Impressment - Knowledge

1465: 939: 895: 796:) found themselves drafted into service. In 1703, an act passed limiting the impressment of boys under 18 years of age to those who were not apprenticed. A further act in 1740 raised the maximum age to 55. Although no foreigner could normally be pressed, they lost their protection if they married a British woman or had worked on a British merchant ship for two years. Some governments, including Britain, issued "protections" against impressment that protected men had to carry on their person at all times, but in times of crisis the Admiralty would order a "hot press", which meant that no-one remained exempt. 1574: 989:) from 1795 to 1815, whereby each county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers, based on its population and the number of its seaports. Unlike impressment, the Quota System often resulted in criminals serving on board ships as counties who failed to meet their quota offered prisoners the option of completing their sentence or volunteering. Apart from the probably lower quality of recruits taken by this means, another downside of the Quota System was the frequent introduction of disease, especially 1452:" tactic, to encourage the men to volunteer lest they be pressed instead. The impressment portion of the 1778 Act applied only to Scotland and the area around London, excluding Wales and the rest of England, to avoid interfering with harvesting. The 1779 Act applied to all of Great Britain, but was initially suspended everywhere except the area around London, and actually applied to all of Great Britain for only six months, until the 1779 act was repealed in May 1780, and army impressment ceased in Britain. 1296:, a new system of fixed-term engagements had given the Royal Navy a sufficient number of volunteer recruits to meet its manpower needs. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century changes in manpower needs and improved conditions of service permitted the Royal Navy to rely on voluntary enlistment to meet its requirements, augmented by the recall of reservists when necessary. This continued to be the case until World War I, when organised conscription was introduced in 1916 for all the military services. 40: 569:

the food supplied by the Navy was plentiful, regular, and of good quality by the standards of the day. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was not at all unusual for impressed men to view life in the navy, hard though it was, as still preferable to their previous lives on shore, and to volunteer for further service when the opportunity came to leave the ship. For major voyages, shipowners and governments routinely estimated that 50% of the sailors would die due to

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well as smugglers, according to the 1778 law, but excluding from that any men who were voters, or harvest workers. The 1779 law extended impressment also to "incorrigible rogues" who had abandoned their families, and left them as expenses on the parish. Impressed apprentices were released under appeal from their masters, and impressed foreigners were released when requested by their countries' embassies.

1151:, in times of war direct trade between a neutral state and a British colony was forbidden if such trade had not existed in time of peace. American merchants found a way around this policy by "landing" cargoes from Europe in the United States and issuing certificates that duty had been paid. The ship would then sail, with the cargo never having been offloaded or duty actually paid, as now 767: 1205:, the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member, listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter; however, he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search 3228: 958:("prest money") into a man's drink, as by "finding" the shilling in his possession he was deemed to have volunteered, and that this led to some tavern owners putting glass bottoms in their tankards. However, this is a legend; press officers were subject to fines for using trickery and a volunteer had a "cooling-off" period in which to change his mind. 1771:

Wages on merchant ships were higher: 25 to 30 shillings per lunar month – and increased further during wartime (merchant pay rates of 70 shillings per month at London and 35 shillings at Bristol were offered during the Seven Years' War). But merchant crews could be cheated of their pay in several ways by dishonest ship-owners.

1436:, for the impression of individuals into the British Army. The chief advantages of these acts was in the number of volunteers brought in under the apprehension of impressment. To avoid impressment, some recruits incapacitated themselves by cutting off the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, making it impossible to use a 781:

encouraged to stay in the Navy after the commission but could leave to seek other employment when the ship was paid off. Impressment relied on the legal power of the King to call men to military service, as well as to recruit volunteers, who were paid a bounty upon joining, unlike pressed men. Seamen were not covered by

