1791:
157:
143:
1568:
1599:. The afterfeathers are downy plumes that attach directly to the main feathers and were once believed to account for the bird's ability to conserve heat when under water; the plumules are small down feathers that attach directly to the skin, and are much more dense in penguins than other birds; lastly the filoplumes are small (less than 1 cm long) naked shafts that end in a splay of fibers— filoplumes were believed to give flying birds a sense of where their plumage was and whether or not it needed preening, so their presence in penguins may seem inconsistent, but penguins also preen extensively.
1472:, which live in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, developed similar characteristics to survive in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments. Like the penguins, puffins have a white chest, black back and short stubby wings providing excellent swimming ability in icy water. But, unlike penguins, puffins can fly, as flightless birds would not survive alongside land-based predators such as polar bears and foxes; there are no such predators in the Antarctic. Their similarities indicate that similar environments, although at great distances, can result in similar evolutionary developments, i.e.
173:
638:
1181:, 19 high-coverage genomes that, together with two previously published genomes, encompass all extant penguin species have been sequenced. The origin of the Spheniscinae lies probably in the latest Paleogene and, geographically, it must have been much the same as the general area in which the order evolved: the oceans between the Australia-New Zealand region and the Antarctic. Presumably diverging from other penguins around 40 mya, it seems that the Spheniscinae were for quite some time limited to their ancestral area, as the well-researched deposits of the
1698:
1383:
935:
187:
210:
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1607:
penguins, even those that live in warmer climates, have a counter-current heat exchanger called the humeral plexus. The flippers of penguins have at least three branches of the axillary artery, which allows cold blood to be heated by blood that has already been warmed and limits heat loss from the flippers. This system allows penguins to efficiently use their body heat and explains why such small animals can survive in the extreme cold.
8270:
8294:
1638:
4167:; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014).
2294:
2316:
1485:
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1837:
and 16% of the weight of a penguin egg, presumably to reduce the effects of dehydration and to minimize the risk of breakage in an adverse nesting environment. The yolk, too, is large and comprises 22–31% of the egg. Some yolk often remains when a chick is born, and is thought to help sustain the chick if the parents are delayed in returning with food.
1762:
2377:
1545:
usually dive deep; they catch their prey near the surface in dives that normally last only one or two minutes. Larger penguins can dive deep in case of need. Emperor penguins are the world's deepest-diving birds. They can dive to depths of approximately 550 meters (1,800 feet) while searching for food.
2358:, it was suffering from heat exhaustion and had to undergo a number of operations to remove objects like driftwood and sand from its stomach. Happy Feet was a media sensation, with extensive coverage on TV and the web, including a live stream that had thousands of views and a visit from English actor
1840:
When emperor penguin mothers lose a chick, they sometimes attempt to "steal" another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other females in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick. In some species, such as emperor and king penguins, the chicks assemble in large groups called
1836:
Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species when compared proportionally to the weight of the parent birds; at 52 g (2 oz), the little penguin egg is 4.7% of its mothers' weight, and the 450 g (1 lb) emperor penguin egg is 2.3%. The relatively thick shell forms between 10
1813:
Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions being the yellow-eyed and
Fiordland species; these colonies may range in size from as few as 100 pairs for gentoo penguins to several hundred thousand in the case of king, macaroni and chinstrap penguins. Living in colonies results in
1602:
The emperor penguin has the largest body mass of all penguins, which further reduces relative surface area and heat loss. They also are able to control blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount of blood that gets cold, but still keeping the extremities from freezing. In the extreme cold of
1198:
appears to be the basalmost divergence among living penguins. They have bright yellow-orange neck, breast, and bill patches; incubate by placing their eggs on their feet, and when they hatch the chicks are almost naked. This genus has a distribution centred on the
Antarctic coasts and barely extends
4250:
Li, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Kong, L.; Hu, H.; Pan, H.; Xu, L.; Deng, Y.; Li, Q.; Jin, L.; Yu, H.; Chen, Y.; Liu, B.; Yang, L.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Lang, Y.; Xia, J.; He, W.; Shi, Q.; Subramanian, S.; Millar, C. D.; Meader, S.; Rands, C. M.; Fujita, M. K.; Greenwold, M. J.; Castoe, T. A.; Pollock, D.
1548:
Penguins either waddle on their feet or slide on their bellies across the snow while using their feet to propel and steer themselves, a movement called "tobogganing", which conserves energy while moving quickly. They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep
1709:
where larger-bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller-bodied populations. There is some disagreement about this and several other authors have noted that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely to have had a
1330:
some 35 million years later. With habitat on the
Antarctic coasts declining, by the Priabonian more hospitable conditions for most penguins existed in the Subantarctic regions rather than in Antarctica itself. Notably, the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current also started as a continuous circumpolar
1544:
Gentoo penguins are the fastest underwater birds in the world. They are capable of reaching speeds up to 36 km (about 22 miles) per hour while searching for food or escaping from predators. They are also able to dive to depths of 170–200 meters (about 560–660 feet). The small penguins do not
1606:
Calculations of the heat loss and retention ability of marine endotherms suggest that most extant penguins are too small to survive in such cold environments. In 2007, Thomas and
Fordyce wrote about the "heterothermic loophole" that penguins utilize in order to survive in Antarctica. All extant
6233:
Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate,
844:
The birds currently known as penguins were discovered later and were so named by sailors because of their physical resemblance to the great auk. Despite this resemblance, however, they are not auks, and are not closely related to the great auk. They do not belong in the genus
1298:), has its highest diversity in the New Zealand region, and represents a westward dispersal. They are characterized by hairy yellow ornamental head feathers; their bills are at least partly red. These two genera diverged apparently in the Middle Miocene (
1766:
1603:
the
Antarctic winter, the females are at sea fishing for food, leaving the males to brave the weather by themselves. They often huddle together to keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that each penguin gets a turn in the centre of the heat pack.
1799:
1763:
1117:
lineage, or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a restricted
Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited (i.e., including
601:), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 30–33 cm (12–13 in) tall and weighs 1.2–1.3 kg (2.6–2.9 lb). Today, larger penguins generally inhabit colder regions, and smaller penguins inhabit regions with temperate or
1023:
were flightless, with short wings adapted for deep diving. They swam on the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to most other diving birds (both living and extinct) – already adapting to underwater locomotion.
1488:
Penguin wings have the same general bone structure as flighted birds, but the bones are shorter and stouter to allow them to serve as fins. 1). Humerus 2). Sesamoid Bone 3). Radius 4). Ulna 5). Radial Carpal bone 6). Carpometacarpus 7).
1765:
1582:
has a maximum feather density of about nine feathers per square centimeter which is actually much lower than other birds that live in
Antarctic environments. However, they have been identified as having at least four different
1457:
and consequently would have to be included in that order, or that the plotopterids were not as close to other pelecaniforms as generally assumed, which would necessitate splitting the traditional
Pelecaniformes into three.
921:
Sphenisciformes, i.e., including any flying basal "proto-penguins" to be discovered eventually. Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian
916:
Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as
Spheniscinae. Furthermore, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the
1337:
to South
America and eventually beyond. Despite this, there is no fossil evidence to support the idea of crown radiation from the Antarctic continent in the Paleogene, although DNA study favors such a radiation.
3697:
Slack, Kerryn E.; Jones, Craig M.; Ando, Tatsuro; Harrison, G.L. "Abby"; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Arnason, Ulfur; Penny, David (2006). "Early Penguin Fossils, plus Mitochondrial Genomes, Calibrate Avian Evolution".
1821:
Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the
2524:
in 1982. Set in Antarctica, the player controls a penguin character who must navigate mazes of ice cubes. The player is rewarded with cut-scenes of animated penguins marching, dancing, saluting and playing
1659:
penguins. Isabellinism is different from albinism. Isabelline penguins tend to live shorter lives than normal penguins, as they are not well-camouflaged against the deep and are often passed over as mates.
1509:
have evolved to become flippers, useless for flight in the air. In the water, however, penguins are astonishingly agile. Penguins' swimming looks very similar to birds' flight in the air. Within the smooth
5397:
Meyer-Rochow V.B. (2015). "Examples of four incompletely resolved aspects of the biology of penguins elated to digestive and reproductive physiology, vision and locomotion". In Jenkins Owen P. (ed.).
2926:
3893:
Pan, Hailin; Cole, Theresa L.; Bi, Xupeng; Fang, Miaoquan; Zhou, Chengran; Yang, Zhengtao; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Hart, Tom; Bouzat, Juan L.; Argilla, Lisa S.; Bertelsen, Mads F. (September 1, 2019).
1207:
contains species with a fairly simple black-and-white head pattern; their distribution is intermediate, centred on Antarctic coasts but extending somewhat northwards from there. In external
2331:
or the nearby offshore islands. They are preyed upon by other birds like skuas, especially in eggs and as fledglings. Other birds like petrels, sheathbills, and gulls also eat the chicks.
6212:
2354:
In June 2011, an emperor penguin came ashore on New Zealand's Peka Peka Beach, 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) off course on its journey to Antarctica. Nicknamed Happy Feet, after the
1349:
was already much like today in volume and extent. The emergence of most of today's Subantarctic penguin species almost certainly was caused by this sequence of Neogene climate shifts.
6119:
6089:
1267:
colouration and the former genus has a conspicuous banded head pattern; they are unique among living penguins by nesting in burrows. This group probably radiated eastwards with the
4646:
4139:
6067:
156:
1853:
The majority of living penguin species have declining populations. According to the IUCN Red List, their conservation statuses range from Least Concern through to Endangered.
6149:
1233:
seems to have diverged during the Bartonian, but the range expansion and radiation that led to the present-day diversity probably did not occur until much later; around the
5237:
6179:
5443:
6023:
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4044:
6236:"The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years"
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5079:
3340:
2745:
Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History".
1790:
8528:
1345:, a sharp drop in global average temperature from 14 to 12 mya, and similar abrupt cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya; by the end of the Tortonian, the
1560:. Their eyes are adapted for underwater vision and are their primary means of locating prey and avoiding predators; in air it has been suggested that they are
4842:
2910:
1541:) has difficulty distinguishing between a white penguin belly and the reflective water surface. The dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above.
1326:. The emergence of the Subantarctic lineage at the end of the Bartonian corresponds with the onset of the slow period of cooling that eventually led to the
1068:
was probably the heaviest, weighing 80 kilograms (180 lb) or more. Both were found on New Zealand, the former also in the Antarctic farther eastwards.
142:
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3185:
969:
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that flows around these islands. Also, though the climate of the Arctic and Antarctic regions is similar, there are no penguins found in the Arctic.
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3553:
1567:
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1814:
a high level of social interaction between birds, which has led to a large repertoire of visual as well as vocal displays in all penguin species.
