731:
4425:
167:
55:
934:
was given firstly to
Aemilius Paulus in 189 BC, for his campaigns against the Lusitanians from 191-189 BC. Next, it was given to Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 95 BC as governor or pro consul of the Cilician province for his returning of Ariobarzanes I to the Cappadocia throne. Then in 90 BC to
1071:
In the east, the title continued to be used into the
Byzantine period, although to a lesser, and much more ceremonial extent. In most Byzantine writings, the Greek translation "Autokrator" is preferred, but "Imperator" makes an appearance in
1180:("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Spain") and its use soon became regular. This title was used throughout the period 1079–81, which represents the peak of his imperial pretensions before his capture of the
1429:
4896:
1672:
1138:
was used under a variety of circumstances from the ninth century onward, but its use peaked, as a formal and practical title, between 1086 and 1157. It primarily was used by the
717:
899:
mainly was the honorific title assumed by certain military commanders. After an especially great victory, an army's troops in the field would proclaim their commander
4734:
4464:
4278:
3708:
994:
was generally restricted to the emperor, although in the early years of the empire it would occasionally be granted to a member of his family. As a permanent title,
947:, relative of the previously mentioned Lucius Julius Caesar, during the 50s BC to Gaius Julius Caesar (in Gaul), in 45 BC again to Gaius Julius Caesar, in 43 BC to
1559:
4769:
2101:
1025:, rather than the commander of the military. The title then followed the emperor's name along with the number of times he was acclaimed as such, for example
2143:
2131:
4901:
2190:
1320:
is the root for the word for emperor of most
Romance languages. It is the root of the English word "emperor", which entered the language via the French
1010:, it would be tantamount to a declaration of rebellion against the ruling emperor. At first the term continued to be used in the Republican sense as a
915:, the victorious general had a right to use the title after his name until the time of his triumph, where he would relinquish the title as well as his
4789:
1512:. Paris: Presses universitaires de France; Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de l’Université de Montpellier. Archived from
2106:
1077:
952:
730:
4891:
3478:
2116:
1006:, the act of being proclaimed imperator was transformed into the act of imperial accession. In fact, if a general was acclaimed by his troops as
895:
literature and epigraphy, an imperator was a magistrate with imperium. During the later Roman
Republic and during the late Republican civil wars,
1507:
3423:
2111:
1845:
710:
314:
821:. The Roman emperors generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions, rather than preferring any single title. Nevertheless,
3393:
2218:
1745:
1486:
304:
1215:
established diplomatic relations with some
Christian European states, and sent a document to the King of Poland in which he used the titles
4457:
3483:
3358:
2511:
1225:
per la Divina favente clementia Grande
Imperator di Constantinopoli, di Asia, Europa, Persia, Syria et Egypto et Arabia et de li mari etc.
1309:, in diverse forms at least since the Middle Ages — for example, she is sometimes called "Imperatrix angelorum" ("ruler of the angels").
4807:
4314:
4245:
4144:
2064:
936:
475:
4109:
3735:
3516:
1735:
297:
280:
4784:
4716:
3403:
2163:
1730:
1725:
1701:
1552:
1449:
796:
703:
275:
138:
4403:
3418:
2091:
1740:
1667:
292:
4802:
4741:
4450:
4409:
4114:
1684:
1617:
285:
1088:
After the Roman empire collapsed in the West in the fifth century, Latin continued to be used as the official language of the
4595:
4373:
4288:
3713:
2438:
2363:
2121:
922:
Since a triumph was the goal of many politically ambitious Roman commanders, Roman
Republican history is full of cases where
76:
4886:
4378:
2934:
1166:, his rule by conquest or military superiority, his rule over several people groups ethnic or religious, and his claim to
948:
4195:
3676:
2774:
2378:
1830:
1545:
690:
119:
3473:
4721:
4684:
4368:
3962:
3952:
3757:
3398:
3157:
2213:
2096:
1642:
91:
4185:
3937:
3847:
3747:
3433:
3097:
2989:
2759:
2531:
2353:
2261:
2126:
2069:
1351:
1176:
488:
72:
43:
1398:
65:
4156:
4061:
3942:
3453:
2546:
2501:
2428:
2348:
2296:
2286:
2238:
1585:
1291:
553:
255:
98:
1340:
4833:
4764:
4689:
4363:
4273:
4051:
4036:
3957:
3898:
3635:
3054:
2964:
2473:
2453:
2448:
2433:
2386:
2326:
2281:
2083:
157:
4385:
3642:
4547:
4334:
4086:
4066:
4046:
3974:
3867:
3803:
3463:
3443:
3383:
3373:
3363:
2769:
2458:
2358:
2338:
2253:
2243:
1948:
1888:
1580:
591:
1509:
Imperator : Recherches sur l'emploi et la signification du titre d'Imperator dans la Rome républicaine
105:
4794:
4473:
4129:
4056:
3535:
3509:
3468:
3458:
3408:
3388:
3202:
3177:
3142:
3024:
2749:
2396:
2158:
1689:
1279:, the term describes the Goddess Fortune, or a personification of her, it is as the "ruler of the world".