931:". Two landsmen were considered by captains to be the equivalent of one able seaman. If a landsman was able to prove his status to the Admiralty he was usually released. Court records do, however, show fights breaking out as people attempted to avoid what was perceived as wrongful impressment, and the London 1368:

c. 64). Section 9 mandated that mariners serving on board privateers and trading ships in any part of America, and those on shore, are not liable for impressment. Lingering questions remained whether the law applied only to the navy, or to civil authorities as well, and whether it applied only to the

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to the throne, and France was no longer an enemy of Great Britain. The naval war was over and Britain could now sharply reduce its Royal Navy. It had no need to impress sailors, and never again used that means of forced recruitment, although it did not officially renounce the practice. By the time of

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The great majority of men pressed were taken from merchant ships at sea, especially those homeward bound for Britain. This was legal as long as the Navy replaced the man they took, and many Naval captains would take the best seamen, replacing them with malcontents and landsmen from their own ship. It

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Merchant seamen ashore from their ships (and usually conspicuous by their clothing, rolling stride, tattoos and generally weathered appearance) were however another matter. Anyone with seafaring experience encountered in the street would first be asked to volunteer for naval service. If the potential

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The Impress Service, colloquially called the "press-gang", was formed to force sailors to serve on naval vessels. There was no concept of "joining the navy" as a fixed career-path for non-officers at the time, since seamen remained attached to a ship only for the duration of its commission. They were

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During the 18th century, a Royal Navy Able Seaman was paid (after deductions) 22 shillings and 6 pence per month. Pay was reckoned by the 28-day lunar month, so the annual rate of pay was somewhat more than 12 times this. A farm worker of the era might earn around only a quarter to a third of this.

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The last law was passed in 1835, in which the power to impress was reaffirmed. This limited the length of service of a pressed man to five years, and added the provision that a man could not be pressed twice. Although Britain abandoned the practice of impressment in 1815, impressment remained legal

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crews and fishermen. There is little basis to the widespread impression that civilians without any seafaring background were randomly seized from home, country lane or workplace by press gangs or that the latter were employed inland away from coastal ports; notably Portsmouth, Plymouth, Harwich and

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Working and living conditions for the average sailor in the Royal Navy in the 18th century were very harsh by modern standards. Naval pay was attractive in the 1750s, but towards the end of the century its value had been steadily eroded by rising prices. Sailors' pay on merchant ships was somewhat

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ships whose crews had been away from their families and England for a considerable time. In times of an extreme shortage of men, the Navy would "embargo" the coast for a short time; merchantmen had to supply a portion of their crew in exchange for permission to sail. Many merchant ships had hiding

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Outbound merchant ships, officers and apprentices were exempt from impressment. When war broke out, the Navy would deploy frigates and vessels off the coast to intercept inbound merchantmen. Reportedly some merchant captains redirected their ships to Irish ports to offload favoured crewmen, before

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Despite this, there were still many volunteers for naval service. The work for individual sailors was less than on merchant ships, since the naval crew size was determined by the number needed to man guns – around four times more than the number of crew needed to simply sail the ship. Furthermore,

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Unlike naval impressment, army impressment applied only to "able-bodied idle, and disorderly Persons, who could not, upon Examination, prove themselves to exercise and industriously follow some lawful Trade or Employment, or to have some Substance sufficient for their Support and Maintenance", as

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Until 19th-century reforms improved conditions, the Royal Navy was additionally known to pay wages up to two years in arrears. The Navy always withheld six months' pay as a standard policy, in order to discourage desertion. Naval wages had been set in 1653, and were not increased until April 1797

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Impressment was essentially a Royal Navy practice, reflecting the sheer size of the British fleet and its substantial manpower demands. While other European navies applied forced recruitment in times of war, this was generally done as an extension of the practice of formal conscription applied by

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led to a prohibition on impressment on shore for much of the Napoleonic Wars. The protest came from a wide swath of the urban community, including elites, rather than just sailors, and had a lasting negative impact on civil–military relations in what became Canada. The local communities did not

