral vertebrae of the hips; the latter sail's apex was located above the third and fourth sacrals. The 54.6-centimetre (21.5 in) high spine of the twelfth dorsal vertebra widened towards the top, giving it a
6495:
7821:
7246:
992:
sudden hiatus in the sail's profile. The spine of the second sacral vertebra steeply curved upwards again, joining the 39 cm (15 in) and 48 cm (19 in) high, broad, fan-shaped spines of the third and fourth sacrals. The 40 cm (16 in) tall spine of the fifth sacral gradually descended. Unlike in the sails of most other theropods, including that of
6483:
3592:
3607:
1898:
of their teeth being closer to those of remains from aquatic animals like turtles, crocodilians, and hippopotamuses than those of other, more terrestrial theropods. Semiaquatic adaptations seem to have been more developed in spinosaurines than baryonychines. Arden and colleagues in 2018 suggested the
891:
but shared the blade-like shape with those two taxa at the mid-cervicals. The holotype dorsal rib, which was found near the twelfth dorsal vertebra, had a head typical of the ribs of other moderate-to-large-sized theropods. The rib shaft formed a half-circle. The rib's lower end was slightly expanded
2491:
Malafaia, Elisabete; Gasulla, José Miguel; Escaso, Fernando; Narváez, Iván; Sanz, José Luis; Ortega, Francisco (February 2020). "A new spinosaurid theropod (Dinosauria: Megalosauroidea) from the late
Barremian of Vallibona, Spain: Implications for spinosaurid diversity in the Early Cretaceous of the
1019:
The sacral sail was continued by the spines of the first two caudal vertebrae, which were 28.4 cm (11.2 in) and 25.7 cm (10.1 in) tall respectively. They leaned backwards at 30 degrees and had smooth front and rear edges. The centra of the first two caudals were much broader than
1906:
s pubis and ischium relative to its ilium, coupled with the elongation of the neural spines in the tails of early spinosaurines, are indications that spinosaurids may have progressively made more use of their tails to propel themselves underwater as they grew more adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. A
991:
causes. From its general shape, the describers inferred however, it was about as long as the preceding spine. This would imply the back edge of the front sail would form a rectangular corner, because the spine of the much lower first sacral vertebra is about 21 cm (8.3 in), creating a
1162:
of the genus: its dorsal and sacral sinusoidal sail; the thirteenth dorsal neural spine being 410% the length of the centrum, and its distinct, finger-shaped process on its front upper corner; the broad, expanded tips of the third and fourth sacral spines; the first caudal vertebra's deep
1208:—the authors noted that palaeontologists have debated the validity of these taxa because they are only confidently known from isolated teeth. Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos Sales and Caesar Schultz have suggested these teeth may eventually be attributed to spinosaurids similar to
3431:
Weishampel, David B.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Gomani, Elizabeth M. P.; Zhao, Xijin; Xu, Xing; Barrett, Paul M.; Sahni, Ashok; Noto, Christopher (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early
Cretaceous, Asia)". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; OsmĂłlska, Halszka (eds.).
1028:(or S-shaped) profile. The prespinal and postspinal fossae (bony depressions in front and behind the neural spines) were confined to a position above the base of the neural spines. The sides of the first caudal were also deeply hollowed out between the
2080:
before the Middle
Cretaceous preceding the breakup of Laurasia from Gondwana, but the authors noted more evidence is needed to test this hypothesis. In 2012, Allain and colleagues suggested such a global distribution may have occurred earlier across
1087:
theropods. The ischium's main body was large and extensive—atypical of the Y-shaped upper ischia of other tetanurans—and bore an oval-shaped obturator foramen in its side. The shaft of the ischium was flattened sideways, and had an unexpanded
858:
s mid-cervical vertebrae had elongate, somewhat wider-than-tall centra that became progressively shorter towards the rear of the neck, as well as well-developed keels on their bottom surfaces, traits that were shared with the spinosaurids
3288:
1024:(deeply concave on both ends). The caudal transverse processes were prominent and sturdy and were angled upwards towards the rear of the vertebrae. The transverse processes of the first caudal vertebra, when seen from above, had a
1063:(front expansion), which had a shelf on its central surface that formed the middle edge of the preacetabular fossa. Viewed distally (towards the centre of attachment), the lower end of the pubis had an L-shape resembling that of
986:
s neural spines. Its front corner formed a 3-centimetre (1.2 in) narrow-process, pointing upwards. The spine of the thirteenth dorsal vertebra has been only partly preserved; its upper and lower ends had broken off from
783:). The same year, Rubén Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi gave an estimate of 10.5 m (34 ft) in length, 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in) tall at the hips, and 2.4 t (2.6 short tons; 2.4 long tons) in weight.
3310:
Ibrahim, Nizar; Maganuco, Simone; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Fabbri, Matteo; Auditore, Marco; Bindellini, Gabriele; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Mattarelli, Diego A.; Unwin, David M.; Wiemann, Jasmina (29 April 2020).
2771:
Arden, Thomas M. S.; Klein, Catherine G.; Zouhri, Samir; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2018). "Aquatic adaptation in the skull of carnivorous dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae) and the evolution of aquatic habits in
892:
both sideways and to the front and back. This condition, which differs from the tapered, pointed tips seen in the ribs of other theropods, suggests the rearmost dorsal ribs articulated with the complex of the
1848:
and energy storage, have been proposed for spinosaurid sails. In 2012, Allain and colleagues suggested considering the high diversity in neural spine elongation observed in theropod dinosaurs, as well as
474:
would have had a long, shallow snout and robust forelimbs. Its diet likely mainly consisted of aquatic prey, hence its etymology. Spinosaurids are also known to have eaten small dinosaurs and
843:
of the ribs) increased in height from the rear cervicals to the first dorsal; its underside remained in contact with the front lower edge of the centrum. This is unlike the condition in most
3242:
1036:—processes on the sides for rib articulation—a condition that is not observed in other theropods. Some of the caudal vertebrae also had unusually tall, forwardly-extended prezygapophyses.
1756:
s straight, unserrated teeth would have been suitable for impaling and capturing small animals and aquatic prey. This type of jaw and tooth morphology, which is also observed in today's
3181:
2153:
Allain, Ronan; Xaisanavong, Tiengkham; Richir, Philippe; Khentavong, Bounsou (2012). "The first definitive Asian spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the early cretaceous of Laos".
1000:
connecting them was still visible. Only the rearmost two dorsal vertebrae are preserved, so to what extent the dorsal sail continued towards the front of the animal's back is unknown.
373:
lifestyle, while the specific name alludes to the country of Laos. In 2014, it was announced that more remains from the dig site had been recovered; these fossils included teeth, more
2309:"New material of the theropod Ichthyovenator from Ban Kalum type locality (Laos): Implications for the synonymy of Spinosaurus and Sigilmassasaurus and the phylogeny of Spinosauridae"
2065:
and colleagues noted the discovery of spinosaurids in Asia, a family previously known only from Europe, Africa, and South
America, suggests there was faunal interchange between the
1894:
lifestyles, spending much of their time near or in water, which has been inferred by the high density of their limb bones that would have made them less buoyant, and the oxygen
1343:
s spinosaurid identity; however, he no longer has this identification on his website. A 2017 analysis by Sales and
Schultz questioned Baryonychinae's validity, citing the
1887:
s sail because it appears to have evolved on its own, without very close relatives. Naish also notes that it is possible similar relatives have not yet been discovered.
847:, in which the parapophyses shifted towards the top of the vertebra during the transition from cervical to dorsal vertebrae. All of these features were also present in
1307:
means the distinction between the two subfamilies may not be as clear as previously thought. In 2017, American palaeontologist Mickey
Mortimer informally hypothesized
1372:
s spinosaurine classification was supported by Thomas Arden and colleagues in 2018, who resolved it as a basal member of the group due to its tall dorsal sail. Their
807:
s rear cervical and front dorsal vertebrae were one-and-a-half times wider than they were high and wider than the length of their centra. They also bore robust front
619:(vertebral bodies) of the sacrals are largely incomplete due to erosion, but preserved all of their accompanying spines with their upper edges intact. At the time of
7919:
2089:, even if Asia was the first landmass to be separated during the breakup of the supercontinent. In 2019, Elisabete Malafaia and colleagues also indicated a complex
2058:
in
Thailand; from the Khok Kruat formation, fossils of theropods (including spinosaurids), sauropods, iguanodontians, and freshwater fish have also been recovered.