3653:
Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P. (2005). "A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences".
6201:
1109:, Antarctica, for example, around 10 known species of penguins ranging in size from medium to large apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the
1275:(Late Oligocene), starting approximately 28 mya. While the two genera separated during this time, the present-day diversity is the result of a
2327:
Penguins have no special fear of humans and will often approach groups of people. This is probably because penguins have no land predators in
6361:
6299:
5406:
5381:
4901:
4376:
3951:
3496:
3119:
3085:
1669:
593:): on average, adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (77 lb). The smallest penguin species is the
1189:
have not yielded Paleogene fossils of the subfamily. Also, the earliest spheniscine lineages are those with the most southern distribution.
6315:
6111:
6081:
2976:
6397:
4253:"Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment"
582:
which they catch with their bills and swallow whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey.
5198:
4923:
4816:
4654:
4539:
Jouventin, P; Aubin, T; Lengagne, T (1999). "Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: The acoustic system of individual recognition".
1514:
a layer of air is preserved, ensuring buoyancy. The air layer also helps insulate the birds in cold waters. On land, penguins use their
4059:
3739:
1578:
Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is much greater than in air). The
6444:
4313:
4116:
3519:"Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina"
2949:
1363:
remains unknown and not well-resolved by molecular or morphological analyses. The latter tend to be confounded by the strong adaptive
1086:
if possible, it is becoming accepted that there were at least two major extinct lineages. One or two closely related ones occurred in
8645:
6267:
4976:
4869:
3471:
3433:
3334:
2920:
1342:
6141:
2720:
8587:
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5435:
4117:"Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae)"
1061:
980:, these areas were at that time less than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) apart rather than 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The
6238:
6171:
5176:
5106:"Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change"
3853:
1331:
flow only around 30 mya, on the one hand forcing the Antarctic cooling, and on the other facilitating the eastward expansion of
6721:
4446:
3700:
3283:
2371:
4415:
3218:
5259:
2529:. Several remakes and enhanced editions have followed, most recently in 2012. Penguins are also sometimes depicted in music.
2394:, swimming ability and (compared to other birds) lack of fear of humans. Their black-and-white plumage is often likened to a
1833:
Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the little penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season.
1674:
Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as
8507:
8310:
4966:
4319:
2351:. Typically, penguins do not approach closer than around 9 feet (2.7 meters), at which point they appear to become nervous.
1433:
Inside this group, penguin relationships are far less clear. Depending on the analysis and dataset, a close relationship to
8515:
2639:, is also described as hailing from the Falklands. Opus was a comical, "existentialist" penguin character in the cartoons
2556:
2339:, but dogs have long since been banned from Antarctica. Instead, adult penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as
1453:) may actually be a sister group of the penguins and those penguins may have ultimately shared a common ancestor with the
1268:
1153:, which includes smaller and stout-legged forms, had already arisen in southernmost South America by that time. The early
6041:
1818:
displays are those intended to confront or drive off, or alternately appease and avoid conflict with, other individuals.
5040:
4392:
4345:
3324:
1625:
was originally used for that bird centuries ago. They are only distantly related to the penguins, but are an example of
720:
2857:
637:
209:
8411:
8388:
7167:
6672:
6667:
6391:
4952:
3170:
1988:
1943:
1120:
981:
3142:
661:. When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their
3777:"High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins"
3457:
760:, which means 'fat' or 'oil'. Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin,
6949:
5004:
Ashton, K. (2002). "Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule".
4846:
2659:
2450:
1697:
1382:
4168:
3243:
8615:
8533:
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1655:
Perhaps one in 50,000 penguins (of most species) are born with brown rather than black plumage. These are called
1065:
714:
3533:
1614:
filters excess salt from the bloodstream. The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages.
172:
8640:
7190:
7172:
3003:"State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections"
2667:
881:
850:
614:
386:
347:
296:
31:
2671:
2475:
1826:, lay only one. With the exception of the emperor penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the
934:
585:
They spend about half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea. The largest living species is the
3193:
609:
penguin species were enormous: as tall or heavy as an adult human. There was a great diversity of species in
7195:
6568:
6291:
6001:
5970:
5939:
5908:
5877:
5846:
5815:
5784:
5753:
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5691:
5660:
5629:
5598:
5567:
5536:
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3463:
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1177:
and another two more basal genera with more ambiguous relationships. To help resolve the evolution of this
8328:
7162:
6974:
6924:
6437:
5165:"The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus – a new species from the Miocene of Peru"
3709:
2603:
2445:
360:
279:
2879:
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6999:
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2647:
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preyed upon penguins while they were allowed in Antarctica during the age of early human exploration as
2303:
2081:
1327:
1090:, and at least one other—which is or includes the paleeudyptines as recognized today – occurred on most
965:
913:
849:, and are not classified in the same family and order as the great auk. They were classified in 1831 by
334:
321:
8416:
6355:
1461:
A 2014 analysis of whole genomes of 48 representative bird species has concluded that penguins are the
3775:
Elliott, K. H.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Gaston, A. J.; Hatch, S. A.; Speakman, J. R.; Davoren, G. K. (2013).
1318:
The geographical and temporal pattern of spheniscine evolution corresponds closely to two episodes of
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8375:
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5013:
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duties. These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.
1687:
1683:
1626:
1473:
1295:
1222:
1208:
736:, on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, either because it was found on
662:
551:
3714:
961:. Some seminal articles about the evolutionary history of penguins have been published since 2005.
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6989:
6934:
6714:
6625:
6334:
2599:
2537:
2439:
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1842:
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has collapsed, with barely 200,000 remaining, according to a study published in Antarctic Science.
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1642:
1346:
1182:
666:
543:
373:
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4898:
4773:
Thomas, D.B.; Fordyce, R.E. (2012). "Biological plasticity in penguin heat-retention structures".
2666:
In the mid-2000s, penguins became one of the most publicized species of animals that form lasting
1588:
412:
Breeding range of penguins, all species (aqua); some species have wider seasonal migration ranges
7940:
7004:
6964:
6929:
6590:
5071:
4798:
4709:
4627:
4611:
4564:
4503:
4386:
4090:
3997:"Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling"
3670:
3603:"Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling"
3545:
2830:
2778:
2653:
2561:
2516:
2480:
2242:
1678:. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the
1611:
1158:
1102:
810:
726:
264:
204:
4367:
Buskey, Theresa (March 2001). "The Antarctic Polar Region". In Alan Christopherson, M.S. (ed.).
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3418:
1750:
1706:
748:) in Newfoundland, or because it had white circles around its eyes (though the head was black).
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8366:
8286:
1465:
of Procellariiformes, from which they diverged about 60 million years ago (95% CI, 56.8–62.7).
1157:
saw the emergence of another morphotype in the same area, the similarly sized but more gracile
186:
8625:
8620:
8551:
8424:
8066:
8013:
7963:
7106:
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6839:
6834:
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6600:
6536:
6531:
6430:
6295:
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5377:
5202:
5145:
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4701:
4619:
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4309:
4284:
4217:
4082:
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3947:
3924:
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3727:
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3429:
3395:
3330:
3115:
3081:
3050:
3032:
2916:
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2611:
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in 1939. Penguins have also appeared in a number of cartoons and television dramas, including
2320:
2298:
2150:
2127:
2011:
1770:
1645:
1502:
1493:
1438:
1387:
985:
926:
is presently resolved, this is confusing, so the established Linnean system is followed here.
737:
162:
8494:
4820:
2493:
and Erika Brueggemann in 1990 and covering more than 100 short episodes. At the end of 2009,
1621:
of the Northern Hemisphere, now extinct, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word
1367:
of the Sphenisciformes; a sometimes perceived fairly close relationship between penguins and
8556:
7932:
7074:
6746:
6687:
6682:
6595:
6467:
5348:
5135:
5125:
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4755:
4693:
4603:
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4274:
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4199:
4191:
4131:
4098:
4074:
4016:
4008:
3914:
3906:
3806:
3796:
3761:(2006) mentioned in this section are not as precisely resolved, due to uncertainties of the
3736:
3719:
3662:
3622:
3614:
3537:
3529:
3385:
3375:
3040:
3022:
2820:
2762:
2685:
2632:
2566:
2219:
1966:
1827:
1691:
1637:
1323:
1149:, which competed with them for food and were ultimately more successful. A new lineage, the
1126:
918:
875:
685:
602:
495:
438:
429:
395:
8579:
2953:
2362:. Once he had recovered, Happy Feet was released back into the water south of New Zealand.
8164:
7992:
7462:
6984:
6969:
6907:
6806:
6734:
6642:
6630:
6605:
6510:
6463:
6242:
4905:
3762:
3743:
3278:
2584:
2464:
2308:
2196:
1876:
1579:
1553:
1427:
1178:
1079:
977:
906:
858:
838:
826:
732:
681:
677:
642:
586:
486:
425:
192:
148:
6417:
4877:
5121:
5059:
5017:
4689:
4599:
4489:
4187:
3792:
3018:
2758:
2293:
1371:
is almost certainly an error based on both groups' strong diving adaptations, which are
1071:
Traditionally, most extinct species of penguins, giant or small, had been placed in the
1019:
in New Zealand. While they were not as well-adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins,
8274:
8204:
8156:
8090:
8029:
7984:
7971:
7845:
7808:
7659:
7433:
7270:
7024:
7019:
7014:
6994:
6979:
6874:
6869:
6849:
6844:
6826:
6774:
6707:
6657:
6580:
6562:
6541:
6284:
5140:
5105:
4582:
Sivak, J; Howland, H. C.; McGill-Harelstad, P (1987). "Vision of the Humboldt penguin (
4279:
4252:
4212:
4021:
3996:
3919:
3894:
3811:
3776:
3627:
3602:
3413:
3111:
3105:
3045:
3002:
2705:
2579:
2460:
2173:
2034:
1920:
1802:
1649:
1571:
1557:
1522:
1454:
1319:
1150:
1142:
1106:
889:
822:
752:
741:
698:
594:
559:
178:
4516:
4469:
3990:
3988:
3390:
3363:
8609:
8380:
8212:
8196:
8119:
8111:
7945:
7743:
7593:
7480:
7438:
7238:
7230:
7152:
7116:
7034:
6958:
6677:
5225:
5164:
5067:
5025:
4135:
3868:
3666:
2825:
2808:
2628:
2595:
2490:
2057:
1442:
1434:
1260:
1146:
1041:
993:
88:
8393:
5075:
4802:
4713:
4631:
4568:
4438:
3674:
3549:
3273:
2834:
2499:
put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether they were walking (
8298:
8042:
7887:
7703:
7541:
7489:
7361:
7322:
7091:
7079:
7069:
7059:
6756:
6505:
4743:
4676:
Downhower, J.F.; Blumer, L.S. (1988). "Calculating just how small a whale can be".