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Although there are no records that explain why volunteers were separated into two groups, it is likely these were pressed men who became "volunteers" to get the sign-up bonus, two months' wages in advance and a higher wage. It is known that large numbers did this. Volunteering also protected the

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all competed for a small pool of ordinary and able seamen in wartime, and all three groups were usually short-handed. The recruitment figures presented to Parliament for the years 1755–1757 list 70,566 men, of whom 33,243 were volunteers (47%), 16,953 pressed men (24%), while another 20,370 were

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sailor from creditors, as the law forbade collecting debts accrued before enlistment. A disadvantage was that volunteers who deserted were liable to execution if captured, whereas pressed men were simply returned to service. Other records confirm similar percentages throughout the 18th century.

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During the wars with France (1793 to 1815), the Royal Navy aggressively reclaimed British deserters on board ships of other nations, both by halting and searching merchant ships, and, in many cases, by searching American port cities. Although these impressments violated American law, Jefferson

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in 1803 (see caption at right), resulted in a press gang firing on a crowd, killing four people in the village of Easton on the Isle of Portland, where they were trying to impress the quarrymen. In 1808, Thomas Urquhart was saved from a press gang of three or four men when a London passersby

1135:, and averting a renewed conflict. However, the treaty's neglect to address British impressment of sailors from American ships and ports became a major cause of complaint among those who disapproved of it. While non-British subjects were not impressed, at this point Britain did not recognize 745:

All three groups also suffered high levels of desertion. In the 18th century, British desertion rates on naval ships averaged 25% annually, with slight difference between volunteers and pressed men. The rate of desertion started high, then fell heavily after a few months on board a ship, and

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were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years. This act was followed by the

1321:). In 1695, an Act was passed to build a permanent register of 30,000 men for ready call-up by the navy, "without having recourse to the barbarous and unconstitutional practice of pressing". The act also established basic rules and benefits for all types of seamen, including access to 978:, because of the Press, often appointed a master to them whilst the vessels were in port in order to protect the whalers' crews. Otherwise the Press could take the men for naval service. The owners would then appoint an actual master to replace the placeholder masters. 1105:

The individual states did not deny the concept of impressment for their own navies, but were reluctant to grant the right to the Continental Congress. The concept of drafting men into armed service remained contentious, even after adoption of the federal constitution.

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The Royal Navy extended the reach of its press gangs into coastal areas of British North America by the early 19th century. In response, sailors and residents fought back with a range of tactics. They sometimes reacted violently. The riots in St John's in 1794 and

1278:, the impressment and ship seizures caused serious diplomatic tension, and helped to turn American public opinion against Britain. Impressment was widely perceived as humiliating and dishonoring the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and sailors. 1182:

For the next year scores of American ships found violating the Rule of 1756 were condemned in admiralty courts and their crews were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate

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The main problem with naval recruitment was a shortage of qualified and experienced seamen during wartime; for example, when the Navy had to quickly recruit an extra 20,000 men in the early 18th century, and 40,000 men in the late 18th century.

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For example, the frigate HMS Hermione, with a regular complement of 180 men had 129 desertions between 1793 and 1797. Desertion rates for Dutch and French warships was even higher with annual rates of up to 90% not uncommon. In 1795, the Dutch

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of men into a military force, especially a naval force, via intimidation and physical coercion, conducted by an organized group (hence "gang"). European navies of several nations used impressment by various means. The large size of the British

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The first Act of Parliament legalising this practice was passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1563 and was known as "An Act touching political considerations for the maintenance of the navy". It was renewed many times until 1631. In the

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Britain fought the war against Napoleon on the high seas, enlarging its Royal Navy from 135 ships in 1793 to 584 in 1812, and expanding personnel from 36,000 seamen in 1793 to 114,000 in 1812. In spring 1814 Napoleon surrendered, the allies