2445:
1741:, all known spinosaurids had elongated, low, narrow snouts that allowed them to reach far for food and to quickly close their jaws in a manner similar to modern
575:
layer within a surface area of less than 2 square metres (22 sq ft). Designated under the specimen numbers MDS BK10-01 to 15, they consist of a partly
2320:
2711:
7973:
1907:
similar, though more extreme, shrinkage of the pelvic girdle and elongation of the tail's neural spines, creating a paddle-like structure, was observed in
1749:-like shape that bore long teeth, behind which there was a notch in the upper jaw; this formed a natural trap for prey. Like those of other spinosaurids,
1083:(opening)—were open and notch-like. The ischium was 49.6 cm (19.5 in) long, making it shorter in relation to the pubis than in all other known
638:
3241:; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Lurino, Dawid A. (2014).
2742:
7906:
3381:
Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Veran, Monette; Khentavong, Bounsou; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Allain, Ronan (4 March 2019).
3564:
5681:
7983:
5674:
7813:
3173:
2421:
1248:
908:
127:
1055:
was blade-like, and longer in proportion to the 65-centimetre (26 in) long pubic bone than that of any other known large theropod. The
2468:
2355:"A reappraisal of the morphology and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Sigilmassasaurus from the "middle" Cretaceous of Morocco"
532:
2945:
dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Buffetaut, Eric; Mendez, Marco A. (2005). "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod
1361:
between the earlier baryonychines and the later spinosaurines. The authors said with further research, Baryonychinae may be found to be a
2226:
Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Tong, Haiyan; Amiot, Romain (2008). "An Early
Cretaceous spinosaur theropod from southern China".
831:(wing-like projections that articulate with the ribs), as well as deep excavations at the front and back of its base that were filled by
3641:
2054:
have also been recovered from the formation. The Grès supérieurs
Formation is the lateral equivalent of the neighbouring Khok Kruat and
1815:
dinosaur bones. It is thus likely that spinosaurids were also scavengers or hunters of larger prey. Though no limb bones are known from
2204:
Buffetaut, Eric; Ingavat, Rucha (1986). "Unusual theropod dinosaur teeth from the Upper
Jurassic of Phu Wiang, northeastern Thailand".
3015:
Sales, Marcos A. F.; Lacerda, Marcel B.; Horn, Bruno L. D.; de Oliveira, Isabel A. P.; Schultz, Cesar L. (2016). Faysal, Bibi (ed.).
3449:
5003:
1182:
as representing the first unequivocal spinosaurid from Asia. Though prior spinosaurids had been named from the continent—including
6469:
2587:
4989:
1303:
analysis by Evers and colleagues, they suggested the apparent presence of both baryonychine and spinosaurine characteristics in
979:—whereas the spines of other known spinosaurids were roughly rectangular. It also lacked the forward or backward inclination of
7251:
1760:
and other fish-eating predators, has led many palaeontologists to believe spinosaurids were largely piscivorous (as implied by
4178:
747:
560:
337:
3076:"The dinosaur fauna of the Sao Khua Formation of Thailand and the beginning of the Cretaceous radiation of dinosaurs in Asia"
722:
657:
366:
262:
4982:
2000:
dinosaurs, as well as plant remains, are also known from the formation. Fossils of non-dinosaurian fauna are represented by
7265:
4184:
1120:
7692:
6487:
1819:, all known spinosaurids had well-built arms with enlarged thumb claws, which they likely used to hunt and process prey.
140:
5688:
1830:
1627:
1125:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1008:
916:
912:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
797:
793:
616:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
441:
437:
384:
The holotype specimen is estimated to have been between 8.5 to 10.5 metres (28 to 34 feet) long and to have weighed 2.4
378:
374:
1104:. The ischium attached to the ilium via a peg-and-socket-like articulation, unlike the flat, concave condition seen in
7258:
4996:
3512:
Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Le Loeuff, Jean; Khansubha, Sasa-On; Tong, Haiyan; Wongko, K (1 January 2005).
2271:"Spinosaurid theropod teeth from the Red Beds of the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) in Northeastern Thailand"
996:, the sacral spines were not fused and had no extensive contacts. The second and third sacral centra were fused; the
2308:
1003:
114:
7826:
2699:
6494:
3611:
2680:
2077:
1937:
2962:
1633:
7998:
7988:
3729:
6475:
1923:
7820:
3559:
3383:"A new Lepisosteiformes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Laos and Thailand, SE Asia"
3634:
1649:
1482:
685:
1537:
1039:
7993:
7846:
2734:
1655:
1488:
665:
329:
7978:
7945:
6200:
6112:
3518:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina
3174:"Dinosaurs and their exaggerated structures : species recognition aids, or sexual display devices?"
2353:
Evers, Serjoscha W.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Milner, Angela C.; McFeeters, Bradley; Allain, Ronan (2015).
1560:
1441:
1312:
1268:
460:
1566:
1447:
564:
341:
7245:
3532:
3075:
1588:
7893:
7778:
5889:
5857:
3478:
3466:
3324:
3254:
3130:
3087:
3028:
3017:"The "χ" of the Matter: Testing the Relationship between Paleoenvironments and Three Theropod Clades"
2899:
2832:
2785:
2625:
2552:"A century of spinosaurs – a review and revision of the Spinosauridae with comments on their ecology"
2501:
2235:
2162:
1968:
1582:
1344:
1217:
710:
568:
2006:
7884:
6213:
6000:
2062:
1978:
between 125 and 113 million years ago. It coexisted with other dinosaurs such as the sauropod
1869:
1358:
490:
6482:
2076:
in the south during the early Late Cretaceous. It may also be possible spinosaurids already had a
2044:
1234:
629:
7685:
6189:
6049:
5905:
5845:
5280:
5190:
5073:
3937:
3627:
3410:
3358:
3280:
3220:
3154:
3146:
2974:
2801:
2579:
2517:
2439:
2251:
2186:
2055:
2050:
1190:
135:
7950:
3467:"A new Shachemydinae (Chelonii, Cryptodira) from the Lower Cretaceous of Laos: preliminary data"
2270:
3441:
2018:
1425:
1295:, due to the lack of serrations on its teeth and the similarities of its vertebrae to those of
556:
432:(wave-like) shape that curved downwards over the hips and divided into two separate sails. The
7932:
7924:
7567:
7484:
7458:
7297:
7284:
7162:
6703:
6655:
5487:
4837:
3916:
3494:
3445:
3402:
3350:
3342:
3272:
3103:
3056:
2966:
2927:
2868:
2850:
2661:
2643:
2571:
2464:
2427:
2417:
2394:
2376:
2282:
2178:
1975:
1948:
1865:
1205:
1129:
928:
875:
812:
418:
7937:
3382:
3121:
Bailey, Jack B. (1997). "Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs?".
7671:
7428:
7338:
7127:
7043:
6905:
6824:
6796:
6756:
6637:
6607:
6125:
5878:
5742:
5599:
5499:
5348:
5255:
5213:
4780:
4090:
3597:
3554:
3544:
3486:
3433:
3394:
3332:
3262:
3212:
3138:
3095:
3046:
3036:
2958:
2917:
2907:
2858:
2840:
2793:
2651:
2633:
2563:
2509:
2384:
2366:
2243:
2170:
2093:
pattern for spinosaurs during the Early Cretaceous based on anatomical similarities between
1972:
1877:
1845:
1782:
1746:
1420:
1172:
1025:
997:
735:
405:
403:
s teeth were straight and conical, and its neck resembled that of the closely related genus
326:
30:
7734:
7472:
7435:
7367:
7222:
7215:
7027:
6969:
6942:
6932:
6891:
6726:
6585:
6569:
6387:
6359:
6337:
6224:
6069:
5776:
5550:
5433:
5411:
5332:
5161:
5138:
5131:
5109:
5095:
5088:
5049:
4900:
4747:
4674:
4663:
4599:
4487:
4374:
3951:
3860:
3714:
3689:
2994:"The case for fishing dinosaurs at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm"
2090:
2001:
1792:
1729:
1094:
899:
816:
808:
764:
661:
362:
322:
3482:
3328:
3258:
3134:
3091:
3032:
2903:
2836:
2789:
2629:
2505:
2239:
2166:
1795:
has also been proposed for spinosaurs, based on fossils such as the bones of a juvenile
7699:
7662:
7643:
7605:
7594:
7391:
7104:
7063:
7054:
7036:
7016:
6912:
6626:
6371:
6233:
6060:
6042:
5870:
5837:
5823:
5784:
5419:
5376:
5369:
5291:
5267:
5220:
5179:
5116:
5102:
4830:
4815:
4642:
4476:
4340:
4308:
4297:
4274:
4236:
4097:
4067:
3991:
3930:
3829:
3051:
3016:
2922:
2887:
2863:
2820:
2656:
2613:
2389:
2354:
2066:
2029:
2024:
1989:
1980:
1932:
1838:
1796:
1328:
1159:
579:, well-preserved skeleton lacking the skull and limbs, and including the third-to-last
486:
3099:
2888:"Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)"
2551:
1822:
956:—both of which had continuous sails that rose to a peak before sloping down again—and
800:
teeth were evident on the base of the tooth crown. The front articulating surfaces of
344:, the first of which were found in 2010, consisting of a partial skeleton without the
7967:
7741:
7587:
7548:
7527:
7406:
7399:
7326:
7120:
7093:
6951:
6867:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6774:
6691:
6554:
6526:
6513:
6437:
6314:
6154:
5988:
5919:
5805:
5792:
5537:
5515:
5508:
5472:
5445:
5397:
5321:
5057:
4848:
4822:
4738:
4719:
4712:
4649:
4628:
4607:
4592:
4578:
4537:
4503:
4496:
4415:
4267:
4154:
4147:
4074:
4044:
4033:
3923:
3894:
3887:
3813:
3513:
3434:
3362:
3238:
3158:
2993:
2805:
2700:"A tall-spined spinosaurid theropod from Thailand and the biogeography of spinosaurs"
2521:
2255:
2086:
1993:
1895:
1469:
1406:
1383:
1300:
1292:
1264:
1260:
1221:
1175:: the evolution of certain anatomical traits at different times in separate species.