1188:("I, Alfonso, emperor of the Spains"), which he used again in 1090. His most elaborate imperial title was
872:, to be able to rule, the king had to be invested with the full regal authority and power. So, after the
4093:
4812:
4694:
4339:
3793:
3788:
3438:
3368:
3192:
2944:
2744:
2739:
2536:
2443:
2368:
2331:
2316:
2291:
2271:
2173:
1306:
87:
4700:
4653:
4309:
4233:
3947:
3852:
3448:
3413:
3102:
3092:
2969:
2869:
2794:
2659:
2622:
1998:
1662:
1513:
1064:
233:
4753:
4658:
4542:
4168:
3924:
3888:
3378:
3227:
3029:
2899:
2849:
2168:
1765:
850:
368:
4395:
3647:
3617:
3428:
3152:
2959:
2814:
2754:
2674:
2617:
2481:
1717:
1696:
1374:
The Oxford
Classical Dictionary, entry 'Imperator', Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
1243:
seems not to have been used in
Ancient Rome to indicate the wife of an imperator or later, of an
1163:
1155:
1147:
1124:
1093:
1052:). This was necessarily imprecise as it lost the nuances of Latin political thought contrasting
830:
626:
265:
35:
3067:
1324:, while related adjectives such as "imperial" were imported into English directly from Latin.
4779:
4430:
4162:
4015:
4010:
3883:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3773:
3701:
3502:
3062:
2914:
2669:
2629:
2607:
1815:
1482:
1445:
1159:
1151:
735:
545:
538:
341:
1476:
4860:
4759:
4577:
4227:
3932:
3798:
3783:
3671:
3630:
3608:
3597:
3561:
3127:
3087:
3019:
2954:
2879:
2874:
2646:
2569:
2516:
2311:
2306:
2195:
2054:
2003:
1963:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1835:
1782:
1775:
1760:
1755:
1679:
1607:
1437:
1394:
1252:
1143:
1139:
1089:
1068:) was used in Greek-language texts for Roman emperors from the establishment of the empire.
758:
667:
661:
654:
640:
469:
448:
393:
378:
373:
358:
242:
4827:
4774:
4486:
4211:
3862:
3842:
3820:
3696:
3222:
3034:
3014:
2974:
2909:
2859:
2854:
2729:
2679:
2587:
2421:
2401:
2321:
1770:
1595:
956:
873:
383:
833:. It was abbreviated to "IMP" in incriptions. The word derives from the stem of the verb
4559:
4304:
4119:
4041:
3987:
3919:
3893:
3778:
3660:
3568:
3277:
2919:
2654:
2602:
2574:
2521:
2506:
2486:
2301:
2276:
2233:
2223:
2049:
2023:
1953:
1938:
1903:
1863:
1624:
1472:
1275:
1266:
monarch, and is thus used in the Latin version of titles of modern reigning empresses.
1204:
1196:
1073:
1048:
1011:
892:
825:
was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler's title throughout the
810:
672:
619:
463:
438:
347:
195:
112:
30:"Imperator Augustus" and "Imperatrix" redirect here. For the first Roman emperor, see
4880:
4728:
4707:
4517:
4390:
4344:
4221:
4150:
3666:
3625:
3590:
2809:
2779:
2694:
2228:
2205:
2018:
1873:
1858:
1805:
1612:
1244:
1181:
1022:
944:
908:
814:
568:
418:
186:
4553:
4491:
4217:
3815:
3810:
3752:
3688:
3654:
3287:
3147:
2592:
2541:
2496:
2491:
2343:
2153:
2039:
1983:
1978:
1868:
1750:
1634:
1568:
1255:
was rather exceptionally granted, and not exclusively to wives of living emperors.
1248:
1192:("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Castile and of Toledo also and of Nájera, or Álava").