4407:
4164:
4094:
3210:
3071:
2782:
2681:
2641:
2623:
2588:
2574:
2541:
2408:
2384:
2380:
2348:
1898:
1823:
1745:. Satellite images and photos released in 2018 show the population of 2 million in
1742:
1592:
1538:
1462:
1407:
1376:
1364:
1162:
1114:
1095:
1072:
954:
939:
854:
610:
5353:
5332:
5104:
Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007).
4169:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
1141:, around 25 mya. Their decline and disappearance coincided with the spread of the
8429:
6026:. Natural Environment Research Council – British Antarctic Survey. Archived from
4303:
3910:
3251:
3075:
1386:
Humboldt penguins in an aquarium. The penguin is an accomplished swimmer, having
8520:
8476:
8360:
8103:
7950:
7756:
7735:
7724:
7689:
7556:
7546:
7504:
7395:
7262:
7064:
6889:
6884:
6816:
6801:
6769:
6495:
4908:
by Marcel Van Tuinen, Dave Brian Butvill, John A. W. Kirsch and S. Blair Hedges.
4371:. LIFEPAC. 804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA: Alpha Omegan Publications, Inc.
2359:
1806:
1738:
1561:
1372:
1234:
1218:
1194:
657:
first appears in literature at the end of the 16th century as a synonym for the
606:
316:
63:
5110:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4478:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2977:"Largest penguin ever discovered weighed a whopping 340 pounds, fossils reveal"
2390:
Penguins are widely considered endearing for their unusually upright, waddling
2315:
1556:
for birds; this is used by parents and chicks to locate one another in crowded
8220:
8082:
8021:
8000:
7832:
7816:
7751:
7696:
7668:
7600:
7565:
7443:
7291:
7126:
7101:
6859:
6616:
6521:
6329:
4944:
4341:
3967:
2570:
2511:), these oddly adorable birds took flight at the box office all decade long."
2433:
2421:
2399:
2355:
2328:
1774:
1718:
1675:
1526:
1399:
1333:
1264:
1249:
1211:, these apparently still resemble the common ancestor of the Spheniscinae, as
1203:
1110:
1028:
1016:
957:
history of Sphenisciformes is well-researched, many prehistoric forms are not
885:
622:
422:
381:
368:
355:
126:
108:
73:
3192:(in European Spanish) (22nd ed.). Real Academia Española. Archived from
3036:
2479:
is a children's book written by Richard and Florence Atwater; it was named a
8450:
8180:
8135:
7924:
7717:
7634:
7618:
7607:
7517:
7453:
7412:
7111:
6912:
6899:
6879:
6779:
6552:
5130:
4195:
3801:
3723:
3027:
2849:
2766:
2545:
2533:
2417:
2395:
1726:
1722:
1679:
1618:
1596:
1446:
1411:
1307:
1255:
1186:
1138:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1057:
1037:
1033:
989:
973:
950:
923:
814:
800:
658:
342:
221:
113:
57:
5149:
4794:
4607:
4560:
4552:
4288:
4269:
4221:
4086:
4030:
4012:
3928:
3820:
3731:
3636:
3618:
3399:
3380:
3165:
3054:
2774:
1690:, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic
404:
4705:
4623:
4525:
4498:
3966:
It is likely that, during the Bartonian, there was a near-synchronous but
3138:
1484:
8351:
8345:
8148:
7878:
7853:
7799:
7710:
7682:
7572:
7536:
7528:
7510:
7405:
7390:
7374:
7121:
7084:
6917:
2526:
2336:
1419:
1299:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1124:). The oldest well-described giant penguin, the 5-foot (1.5 m)-tall
1045:
958:
943:
829:
in the mid-19th century. As confirmed by a 2004 genetic study, the genus
579:
329:
241:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
50:
8403:
4225:
1113:(Late Eocene). It is not known whether the palaeeudyptines constitute a
17:
7911:
7790:
7675:
7641:
7579:
7400:
7254:
7246:
6939:
6811:
6796:
6786:
6485:
5368:
Reilly PN, Balmford P (1975). "A breeding study of the little penguin,
4203:
1734:
1511:
1450:
1423:
1395:
1359:
1238:
1226:
1154:
1010:
669:
and named them after this bird, although they are not closely related.
618:
563:
555:
547:
118:
93:
6699:
8188:
8127:
7903:
7895:
7824:
7764:
7648:
7586:
7469:
7136:
7131:
7009:
4949:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
4786:
4697:
4615:
4507:
4468:
Wever, E. G.; Herman, P. N.; Simmons, J. A.; Hertzler, D. R. (1969).
3541:
2548:
2425:
2403:
1746:
1714:
1469:
1306:
are the product of a later radiation, stretching from about the late
1005:
626:
231:
46:
8481:
8468:
8322:
5837:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 16, 2018).
5744:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016).
4759:
1587:
of feather: in addition to the traditional feather, the emperor has
8455:
5992:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018).
5961:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018).
5930:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018).
5899:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 8, 2018).
5868:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5806:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5775:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5713:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5682:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5651:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5620:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5589:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5558:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
5527:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 8, 2018).
5496:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018).
4078:
2809:"The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins)"
1705:
Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of
1259:
contain species with a mostly Subantarctic distribution centred on
8074:
7861:
7424:
6477:
5622:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Northern Rockhopper Penguin"
5560:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Southern Rockhopper Penguin"
3517:
Clarke, Julia A.; Olivero, Eduardo B. & Puerta, Pablo (2003).
2485:
2375:
2340:
2314:
2292:
1760:
1730:
1696:
1636:
1566:
1492:
1483:
1415:
1381:
1368:
1245:
1174:
1082:. More recently, with new taxa being discovered and placed in the
1040:(Middle Eocene), some 39–38 mya, primitive penguins had spread to
933:
902:
636:
575:
567:
306:
5993:
5962:
5931:
5900:
5869:
5838:
5807:
5776:
5745:
5714:
5683:
5652:
5621:
5590:
5559:
5528:
5497:
5466:
3601:
Baker, A. J; Pereira, S. L.; Haddrath, O. P; Edge, K.-A. (2006).
1341:
Later, an interspersed period of slight warming was ended by the
1064:
was the tallest, growing nearly 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) tall. The
8050:
7417:
7380:
7350:
6764:
6730:
5465:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (May 1, 2004).
5333:"Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins (
2706:"Antarctic birds (Neornithes) during the Cretaceous–Eocene time"
2521:
2431:
Penguins have been the subject of many books and films, such as
2413:
2391:
2344:
1534:
1533:
with white fronts. A predator looking up from below (such as an
1530:
1515:
1506:
1403:
1131:
571:
251:
8326:
7214:
6703:
6426:
6378:
2617:
Penguins featured regularly in the cartoons of U.K. cartoonist
2594:
Several pro, minor, college and high school sport teams in the
1032:
from northern Peru was dated to 42 mya. An unnamed fossil from
8172:
7029:
6791:
6412:
6367:
3895:"High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins"
2376:
2332:
834:
531:
468:
8442:
2848:
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023).
1271:
out of the ancestral range of modern penguins throughout the
6375:
on the Internet Bird Collection (archived December 27, 2015)
6350:
5746:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Erect-crested Penguin"
4899:
Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds
4746:(2007). "The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins".
2952:. Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington. Archived from
2657:. He was also the star in the animated Christmas TV special
558:. Highly adapted for life in the ocean water, penguins have
525:
6422:
4124:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
3534:
10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:dotefp>2.0.co;2
1263:; some, however, range quite far northwards. They all lack
519:
477:
5777:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-eyed Penguin"
2398:
suit. Some writers and artists have penguins based at the
5963:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Magellanic Penguin"
5436:"If you think penguins are cute and cuddly, you're wrong"
3854:"Eocene penguins of Seymour Island, Antarctica: taxonomy"
3141:. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales.
1710:
greater effect on species diversity than latitude alone.
1161:, as well as the radiation that gave rise to the current
1101:
Size plasticity was significant at this initial stage of
1060:(40–30 mya), some lineages of gigantic penguins existed.
688:
origin (the latter two are attributed to the French word
513:
504:
462:
456:
447:
5994:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Galapagos Penguin"
5839:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chinstrap Penguin"
5653:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Fiordland Penguin"
5260:"World's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent"
1518:
and wings to maintain balance for their upright stance.
1379:
datasets do not agree in detail with each other either.
676:
is still debated. The English word is not apparently of
5932:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Humboldt Penguin"
5591:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macaroni Penguin"
4001:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3995:
Baker, A., Pereira, SL, Haddrath, OP, Edge, KA (2006).
3607:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2598:
have named themselves after the species, including the
1564:, although research has not supported this hypothesis.
1394:
What seems clear is that penguins belong to a clade of
5901:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: African Penguin"
5467:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Emperor Penguin"
5401:. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Sci Publ Inc. pp. 65–80.
5264:
World's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent
3001:
Caballero, Rodrigo; Huber, Matthew (August 27, 2013).
5870:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gentoo Penguin"
5808:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Adelie Penguin"
5684:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snares Penguin"
5529:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Little Penguin"
3491:. London, England, UK: Helm Publishing. p. 361.
3077:
The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin
2807:
Ksepka, D. T.; Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P. (2006).
2573:'s reimagining of the story, the character played by
2416:, as the title penguin would interact with Arctic or
1302:, roughly 15–14 mya), although the living species of
534:
522:
516:
510:
501:
498:
459:
453:
444:
441:
6048:. 2011. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021
5715:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Royal Penguin"
4060:"Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds"
3362:
Thomas, G. H.; Wills, M. A.; Székely, T. S. (2004).
2569:, he was one of the most popular characters, and in
2555:#58). He became one of the most enduring enemies in
1574:
swimming underwater at the Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium
1137:
Gigantic penguins had disappeared by the end of the
474:
465:
8335:
8147:
8102:
8041:
8012:
7983:
7962:
7923:
7886:
7877:
7844:
7807:
7798:
7789:
7734:
7658:
7617:
7555:
7527:
7503:
7479:
7452:
7373:
7360:
7321:
7290:
7229:
7145:
7048:
6948:
6898:
6825:
6755:
6640:
6614:
6578:
6550:
6519:
6493:
6475:
5498:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: King Penguin"
3978:, and the common ancestor of all remaining genera (
528:
507:
450:
6283:
5201:. Southern Indian Education Center. Archived from
3424:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp.
3417:
3305:Tui De Roy; Mark Jones; Julie Cornthwaite (2013).
1310:(Late Miocene, 8 mya) to the end of the Pliocene.