1168:
1164:
968:
932:
904:
669:
572:
464:
456:
433:
237:
224:
72:
3549:
3414:
3284:
3224:
2978:
2583:
1220:
in 2004 and was identified as a definite spinosaur in a 2008 conference abstract by
493:. Fossil evidence suggests spinosaurids, especially spinosaurines, were adapted for
7713:
7651:
7621:
7541:
7534:
7512:
7504:
7384:
7376:
7356:
7071:
6982:
6920:
6810:
6781:
6733:
6562:
6547:
6322:
6254:
6182:
6161:
6140:
5956:
5912:
5720:
5707:
5637:
5590:
5465:
5355:
5307:
5300:
5237:
5206:
5199:
5080:
4907:
4759:
4656:
4558:
4551:
4446:
4430:
4366:
4317:
4249:
4026:
3909:
3902:
3873:
3836:
3805:
2190:
2033:
1985:
1873:
1850:
1834:
1787:
1601:
1362:
1317:
1272:
1239:
650:
414:
270:
3398:
3216:
2797:
2513:
1967:
Grès supérieurs Formation, and was found in a layer probably dating to the Aptian
664:
Ronan Allain, Tiengkham Xeisanavong, Philippe Richir, and Bounsou Khentavong. The
3514:"The dinosaur fauna from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand"
3041:
2912:
2845:
2638:
2614:"Spinosaur taxonomy and evolution of craniodental features: Evidence from Brazil"
7878:
7767:
7748:
7678:
7628:
7614:
7556:
7497:
7442:
7319:
7113:
6989:
6958:
6874:
6860:
6592:
6540:
6408:
6330:
6293:
6175:
6147:
6100:
6020:
5898:
5755:
5606:
5579:
5479:
5426:
5362:
5341:
5314:
5065:
4878:
4871:
4857:
4683:
4530:
4521:
4423:
4394:
4324:
4289:
4282:
4082:
4060:
4053:
4012:
4004:
3980:
3965:
3944:
3852:
3844:
2269:
Wongko, Kamonlak; Buffetaut, Eric; Khamha, Suchada; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2019).
1997:
1953:
1941:
1891:
1212:. In addition to tooth fossils, a spinosaurid skeleton that possibly belongs to
1140:
948:
752:
705:
693:
681:
494:
444:—was proportionately longer than both the pubis and ischium than in other known
370:
308:
47:
7869:
3490:
1336:, pending description of the new material, which he states will likely confirm
792:
s teeth were conical, straight, and bore no serrations. The front edges of the
7706:
7635:
7580:
7201:
7000:
6817:
6803:
6788:
6740:
6674:
6600:
6422:
6415:
6401:
6307:
6240:
6168:
6132:
6085:
6027:
6013:
5980:
5972:
5965:
5946:
5769:
5734:
5522:
5123:
4914:
4864:
4801:
4772:
4727:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4614:
4510:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4438:
4358:
4229:
4105:
3958:
3821:
3680:
3587:
3533:"The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia"
3337:
3312:
3142:
2247:
2174:
2037:
1964:
1769:
1742:
1134:
865:
827:(depressions) having open undersides. The first dorsal vertebra had extensive
771:
to have been approximately 8.5 metres (28 ft) long and to have weighed 2
612:
517:
505:
429:
198:
92:
57:
3498:
3406:
3346:
3107:
2970:
2854:
2647:
2575:
2431:
2380:
2286:
645:
After undergoing preparation in 2011, the skeleton was used as the basis, or
611:. The twelfth dorsal spine is bent sideways when viewed front-to-back due to
7727:
7720:
7420:
7413:
7086:
7078:
7009:
6662:
6380:
5926:
5830:
5565:
5150:
5035:
5022:
4949:
4885:
4808:
4787:
4544:
4407:
4215:
4202:
4120:
3972:
3791:
3778:
3741:
3650:
3267:
2567:
2012:
1812:
1804:
1373:
1349:
1333:
1243:
1187:
1100:
1084:
1044:
988:
972:
823:(bony plates), which resulted in their spinopre- and spinopostzygapophyseal
776:
475:
453:
389:
211:
152:
97:
41:
3354:
3276:
3060:
2931:
2872:
2665:
2461:
RĂ©cords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios TerĂłpodos y otros dinosauromorfos
2398:
2182:
3606:
7863:
7311:
6719:
6712:
6684:
6577:
6077:
5458:
4794:
4621:
4382:
4019:
3698:
3674:
2073:
2069:
2040:
1928:
1854:
1757:
1080:
943:
861:
844:
780:
700:
696:
646:
634:
537:
513:
445:
393:
349:
311:
185:
172:
123:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
7911:
6852:
6614:
6344:
6247:
5572:
4893:
3150:
2371:
2082:
960:, which showed a less-developed sail, having much lower dorsal spines.
893:
540:
521:
353:
102:
77:
7520:
7208:
4635:
3668:
3531:
Brusatte, Stephen; Benson, Roger B. J.; Xu, Xing (10 December 2010).
1876:
considered the latter function unlikely, favouring the hypothesis of
1202:
1047:, with missing elements such as the head and limbs based on relatives
548:
333:
319:
162:
34:
7840:
2821:"Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid Theropods and Extant Crocodilians"
3440:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1911:, which appears to have been more aquatic than any other known non-
1745:. The tips of spinosaurids' upper and lower jaws fanned out into a
6351:
6092:
6034:
1947:
1922:
1821:
1728:
1276:
1233:
1119:
1038:
1002:
898:
772:
746:
628:
531:
385:
345:
318:, sometime between 120 and 113 million years ago, during the
304:
7898:
946:(wave-like) curvature. This is in contrast to the related genera
369:. The generic name, meaning "fish hunter", refers to its assumed
7784:
6394:
2550:
Hone, David William Elliott; Holtz, Thomas Richard (June 2017).
1912:
315:
7844:
7282:
6511:
5705:
5020:
4200:
3776:
3661:
3623:
3203:
Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (1998). "Spinosaurs as crocodile mimics".
2698:
Milner, Angela; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007).
1803:
specimen, an "Irritator" tooth embedded in the vertebrae of a
935:
of its vertebrae. Uniquely among known members of the family,
2685:
Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy
3619:
2679:
Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Tong, Haiyan (2004).
2963:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2
975:
shape—similar to the condition seen in a neural spine from
626:
s description, excavations at the site were still ongoing.
3313:"Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaur"
3426:
3424:
2313:
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Programs and Abstracts
3243:"Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur"
1032:(articular surfaces of the preceding vertebra) and the
1075:. On the hind rim of the pubic bone, two openings—the
931:
on its back and hips that was formed by the elongated
607:(lower and rearmost hip bones) and a posterior dorsal
759:
in turquoise, first from right) compared with a human
571:, Laos. These fossilized bones were recovered from a
504:
s tail were unusually tall, suggesting—as in today's
1767:
s name). This is also evidenced by the discovery of
277:
7853:
7766:
7661:
7604:
7566:
7483:
7456:
7366:
7336:
7295:
7193:
7161:
7103:
7053:
7026:
6999:
6968:
6941:
6930:
6889:
6754:
6702:
6673:
6635:
6624:
6524:
6436:
6370:
6292:
6223:
6199:
6111:
6059:
5999:
5955:
5944:
5888:
5856:
5803:
5753:
5718:
5636:
5589:
5536:
5498:
5444:
5395:
5331:
5290:
5266:
5235:
5189:
5159:
5148:
5033:
4948:
4847:
4758:
4737:
4673:
4576:
4520:
4486:
4393:
4338:
4307:
4247:
4213:
4139:
4119:
4043:
3990:
3871:
3789:
3740:
3713:
1332:(of uncertain taxonomic affinity) within the clade
3465:de Lapparent de Broin, France (1 September 2004).