987:
923:
904:
869:
739:
481:
433:
403:
329:
204:
1441:
1430:"Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan"
4671:
4496:
4020:
4002:
3857:
3583:
3082:
2704:
2526:
2416:
1810:
1120:
524:
166:
54:
4678:
4584:
4570:
4529:
4283:
3992:
3982:
3307:
3247:
3212:
3004:
2939:
2929:
2824:
2709:
2597:
2180:
2148:
1893:
1820:
1652:
1647:
1523:
1212:
1167:
1042:
960:
826:
605:
335:
215:
4853:
4590:
4536:
3914:
3740:
3337:
3332:
3292:
3217:
3187:
3167:
3044:
2984:
2894:
2844:
2839:
2764:
2724:
2612:
2582:
2391:
2266:
2059:
1943:
1797:
1295:
1190:
ego
Adefonsus imperator totius Castelle et Toleto necnon et Nazare seu Alave
1056:
with other forms of public authority. Nevertheless, this title (along with
999:
818:
677:
513:
495:
458:
1341:
Rex.A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
1251:
there was no standard title or honorific for the emperor's wife, even the
17:
4839:
4624:
4606:
4442:
4239:
3555:
3525:
3297:
3282:
3272:
3257:
3172:
3162:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3009:
2924:
2804:
2789:
2719:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2664:
2463:
2044:
2008:
1898:
1825:
1657:
1092:. The Roman emperors of this period (historiographically referred to as
1058:
1003:
983:
968:
916:
877:
612:
502:
413:
324:
222:
31:
1219:("with help of God, emperor of Asia and Greece"). Like his predecessor,
4747:
4619:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3197:
3182:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2949:
2904:
2884:
2864:
2819:
2551:
2406:
2185:
1993:
1988:
1878:
1270:
1220:
1128:
1018:
876:
that was held to elect the king, the king also had to be conferred the
841:
598:
577:
428:
408:
39:
1537:
1002:
by the Roman emperors and was taken on accession. After the reign of
4820:
4629:
4613:
4600:
4523:
3327:
3207:
3137:
3077:
3072:
3039:
2799:
2784:
2734:
2714:
2136:
2013:
1908:
1287:
1200:
940:
633:
423:
1184:, ancient capital of the Visigoths. In 1080, he introduced the form
1046:("one who rules oneself," also sometimes used as a translation for
4846:
4190:
3112:
2834:
2561:
1853:
1262:
originated or was used for the first time. It usually indicates a
1170:
over the other kings of the peninsula, both Christian and Muslim.
729:
1033:
monarch, pronounced upon (and synonymous with) their assumption.
4664:
3322:
2889:
2829:
2411:
1787:
4446:
3498:
1541:
1883:
1525:
Imperator Populi Romani: una aproximación al poder republicano
1158:. It signalled at various points the king's equality with the
1029:("imperator five times"). In time it became the title of the
788:
584:
531:
48:
782:
1352:
LacusCurtius • Roman Law — Auctor (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)
3494:
1173:
Beginning in 1077, Alfonso instituted the use of the style
773:
1432:. In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (eds.).
1258:
It is not clear when the feminine form of the Latin term
903:, an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the
764:
1207:, the Turkish ruler acclaimed to be the Caesar of Rome (
1223:
titled himself imperator in diplomatic correspondence (
1481:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 31.
1217:
Sultan Dei gratia Asie, Grecie etc. İmperator Maximus
967:
during the empire (see below) of his adoptive father
797:
761:
1531:
785:
779:
770:
4642:
4505:
4353:
4327:
4297:
4266:
4259:
4204:
4178:
4137:
4128:
4102:
4079:
4029:
4001:
3973:
3907:
3876:
3766:
3728:
3687:
3616:
3607:
3547:
3346:
3240:
3053:
2645:
2638:
2560:
2472:
2377:
2252:
2204:
2082:
2032:
1971:
1962:
1844:
1796:
1716:
1633:
1594:
1478:
Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age
839:, meaning 'to order, to command'. The English word
813:. Later, it became a part of the titulature of the
776:
767:
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
38:. For the monarchic title of a head of state, see
3534:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (
1436:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–193.
4897:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
1286:, which did not exist in Latin, is deployed by
1119:) as a formal Latin title in succession by the
1294:in 56 BC; only in the mid-fifth century AD is
4458:
3510:
1553:
1528:. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
955:(younger brother and ally of the more famous
711:
8:
1084:Use in East Rome and other post-Roman states
1383:Ampelius 31 with Mackay (2000), pp. 178–93.
1080:, and on various ninth century lead seals.
834:
805:) originally meant the rough equivalent of
4770:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
4646:
4509:
4465:
4451:
4443:
4263:
4134:
3873:
3613:
3517:
3503:
3495:
2642:
1968:
1600:
1560:
1546:
1538:
718:
704:
152:
4790:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
1273:is identified "imperatrix mundi" in the
1203:in Turkish meaning "lands of Rome") and
1333:
1040:was generally translated into Greek as
560:
512:
447:
392:
357:
313:
264:
177:
155:
1362:
1199:conquered both the Balkan peninsula (
1078:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
1076:'s mid seventh century mosaic in the
7:
1146:, but it also found currency in the
926:were bribed to call their commander
77:adding citations to reliable sources
1186:ego Adefonsus Hispaniarum imperator
1305:became a laudatory address to the
25:
4902:Latin political words and phrases
4785:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1227:) due to his military successes.