2627:newspaper, particularly during and following the
566:and flippers for swimming. Most penguins feed on
6066:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2850:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
2323:encountering a human during the Antarctic summer
1441:has been suggested. Some think the penguin-like
972:in the general area of southern New Zealand and
5372:, in Australia". In Stonehouse, Bernard (ed.).
3781:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3466:, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 86–87.
3007:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6470:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
5226:"Penguin past: The current state of knowledge"
3329:. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 152.
2583:, employed an actual army of penguins (mostly
617:in a region around 2,000 km south of the
6715:
6438:
5331:Numata, M.; Davis, L. S.; Renner, M. (2000).
5299:
5297:
4251:D.; Gu, W.; et al. (December 12, 2014).
3364:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny"
3099:
3097:
2536:introduced the avian-themed character of the
880:The family name of Spheniscidae was given by
853:in several distinct genera within the family
8:
6345:Two new fossil penguin species found in Peru
6024:"Removal of the sledge dogs from Antarctica"
4870:"African Penguins and Penguins of the World"
4588:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
4474:, as represented by the cochlear potentials"
4043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3944:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
3489:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1410:" to distinguish them from the more ancient
787:, and a group of penguins in the water is a
761:
697:Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from
689:
6351:Information about penguins at pinguins.info
4968:Book: BSCS Biology, By Arnold Brams Grobman
3459:Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings
3080:. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. p. 17.
1713:Major populations of penguins are found in
1406:) that comprises what is sometimes called "
893:
767:
766:or 'fat-goose', and the related Dutch word
755:
751:An alternative etymology links the word to
707:
701:
8323:
7883:
7804:
7795:
7786:
7524:
7370:
7357:
7318:
7314:
7287:
7226:
7222:
7211:
7207:
6722:
6708:
6700:
6445:
6431:
6423:
6112:"Happy Feet pulls through third operation"
6082:"Emperor penguin not out of the woods yet"
3946:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 97.
3648:
3646:
3318:
3316:
3309:. Princeton University Press. p. 151.
2704:Tambussi, C.; Hospitaleche, C. A. (2007).
1173:Modern penguins constitute two undisputed
1044:and were in the process of expanding into
694:), but first appears in English or Dutch.
403:
38:
6418:Live 24/7 camera inside a penguin habitat
6404:"Lessons in a Land of Wind and Ice" from
6202:"Happy Feet starts the long journey home"
5352:
5314:
5312:
5139:
5129:
4515:
4497:
4342:"Penguin swimming under water, Galapagos"
4278:
4268:
4211:
4020:
3918:
3810:
3800:
3713:
3626:
3596:
3594:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3389:
3379:
3066:
3064:
3044:
3026:
2824:
1169:Origin and systematics of modern penguins
775:Adult male penguins are sometimes called
629:, a climate decidedly warmer than today.
3754:The exact divergence dates according to
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3139:"PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN"
3133:
3131:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2402:, but there are no wild penguins in the
1855:
1610:They can drink salt water because their
888:, the name of that genus comes from the
6388:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
6356:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
5199:"Penguins of Australia and New Zealand"
5085:from the original on September 24, 2015
2856:. International Ornithologists' Union.
2696:
542:). They live almost exclusively in the
8651:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
6152:from the original on December 10, 2013
6122:from the original on December 14, 2011
6092:from the original on December 10, 2013
6059:
5399:Advances in Animal Science and Zoology
5376:. London: Macmillan. pp. 161–87.
5179:from the original on November 13, 2014
4647:"Busting Myths About Penguin Feathers"
4384:
4036:
3238:
3236:
1701:Gálapagos Penguins near Isabela Island
1279:radiation, taking place some 4–2 mya.
1221:are, in most cases, fairly pronounced
968:penguins lived around the time of the
6249:. December 11, 2009 (1079/1080):74-84
6215:from the original on February 2, 2012
6182:from the original on February 1, 2012
4985:from the original on October 18, 2021
4470:"Hearing in the blackfooted penguin,
4449:from the original on January 25, 2021
4418:from the original on January 25, 2021
4145:from the original on October 13, 2006
3343:from the original on October 18, 2021
3286:from the original on October 29, 2013
3145:from the original on October 26, 2008
3110:. New York: Crestwood House. p.
1670:List of Sphenisciformes by population
1529:– that is, they have black backs and
1426:, with the possible exception of the
1056:During the Late Eocene and the Early
970:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
8544:cde60235-d69f-4d81-a72d-1914ff14f319
8281:
6368:Penguin research projects on the web
5434:Gorvett, Zaria (December 23, 2015).
5041:"On the validity of Bergmann's rule"
4926:from the original on August 22, 2016
4731:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1414:. This group contains such birds as
1199:to some Subantarctic islands today.
8305:
6260:Understanding popular music culture
6142:"The truth about Happy Feet's home"
5998:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5967:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5936:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5905:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5874:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5843:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5812:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5781:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5750:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5719:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5688:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5657:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5626:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5595:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5564:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5533:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5502:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5471:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5270:from the original on August 1, 2018
4843:"Humboldt Penguin: Saint Louis Zoo"
3456:Fraser, Ian; Gray, Jeannie (2019).
2860:from the original on April 27, 2020
1130:, existed as far north as northern
837:(Alcidae), within the order of the
783:; a group of penguins on land is a
6004:from the original on March 4, 2020
5973:from the original on March 4, 2020
5942:from the original on March 4, 2020
5911:from the original on March 4, 2020
5880:from the original on March 4, 2020
5849:from the original on March 4, 2020
5818:from the original on March 4, 2020
5787:from the original on March 4, 2020
5756:from the original on March 4, 2020
5725:from the original on March 4, 2020
5694:from the original on March 4, 2020
5663:from the original on March 4, 2020
5632:from the original on March 4, 2020
5601:from the original on March 4, 2020
5570:from the original on March 4, 2020
5539:from the original on March 4, 2020
5508:from the original on March 4, 2020
5477:from the original on March 4, 2020
5446:from the original on March 8, 2020
5240:from the original on March 7, 2022
4322:from the original on July 21, 2020
4308:. Cengage Publishing. p. 30.
3559:from the original on July 24, 2007
2950:"Little Penguin – Penguin Project"
2890:from the original on July 10, 2024
2726:from the original on April 2, 2021
2713:Revista de la Asociación Geológica
1805:watching over a sleeping chick at
1552:Penguins have an average sense of
129:origin according to molecular data
27:Family of aquatic flightless birds
25:
7183:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
4348:from the original on June 8, 2014
3221:from the original on June 4, 2016
3190:Diccionario de la lengua española
2929:from the original on June 2, 2021
2884:Sea World Parks and Entertainment
1501:Penguins are superbly adapted to
1445:(usually considered relatives of
1353:Relationship to other bird orders
1343:Middle Miocene Climate Transition
1229:conditions. As the former genus,
1145:and other primitive, fish-eating
8304:
8292:
8280:
8269:
8268:
8159:(New World vultures and condors)
5068:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x
5026:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x
4136:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00291.x
3667:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00065.x
2975:Harry Baker (February 8, 2023).
2826:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00116.x
1789:
1294:(though not as far north as the
821:, meaning "plump or fat without
494:
437:
208:
185:
171:
155:
141:
8656:Extant Danian first appearances
6172:"Stephen Fry visits Happy Feet"
5006:Global Ecology and Biogeography
4445:. Britannica Encyclopedia Inc.
4414:. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.
4344:. Youtube.com. April 14, 2008.
4058:Fain, M. G.; Houde, P. (2004).
3970:split between the ancestors of
3942:Christidis L, Boles WE (2008).
3701:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2473:, a parody of the documentary.
2372:Cultural depictions of penguins
1375:. On the other hand, different
1225:related to that genus' extreme
6362:Penguin information on 70South
5341:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
4965:Grobman, Arnold Brams (1964).
4443:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
4305:Introduction to Marine Biology
938:Penguin tracks in the sand on
912:Some recent sources apply the
396:List of penguins#Fossil genera
1:
6347:. news.nationalgeographic.com
5421:
5354:10.1080/03014223.2000.9518236
5318:
5303:
5288:
5169:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4918:Askew, Nick (June 24, 2009).
4748:Australian Journal of Zoology
4645:Ed Young (October 20, 2015).
3420:Diving Birds of North America
2459:, a documentary based on the
1269:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1062:Nordenskjoeld's giant penguin
833:belongs in the family of the
6571:(or northern little penguin)
6398:Seaworld Penguin Information
6394:(archived September 5, 2008)
6358:(archived February 17, 2006)
6335:Resources in other libraries
5039:Meiri, S; Dayan, T. (2003).
2854:World Bird List Version 13.1
1686:, lives as far north as the
996:boundary, around 70–68 mya.
988:can be roughly dated to the
721:American Heritage Dictionary
394:For prehistoric genera, see
8223:(woodpeckers and relatives)
6673:Northern rockhopper penguin
6668:Southern rockhopper penguin
6400:(archived October 17, 2013)
6392:Encyclopedia of New Zealand
6286:The Penguins – Spheniscidae
4302:Karleskint, George (2012).
3852:Jadwiszczak, Piotr (2006).
3307:Penguins:The Ultimate Guide
3215:Online Etymology Dictionary
3171:Online Etymology Dictionary
3107:Gone Forever: The Great Auk
1989:Northern rockhopper penguin
1944:Southern rockhopper penguin
1121:Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi
982:most recent common ancestor
905:" used for the shape of an
805:Since 1871, the Latin word
779:, females sometimes called
8672:
8085:(cormorants and relatives)
7178:Extinct species since 1500
6282:Williams; Tony D. (1995).
4922:. BirdLife International.
4729:The penguins: Spheniscidae
3979:
3911:10.1093/gigascience/giz117
3867:(#1): 3–62. Archived from
3836:
3755:
3742:December 16, 2009, at the
3487:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2660:A Wish for Wings That Work
2369:
1667:
873:
798:
672:The etymology of the word
615:at least one giant species
29:
8264:
8215:(kingfishers and rollers)
8069:(albatrosses and petrels)
7953:(swifts and hummingbirds)
7935:(nightjars and relatives)
7785:
7759:(pheasants and relatives)
7317:
7286:
7225:
7221:
7210:
7206:
6742:
6466:: Sphenisciformes ·
6460:
6373:Penguin videos and photos
6364:(archived March 15, 2006)
6330:Resources in your library
4920:"List of Penguin Species"
3526:American Museum Novitates
3326:Who Killed the Great Auk?
2948:Grabski, Valerie (2009).