2992:Milner, Andrew; Kirkland, James (September 2007).
942:s sail was divided in two over the hips and had a
729:. In 2014, Allain published a conference paper on
3560:20.500.11820/1329c7c5-2a80-47c6-bdce-eda24c633e10
3080:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1071:—the expanded lower end of the pubis—had a large
1051:The 92-centimetre (36 in) long ilium of the
2612:Sales, Marcos A. F.; Schultz, Cesar L. (2017).
2459:Molina-Pérez, Rubén; Larramendi, Asier (2016).
1322:rather than a spinosaurid. Mortimer considered
3074:Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (1999).
1829:might have used its tail, which had elongated
1781:snout that was found with a vertebra from the
725:. The latter may represent the same animal as
421:on its back. Unlike other known spinosaurids,
3635:
2949:, with remarks on its sizes and affinities".
8:
2819:Cuff, Andrew R.; Rayfield, Emily J. (2013).
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2416:(2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J. p. 94.
1737:Though no skull remains have been found for
485:s conspicuous sail might have been used for
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2463:. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 259.
2221:
2219:
1833:, for propulsion through water, similar to
7841:
7572:
7489:
7464:
7348:
7344:
7303:
7292:
7279:
7190:
7158:
6974:
6938:
6897:
6766:
6762:
6647:
6643:
6632:
6532:
6521:
6508:
6299:
6289:
6205:
6117:
6005:
5952:
5862:
5815:
5811:
5761:
5726:
5715:
5702:
5633:
5542:
5450:
5403:
5272:
5247:
5243:
5171:
5167:
5156:
5041:
5030:
5017:
4945:
4764:
4755:
4584:
4399:
4350:
4346:
4259:
4255:
4221:
4210:
4197:
3996:
3879:
3797:
3786:
3773:
3719:
3710:
3658:
3642:
3628:
3620:
2444:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1059:(rear expansion) was much longer than the
587:of the last dorsal vertebra, five partial
113:
20:
3558:
3548:
3336:
3266:
3050:
3040:
2921:
2911:
2862:
2844:
2655:
2637:
2388:
2370:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
1864:s sinusoidal sail may have been used for
1773:fish scales in the stomach cavity of one
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1255:In 2012, Allain and colleagues assigned
543:in white and undescribed material in red
2556:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2110:
1733:Casts of the vertebrae seen from behind
680:, "hunter", in reference to its likely
459:but more recent analyses place it as a
452:was initially thought to belong to the
2714:from the original on 23 September 2019
2607:
2605:
2437:
2414:The Princeton field guide to dinosaurs
2412:Paul, Gregory S. (2016). "Theropods".
1870:recognising members of its own species
1287:. In Allain's 2014 abstract, he found
508:—the tail may have aided in swimming.
3376:
3374:
3372:
1249:National Museum of Nature and Science
1224:and colleagues, eight years prior to
1171:, which the describers attributed to
909:National Museum of Nature and Science
839:(processes that articulated with the
128:National Museum of Nature and Science
7:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
1919:Palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography
1811:that were found in association with
1357:, and suggesting they may have been
688:refers to its provenance from Laos.
639:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
497:lifestyles. The vertebral spines of
3387:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1844:Many possible functions, including
1607:
1553:
1524:
1504:
1475:
1412:
1389:
1379:
1108:. This feature was also present in
656:, which was named and described in
348:or limbs. This specimen became the
7974:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
3567:from the original on 11 April 2020
3184:from the original on 16 April 2020
2951:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2745:from the original on 29 April 2016
2704:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2323:from the original on 25 April 2018
1263:; more precisely to the subfamily
919:have been partially reconstructed.
14:
3291:from the original on 7 April 2020
2886:LĂłpez-Arbarello, Adriana (2012).
2590:from the original on 19 July 2019
1984:, and an indeterminate sauropod,
7825:
7819:
7812:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7244:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6474:
6468:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4183:
4177:
3605:
3590:
3178:Scientific American Blog Network
1890:Spinosaurids appear to have had
1799:that was also found in the same
1654:
1632:
1587:
1565:
1536:
1487:
1446:
1424:
915:spine and the lower part of the
879:. The cervical neural spines of
139:
3550:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.12
2016:, as well as turtles including
1963:is known from the Barremian to
1952:Fossils of the Ichthyovenator,
1178:Allain and his team considered
591:(hip) vertebrae, the first two
365:Ronan Allain and colleagues in
1853:research done on the sails of
1238:Reconstructed skeleton of the
967:s preserved dorsal and sacral
923:Like many other spinosaurids,
676:), "fish", and the Latin word
1:
7984:Fossil taxa described in 2012
3399:10.1080/14772019.2018.1426060
3217:10.1126/science.282.5392.1276
3100:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00004-8
2798:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.013
2514:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104221
684:(fish-eating) lifestyle. The
409:. Like others in its family,
3042:10.1371/journal.pone.0147031
2998:Utah Geological Survey Notes
2913:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370
2846:10.1371/journal.pone.0065295
2639:10.1371/journal.pone.0187070
1936:, another dinosaur from the
1628:Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis
1396:Praia das Aguncheiras taxon
1315:dinosaur closely related to
1311:may have been a sail-backed
1291:instead as belonging to the
1216:was excavated from the Thai
2681:"Asian spinosaur confirmed"
1158:describers established the
440:—the uppermost body of the
8015:
3537:Journal of Iberian Geology
3491:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.05.004
1996:of theropod, sauropod and
1347:of Brazilian spinosaurids
821:interzygapophyseal laminae
599:(main hip bones), a right
381:from the same individual.
314:that lived in what is now
7809:
7575:
7492:
7467:
7351:
7347:
7306:
7291:
7278:
7242:
7189:
7157:
6977:
6900:
6769:
6765:
6650:
6646:
6535:
6520:
6507:
6466:
6302:
6288:
6208:
6120:
6008:
5865:
5818:
5814:
5764:
5729:
5714:
5701:
5670:
5632:
5545:
5453:
5406:
5275:
5250:
5246:
5174:
5170:
5044:
5029:
5016:
4978:
4944:
4767:
4587:
4402:
4353:
4349:
4262:
4258:
4224:
4209:
4196:
4174:
3999:
3882:
3800:
3785:
3772:
3722:
3709:
3657:
3338:10.1038/s41586-020-2190-3
3143:10.1017/S0022336000036076
2733:Mortimer, Mickey (2017).
2248:10.1017/S0016756808005360
2175:10.1007/s00114-012-0911-7
2078:cosmopolitan distribution
1938:Gres superieurs Formation
1647:
1625:
1612:
1605:
1580:
1558:
1551:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1502:
1480:
1473:
1439:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1387:
713:and the Chinese species "
561:Grès supérieurs Formation
338:Grès supérieurs Formation
276:
269:
136:Scientific classification
134:
121:
112:
23:
2275:Tropical Natural History
1915:(or non-bird) dinosaur.
1807:, and tooth crowns from
1532:Ichthyovenator laosensis
911:, Tokyo. The thirteenth
654:Ichthyovenator laosensis
358:Ichthyovenator laosensis
282:Ichthyovenator laosensis
3268:10.1126/science.1258750
3123:Journal of Paleontology
2568:10.1111/1755-6724.13328
2097:and the European genus
2028:, and an indeterminate
1872:. In a 2013 blog post,
1791:embedded in it. A more
1650:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
1483:Siamosaurus suteethorni
819:attachment) and lacked
595:(tail) vertebrae, both
361:, and was described by
3471:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3172:Naish, Darren (2013).
2710:(supplement 3): 118A.
2307:Allain, Ronan (2014).
1957:
1945:
1841:
1734:
1365:(unnatural) grouping.
1252:
1148:
1048:
1016:
920:
760:
642:
555:were found in 2010 at
544:
536:Skeletal diagram with
520:dinosaurs, as well as
7946:Paleobiology Database
6201:Carcharodontosaurinae
6113:Carcharodontosauridae
2739:The Theropod Database
1951:
1926:
1825:
1732:
1561:Irritator challengeri
1442:Suchomimus tenerensis
1237:
1160:unique derived traits
1123:
1042:
1011:(tail) vertebrae and
1006:
902:
750:
632:
583:(back) vertebra, the
535:
478:in addition to fish.
352:of the new genus and
7194:Dubious coelurosaurs
5890:Metriacanthosaurinae
5858:Metriacanthosauridae
4140:Dubious neotheropods
3616:at Wikimedia Commons
2492:Iberian Peninsula".
1583:Oxalaia quilombensis
1218:Khok Kruat Formation
883:were taller than in
829:transverse processes
699:from Asia after the
668:is derived from the
569:Savannakhet Province
528:Discovery and naming
524:, fish and turtles.