851:, became consistently unpopular with the British public (as well as in the American colonies), and local officials often acted against them, to the point of imprisoning officers from the Impress Service or opposing them by force of arms. 1101:

demanded immediate release of the impressed men and Congress convinced Nicholson to release them all. Nicholson avoided impressment on land and instead stopped two American merchant ships at sea in 1780, to impress men from their crews.

ignored them so as to remain on good terms with Britain as he was negotiating to obtain Florida from the Spanish. This changed in 1805 when the Royal Navy began seizing American merchantmen violating British law by trading with the

1688:(Lewis Gilbert, 1962): the opening scene depicts a press gang in Spithead, England, during the Napoleonic Wars forcibly recruiting men at night in pubs or in the street. Later, we see them on the deck being "compulsorily enlisted". 966:

making final landfall in England. In 1740, a merchantman fired on a cruiser that was attempting to impress its crew; threats of similar violence to avoid sailors being pressed were supposedly not uncommon, especially with the

513:. Though the public opposed conscription in general, impressment was repeatedly upheld by the courts, as it was deemed vital to the strength of the navy and, by extension, to the survival of the British realm and influence. 1318: 502:. The Royal Navy impressed many merchant sailors, as well as some sailors from other, mostly European, nations. People liable to impressment were "eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years". Non- 1447:

During the experiment, the British government allowed army impressment under severely restricted circumstances — both acts emphasized volunteering over impressment, and offered strong incentives to volunteers as a

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and the impending hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 110,000. Two acts were passed, the

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Patrolling in or near sea ports, the press gang would try to find men aged between 15 and 55 with seafaring or river-boat experience, but this was not essential. Potential crewmen with no experience were called

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current war or to all future wars. Two attorneys-general of Great Britain, one in 1716, and another in 1740, issued opinions that the 1707 Act was no longer in effect, but many American colonists disagreed.

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entered the city and scoured the taverns and other sailors' gathering places. "All kinds of tradesmen and Negroes" were hauled in, nearly eight hundred in all. Four hundred were retained in the service

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wrote "I Hear The Pressgang", describing the tale of a man forcibly enlisted into the Royal Navy who later drowned at sea. The song asks who will look after his wife, child and farm whilst he is gone.

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This tablet commemorates the Admiralty's apology for the murder of two quarrymen (Alexander Andrews and Rick Flann) and one blacksmith (William Lano), during an illegal attempt to impress them on the

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c. 13), which allows impressing able-bodied men into the army and navy who did not have visible means of subsistence; also as a wartime measure the act relaxes English crewing requirements under the

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The Royal Navy also impressed seamen from inbound British merchant ships at sea, though this was done by individual warships, rather than by the Impress Service. Impressment, particularly

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American citizenship and treated anyone born a British subject as still "British"; as a result, the Royal Navy impressed over 9,000 sailors who claimed to be American citizens.

1510:. Charlie Kinraid is forcibly enlisted in the Royal Navy by a press gang and later Sylvia Robson's father is executed for leading a revengeful raid on press-gang collaborators. 1464: 204: 890:

in Dorset on 2 April 1803. A young lady, Mary Way, was also murdered according to a Coroner's inquest. The illegality of the raid was confirmed in the London and local courts.

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However, convicted petty criminals were often given the option of volunteering for naval service as unskilled "quota men" by parish constables and inland courts (see below).

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and impressing a large part of its sailors – the sailors being very reluctant, since conditions in the Royal navy ships were far worse than in those of the civilian Company.

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were sometimes impressed as well, though rarely. In addition to the Royal Navy's use of impressment, the British Army also experimented with impressment from 1778 to 1780.