2608:Youngstown State Penguins
1497:Taxidermized penguin skin
1398:(living birds except for
1066:New Zealand giant penguin
894:
865:Systematics and evolution
813:to name the genus of the
811:scientific classification
715:Oxford English Dictionary
712:, 'white', including the
411:
402:
312:
304:
205:Scientific classification
203:
135:
41:
8646:Danian first appearances
8114:(seriemas and relatives)
8093:(pelicans and relatives)
6565:(or little blue penguin)
5224:Jadwiszczak, P. (2009).
4391:: CS1 maint: location (
3368:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3323:Gaskell, Jeremy (2000).
3104:Crofford, Emily (1989).
2880:"Diet and Eating Habits"
2565:TV series, as played by
1664:Distribution and habitat
1357:Penguin ancestry beyond
1290:clade occurs at similar
882:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
851:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
665:to the great auk of the
554:, is found north of the
32:Penguin (disambiguation)
8207:(hornbills and hoopoes)
8122:(falcons and relatives)
6569:White-flippered penguin
6525:(brush-tailed penguins)
6292:Oxford University Press
6241:April 15, 2014, at the
5374:The Biology of Penguins
5163:Gohlich, U. B. (2007).
5131:10.1073/pnas.0611099104
5048:Journal of Biogeography
4727:Williams, T.D. (1995).
4412:Encyclopedia Britannica
4196:10.1126/science.1253451
3802:10.1073/pnas.1304838110
3464:Clayton South, Victoria
3028:10.1073/pnas.1303365110
2767:10.1126/science.1157704
2682:one such penguin family
2635:, from the cartoons of
2557:Batman's rogues gallery
2412:helped perpetuate this
2247:Spheniscus magellanicus
1903:Aptenodytes patagonicus
8191:(trogons and quetzals)
8003:(cranes and relatives)
7273:(emus and cassowaries)
7163:Glossary of bird terms
6975:Confuciusornithiformes
4608:10.1098/rspb.1987.0005
4553:10.1006/anbe.1999.1086
4270:10.1186/2047-217X-3-27
4013:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260
3737:Supplementary Material
3619:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260
3381:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
3274:"Penguin – Definition"
2604:National Hockey League
2446:Penguins of Madagascar
2387:
2324:
2312:
1777:
1702:
1652:
1575:
1498:
1490:
1480:Anatomy and physiology
1468:The distantly related
1391:
946:
909:'s swimming flippers.
768:
762:
756:
745:
708:
702:
690:
650:
8565:Paleobiology Database
8032:(kagu and sunbittern)
7995:(gulls and relatives)
7000:Songlingornithiformes
6965:Omnivoropterygiformes
6663:Erect-crested penguin
6030:on November 13, 2014.
5230:Polish Polar Research
4904:May 29, 2008, at the
4849:on September 28, 2006
4586:) in air and water".
4499:10.1073/pnas.63.3.676
3861:Polish Polar Research
3724:10.1093/molbev/msj124
2677:And Tango Makes Three
2501:March of the Penguins
2476:Mr. Popper's Penguins
2470:Farce of the Penguins
2456:March of the Penguins
2406:. The cartoon series
2379:
2356:film of the same name
2318:
2296:
2269:Spheniscus mendiculus
2155:Pygoscelis antarctica
2082:Erect-crested penguin
2016:Eudyptes pachyrynchus
1971:Eudyptes chrysolophus
1862:IUCN Red List Status
1769:
1700:
1640:
1570:
1496:
1487:
1385:
1241:, roughly 20–15 mya.
976:, Antarctica. Due to
937:
874:Further information:
640:
45:Temporal range: Late
7854:Phoenicopteriformes
6247:Entertainment Weekly
5205:on February 17, 2012
5116:(#28): 11545–11550.
4868:van der Merwe, H.J.
4817:"Animal Fact Sheets"
4584:Spheniscus humboldti
4231:on February 24, 2015
4182:(#6215): 1320–1331.
3254:on September 5, 2011
2956:on December 16, 2011
2680:, was written about
2514:A video game called
2496:Entertainment Weekly
2383:, the mascot of the
2224:Spheniscus humboldti
2109:Megadyptes antipodes
1881:Aptenodytes forsteri
1627:convergent evolution
1474:convergent evolution
1324:paleoclimatic record
1036:proves that, by the
647:Aptenodytes forsteri
591:Aptenodytes forsteri
30:For other uses, see
7825:Mesitornithiformes
7819:(doves and pigeons)
7153:Families and orders
7015:Ichthyornithiformes
6990:Patagopterygiformes
6626:Yellow-eyed penguin
6258:Shuker, R. (2012).
6211:. August 29, 2011.
6178:. August 11, 2011.
6042:"beautyofbirds.com"
5122:2007PNAS..10411545C
5060:2003JBiog..30..331M
5018:2002GloEB..11..505A
4880:on October 12, 2006
4690:1988Natur.335..675D
4651:National Geographic
4600:1987RSPSB.229..467S
4490:1969PNAS...63..676W
4472:Spheniscus demersus
4188:2014Sci...346.1320J
3793:2013PNAS..110.9380E
3282:. August 31, 2012.
3019:2013PNAS..11014162C
3013:(35): 14162–14167.
2759:2008Sci...320.1763H
2753:(5884): 1763–1768.
2600:Pittsburgh Penguins
2507:), or hanging ten (
2289:Penguins and humans
2201:Spheniscus demersus
2105:Yellow-eyed penguin
1948:Eudyptes chrysocome
1868:Mature Individuals
1849:Conservation status
1633:Isabelline penguins
1347:Antarctic ice sheet
1237:stage of the Early
1183:Antarctic Peninsula
1008:penguin species is
667:Northern Hemisphere
595:little blue penguin
578:and other forms of
544:Southern Hemisphere
8167:(eagles and hawks)
8067:Procellariiformes
7972:Opisthocomiformes
7941:Steatornithiformes
7168:List by population
7005:Hongshanornithidae
6930:Evolution of birds
6646:(crested penguins)
6591:Magellanic penguin
6408:Magazine 1/15/2010
6148:. August 8, 2011.
4657:on October 7, 2018
3787:(#23): 9380–9384.
3414:Johnsgard, Paul A.
2668:homosexual couples
2481:Newbery Honor Book
2388:
2366:In popular culture
2325:
2313:
2243:Magellanic penguin
2132:Pygoscelis adeliae
2062:Eudyptes schlegeli
1778:
1771:Chinstrap penguins
1703:
1653:
1612:supraorbital gland
1576:
1549:or rocky terrain.
1499:
1491:
1392:
1322:documented in the
1159:Palaeospheniscinae
947:
914:phylogenetic taxon
819:Pinguinus impennis
727:Century Dictionary
663:similar appearance
651:
625:, during the Late
265:Austrodyptornithes
8603:
8602:
8552:Open Tree of Life
8329:Taxon identifiers
8320:
8319:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8053:(loons or divers)
8022:Phaethontiformes
8014:Phaethontimorphae
7964:Opisthocomiformes
7933:Caprimulgiformes
7873:
7872:
7862:Podicipediformes
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7499:
7498:
7282:
7281:
7239:Struthioniformes
7107:Waterfowl hunting
7040:Gastornithiformes
7035:Aepyornithiformes
7025:Lithornithiformes
6697:
6696:
6653:Fiordland penguin
6601:Galapagos penguin
6584:(banded penguins)
6556:(little penguins)
6537:Chinstrap penguin
6406:National Wildlife
6316:Library resources
6301:978-0-19-854667-2
6118:. June 27, 2011.
6088:. June 25, 2011.
5408:978-1-63483-328-8
5383:978-0-333-16791-5
4775:Anatomical Record
4594:(#1257): 467–72.
4547:(#6): 1175–1183.
4439:"Emperor Penguin"
4378:978-1-58095-156-2
4369:The Polar Regions
4115:Mayr, G. (2005).
4104:on April 7, 2013.
3953:978-0-643-06511-6
3708:(#6): 1144–1155.
3498:978-1-4081-2501-4
3196:on June 9, 2011.
3164:Harper, Douglas.
3121:978-0-89686-459-7
3087:978-1-59373-003-1
2637:Berkeley Breathed
2612:college athletics
2577:in the 1992 film
2544:adversary of the
2420:species, such as
2286:
2285:
2265:Galápagos penguin
2151:Chinstrap penguin
2086:Eudyptes sclateri
2039:Eudyptes robustus
2012:Fiordland penguin
1993:Eudyptes moseleyi
1767:
1688:Galápagos Islands
1684:Galápagos penguin
1521:All penguins are
1439:Procellariiformes
1408:higher waterbirds
1390:instead of wings.
1296:Galápagos penguin
1015:, which lived 62
1004:The oldest known
986:Procellariiformes
825:"), which became
809:has been used in
738:White Head Island
603:tropical climates
552:Galápagos penguin
416:
415:
390:
377:
364:
351:
338:
325:
300:
283:
130:
16:(Redirected from
8663:
8616:Flightless birds
8596:
8595:
8583:
8582:
8573:
8572:
8560:
8559:
8547:
8546:
8537:
8536:
8524:
8523:
8521:NBNSYS0000164612
8511:
8510:
8498:
8497:
8485:
8484:
8472:
8471:
8459:
8458:
8446:
8445:
8433:
8432:
8420:
8419:
8407:
8406:
8397:
8396:
8384:
8383:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8324:
8308:
8307:
8296:
8284:
8283:
8272:
8271:
8224:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8197:Leptosomiformes
8192:
8184:
8176:
8168:
8165:Accipitriformes
8160:
8139:
8138:(perching birds)
8131:
8123:
8115:
8094:
8086:
8078:
8070:
8062:
8059:Sphenisciformes
8054:
8033:
8025:
8004:
7996:
7993:Charadriiformes
7975:
7954:
7936:
7915:
7907:
7904:Musophagiformes
7899:
7884:
7865:
7857:
7836:
7828:
7820:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7760:
7747:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7427:
7420:
7384:
7371:
7367:
7358:
7354:
7319:
7315:
7288:
7274:
7266:
7258:
7250:
7242:
7227:
7223:
7212:
7208:
7075:Bird collections
7030:Dinornithiformes
6935:Darwin's finches
6925:Origin of flight
6865:Seabird breeding
6855:Sexual selection
6724:
6717:
6710:
6701:
6683:Macaroni penguin
6596:Humboldt penguin
6499:(great penguins)
6447:
6440:
6433:
6424:
6413:Curious Penguins
6305:
6289:
6270:
6256:
6250:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6065:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5307:
5301:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5045:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4971:. Kendall/Hunt.
4962:
4956:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4915:
4909:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4876:. Archived from
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4845:. Archived from
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:on July 20, 2006
4819:. Archived from
4813:
4807:
4806:
4787:10.1002/ar.21538
4770:
4764:
4763:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4698:10.1038/335675b0
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4653:. Archived from
4642:
4636:
4635:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4541:Animal Behaviour
4536:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4501:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4437:Rafferty, John.