6214:Carcharodontosaurus
6001:Carcharodontosauria
3483:2004CRPal...3..387D
3329:2020Natur.581...67I
3259:2014Sci...345.1613I
3253:(6204): 1613–1616.
3211:(5392): 1276–1277.
3135:1997JPal...71.1124B
3092:1999PPP...150...13B
3033:2016PLoSO..1147031S
2904:2012PLoSO...739370L
2837:2013PLoSO...865295C
2790:2019CrRes..93..275A
2778:Cretaceous Research
2630:2017PLoSO..1287070S
2506:2020CrRes.10604221M
2494:Cretaceous Research
2240:2008GeoM..145..745B
2228:Geological Magazine
2167:2012NW.....99..369A
2155:Naturwissenschaften
2063:Stephen L. Brusatte
2056:Phu Phan Formations
1376:can be seen below:
1359:transitionary forms
1313:carcharodontosaurid
903:Casts of the known
692:is the third named
603:(pubic bone), both
491:species recognition
336:collected from the
332:. It is known from
7686:Archaeornithomimus
6190:Veterupristisaurus
6050:Veterupristisaurus
5906:Metriacanthosaurus
5846:Piatnitzkysauridae
5281:Eustreptospondylus
5191:Piatnitzkysauridae
5074:Chuandongocoelurus
3938:Notatesseraeraptor
2372:10.7717/peerj.1323
1958:
1946:
1842:
1735:
1614:Gara Samani taxon
1253:
1191:Sao Khua Formation
1149:
1130:neural spine sails
1124:Comparison of the
1057:postacetabular ala
1049:
1017:
921:
761:
643:
545:
377:(backbones) and a
7961:
7960:
7933:Open Tree of Life
7847:Taxon identifiers
7838:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7568:Macrocheiriformes
7485:Ornithomimosauria
7459:Maniraptoriformes
7452:
7451:
7298:Maniraptoromorpha
7285:Maniraptoromorpha
7274:
7273:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7163:Maniraptoromorpha
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7136:
6885:
6884:
6750:
6749:
6704:Proceratosauridae
6656:Chingkankousaurus
6503:
6502:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6432:
6431:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6263:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5697:
5696:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5532:
5531:
5488:Vallibonavenatrix
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5231:
5230:
5012:
5011:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4334:
4333:
4192:
4191:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4115:
4114:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3610:Media related to
2735:"Megalosauroidea"
2423:978-0-691-16766-4
2099:Vallibonavenatrix
2072:in the north and
1866:courtship display
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1459:
1458:
1247:, mounted at the
1206:Xinlong Formation
1110:Vallibonavenatrix
1077:obturator foramen
1061:preacetabular ala
1043:Speculative life
1015:from the holotype
977:Vallibonavenatrix
876:Vallibonavenatrix
565:Savannakhet Basin
436:was reduced; the
342:Savannakhet Basin
296:
295:
265:
16:Genus of dinosaur
8006:
7954:
7953:
7941:
7940:
7928:
7927:
7915:
7914:
7902:
7901:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7842:
7829:
7823:
7816:
7672:Aepyornithomimus
7573:
7490:
7465:
7429:Sinocalliopteryx
7349:
7345:
7339:Neocoelurosauria
7304:
7293:
7280:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7191:
7159:
7128:Zhuchengtyrannus
7044:Thanatotheristes
6975:
6939:
6906:Appalachiosaurus
6898:
6767:
6763:
6757:Pantyrannosauria
6648:
6644:
6638:Tyrannosauroidea
6633:
6608:Xinjiangovenator
6533:
6522:
6509:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6478:
6472:
6300:
6290:
6206:
6126:Acrocanthosaurus
6118:
6006:
5953:
5879:Yangchuanosaurus
5863:
5816:
5812:
5762:
5743:Lourinhanosaurus
5727:
5716:
5703:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5634:
5600:Sigilmassasaurus
5543:
5500:Ceratosuchopsini
5451:
5404:
5349:Dubreuillosaurus
5273:
5256:Streptospondylus
5248:
5244:
5214:Piatnitzkysaurus
5172:
5168:
5157:
5042:
5031:
5018:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4946:
4781:Ekrixinatosaurus
4765:
4756:
4585:
4400:
4351:
4347:
4260:
4256:
4222:
4211:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4091:Procompsognathus
3997:
3880:
3798:
3787:
3774:
3720:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3659:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3609:
3600:
3598:Dinosaurs portal
3595:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3439:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3340:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3270:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3129:(6): 1124–1146.
3118:
3112:
3111:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2848:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2641:
2624:(11): e0187070.
2609:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2562:(3): 1120–1132.
2547:
2526:
2525:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:978-8416641-15-4
2456:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2374:
2350:
2333:
2332:
2331:– via SVP.
2330:
2328:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2150:
1973:Early Cretaceous
1905:
1886:
1878:sexual selection
1863:
1857:(stem mammals),
1846:thermoregulation
1766:
1755:
1658:
1636:
1608:
1591:
1569:
1554:
1540:
1525:
1511:Eumeralla taxon
1505:
1491:
1476:
1450:
1428:
1421:Baryonyx walkeri
1413:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1342:
1297:Sigilmassasaurus
1271:position as the
1230:
1186:from Thailand's
1173:mosaic evolution
1157:
985:
966:
941:
885:Sigilmassasaurus
871:Sigilmassasaurus
857:
849:Sigilmassasaurus
806:
791:
751:Size of various
736:Sigilmassasaurus
662:palaeontologists
625:
615:distorsion. The
512:lived alongside
503:
484:
470:As a spinosaur,
427:
406:Sigilmassasaurus
402:
327:Early Cretaceous
279:
256:
249:
236:
223:
144:
143:
126:skeleton at the
117:
107:
44:
31:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
21:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7999:Cretaceous Laos
7989:Fossils of Laos
7964:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7949:
7944:
7936:
7931:
7923:
7918:
7910:
7905:
7897:
7892:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7849:
7839:
7830:
7817:
7791:
7754:
7735:Sinornithomimus
7657:
7600:
7562:
7479:
7473:Compsognathidae
7461:
7448:
7436:Sinosauropteryx
7368:Compsognathidae
7362:
7341:
7332:
7300:
7287:
7270:
7269:
7255:
7228:
7223:Shanyangosaurus
7216:Phaedrolosaurus
7177:
7133:
7099:
7049:
7028:Daspletosaurini
7022:
6995:
6970:Tyrannosaurinae
6964:
6943:Albertosaurinae
6935:
6933:Tyrannosauridae
6926:
6894:
6892:Eutyrannosauria
6881:
6759:
6746:
6727:Proceratosaurus
6698:
6669:
6640:
6629:
6620:
6586:Richardoestesia
6570:Chilantaisaurus
6529:
6516:
6499:
6498:
6479:
6452:
6428:
6388:Australovenator
6366:
6360:Chilantaisaurus
6338:Phuwiangvenator
6260:
6225:Giganotosaurini
6219:
6195:
6107:
6070:Chilantaisaurus
6055:
5995:
5949:
5932:
5884:
5852:
5808:
5799:
5777:Monolophosaurus
5758:
5749:
5723:
5710:
5693:
5692:
5678:
5652:
5612:
5585:
5551:Camarillasaurus
5528:
5494:
5440:
5434:Ostafrikasaurus
5412:Camarillasaurus
5400:
5383:
5333:Afrovenatorinae
5327:
5286:
5262:
5240:
5227:
5185:
5164:
5162:Megalosauroidea
5153:
5144:
5139:Vectaerovenator
5132:Szechuanosaurus
5110:Monolophosaurus
5096:Kaijiangosaurus
5089:Cryolophosaurus
5050:Calamospondylus
5038:
5025:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4964:
4920:
4901:Pycnonemosaurus
4843:
4754:
4748:Majungasaurinae
4733:
4675:Majungasaurinae
4669:
4664:Xenotarsosaurus
4600:Dryptosauroides
4581:
4564:
4516:
4488:Elaphrosaurinae
4482:
4389:
4375:Ornithomimoides
4343:
4330:
4303:
4252:
4243:
4218:
4205:
4188:
4182:
4160:
4135:
4111:
4039:
3986:
3952:Shuangbaisaurus
3876:
3867:
3794:
3781:
3756:
3736:
3730:Avemetatarsalia
3715:Avemetatarsalia
3705:
3690:Avemetatarsalia
3664:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3323:(7806): 67–70.
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3027:(2): e0147031.
3014:
3013:
3009:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2549:
2548:
2529:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2436:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2352:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2152:
2151:
2112:
2107:
2091:biogeographical
2067:supercontinents
2002:ray-finned fish
1956:Dinosaur Museum
1944:Dinosaur Museum
1927:Fossils of the
1921:
1903:
1884:
1861:
1793:generalist diet
1777:skeleton and a
1764:
1753:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1637:
1592:
1570:
1541:
1492:
1460:
1451:
1369:
1340:
1231:s description.