4424:
4423:
4404:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano
757:
165:
53:
4115:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
1428:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2012).
1127:Emperors until 1806 and by the
1100:in Latin texts, while the word
64:needs additional citations for
4892:Military ranks of ancient Rome
1530:514 p. (Biblioteca virtual at
1115:was used (in conjunction with
1108:(emperor) were used in Greek.
1:
1134:In medieval Spain, the title
2132:Frontiers and fortifications
1442:10.1017/CBO9781139136952.009
1247:. In the early years of the
1211:). In the fifteenth century
864:in the ancient Roman Kingdom
4685:First marshal of the empire
2191:Decorations and punishments
4918:
3848:Library of Palatine Apollo
3098:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1673:historiography of the fall
1177:imperator totius Hispaniae
44:Imperator (disambiguation)
29:
4649:
4512:
4480:
4418:
3532:
3479:External wars and battles
1603:
1576:
1298:Augusta also imperatrix.
554:Senatus consultum ultimum
449:Extraordinary magistrates
34:. For the racehorse, see
4834:Supreme Allied Commander
4765:Marshal of the air force
4690:General of the Air Force
1150:and was employed by the
911:. After being acclaimed
158:Politics of ancient Rome
4548:Domestic of the Schools
4088:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
3868:Caesareum of Alexandria
3474:Roman–Iranian relations
1949:Optimates and populares
1506:Combès, Robert (1966).
1418:García Gallo 1945, 214.
868:When Rome was ruled by
854:
4795:Field marshal (Uganda)
4474:Highest military ranks
3736:Constitutional Reforms
3484:Civil wars and revolts
2750:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2397:Conflict of the Orders
1756:Legislative assemblies
1522:Rivero, Pilar (2006).
1301:In Christian context,
1096:) were referred to as
1014:, but attached to the
941:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
835:
746:
315:Political institutions
42:. For other uses, see
4695:General of the Armies
4386:Roman Temple of Évora
3789:Porticus Argonautarum
3643:Liberators' Civil War
3193:Simplicius of Cilicia
2945:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2174:Siege in Ancient Rome
1783:Executive magistrates
1131:Emperors until 1918.
949:Decimus Junius Brutus
887:in the Roman Republic
733:
4887:Ancient Roman titles
4701:Generalfeldmarschall
4654:Admiral of the fleet
4360:Temples of Augustus
4310:Gaius Julius Hyginus
4138:Parents and siblings
3908:Religious structures
3853:Theatre of Marcellus
3729:Legislative activity
3203:Stephanus Byzantinus
3108:Eusebius of Caesaria
2970:Sidonius Apollinaris
2660:Ammianus Marcellinus
1999:Tribune of the plebs
1209:sultan-ı iklim-i Rûm
1090:Eastern Roman Empire
978:as an imperial title
937:Lucius Julius Caesar
394:Ordinary magistrates
73:improve this article
27:Rank in ancient Rome
4659:Admiral of the Navy
4543:Constable of France
4410:Cultural depictions
4169:Octavia the Younger
4094:Memoirs of Augustus
3925:Basilica of Neptune
3889:Gardens of Maecenas
3379:Distinguished women
3030:Velleius Paterculus
2870:Nicolaus Damascenus
2850:Marcellus Empiricus
2239:Republican currency
1253:"Augusta" honorific
945:Gaius Julius Caesar
4396:Sodales Augustales
3618:Second Triumvirate
3153:Phlegon of Tralles
2960:Seneca the Younger
2434:Naming conventions
2164:Personal equipment
1697:Later Roman Empire
1164:Holy Roman Emperor
1148:Kingdom of Navarre
1094:Byzantine emperors
951:, and in 41 BC to
831:later Roman Empire
747:
627:Triumvir monetalis
561:Titles and honours
36:Imperatrix (horse)
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4780:Marshal of Poland
4638:
4637:
4440:
4439:
4323:
4322:
4255:
4254:
4163:Octavia the Elder
4153:(adoptive father)
4075:
4074:
4016:Via Julia Augusta
4011:Milliarium Aureum
3963:Rome and Augustus
3953:Castor and Pollux
3884:House of Augustus
3838:Porticus of Livia
3833:Porticus Octaviae
3826:Porticus Vipsania
3774:Forum of Augustus
3724:
3723:
3703:Bellum Batonianum
3492:
3491:
3454:Pontifices maximi
3236:
3235:
3093:Diogenes Laërtius
2915:Pliny the Younger
2670:Asconius Pedianus
2630:Romance languages
2502:Civil engineering
2244:Imperial currency
2117:Political control
2078:
2077:
1712:
1711:
1532:http://ifc.dpz.es
1488:978-0-19-537941-9
1409:Reilly 1988, 137.