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4408:"Gentoo Penguin"
4406:Rafferty, John.
4403:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4382:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4224:. Archived from
4215:
4173:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4121:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4097:. Archived from
4064:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4024:
3992:
3983:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3874:on July 24, 2007
3873:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3766:
3752:
3746:
3735:
3717:
3694:
3679:
3678:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3598:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3523:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3423:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3250:. Archived from
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:Del fr. pingouin
3182:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3030:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2804:
2787:
2786:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2710:
2701:
2633:Opus the Penguin
2621:in his strip in
2585:African penguins
2567:Burgess Meredith
2553:Detective Comics
2520:was released by
2489:, co-created by
2311:for consumption.
2251:Near Threatened
2220:Humboldt penguin
2178:Pygoscelis papua
2067:Near Threatened
1967:Macaroni penguin
1885:Near Threatened
1871:Last assessment
1856:
1793:
1768:
1692:Humboldt Current
1217:
1127:Icadyptes salasi
984:of penguins and
897:
896:
876:List of penguins
771:
765:
759:
711:
705:
693:
643:emperor penguins
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
426:flightless birds
407:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
320:
295:
278:
213:
212:
189:
175:
159:
145:
124:
123:
60:
39:
21:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8641:Sphenisciformes
8606:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8591:
8586:
8578:
8576:
8568:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8542:
8540:
8532:
8527:
8519:
8514:
8506:
8501:
8493:
8488:
8480:
8475:
8467:
8462:
8454:
8449:
8441:
8436:
8428:
8423:
8415:
8410:
8402:
8400:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8374:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8331:
8321:
8316:
8228:
8222:
8214:
8206:
8205:Bucerotiformes
8199:(cuckoo-roller)
8198:
8190:
8182:
8174:
8166:
8158:
8157:Cathartiformes
8143:
8137:
8129:
8128:Psittaciformes
8121:
8113:
8098:
8092:
8091:Pelecaniformes
8084:
8076:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8037:
8031:
8030:Eurypygiformes
8023:
8008:
8002:
7994:
7979:
7973:
7958:
7952:
7934:
7919:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7869:
7863:
7855:
7840:
7834:
7833:Pterocliformes
7826:
7818:
7769:
7758:
7745:
7730:
7654:
7613:
7551:
7516:
7515:
7508:
7507:
7495:
7475:
7448:
7425:
7418:
7378:
7377:
7365:
7364:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7272:
7271:Casuariiformes
7264:
7263:Apterygiformes
7256:
7248:
7240:
7217:
7202:
7173:Lists by region
7141:
7051:
7044:
6985:Chaoyangiformes
6970:Jeholornithidae
6944:
6908:Origin of birds
6894:
6875:Brood parasites
6821:
6751:
6738:
6728:
6698:
6693:
6688:Chatham penguin
6636:
6631:Waitaha penguin
6610:
6606:African penguin
6574:
6546:
6532:Adélie penguin
6515:
6511:Emperor penguin
6489:
6471:
6456:
6451:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6302:
6281:
6278:
6273:
6257:
6253:
6243:Wayback Machine
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6058:
6051:
6049:
6046:Beauty Of Birds
6040:
6039:
6035:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5370:Eudyptula minor
5367:
5366:
5362:
5347:(#4): 277–289.
5335:Eudyptula minor
5330:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5054:(#3): 331–351.
5043:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5012:(#6): 505–523.
5003:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4953:Greenwood Press
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4906:Wayback Machine
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4781:(#2): 249–256.
4772:
4771:
4767:
4760:10.1071/zo07053
4754:(#5): 317–321.
4741:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4383:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4316:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4073:(11): 2558–73.
4062:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4035:
4007:(#1582): 11–7.
3994:
3993:
3986:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3763:molecular clock
3753:
3749:
3744:Wayback Machine
3715:10.1.1.113.4549
3696:
3695:
3682:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3613:(#1582): 11–7.
3600:
3599:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3337:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3279:Merriam-Webster
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2981:livescience.com
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2819:(#5): 412–441.
2806:
2805:
2790:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2672:children's book
2465:emperor penguin
2463:process of the
2374:
2368:
2309:emperor penguin
2291:
2197:African penguin
1925:Eudyptula minor
1877:Emperor penguin
1851:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1761:
1759:
1751:Ile aux Cochons
1707:Bergmann's Rule
1682:zone; one, the
1672:
1666:
1635:
1580:emperor penguin
1482:
1428:Charadriiformes
1355:
1316:
1215:
1171:
1080:Palaeeudyptinae
1054:
1052:Palaeeudyptines
1002:
978:plate tectonics
959:fully described
932:
907:African penguin
884:from the genus
878:
872:
867:
859:Sphenisciformes
839:Charadriiformes
823:flight feathers
803:
797:
733:Merriam-Webster
649:) in Antarctica
635:
599:Eudyptula minor
587:emperor penguin
562:dark and white
497:
493:
490:Sphenisciformes
473:
440:
436:
421:are a group of
294:
277:
275:Sphenisciformes
207:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
182:
181:
176:
167:
166:
165:
160:
152:
151:
146:
131:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8669:
8667:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8608:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8584:
8574:
8561:
8548:
8538:
8525:
8512:
8499:
8486:
8473:
8460:
8447:
8434:
8421:
8408:
8398:
8385:
8372:
8357:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8302:
8290:
8278:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8218:
8213:Coraciiformes
8210:
8202:
8194:
8189:Trogoniformes
8186:
8178:
8170:
8162:
8153:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:Passeriformes
8133:
8125:
8120:Falconiformes
8117:
8112:Cariamiformes
8108:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8088:
8080:
8075:Ciconiiformes
8072:
8064:
8056:
8047:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8027:
8018:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
7998:
7989:
7987:
7985:Cursorimorphae
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7901:
7892:
7890:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7859:
7850:
7848:
7846:Mirandornithes
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7830:
7822:
7817:Columbiformes
7813:
7811:
7809:Columbimorphae
7802:
7793:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7754:
7749:
7744:Meleagridinae
7740:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7664:
7662:
7660:Odontophoridae
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7623:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7561:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7522:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7466:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7439:Stictonettinae
7436:
7434:Dendrocygninae
7431:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7387:
7385:
7368:
7355:
7312:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7235:
7233:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7187:Notable birds
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7137:Egg collecting
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Hesperornithes
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6995:Ambiortiformes
6992:
6987:
6982:
6980:Enantiornithes
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6954:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6658:Snares penguin
6655:
6649:
6647:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6566:
6563:Little penguin
6559:
6557:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6542:Gentoo penguin
6539:
6534:
6528:
6526:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6401:
6395:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6348:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:External links
6308:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6251:
6226:
6193:
6163:
6133:
6103:
6073:
6033:
6015:
5984:
5953:
5922:
5891:
5860:
5829:
5798:
5767:
5736:
5705:
5674:
5643:
5612:
5581:
5550:
5519:
5488:
5457:
5426:
5414:
5407:
5389:
5382:
5360:
5323:
5308:
5293:
5281:
5266:(in Turkish).
5251:
5216:
5190:
5155:
5096:
5031:
4996:
4977:
4957:
4937:
4910:
4891:
4860:
4834:
4808:
4765:
4742:Thomas, D.B.;
4734:
4719:
4684:(#6192): 675.
4668:
4637:
4574:
4531:
4484:(#3): 676–80.
4460:
4429:
4398:
4377:
4359:
4333:
4315:978-1285402222
4314:
4294:
4242:
4156:
4107:
4079:10.1554/04-235
4050:
3984:
3959:
3952:
3934:
3885:
3844:
3826:
3767:
3747:
3680:
3661:(3): 209–239.
3642:
3570:
3528:(3423): 1–18.
3504:
3497:
3479:
3472:
3448:
3434:
3405:
3354:
3335:
3312:
3297:
3265:
3232:
3202:
3177:
3156:
3127:
3120:
3093:
3086:
3060:
2993:
2967:
2940:
2921:
2901:
2871:
2840:
2788:
2737:
2719:(4): 604–617.
2695:
2693:
2690:
2580:Batman Returns
2370:Main article:
2367:
2364:
2321:Adélie penguin
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:Least Concern
2180:
2174:Gentoo penguin
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:Least Concern
2157:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:Least Concern
2134:
2128:Adélie penguin
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2035:Snares penguin
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:Least Concern
1927:
1921:Little penguin
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:Least Concern
1905:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1803:Gentoo penguin
1798:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1758:
1755:
1665:
1662:
1650:Gourdin Island
1646:Adélie penguin
1634:
1631:
1572:Gentoo penguin
1481:
1478:
1455:Pelecaniformes
1365:autapomorphies
1354:
1351:
1320:global cooling
1315:
1312:
1219:autapomorphies
1170:
1167:
1151:Paraptenodytes
1147:toothed whales
1143:Squalodontidae
1134:about 36 mya.
1107:Seymour Island
1053:
1050:
1001:
998:
931:
928:
871:
868:
866:
863:
799:Main article:
796:
793:
634:
631:
414:
413:
409:
408:
400:
399:
392:
391:
378:
365:
352:
339:
326:
310:
309:
302:
301:
289:
285:
284:
272:
268:
267:
262:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
201:
200:
191:
184:
183:
177:
170:
169:
168:
161:
154:
153:
147:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
61:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8668:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8535:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8313:
8312:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8279:
8277:
8276:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8173:Strigiformes
8171:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8024:(tropicbirds)
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7947:
7946:Podargiformes
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7896:Cuculiformes
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7594:Macrocephalon
7591:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7481:Anseranatidae
7478:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7269:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7255:Tinamiformes
7253:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7231:Palaeognathae
7228:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7117:Pigeon racing
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6959:Archaeopteryx
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Royal penguin
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Penguin World
6377:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6268:9781317440895
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6230:
6227:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5985:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5954:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5923:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5892:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5861:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5830:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5799:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5768:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5706:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5675:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5644:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5613:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5582:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5520:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5489:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5217:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4984:
4980:
4978:9780787290085
4974:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:Fordyce, R.E.
4738:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4461:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4360:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4243:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4165:Jarvis, E. D.
4160:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3473:9781486311637
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3435:0-8032-2566-0
3431:
3427:
3422:
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3415:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
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3373:
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3365:
3358:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3336:0-19-856478-3
3332:
3328:
3327:
3319:
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3313:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3285:
3281:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:Fuller, Errol
3067:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2960:September 24,
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2922:9781465459008
2918:
2914:
2913:
2905:
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2661:
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2655:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Falklands War
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:United States
2592:
2590:
2589:king penguins
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:. In the 60s
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:Otmar Gutmann
2488:
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2462:
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2411:
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2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:leopard seals
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:preparing an
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:Royal penguin
2056:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:king penguins
1819:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1699:
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1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:afterfeathers
1586:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:countershaded
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Ciconiiformes
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:South America
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1165:of penguins.