1228:
1155:
1118:
1095:Monolophosaurus
1090:ischiadic apron
1030:prezygapophyses
983:
964:
939:
896:(breast bone).
855:
817:skeletal muscle
804:
789:
765:Gregory S. Paul
745:
623:
530:
501:
482:
425:
400:
363:palaeontologist
292:
285:
255:
247:
234:
221:
138:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8012:
8010:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7966:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7942:
7929:
7916:
7903:
7890:
7885:Ichthyovenator
7875:
7859:
7857:
7855:Ichthyovenator
7851:
7850:
7845:
7836:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7772:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7700:Dromiceiomimus
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7665:
7663:Ornithomimidae
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7648:
7644:Paraxenisaurus
7640:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7608:
7606:Deinocheiridae
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7595:Shenzhousaurus
7591:
7584:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7468:
7462:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7392:Beipiaognathus
7388:
7381:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7352:
7342:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7307:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7263:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7195:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7107:
7105:Tyrannosaurini
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7068:
7064:Bistahieversor
7059:
7057:
7055:Teratophoneini
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7037:Daspletosaurus
7032:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7017:Qianzhousaurus
7013:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6913:Bistahieversor
6909:
6901:
6895:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6760:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6678:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6659:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6627:Tyrannoraptora
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6525:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6374:
6372:Megaraptoridae
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6297:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6234:Giganotosaurus
6229:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6065:
6063:
6061:Neovenatoridae
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6046:
6043:Ulughbegsaurus
6039:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5985:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5959:
5950:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5871:Xuanhanosaurus
5866:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5838:Xuanhanosaurus
5834:
5827:
5824:Asfaltovenator
5819:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5785:Megalosauridae
5781:
5773:
5765:
5759:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5739:
5730:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5559:Ichthyovenator
5555:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5484:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5430:
5423:
5420:Cristatusaurus
5416:
5407:
5401:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:Poekilopleuron
5373:
5370:Piveteausaurus
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5292:Megalosaurinae
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5268:Megalosauridae
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:Xuanhanosaurus
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5180:Yunyangosaurus
5175:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5120:
5117:Pandoravenator
5113:
5106:
5103:Kayentavenator
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4831:Skorpiovenator
4827:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4768:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4643:Spectrovenator
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4477:Spinostropheus
4473:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4354:
4344:
4341:Abelisauroidea
4339:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4309:Ceratosauridae
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4298:Saltriovenator
4294:
4286:
4279:
4275:Fosterovenator
4271:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:Lophostropheus
4233:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4098:Pterospondylus
4094:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4068:Lucianovenator
4064:
4057:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3992:Coelophysoidea
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:Lophostropheus
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3830:Erythrovenator
3826:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3613:Ichthyovenator
3602:
3601:
3585:
3584:External links
3582:
3579:
3578:
3543:(2): 275–296.
3523:
3504:
3477:(5): 387–396.
3457:
3450:
3436:The Dinosauria
3420:
3393:(5): 393–407.
3368:
3302:
3239:Ibrahim, Nizar
3230:
3195:
3164:
3113:
3086:(1–2): 13–23.
3066:
3007:
2984:
2957:(4): 888–896.
2937:
2878:
2811:
2756:
2725:
2690:
2671:
2601:
2527:
2476:
2469:
2451:
2422:
2404:
2334:
2292:
2261:
2234:(5): 745–748.
2215:
2206:Rev. Paleobiol
2196:
2161:(5): 369–377.
2109:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2095:Ichthyovenator
2030:carettochelyid
2025:Xinjiangchelys
2007:Lanxangichthys
1990:neoceratopsian
1981:Tangvayosaurus
1961:Ichthyovenator
1933:Tangvayosaurus
1920:
1917:
1901:Ichthyovenator
1896:isotope ratios
1882:Ichthyovenator
1859:Ichthyovenator
1839:Nile crocodile
1827:Ichthyovenator
1817:Ichthyovenator
1762:Ichthyovenator
1751:Ichthyovenator
1739:Ichthyovenator
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1367:Ichthyovenator
1338:Ichthyovenator
1329:incertae sedis
1324:Ichthyovenator
1309:Ichthyovenator
1305:Ichthyovenator
1289:Ichthyovenator
1257:Ichthyovenator
1226:Ichthyovenator
1210:Ichthyovenator
1195:Sinopliosaurus
1180:Ichthyovenator
1153:Ichthyovenator
1146:Ichthyovenator
1117:
1116:Classification
1114:
962:Ichthyovenator
937:Ichthyovenator
925:Ichthyovenator
881:Ichthyovenator
853:Ichthyovenator
802:Ichthyovenator
787:Ichthyovenator
769:Ichthyovenator
757:Ichthyovenator
744:
741:
731:Ichthyovenator
715:Sinopliosaurus
690:Ichthyovenator
621:Ichthyovenator
553:Ichthyovenator
529:
526:
510:Ichthyovenator
499:Ichthyovenator
487:sexual display
480:Ichthyovenator
472:Ichthyovenator
463:member of the
450:Ichthyovenator
423:Ichthyovenator
417:that formed a
411:Ichthyovenator
398:Ichthyovenator
300:Ichthyovenator
294:
293:
286:
274:
273:
267:
266:
252:Ichthyovenator
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
25:Ichthyovenator
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8011:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7994:Aptian genera
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7815:
7786:
7782:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7742:Struthiomimus
7739:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7693:"Coelosaurus"
7690:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7588:Pelecanimimus
7585:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:Thecocoelurus
7546:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7528:Kinnareemimus
7525:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7407:Huaxiagnathus
7404:
7402:
7401:
7400:Compsognathus
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7327:Ornitholestes
7324:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7262:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7121:Tyrannosaurus
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7094:Teratophoneus
7091:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6952:Albertosaurus
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6888:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6868:Xiongguanlong
6865:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6846:Suskityrannus
6843:
6841:
6840:
6839:Stokesosaurus
6836:
6834:
6833:
6832:Santanaraptor
6829:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:Alectrosaurus
6772:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6753:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6693:
6692:Tanycolagreus
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:Bahariasaurus
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6527:Coelurosauria
6523:
6519:
6515:
6514:Coelurosauria
6510:
6506:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6471:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6438:Coelurosauria
6435:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:Bahariasaurus
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6155:Kelmayisaurus
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5989:Saurophaganax
5986:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5943:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5920:Siamotyrannus
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5806:Allosauroidea
5802:
5795:
5794:
5793:Spinosauridae
5790:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Spinosaurinae
5535:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:Riparovenator
5513:
5511:
5510:
5509:Ceratosuchops
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:Riojavenatrix
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Baryonychinae
5443:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5398:Spinosauridae
5394:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5322:Wiehenvenator
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:Chienkosaurus
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4849:Furileusauria
4846:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:Rahiolisaurus
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4739:Carnotaurinae
4736:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:Rahiolisaurus
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:Majungasaurus
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:Tarascosaurus
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4608:Eoabelisaurus
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:Chenanisaurus
4590:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4579:Abelisauridae
4575:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:Masiakasaurus
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:Huinculsaurus
4501:
4499:
4498:
4497:Elaphrosaurus
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:Austrocheirus
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:Berberosaurus
4265:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4157:
4156:
4155:Halticosaurus
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:Teinurosaurus
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:Megapnosaurus
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4045:Coelophysidae
4042:
4036:
4035:
4034:Powellvenator
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:Liliensternus
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:Dolichosuchus
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:Dilophosaurus
3885:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3861:Herrerasauria
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:Daemonosaurus
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3583:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3451:0-520-24209-2
3447:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:(7): e39370.
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:(5): e65295.
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:(2): 217–220.