1160:Byzantine Emperor
1154:and at least one
1152:Counts of Castile
736:Diana Veteranorum
728:
727:
546:Quaestio perpetua
539:Senatus consultum
342:Roman citizenship
149:
148:
141:
123:
16:(Redirected from
4909:
4760:Marshal of Italy
4647:
4578:Magister militum
4510:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4427:
4426:
4264:
4228:Agrippa Postumus
4135:
3938:Apollo Palatinus
3874:
3799:Solarium Augusti
3784:Baths of Agrippa
3614:
3609:Wars of Augustus
3598:Pontifex maximus
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3444:Magistri equitum
3359:Cities and towns
3352:
3278:Constantinopolis
3088:Diodorus Siculus
3020:Valerius Maximus
2955:Seneca the Elder
2875:Nonius Marcellus
2643:
2196:Hippika gymnasia
2159:Infantry tactics
2065:Consular tribune
2055:Magister equitum
2004:Military tribune
1969:
1929:Pontifex maximus
1924:Princeps senatus
1914:Magister militum
1680:Byzantine Empire
1601:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1517:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1434:Universal Empire
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
986:established the
893:Roman Republican
838:
801:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
720:
713:
706:
662:Pontifex maximus
655:Princeps senatus
641:Magister militum
476:Consular tribune
470:Magister equitum
298:Augustan reforms
169:
153:
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
21:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4828:Reichsmarschall
4775:Marshal of Peru
4634:
4501:
4487:General officer
4476:
4471:
4441:
4436:
4414:
4349:
4319:
4293:
4279:Piso Caesoninus
4251:
4200:
4174:
4124:
4098:
4071:
4025:
3997:
3969:
3943:Apollo Sosianus
3903:
3872:
3863:Tropaeum Alpium
3843:Macellum Liviae
3821:Campus Agrippae
3762:
3720:
3697:Cantabrian Wars
3683:
3603:
3543:
3542:Caesar Augustus
3528:
3523:
3493:
3488:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3232:
3068:Aëtius of Amida
3049:
3035:Verrius Flaccus
3015:Valerius Antias
2975:Silius Italicus
2910:Pliny the Elder
2855:Marcus Aurelius
2730:Cornelius Nepos
2680:Aurelius Victor
2634:
2556:
2468:
2402:Secessio plebis
2373:
2248:
2200:
2074:
2028:
1958:
1840:
1792:
1708:
1629:
1590:
1572:
1566:
1521:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1473:Levick, Barbara
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1315:
1235:
1156:Duke of Galicia
1111:After 800, the
1086:
1049:Roman dictators
980:
957:Marcus Antonius
953:Lucius Antonius
930:. The title of
889:
874:comitia curiata
866:
799:
760:
756:
724:
695:
691:Other countries
682:
551:
508:
443:
388:
353:
309:
286:Sullan republic
251:
247:
238:
229:
225:
218:
208:
199:
190:
160:
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4742:Jenderal besar
4738:
4735:Chom Thap Thai
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4560:Grand Domestic
4557:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Julius Licinus
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:(stepdaughter)
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4145:Gaius Octavius
4141:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4120:Gaius Maecenas
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3988:Aqua Alsietina
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3894:Palazzo a Mare
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3779:Campus Martius
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Coinage reform
3745:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3661:Bellum Siculum
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3636:Forum Gallorum
3633:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Pomponius Mela
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Aelius Donatus
2651:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:Ecclesiastical
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Toys and games
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Vigintisexviri
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Cursus honorum
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1663:Western Empire
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1516:on 2010-12-30.