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:South America
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1000:Basal fossils
999:
997:
995:
994:Maastrichtian
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
955:biogeographic
952:
949:Although the
945:
941:
936:
929:
927:
925:
920:
919:Linnean taxon
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
891:
887:
883:
877:
869:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
770:
764:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
716:
710:
706:, 'head' and
704:
700:
695:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
644:
639:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:regions, and
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:countershaded
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
491:
488:
482:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
410:
406:
401:
398:
397:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
362:
361:Milne-Edwards
358:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
327:
323:
322:Miller, J. F.
319:
318:
314:
313:
311:
308:
303:
298:
293:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
202:
194:
188:
180:
174:
164:
158:
150:
144:
134:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8636:Spheniscinae
8631:Spheniscidae
8394:Spheniscidae
8381:Spheniscidae
8367:Spheniscidae
8337:Spheniscidae
8336:
8309:
8297:
8285:
8273:
8183:(mousebirds)
8181:Coliiformes
8058:
8051:Gaviiformes
8043:Aequornithes
7951:Apodiformes
7912:Otidiformes
7888:Otidimorphae
7835:(sandgrouse)
7757:Phasianinae
7723:
7716:
7709:
7704:Odontophorus
7702:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7564:
7542:Oreophasinae
7488:
7468:
7461:
7366:(waterfowls)
7362:Anseriformes
7112:Cockfighting
7097:Conservation
7092:Bird feeding
7080:Birdwatching
7070:Ornithomancy
7010:Gansuiformes
6957:
6950:Fossil birds
6840:Intelligence
6641:
6615:
6579:
6551:
6520:
6506:King penguin
6494:
6484:
6476:
6453:
6405:
6320:
6285:
6276:Bibliography
6262:. Routledge.
6259:
6254:
6246:
6229:
6219:November 21,
6217:. Retrieved
6208:
6196:
6186:November 21,
6184:. Retrieved
6175:
6166:
6156:November 21,
6154:. Retrieved
6145:
6136:
6126:November 21,
6124:. Retrieved
6115:
6106:
6096:November 21,
6094:. Retrieved
6085:
6076:
6050:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6028:the original
6018:
6006:. Retrieved
5997:
5987:
5975:. Retrieved
5966:
5956:
5944:. Retrieved
5935:
5925:
5913:. Retrieved
5904:
5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5873:
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5842:
5832:
5820:. Retrieved
5811:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5780:
5770:
5758:. Retrieved
5749:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5718:
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5687:
5677:
5665:. Retrieved
5656:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5625:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5594:
5584:
5572:. Retrieved
5563:
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5532:
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5501:
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5470:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5439:
5429:
5417:
5398:
5392:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5326:
5284:
5272:. Retrieved
5263:
5254:
5244:November 13,
5242:. Retrieved
5233:
5229:
5219:
5209:September 8,
5207:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5193:
5183:November 13,
5181:. Retrieved
5172:
5168:
5158:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5089:November 13,
5087:. Retrieved
5051:
5047:
5034:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4989:November 18,
4987:. Retrieved
4967:
4960:
4948:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4913:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4873:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4821:the original
4811:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4728:
4722:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:the original
4650:
4640:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4442:
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4411:
4401:
4368:
4362:
4352:September 8,
4350:. Retrieved
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4304:
4297:
4260:
4256:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4226:the original
4179:
4175:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4127:
4123:
4110:
4099:the original
4070:
4066:
4053:
4039:cite journal
4004:
4000:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3943:
3937:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3869:the original
3864:
3860:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3758:
3750:
3705:
3699:
3658:
3654:
3610:
3606:
3561:. Retrieved
3525:
3488:
3482:
3458:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3419:
3408:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3347:November 18,
3345:. Retrieved
3325:
3306:
3300:
3290:September 8,
3288:. Retrieved
3277:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3252:the original
3247:
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3197:
3194:the original
3189:
3180:
3169:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3106:
3076:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2943:
2933:November 18,
2931:. Retrieved
2911:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2853:
2843:
2816:
2812:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2716:
2712:
2699:
2686:New York Zoo
2675:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2642:Bloom County
2640:
2624:The Guardian
2622:
2616:
2602:team in the
2593:
2578:
2575:Danny Devito
2560:
2552:
2542:supervillain
2531:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2503:), dancing (
2500:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2409:Chilly Willy
2407:
2389:
2385:Linux kernel
2353:
2326:
2302:
2268:
2246:
2223:
2200:
2177:
2154:
2131:
2119:2,528–3,480
2108:
2085:
2061:
2038:
2026:2,500–9,999
2015:
1992:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1902:
1899:King penguin
1880:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1743:South Africa
1712:
1704:
1673:
1654:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1584:
1577:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:leopard seal
1520:
1505:life. Their
1500:
1467:
1463:sister group
1460:
1443:plotopterids
1432:
1393:
1377:DNA sequence
1358:
1356:
1340:
1332:
1317:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1230:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1172:
1163:biodiversity
1136:
1125:
1119:
1115:monophyletic
1100:
1096:Subantarctic
1073:paraphyletic
1070:
1055:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1009:
1003:
963:
951:evolutionary
948:
940:Bruny Island
911:
898:
879:
855:Spheniscidae
846:
843:
830:
818:
806:
804:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
750:
731:
725:
719:
713:
696:
673:
671:
654:
652:
646:
611:subantarctic
598:
590:
584:
489:
433:Spheniscidae
432:
418:
417:
393:
380:
367:
354:
341:
328:
315:
292:Spheniscidae
291:
274:
258:
36:
8477:iNaturalist
8361:Wikispecies
8311:WikiProject
8221:Piciformes
8104:Australaves
8083:Suliformes
8001:Gruiformes
7856:(flamingos)
7765:Tetraoninae
7736:Phasianidae
7725:Rhynchortyx
7690:Dactylortyx
7557:Megapodidae
7547:Penelopinae
7505:Galliformes
7247:Rheiformes
7241:(ostriches)
7191:individuals
7065:Ornithology
7052:interaction
6807:Preen gland
6496:Aptenodytes
5175:: 285–298.
4945:Piper, Ross
4874:iafrica.com
4453:January 20,
4422:January 20,
4257:GigaScience
4204:10072/67425
3972:Aptenodytes
3899:GigaScience
3878:February 2,
3149:January 25,
2915:. Penguin.
2909:DK (2016).
2422:polar bears
2360:Stephen Fry
2276:Decreasing
2273:Endangered
2254:Decreasing
2231:Decreasing
2228:Vulnerable
2208:Decreasing
2205:Endangered
2162:Decreasing
2139:Increasing
2116:Decreasing
2113:Endangered
2093:Decreasing
2090:Endangered
2064:(disputed)
2043:Vulnerable
2023:Decreasing
2020:Vulnerable
2000:Decreasing
1997:Endangered
1978:Decreasing
1975:Vulnerable
1955:Decreasing
1952:Vulnerable
1910:Increasing
1807:Brown Bluff
1739:New Zealand
1562:nearsighted
1400:paleognaths
1373:homoplasies
1235:Burdigalian
1223:adaptations
1213:Aptenodytes
1195:Aptenodytes
641:A group of
607:prehistoric
546:: only one
317:Aptenodytes
8610:Categories
8061:(penguins)
7914:(bustards)
7752:Perdicinae
7697:Dendrortyx
7669:Callipepla
7601:Megapodius
7566:Aepypodius
7444:Tadorninae
7426:true geese
7257:(tinamous)
7216:Neornithes
7127:Pheasantry
7102:Aviculture
6870:Incubation
6860:Lek mating
6617:Megadyptes
6581:Spheniscus
6522:Pygoscelis
6290:. Oxford:
4661:October 7,
4326:August 15,
4263:(#1): 27.
4235:August 28,
3976:Pygoscelis
3968:allopatric
3655:Cladistics
3563:January 4,
3258:October 7,
3186:"Pingüino"
2813:Cladistics
2692:References
2619:Steve Bell
2571:Tim Burton
2505:Happy Feet
2434:Happy Feet
2418:sub-Arctic
2400:North Pole
2329:Antarctica
2165:8,000,000
2142:7,580,000
2073:1,700,000
1958:2,500,000
1828:incubation
1775:Antarctica
1749:'s remote
1719:Antarctica
1676:Antarctica
1668:See also:
1657:isabelline
1643:isabelline
1597:filoplumes
1527:camouflage
1447:cormorants
1422:, and the
1334:Spheniscus
1284:Megadyptes
1265:carotenoid
1250:Spheniscus
1231:Pygoscelis
1209:morphology
1204:Pygoscelis
1192:The genus
1111:Priabonian
1029:Perudyptes
1013:manneringi
886:Spheniscus
857:and order
382:Spheniscus
369:Pygoscelis
356:Megadyptes
127:Cretaceous
56:62–0
8130:(parrots)
7974:(hoatzin)
7925:Strisores
7906:(turacos)
7898:(cuckoos)
7827:(mesites)
7746:(turkeys)
7718:Philortyx
7635:Agelastes
7628:Acryllium
7619:Numididae
7608:Talegalla
7518:gamebirds
7511:landfowls
7490:Anseranas
7454:Anhimidae
7413:Anserinae
7196:fictional
6918:dinosaurs
6913:Theropoda
6900:Evolution
6845:Migration
6827:Behaviour
6690:(extinct)
6633:(extinct)
6553:Eudyptula
6209:3 News NZ
6176:3 News NZ
6146:3 News NZ
6116:3 News NZ
6086:3 News NZ
6052:April 17,
5440:BBC Earth
5274:August 1,
4930:August 8,
4387:cite book
4130:: 61–71.