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:Late Jurassic
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:iguanodontian
1983:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1899:shortness of
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:such as this
1836:
1832:
1831:neural spines
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:sclerorynchid
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1725:Palaeobiology
1724:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:Spinosaurinae
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:Baryonychinae
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:Spinosauridae
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Spinosaurinae
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:Baryonychinae
1262:
1261:Spinosauridae
1258:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1222:Angela Milner
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:from China's
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:pelvic region
1122:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:pubic foramen
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:spinal column
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
938:
934:
933:neural spines
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:spinal column
901:
897:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:
863:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:in life. The
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
799:
795:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
749:
742:
740:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
686:specific name
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
640:
636:
633:Casts of the
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:red sandstone
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
539:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:Spinosaurinae
462:
458:
457:Baryonychinae
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:pelvic girdle
431:
424:
420:
416:
415:neural spines
412:
408:
407:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
301:
290:
284:
283:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:Spinosaurinae
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:Spinosauridae
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:120–113
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
7979:Spinosaurids
7854:
7818:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7714:Ornithomimus
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7670:
7652:Tyrannomimus
7650:
7642:
7634:
7627:
7622:Deinocheirus
7620:
7613:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7555:
7547:
7542:Nqwebasaurus
7540:
7535:Nedcolbertia
7533:
7526:
7519:
7513:Calamosaurus
7511:
7505:Aviatyrannis
7503:
7496:
7471:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7390:
7385:Aristosuchus
7383:
7377:Aniksosaurus
7375:
7357:Aniksosaurus
7355:
7325:
7318:
7310:
7256:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7072:Dynamoterror
7070:
7062:
7042:
7035:
7015:
7008:
6988:
6983:Asiatyrannus
6981:
6957:
6950:
6921:Dryptosaurus
6919:
6911:
6904:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6811:Jinbeisaurus
6809:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6782:Aviatyrannis
6780:
6773:
6739:
6734:Sinotyrannus
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6690:
6683:
6661:
6654:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6568:
6563:Bicentenaria
6561:
6553:
6548:Asiamericana
6546:
6539:
6480:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6358:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6323:Deltadromeus
6321:
6313:
6306:
6255:Tyrannotitan
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6212:
6188:
6183:Taurovenator
6181:
6174:
6167:
6162:Lajasvenator
6160:
6153:
6146:
6141:Concavenator
6139:
6131:
6124:
6099:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5964:
5957:Allosauridae
5925:
5918:
5913:Shidaisaurus
5911:
5904:
5897:
5877:
5869:
5844:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5768:
5741:
5733:
5721:Avetheropoda
5708:Avetheropoda
5679:
5638:Avetheropoda
5605:
5598:
5591:Spinosaurini
5578:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5549:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5486:
5478:
5471:
5466:Protathlitis
5464:
5457:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5356:Leshansaurus
5354:
5347:
5340:
5320:
5313:
5308:Megalosaurus
5306:
5301:Duriavenator
5299:
5279:
5254:
5238:Megalosauria
5219:
5212:
5207:Marshosaurus
5205:
5200:Condorraptor
5198:
5178:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5081:Cruxicheiros
5079:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
4913:
4908:Quilmesaurus
4906:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4760:Brachyrostra
4746:
4726:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4689:
4682:
4662:
4657:Tralkasaurus
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4559:Vespersaurus
4557:
4552:Velocisaurus
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4447:Deltadromeus
4445:
4437:
4431:Compsosuchus
4429:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4381:
4373:
4367:Lametasaurus
4365:
4357:
4323:
4318:Ceratosaurus
4316:
4296:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4266:
4250:Ceratosauria
4235:
4228:
4153:
4146:
4104:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4032:
4027:Podokesaurus
4025:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3979:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3910:Gojirasaurus
3908:
3903:Dracovenator
3901:
3893:
3886:
3874:Neotheropoda
3859:
3851:
3843:
3837:Guaibasaurus
3835:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3806:Chindesaurus
3804:
3694:
3685:
3612:
3569:. Retrieved
3540:
3536:
3526:
3517:
3507:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3435:
3390:
3386:
3320:
3316:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3250:
3246:
3233:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3177:
3167:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2747:. Retrieved
2738:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2707:
2703:
2693:
2684:
2674:
2621:
2617:
2592:. Retrieved
2559:
2555:
2497:
2493:
2460:
2454:
2413:
2407:
2362:
2358:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2312:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2231:
2227:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2158:
2154:
2098:
2094:
2060:
2049:
2045:Trigonioides
2043:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1979:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1881:
1874:Darren Naish
1858:
1851:histological
1843:
1835:crocodilians
1826:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1797:iguanodontid
1788:Onchopristis
1786:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1750:
1743:crocodilians
1738:
1736:
1648:
1626:
1613:
1602:Spinosaurini
1581:
1559:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1481:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1395:
1366:
1363:paraphyletic
1354:
1348:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1318:Concavenator
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:phylogenetic
1299:. In a 2015
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:sister taxon
1256:
1254:
1242:
1240:spinosaurine
1225:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1169:allosauroids
1165:coelurosaurs
1152:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1079:and a lower
1064:
1050:
1022:amphicoelous
1018:
993:
980:
976:
961:
957:
953:
947:
936:
924:
922:
888:
884:
880:
874:
870:
860:
852:
848:
837:parapophyses
801:
786:
785:
768:
762:
756:
753:spinosaurids
734:
730:
726:
718:
714:
704:
689:
677:
673:
672:word ἰχθύς (
666:generic name
653:
651:type species
644:
620:
585:neural spine
552:
546:
509:
506:crocodilians
498:
479:
471:
469:
449:
422:
410:
404:
397:
383:
357:
356:
299:
298:
297:
288:
281:
280:
271:Type species
258:
251:
250:
205:
192:
179:
24:
18:
7879:Wikispecies
7779:Maniraptora
7768:Maniraptora
7749:Tototlmimus
7679:Anserimimus
7629:Garudimimus
7615:Beishanlong
7557:Valdoraptor
7498:Arkansaurus
7443:Xunmenglong
7320:Juravenator
7114:Tarbosaurus
6990:Nanuqsaurus
6959:Gorgosaurus
6875:Megaraptora
6861:Timurlengia
6593:Sciurumimus
6541:Aratasaurus
6409:Murusraptor
6331:Fukuiraptor
6294:Megaraptora
6176:Shaochilong
6148:Eocarcharia
6101:Megaraptora
6021:Lusovenator
5899:Alpkarakush
5756:Carnosauria
5607:Spinosaurus
5580:Siamosaurus
5480:Suchosaurus
5427:Iberospinus
5363:Magnosaurus
5342:Afrovenator
5315:Torvosaurus
5066:Chilesaurus
4879:Carnotaurus
4872:Caletodraco
4858:Abelisaurus
4684:Arcovenator
4531:Laevisuchus
4522:Noasaurinae
4424:Berthasaura
4395:Noasauridae
4325:Genyodectes
4290:Lukousaurus
4283:Jubbulpuria
4083:Panguraptor
4061:Coelophysis
4054:Camposaurus
4013:Panguraptor
4005:Dracoraptor
3981:Zupaysaurus
3966:Tachiraptor
3945:Sarcosaurus
3845:Nhandumirim
2947:Spinosaurus
2784:: 275–284.
2774:Spinosaurus
2281:(1): 8–20.
2085:before the
2051:Plicatounio
1954:Savannakhet
1942:Savannakhet
1909:Spinosaurus
1892:semiaquatic
1809:Siamosaurus
1779:Spinosaurus
1214:Siamosaurus
1184:Siamosaurus
1141:Spinosaurus
1069:pubic apron
1045:restoration
1034:diapophyses
981:Spinosaurus
973:trapezoidal
949:Spinosaurus
743:Description
727:Siamosaurus
706:Siamosaurus
694:spinosaurid
682:piscivorous
577:articulated
495:semiaquatic
448:dinosaurs.
428:sail had a
371:piscivorous
309:spinosaurid
231:Subfamily:
7968:Categories
7707:Gallimimus
7636:Harpymimus
7581:Harpymimus
7202:Iliosuchus
7172:see below↓
7001:Alioramini
6818:Juratyrant
6804:Eotyrannus
6789:Bagaraatan
6741:Yutyrannus
6675:Coeluridae
6601:Vayuraptor
6447:see below↓
6423:Tratayenia
6416:Orkoraptor
6402:Megaraptor
6308:Aoniraptor
6241:Mapusaurus
6169:Sauroniops
6133:Altispinax
6086:Neovenator
6028:Siamraptor
6014:Datanglong
5981:Epanterias
5973:Antrodemus
5966:Allosaurus
5947:Allosauria
5770:Altispinax
5735:Gasosaurus
5647:see below↓
5523:Suchomimus
5124:Sinosaurus
4959:see below↓
4915:Viavenator
4865:Aucasaurus
4802:Ilokelesia
4773:Dahalokely
4728:Rajasaurus
4706:Indosaurus
4699:Genusaurus
4691:Dahalokely
4615:Indosuchus
4511:Limusaurus
4470:Ligabueino
4463:Kiyacursor
4455:Genusaurus
4439:Dahalokely
4359:Betasuchus
4230:Dornraptor
4130:see below↓
4106:Segisaurus
3959:Sinosaurus
3822:Eodromaeus
3751:see below↓
3699:Dinosauria
3681:Sauropsida
3520:: 575–581.
2500:: 104221.