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1450:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1355:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1311:
1276:Carmina Burana
1234:
1229:
1205:Constantinople
1197:Ottoman Empire
1182:city of Toledo
1175:ego Adefonsus
1085:
1082:
1074:Constantine IV
998:was used as a
979:
973:
943:, in 60 BC to
939:, in 84 BC to
888:
882:
865:
859:
815:Roman Emperors
811:Roman Republic
726:
725:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
697:
696:
694:
693:
687:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
620:Vigintisexviri
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
573:
572:
571:
563:
562:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
535:
528:
520:
517:
516:
510:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
455:
452:
451:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
348:Cursus honorum
344:
339:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
301:
300:
290:
289:
288:
278:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
260:
259:
250:
249:
240:
230:
228:
227:
220:
219:27 BC – AD 284
212:
211:
210:
209:27 BC – AD 395
201:
196:Roman Republic
192:
180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
162:
161:
156:
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4914:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:General (YPA)
4806:
4804:
4803:Field Marshal
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4729:Grand marshal
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Generalissimo
4715:
4714:
4713:Soviet Union
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:Generalissimo
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:Amir al-umara
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:Imperial cult
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:Julius Caesar
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:War of Actium
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:War of Mutina
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:Pater patriae
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Julius Paulus
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Fabius Pictor
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Amphitheatres
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Deforestation
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Siege engines
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Establishment
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:Extraordinary
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Promagistrate
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Twelve Tables
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1451:9781139136952
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:Rivero (2006)
1359:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Kings of León
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:head of state
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:victory title
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
863:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
845:derives from
844:
843:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
793:
754:
753:
749:The title of
745:
741:
738:referring to
737:
732:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
701:
699:
698:
692:
689:
688:
686:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
631:
629:
628:
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:
575:
574:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
559:
556:
555:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
521:
519:
518:
515:
511:
505:
504:
500:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
453:
450:
446:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:Promagistrate
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
395:
391:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
364:
363:
360:
356:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
316:
312:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:
267:
263:
258:
257:
253:
252:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
193:
189:
188:
187:Roman Kingdom
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
168:
164:
163:
159:
154:
151:
143:
140:
132:
129:December 2023
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4826:
4819:
4752:
4740:
4733:
4706:
4699:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4612:
4605:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4554:Dux bellorum
4552:
4535:
4528:
4516:
4492:Flag officer
4429:
4422:
4402:
4340:Via Labicana
4315:Epaphroditus
4087:
3899:Villa Giulia
3816:Diribitorium
3811:Saepta Julia
3753:Bierzo Edict
3742:leges Juliae
3741:
3709:Germanic War
3702:
3689:Roman Empire
3659:
3655:Perusine War
3596:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3539:
3424:Institutions
3288:Leptis Magna
3241:Major cities
3148:Philostratus
2935:Quadrigarius
2755:Rufus Festus
2618:Contemporary
2339:Romanization