4067:Evolution
3710:CiteSeerX
3542:2246/2788
3244:"penguin"
3225:April 29,
3211:"penguin"
3166:"penguin"
3037:0027-8424
2986:August 4,
2864:April 16,
2730:March 21,
2546:superhero
2534:DC Comics
2532:In 1941,
2509:Surf's Up
2461:migration
2440:Surf's Up
2396:white tie
2337:sled dogs
2304:Endurance
1816:Agonistic
1757:Behaviour
1727:Australia
1723:Argentina
1680:temperate
1619:great auk
1489:Phalanges
1412:waterfowl
1314:Geography
1308:Tortonian
1292:latitudes
1256:Eudyptula
1187:Patagonia
1139:Paleogene
1103:radiation
1092:Antarctic
1088:Patagonia
1084:phylogeny
1076:subfamily
1058:Oligocene
1038:Bartonian
1034:Argentina
990:Campanian
974:Byrd Land
930:Evolution
924:phylogeny
847:Pinguinus
831:Pinguinus
815:great auk
807:Pinguinus
801:Great auk
795:Pinguinus
659:great auk
653:The word
633:Etymology
485:) of the
428:from the
348:Bonaparte
343:Eudyptula
297:Bonaparte
228:Kingdom:
222:Eukaryota
163:Chinstrap
125:Possible
8626:Seabirds
8621:Penguins
8401:BioLib:
8346:Wikidata
8275:Category
8149:Afroaves
8077:(storks)
7879:Passerea
7864:(grebes)
7800:Columbea
7711:Oreortyx
7683:Cyrtonyx
7573:Alectura
7537:Cracinae
7529:Cracidae
7406:Oxyurini
7396:Aythyini
7391:Anatinae
7375:Anatidae
7122:Falconry
7085:big year
6940:Seabirds
6850:Foraging
6797:Feathers
6643:Eudyptes
6454:Penguins
6384:Penguins
6239:Archived
6213:Archived
6180:Archived
6150:Archived
6120:Archived
6090:Archived
6062:cite web
6002:Archived
5971:Archived
5940:Archived
5909:Archived
5878:Archived
5847:Archived
5816:Archived
5785:Archived
5754:Archived
5723:Archived
5692:Archived
5661:Archived
5630:Archived
5599:Archived
5568:Archived
5537:Archived
5506:Archived
5475:Archived
5450:March 9,
5444:Archived
5422:Williams
5319:Williams
5304:Williams
5289:Williams
5268:Archived
5238:Archived
5236:: 3–28.
5177:Archived
5150:17601778
5080:Archived
5076:11954818
4983:Archived
4947:(2007),
4924:Archived
4902:Archived
4884:July 21,
4853:July 21,
4827:July 21,
4803:23175291
4795:22213564
4714:47562824
4632:32860474
4569:45578269
4561:10373249
4447:Archived
4416:Archived
4346:Archived
4320:Archived
4289:25671092
4222:25504713
4140:Archived
4087:15612298
4031:16519228
3929:31531675
3821:23690614
3740:Archived
3732:16533822
3675:85071808
3637:16519228
3554:Archived
3550:19041678
3416:(1987).
3400:15329156
3341:Archived
3284:Archived
3219:Archived
3143:Archived
3074:(2003).
3055:23918397
2927:Archived
2894:July 19,
2888:Archived
2858:Archived
2835:85673628
2775:18583609
2721:Archived
2606:and the
2527:peekaboo
2426:walruses
2188:774,000
2096:150,000
2003:480,600
1935:469,760
1888:Unknown
1859:Species
1781:Breeding
1593:plumules
1558:colonies
1451:anhingas
1424:seabirds
1388:flippers
1328:ice ages
1304:Eudyptes
1300:Langhian
1288:Eudyptes
1277:Pliocene
1273:Chattian
1098:coasts.
1048:waters.
1046:Atlantic
944:Tasmania
870:Taxonomy
763:fettgans
746:Pen Gwyn
691:pingouin
621:35
580:sea life
419:Penguins
335:Vieillot
330:Eudyptes
288:Family:
242:Chordata
238:Phylum:
232:Animalia
218:Domain:
42:Penguins
18:Impennes
8287:Commons
7791:Neoaves
7676:Colinus
7642:Guttera
7580:Eulipoa
7401:Mergini
7265:(kiwis)
7249:(rheas)
7060:Ringing
6885:Hybrids
6880:Nesting
6835:Singing
6812:Plumage
6787:Dactyly
6757:Anatomy
6747:Outline
6737:: Aves)
6486:Species
6321:Penguin
6205:(Video)
6008:June 2,
5977:June 2,
5946:June 2,
5915:June 2,
5884:June 2,
5853:June 2,
5822:June 2,
5791:June 2,
5760:June 2,
5729:June 2,
5698:June 2,
5667:June 2,
5636:June 2,
5605:June 2,
5574:June 2,
5543:June 2,
5512:June 2,
5481:June 2,
5424:, p. 24
5321:, p. 23
5306:, p. 57
5291:, p. 17
5141:1913862
5118:Bibcode
5056:Bibcode
5014:Bibcode
4706:3173490
4686:Bibcode
4624:2881308
4596:Bibcode
4526:5259756
4486:Bibcode
4280:4322438
4213:4405904
4184:Bibcode
4176:Science
4149:July 8,
4095:1296408
4022:1560011
3920:6904868
3842:(2006).
3812:3677478
3789:Bibcode
3628:1560011
3441:May 11,
3426:265–266
3248:Wordnik
3046:3761583
3015:Bibcode
2912:Animal!
2783:6472805
2755:Bibcode
2747:Science
2684:in the
2648:Outland
2538:Penguin
2453:films;
2301:on the
2234:32,000
2211:50,000
2185:Stable
2070:Stable
2049:63,000
2046:Stable
1932:Stable
1843:crèches
1735:Namibia
1623:penguin
1554:hearing
1512:plumage
1503:aquatic
1470:Puffins
1396:Neoaves
1360:Waimanu
1239:Miocene
1227:habitat
1155:Neogene
1078:called
1021:Waimanu
1011:Waimanu
827:extinct
769:vetgans
757:pinguis
686:Spanish
674:penguin
655:penguin
619:equator
605:. Some
564:plumage
556:Equator
548:species
423:aquatic
387:Brisson
305:Modern
271:Order:
248:Class:
193:African
149:Emperor
8593:196034
8577:uBio:
8557:494367
8541:NZOR:
8508:174443
8495:100371
8456:1ZPHNF
8299:Portal
8175:(owls)
7649:Numida
7587:Leipoa
7470:Chauna
7463:Anhima
7158:Genera
7132:Imping
7050:Human
6890:Colony
6817:Vision
6802:Flight
6468:family
6318:about
6298:
6266:
5405:
5380:
5148:
5138:
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4678:Nature
4630:
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4517:223504
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4287:
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3840:et al.
3834:Contra
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3759:et al.
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3333:
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2833:
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2549:Batman
2467:; and
2449:, all
2404:Arctic
2347:, and
2341:sharks
2279:1,200
1865:Trend
1747:France
1741:, and
1715:Angola
1595:, and
1437:or to
1416:storks
1369:grebes
1246:genera
1175:clades
1006:fossil
785:waddle
724:, the
718:, the
682:Breton
678:French
627:Eocene
550:, the
430:family
374:Wagler
307:genera
299:, 1831
282:, 1891
280:Sharpe
179:Snares
51:Recent
47:Danian
8588:WoRMS
8580:21597
8570:39710
8490:IRMNG
8352:Q9147
7419:swans
7381:ducks
7351:fowls
7146:Lists
6770:Brain
6735:class
6731:Birds
6478:Genus
6464:order
5083:(PDF)
5072:S2CID
5044:(PDF)
4799:S2CID
4710:S2CID
4628:S2CID
4616:36191
4612:JSTOR
4565:S2CID
4508:59401
4504:JSTOR
4229:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
4143:(PDF)
4120:(PDF)
4102:(PDF)
4091:S2CID
4063:(PDF)
3980:Baker
3905:(9).
3872:(PDF)
3857:(PDF)
3837:Baker
3765:used.
3756:Baker
3671:S2CID
3557:(PDF)
3546:S2CID
3522:(PDF)
2831:S2CID
2779:S2CID
2724:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2540:as a
2517:Pengo
2486:Pingu
2345:orcas
2282:2018
2259:2018
2237:2018
2214:2018
2191:2018
2168:2018
2145:2018
2122:2018
2099:2016
2076:2018
2052:2018
2029:2018
2006:2018
1983:2018
1961:2018
1938:2018
1915:2018
1893:2018
1731:Chile
1585:types
1537:or a
1531:wings
1516:tails
1507:wings
1420:rails
1216:'
1179:order
1105:: on
966:basal
903:wedge
899:sphēn
892:word
890:Greek
777:cocks
753:Latin
742:Welsh
699:Welsh
576:squid
568:krill
487:order
259:Clade
8534:9231
8529:NCBI
8503:ITIS
8482:3806
8469:5284
8464:GBIF
8451:EPPO
8443:7986
8417:1484
8412:BOLD
8404:8345
6792:Eggs
6780:milk
6775:Crop
6765:Beak
6390:the
6296:ISBN
6264:ISBN
6221:2012
6188:2012
6158:2012
6128:2012
6098:2012
6068:link
6054:2021
6010:2020
5979:2020
5948:2020
5917:2020
5886:2020
5855:2020
5824:2020
5793:2020
5762:2020
5731:2020
5700:2020
5669:2020
5638:2020
5607:2020
5576:2020
5545:2020
5514:2020
5483:2020
5452:2020
5403:ISBN
5378:ISBN
5276:2018
5246:2014
5211:2013
5185:2014
5146:PMID
5091:2014
4991:2020
4973:ISBN
4932:2016
4886:2006
4855:2006
4829:2006
4791:PMID
4702:PMID
4663:2018
4620:PMID
4557:PMID
4522:PMID
4455:2021
4424:2021
4393:link
4373:ISBN
4354:2013
4328:2018
4310:ISBN
4285:PMID
4237:2015
4218:PMID
4151:2006
4083:PMID
4045:link
4027:PMID
3948:ISBN
3925:PMID
3880:2007
3817:PMID
3728:PMID
3633:PMID
3565:2007
3493:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3443:2010
3430:ISBN
3396:PMID
3349:2020
3331:ISBN
3292:2013
3260:2014
3227:2016
3151:2010
3116:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3051:PMID
3033:ISSN
2988:2024
2962:2022
2935:2020
2917:ISBN
2896:2024
2866:2023
2771:PMID
2732:2021
2670:. A
2654:Opus
2651:and
2587:and
2522:Sega
2443:and
2424:and
2414:myth
2392:gait
2333:Dogs
2299:cook
2297:The
1617:The
1535:orca
1525:for
1449:and
1404:fowl
1402:and
1282:The
1253:and
1244:The
1185:and
1132:Peru
1094:and
964:The
953:and
895:σφήν
835:auks
789:raft
781:hens
730:and
709:gwyn
572:fish
389:1760
376:1832
363:1880
350:1856
337:1816
324:1778
252:Aves
64:PreꞒ
8516:NBN
8438:EoL
8430:GHC
8425:CoL
8389:AFD
8376:ADW
6386:in
5349:doi
5136:PMC
5126:doi
5114:104
5064:doi
5022:doi
4783:doi
4779:295
4756:doi
4694:doi
4682:335
4604:doi
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4200:hdl
4192:doi
4180:346
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4009:doi
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