2105:References
2034:trionychid
1998:ornithopod
1965:Cenomanian
1770:Scheenstia
1355:Angaturama
1345:morphology
1285:Suchomimus
1279:formed by
1199:fusuiensis
1135:Suchomimus
994:Suchomimus
989:taphonomic
954:Suchomimus
866:Suchomimus
777:short tons
767:estimated
719:fusuiensis
649:, for the
613:taphonomic
547:The first
518:ornithopod
476:pterosaurs
430:sinusoidal
390:short tons
379:pubic bone
199:Saurischia
186:Dinosauria
7783:includes
7728:Rativates
7721:Qiupalong
7421:Scipionyx
7414:Mirischia
7087:Lythronax
7079:Labocania
7010:Alioramus
6663:Labocania
6381:Aerosteon
5927:Sinraptor
5831:Erectopus
5566:Irritator
5151:Orionides
5036:Tetanurae
5023:Tetanurae
4950:Tetanurae
4886:Elemgasem
4809:Llukalkan
4788:Elemgasem
4545:Noasaurus
4408:Afromimus
4216:Averostra
4203:Averostra
4121:Averostra
3973:Velocipes
3792:Theropoda
3779:Theropoda
3742:Theropoda
3667:Kingdom:
3651:Theropoda
3499:1631-0683
3407:1477-2019
3363:216650535
3347:1476-4687
3159:130861276
3108:0031-0182
2971:0272-4634
2855:1932-6203
2806:134735938
2648:1932-6203
2576:1000-9515
2522:202189246
2440:cite book
2432:954055249
2381:2167-8359
2365:: e1323.
2287:2586-9892
2256:129921019
2061:In 2010,
2038:trigoniid
2019:Shachemys
2013:Lepidotes
1855:synapsids
1805:pterosaur
1374:cladogram
1350:Irritator
1334:Orionides
1244:Irritator
1188:Barremian
1151:In 2012,
1101:Sinraptor
1085:tetanuran
1020:long and
845:theropods
841:capitulum
813:processes
809:tubercles
794:maxillary
781:long tons
763:In 2016,
670:Old Greek
635:vertebrae
557:Ban Kalum
461:primitive
454:subfamily
413:had tall
394:long tons
375:vertebrae
212:Theropoda
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
7899:42333237
7870:Q2154884
7864:Wikidata
7312:Coelurus
6720:Kileskus
6713:Guanlong
6685:Coelurus
6578:Gualicho
6078:Gualicho
5459:Baryonyx
4795:Guemesia
4622:Kryptops
4383:Ozraptor
4020:Pendraig
3675:Chordata
3673:Phylum:
3669:Animalia
3571:29 April
3565:Archived
3415:90886053
3355:32376955
3289:Archived
3285:34421257
3277:25213375
3225:16701711
3182:Archived
3061:26829315
3021:PLOS ONE
2979:85702490
2932:22808031
2892:PLOS ONE
2873:23724135
2825:PLOS ONE
2749:30 April
2743:Archived
2712:Archived
2666:29107966
2618:PLOS ONE
2588:Archived
2584:90952478
2399:26500829
2327:25 April
2321:Archived
2183:22528021
2074:Gondwana
2070:Laurasia
2041:bivalves
1929:sauropod
1813:sauropod
1801:Baryonyx
1775:Baryonyx
1758:gharials
1281:Baryonyx
1106:Baryonyx
1092:, as in
1081:fenestra
1065:Baryonyx
1013:chevrons
1007:Various
958:Baryonyx
944:sinusoid
889:Baryonyx
862:Baryonyx
833:air sacs
697:dinosaur
647:holotype
538:holotype
522:bivalves
514:sauropod
446:theropod
350:holotype
312:dinosaur
218:Family:
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
130:, Tokyo
124:holotype
122:Mounted
7938:6150664
7925:1481782
7912:8674873
6853:Timimus
6615:Zuolong
6345:Rapator
6248:Meraxes
5573:Oxalaia
4894:Koleken
3917:Lepidus
3679:Class:
3479:Bibcode
3325:Bibcode
3295:7 April
3255:Bibcode
3247:Science
3205:Science
3188:9 April
3151:1306608
3131:Bibcode
3088:Bibcode
3052:4734717
3029:Bibcode
2923:3394768
2900:Bibcode
2864:3665537
2833:Bibcode
2786:Bibcode
2718:9 April
2657:5673194
2626:Bibcode
2594:17 June
2502:Bibcode
2390:4614847
2236:Bibcode
2191:2647367
2163:Bibcode
2083:Pangaea
1971:of the
1868:or for
1747:rosette
1259:to the
1251:, Tokyo
1026:sigmoid
907:at the
894:sternum
798:dentary
678:venator
674:ichthys
641:, Paris
637:at the
563:of the
559:in the
549:fossils
541:fossils
354:species
340:of the
334:fossils
325:of the
287:Allain
257:Allain
244:Genus:
7951:243269
7521:Hexing
7209:Kakuru
6797:Dilong
4838:Thanos
4816:Niebla
4636:Rugops
4629:Kurupi
3497:
3448:
3444:–570.
3413:
3405:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3317:Nature
3283:
3275:
3223:
3157:
3149:
3106:
3059:
3049:
3004:: 1–3.
2977:
2969:
2930:
2920:
2871:
2861:
2853:
2804:
2664:
2654:
2646:
2582:
2574:
2520:
2467:
2430:
2420:
2397:
2387:
2379:
2319:: 78.
2285:
2254:
2189:
2181:
2036:. The
1994:Tracks
1988:, and
1976:period
1203:Aptian
1156:'s
1144:, and
1067:. The
1053:pelvis
1009:caudal
998:suture
927:had a
917:sacrum
913:dorsal
873:, and
825:fossae
779:; 2.0
773:tonnes
703:genus
617:centra
605:ischia
593:caudal
589:sacral
581:dorsal
442:pelvis
426:'s
392:; 2.4
386:tonnes
330:period
320:Aptian
291:, 2012
289:et al.
259:et al.
35:Aptian
7920:IRMNG
7785:birds
6825:Moros
6352:Siats
6093:Siats
6035:Siats
3695:Clade
3686:Clade
3411:S2CID
3359:S2CID
3281:S2CID
3221:S2CID
3155:S2CID
3147:JSTOR
2975:S2CID
2802:S2CID
2580:S2CID
2518:S2CID
2359:PeerJ
2252:S2CID
2187:S2CID
2004:like
1969:stage
1913:avian
1904:'
1885:'
1862:'
1785:fish
1765:'
1754:'
1370:'
1341:'
1277:clade
1275:of a
1269:basal
1267:in a
1229:'
1193:and "
984:'
965:'
940:'
856:'
805:'
790:'
775:(2.2
624:'
601:pubis
502:'
483:'
438:ilium
401:'
388:(2.6
346:skull
323:stage
305:genus
303:is a
206:Clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
7907:GBIF
7777:see
6395:Maip
3853:Tawa
3728:see
3573:2020
3495:ISSN
3446:ISBN
3403:ISSN
3351:PMID
3343:ISSN
3297:2020
3273:PMID
3190:2020
3104:ISSN
3057:PMID
2967:ISSN
2928:PMID
2869:PMID
2851:ISSN
2751:2020
2720:2020
2662:PMID
2644:ISSN
2596:2020
2572:ISSN
2465:ISBN
2446:link
2428:OCLC
2418:ISBN
2395:PMID
2377:ISSN
2329:2018
2283:ISSN
2179:PMID
2048:and
2032:and
2010:and
1880:for
1353:and
1283:and
1167:and
1128:and
1098:and
952:and
929:sail
887:and
815:for
796:and
723:2009
711:1986
701:Thai
658:2012
597:ilia
516:and
419:sail
367:2012
316:Laos
263:2012
48:Preęž’
7894:EoL
3555:hdl
3545:doi
3487:doi
3442:563
3395:doi
3333:doi
3321:581
3263:doi
3251:345
3213:doi
3209:282
3139:doi
3096:doi
3084:150
3047:PMC
3037:doi
2959:doi
2918:PMC
2908:doi
2859:PMC
2841:doi
2794:doi
2776:".
2652:PMC
2634:doi
2564:doi
2510:doi
2498:106
2385:PMC
2367:doi
2244:doi
2232:145
2171:doi
1326:as
1132:of
721:in
709:in
660:by
609:rib
567:in
551:of
489:or
396:).
307:of
33:, (
7970::
7948::
7935::
7922::
7909::
7896::
7881::
7866::
3697::
3688::
3563:.
3553:.
3541:36
3539:.
3535:.
3516:.
3493:.
3485:.
3473:.
3469:.
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3409:.
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3391:17
3389:.
3385:.
3371:^
3357:.
3349:.
3341:.
3331:.
3319:.
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3287:.
3279:.
3271:.
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3245:.
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3207:.
3180:.
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3127:71
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3023:.
3019:.
3002:39
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2996:.
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2438:{{
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1992:.
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261:,
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195::
182::
98:Pg
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