2262:Architecture
1918:
1869:Collegiality
1718:Constitution
1569:Ancient Rome
1524:
1514:the original
1508:
1500:Bibliography
1477:
1467:
1457:12 September
1455:. Retrieved
1433:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1393:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1249:Roman Empire
1239:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1135:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1007:
995:
991:
990:, the title
988:Roman Empire
981:
975:
964:
959:). In 15 AD
931:
927:
921:
912:
900:
896:
890:
884:
867:
861:
846:
840:
822:
806:
751:
750:
748:
743:
740:Lucius Verus
660:
653:
647:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
552:
544:
537:
530:
523:
501:
494:
487:
480:
468:
346:
334:
330:Collegiality
266:Constitution
254:
243:
234:
205:Roman Empire
203:
194:
185:
150:
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
4799:Yugoslavia
4672:Dayuanshuai
4497:Air officer
4335:Prima Porta
4234:Nero Drusus
4021:Via Augusta
3858:Roman Agora
3584:Divi filius
3419:Geographers
3103:Dioscorides
3083:Cassius Dio
2705:Cassiodorus
2608:Renaissance
2214:Agriculture
2186:Auxiliaries
2127:Engineering
1964:Magistrates
1816:Citizenship
1811:Mos maiorum
1746:Late Empire
1313:Derivatives
1307:Virgin Mary
1123:and German
1121:Carolingian
1104:(king) and
1098:imperatores
1036:As a title
885:Imperatores
862:Imperatores
734:Carving in
525:Mos maiorum
305:Late Empire
248:AD 395–1453
88:"Imperator"
4881:Categories
4679:Dai-gensui
4585:Megas doux
4571:Ispahsalar
4530:Autokrator
4345:Meroë Head
4284:Germanicus
4214:(daughter)
4110:Literature
3993:Aqua Julia
3983:Aqua Virgo
3948:Mars Ultor
3758:Propaganda
3677:Alexandria
3308:Mediolanum
3248:Alexandria
3213:Themistius
3178:Porphyrius
3005:Tertullian
2940:Quintilian
2930:Propertius
2825:Lactantius
2775:Fulgentius
2710:Censorinus
2532:Sanitation
2517:Metallurgy
2474:Technology
2439:Demography
2387:Patricians
2354:Spectacles
2312:Literature
2307:Hairstyles
2144:Technology
1894:Praefectus
1846:Government
1836:Litigation
1821:Auctoritas
1766:Centuriate
1653:Principate
1648:Pax Romana
1608:Foundation
1395:The Annals
1328:References
1303:Imperatrix
1284:imperatrix
1240:imperatrix
1232:Imperatrix
1213:Bayezid II
1195:After the
1168:suzerainty
1125:Holy Roman
1106:autokrator
1043:autokrator
961:Germanicus
851:Old French
827:Principate
809:under the
606:Praefectus
514:Public law
369:Centuriate
359:Assemblies
336:Auctoritas
239:AD 395–476
226:AD 284–641
216:Principate
191:753–509 BC
99:newspapers
18:Imperatrix
4854:Yuanshuai
4596:Rigsmarsk
4591:Polemarch
4565:Imperator
4537:Beylerbey
4379:Barcelona
4328:Portraits
4289:Marcellus
4242:(adopted)
4236:(stepson)
4230:(adopted)
4224:(adopted)
4196:Scribonia
3975:Aqueducts
3915:Ara Pacis
3794:Mausoleum
3767:Buildings
3714:Teutoburg
3577:Imperator
3540:Imperator
3464:Quaestors
3394:Empresses
3384:Dynasties
3374:Dictators
3349:and other
3338:Volubilis
3333:Vindobona
3293:Londinium
3218:Theodoret
3188:Procopius
3168:Polyaenus
3143:Pausanias
3045:Vitruvius
2990:Symmachus
2985:Suetonius
2895:Petronius
2880:Obsequens
2845:Macrobius
2840:Lucretius
2765:Frontinus
2740:Eutropius
2725:Columella
2675:Augustine
2665:Appuleius
2613:Neo-Latin
2588:Classical
2579:Versions
2487:Aqueducts
2429:Patronage
2349:Sexuality
2322:Mythology
2297:Education
2287:Cosmetics
2112:Campaigns
2107:Structure
2060:Decemviri
1919:Imperator
1618:overthrow
1392:Tacitus,
1318:Imperator
1296:Pulcheria
1282:The word
1260:imperator
1237:The term
1136:imperator
1113:imperator
1038:imperator
1008:imperator
1000:praenomen
996:imperator
992:imperator
976:Imperator
965:imperator
963:was also
932:imperator
928:imperator
913:imperator
901:imperator
897:imperator
847:imperator
823:imperator
819:praenomen
817:as their
807:commander
752:imperator
744:Imperator
648:Imperator
496:Decemviri
489:Triumviri
459:Corrector
200:509–27 BC
4840:Taewonsu
4625:Sparapet
4607:Serasker
4431:Category
4298:Freedmen
4274:Agrippa
4267:Generals
4246:Cornelia
4240:Tiberius
4205:Children
4171:(sister)
4165:(sister)
4159:(mother)
4147:(father)
3958:Augustus
3929:Temples
3920:Pantheon
3648:Philippi
3563:Augustus
3556:Princeps
3536:Octavian
3526:Augustus
3469:Tribunes
3459:Praetors
3409:Generals
3389:Emperors
3298:Lugdunum
3283:Eboracum
3273:Carthage
3258:Aquileia
3173:Polybius
3163:Plutarch
3133:Libanius
3123:Josephus
3118:Herodian
3010:Tibullus
2925:Priscian
2900:Phaedrus
2860:Manilius
2805:Jordanes
2790:Hydatius
2720:Claudian
2700:Catullus
2690:Boëthius
2685:Ausonius
2603:Medieval
2575:Alphabet
2547:Theatres
2522:Numerals
2507:Concrete
2497:Circuses
2464:Bagaudae
2454:Adoption
2449:Marriage
2422:Assembly
2327:Religion
2302:Folklore
2282:Clothing
2277:Calendar
2234:Currency
2224:Commerce
2122:Strategy
2084:Military
2070:Triumvir
2050:Dictator
2045:Interrex
2024:Governor
2009:Quaestor
1972:Ordinary
1954:Province
1944:Tetrarch
1934:Augustus
1899:Vicarius
1889:Officium
1826:Imperium
1776:Plebeian
1736:Republic
1658:Dominate
1625:Republic
1586:Timeline
1475:(2014).