1493:, features a scene in which a press-gang board a merchantman and collar a young sailor below decks. When brought on deck he finds he has been impressed by his own brother. 1361:, to make experienced English seamen more available to serve on ships of war. In 1740, impressment was limited to men between 18 and 45, and it also exempted foreigners. 1340:

c. 6) was passed "for the Encrease of Seamen and better Encouragement of Navigation, and the Protection of the Coal Trade". This act gave parish authorities the power to

1647:, is about a man who becomes "a victim of the press gang", a group of soldiers which brings him from a ship at sea to a town and publicly hangs him for unnamed offenses. 1012:

between 1801 and 1922. The Royal Navy recruited heavily in Ireland during these periods, including using impressment. For example, in 1734, impressment took place in

750:, desertion might mean not only abandoning companions in the ship's company, but also the loss of a large amount of money already earned. If a naval ship had taken a 1376:. c. 30) stating that impressment was forbidden in the West Indies, but it added certain exceptions and made no specific mention of America. This would lead to the 1597:

includes "Victory", relating the plight of a young aristocratic lady whose parents, disapproving of her poor suitor, arrange to have him pressed to service aboard

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in 1805, over half the Royal Navy's 120,000 sailors were pressed men. The power of the Impressment Service to conscript was limited by law to seafarers, including

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There were occasions when the local populace would band together to oppose the activities of the press where these exceeded legal bounds. One such incident, the

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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain

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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain

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was also common for "trusted" volunteers to act as substitutes; they would then desert as soon as the merchant ship docked, and return to their Navy ship.

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Despite doubts over the continuing legality of impressment in continental waters, but for similar reasons, Parliament passed the Sugar Trade Act 1746 (

1093:. Many of Nicholson's crew had deserted to sign on as privateers, for higher pay at less risk. Therefore, Nicholson impressed about thirty citizens of 537: 3164: 1033: 384: 1155:

commerce between neutral America and the West Indies. The British became aware of the practice during the court case involving the seizure of the

1680:: One night in Portsmouth, England in 1787, a press gang breaks into a local tavern and presses all of the men drinking there into naval service. 449: 3074: 3038: 3019: 2920: 2820: 2400: 2285: 2201: 1987: 1933: 1840: 1271:

that he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.

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Brunsman, Denver, "The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World" (Univ. of Virginia Press: 2013)

923:". From 1740, landsmen were legally exempt from impressment, but this was on occasion ignored in wartime unless the person seized was an 907:

intervened. Urquhart complained to local officials, identified at least one of the men involved and successfully sued for damages in the

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in 1815, Britain formally ended the practice; later conscription was not limited to the Royal Navy but covered all British armed forces.

3173: 2103: 1016:. Impressment was also common during the Napoleonic wars, although poverty in Ireland made sure that volunteers were usually available. 755: 2135: 3290: 3060: 1622:(1756–1815); Caricaturist, portrays impressment by the visual satire in his engraving "The Liberty of the Subject" (October 15, 1779). 908: 389: 144: 139: 3102: 3000: 2986: 2945: 2338: 2255: 2228: 2175: 1896: 394: 39: 2971:

Mercer, Keith. "North Atlantic Press Gangs: Impressment and Naval-civilian Relations in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, 1749--1815" (

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Fischer, Lewis R.; Nordvik, Helge W. Shipping and Trade, 1750–1950: Essays in International Maritime Economic History 1990, p. 25.

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put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias, but the

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reported occasions when press gangs instituted a "hot press" (ignoring protections against impressment) in order to man the navy.

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As part of a wider effort to build colonial capability and harass its enemies, Parliament passed the Trade to America Act 1707 (

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passed several acts in 1649 and 1650 concerning the encouragement of officers, mariners and for the impressment of seamen (e.g.

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from during the 18th and 19th centuries. Navy press gangs sparked resistance, riots, and political turmoil in seaports such as

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recruit refused he was often plied with alcohol or simply seized and taken. A commonly held belief is that a trick was used in

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and "failure to allow oneself to be pressed" was punishable by hanging, although the punishment became less severe over time.