1322:empereur
1264:reigning
1129:Austrian
1117:augustus
1102:basileus
1065:augustus
1059:sebastos
1054:imperium
1031:de facto
1016:de facto
1004:Tiberius
984:Augustus
969:Tiberius
917:imperium
878:imperium
855:Empereür
836:imperare
829:and the
678:Tetrarch
668:Augustus
613:Vicarius
592:Officium
503:Interrex
464:Dictator
439:Governor
414:Quaestor
379:Plebeian
325:Imperium
281:Republic
256:Timeline
223:Dominate
32:Augustus
4861:Marshal
4813:Marshal
4754:Mareşal
4748:Marshal
4722:Marshal
4620:Spahbed
4506:Ancient
4186:Claudia
4103:Culture
3877:Palaces
3804:obelisk
3439:Legions
3399:Fiction
3369:Consuls
3364:Climate
3318:Ravenna
3313:Pompeii
3303:Lutetia
3268:Bononia
3263:Berytus
3253:Antioch
3228:Zosimus
3223:Zonaras
3198:Sozomen
3183:Priscus
3158:Photius
3000:Terence
2995:Tacitus
2980:Statius
2965:Servius
2950:Sallust
2905:Plautus
2885:Orosius
2865:Martial
2820:Juvenal
2795:Hyginus
2780:Gellius
2639:Writers
2570:History
2552:Thermae
2542:Temples
2492:Bridges
2459:Slavery
2407:Equites
2379:Society
2359:Theatre
2332:Deities
2292:Cuisine
2272:Bathing
2254:Culture
2229:Finance
2206:Economy
2097:Borders
2092:History
1994:Tribune
1989:Praetor
1879:Legatus
1874:Emperor
1761:Curiate
1731:Kingdom
1726:History
1702:History
1685:decline
1643:History
1613:Kingdom
1596:History
1581:Outline
1271:Fortuna
1245:emperor
1221:Selim I
1144:Castile
1019:monarch
924:legions
909:triumph
842:emperor
599:Praeses
578:Legatus
569:Emperor
429:Tribune
409:Praetor
374:Curiate
276:Kingdom
244:Eastern
235:Western
178:Periods
113:scholar
40:Emperor
4821:Mushir
4643:Modern
4630:Hetman
4614:Shōgun
4601:Sardar
4524:Ataman
4369:Athens
4354:Legacy
4260:Circle
4222:Lucius
4220:&
4130:Family
4062:Rimini
4052:Orange
3933:Caesar
3672:battle
3631:battle
3570:Caesar
3548:Titles
3449:Nomina
3434:Legacy
3414:Gentes
3351:topics
3347:Lists
3328:Smyrna
3208:Strabo
3138:Lucian
3128:Julian
3078:Arrian
3073:Appian
3063:Aelian
3040:Vergil
2815:Justin
2800:Jerome
2785:Horace
2770:Fronto
2760:Florus
2735:Ennius
2715:Cicero
2695:Caesar
2593:Vulgar
2417:Tribes
2344:Romans
2154:Legion
2137:castra
2014:Aedile
1984:Censor
1979:Consul
1939:Caesar
1909:Lictor
1831:Status
1771:Tribal
1751:Senate
1741:Empire
1635:Empire
1571:topics
1518:489 p.
1485:
1448:
1292:Clodia
1288:Cicero
1201:Rumeli
982:After
907:for a
905:Senate
798:im-pə-
673:Caesar
634:Lictor
434:Censor
424:Aedile
404:Consul
384:Tribal
293:Empire
115:
108:
101:
94:
86:
4847:Wonsu
4218:Gaius
4212:Julia
4191:Livia
4179:Wives
4080:Works
4037:Aosta
4030:Archs
4003:Roads
3113:Galen
3055:Greek
3025:Varro
2835:Lucan
2647:Latin
2562:Latin
2537:Ships
2527:Roads
2512:Domes
2444:Women
2392:Plebs
2317:Music
1859:Forum
1854:Curia
1269:When
1027:IMP V
870:kings
120:JSTOR
106:books
4665:Aluf
4374:Nola
4364:Rome
4157:Atia
4067:Susa
4057:Rome
4047:Fano
4042:Berà
3538:) ·
3429:Laws
3404:Film
3323:Roma
2890:Ovid
2830:Livy
2598:Late
2412:Gens
2369:Wine
2181:Navy
2149:Army
1788:SPQR
1690:fall
1668:fall
1483:ISBN
1459:2020
1446:ISBN
1399:1.58
1290:for
1162:and
1142:and
1062:for
1021:and
849:via
802:-tər
92:news
2583:Old
2267:Art
2040:Rex
1884:Dux
1798:Law
1438:doi
891:In
800:RAH
742:as
585:Dux
532:Ius
482:Rex
75:by
4883::
1534:).
1444:.
971:.
919:.
880:.
857:.
853::
789:ər
783:ɑː
4466:e
4459:t
4452:v
3518:e
3511:t
3504:v
1561:e
1554:t
1547:v
1491:.
1461:.
1440::
1365:.
792:/
786:t
780:r
777:ˈ
774:ə
771:p
768:m
765:ɪ
762:ˌ
759:/
755:(
719:e
712:t
705:v
142:)
136:(
131:)
127:(
117:·
110:·
103:·
96:·
69:.
46:.
20:)
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