3110: 1253: 1590:'s first published poem, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man" (c. 1812, when she was six years old), addressed impressment. 1329: 1288: 349: 289: 3295: 354: 61: 754:, a deserting seaman would forfeit his share of the prize money. In a report on proposed changes to the RN written by 369: 284: 279: 20: 1662: 816:

in 1794. Unlike most impressed sailors, Quilliam rose rapidly in the Royal Navy and by 1797 had attained the rank of

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In Elizabethan times a statute regulated impressment as a form of recruitment, and with the introduction of the

3268: 2390: 1444:. The Recruiting Act of 1779 was repealed on 26 May 1780, and army impressment was permanently discontinued. 1263:

provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the United States and Jefferson later wrote: "The affair of the

1309:, several lists of persons were subject to impressment for service in the fleet. Following the execution of 1098: 422: 404: 399: 299: 294: 259: 254: 244: 239: 229: 3232: 1801: 1228:

began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied "I don't hear what you say".

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Haywood, I (2010). "The Transformation of Caricature: A Reading of Gillray's The Liberty of the Subject".

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Keith Mercer, "Northern Exposure: Resistance to Naval Impressment in British North America, 1775–1815",

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and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and

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Rogers, Nicholas "The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britain" (2007)

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Selement, George. "Impressment and the American Merchant Marine 1782–1812: an American View."

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until the early 1900s, and the various laws authorising impressment have never been repealed.

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The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the

101: 2749: 2517:"The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires: The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy" 2111: 3177: 3123: 2891: 2845: 2448: 2363: 2061: 1812: 1800:(New ed.). Strand and Edinburgh: A. Millar and A. Kincaid & A. Donaldson. pp. 1565: 1449: 1067: 887: 825: 184: 111: 106: 3244: 2688: 2672: 2656: 2601: 3275: 3150:

Steel, Anthony. "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."

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is depicted, when urgently needing sailors to make up his crew, as stopping a ship of the

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Anthony Steel, "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."

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the following year, and continuing colonial questions, particularly in heavily maritime

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places constructed where their best crew could hide when approached by a Naval vessel.

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Usher, Roland G. Jr. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".

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directly highlights the practice. It was again a cause of tension leading up to the

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The Urban Crucible, The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution

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Steel, Anthony (1952). "Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807".

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then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into

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Impressment was strongly criticised by those who believed it to be contrary to the

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Usher, Roland G. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".

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generally became negligible after a year—because Navy pay ran months or years in

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Enter the Press-Gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-Century British Literature

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Enter the Press-gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-century British Literature

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higher during peacetime, and could increase to double naval pay during wartime.

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Grave of Mary Way, shot by press-gangers during anti-impressment demonstrations

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Sawtell, Clement Cleveland, "Impressment of American Seamen by the British,"

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impressed men into its service during the American Revolutionary War. The

945:, c. 1800, evokes the effects of impressment on a seaman's family and home. 3227: 2952:

The Myth of the Press Gang: Volunteers, Impressment and the Naval Manpower

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based on it, Billy is impressed to service on a British warship from the

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had never been intended for American markets, so the voyage had not been

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in 1803, he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted.

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and could thus be considered continuous. The result was the blockade of

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The Statutes at Large, from the 15th to the 20th Year of King George II

2392:

The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain

2375: 1110: 1089:. When it was fitted out in 1777, Nicholson received orders to sail to 1013: 1001: 747: 495: 491: 2644:

An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce...

2537: 1437: 990: 975: 951: 570: 503: 3181: 3127: 2553:'Free Trade and Sailors' Rights': The Rhetoric of the War of 1812", 2367: 1131:

went into effect, addressing many issues left unresolved after the

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Elizabeth Cometti, "Impressment during the American Revolution."

1577:

James Gillray (1756–1815) "The Liberty of the Subject" 15 Oct 1779

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There is one documented case of a British seaman impressed by the

937: 911:. He went on to lobby for changes in law and practice, publishing 893: 881: 798: 765: 1097:, an act expressly forbidden by Maryland law. Maryland governor 3053:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815

2938:

The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution

2809:"On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man Alluding to the Press Gang" 2246:. Lancaster Place, London.: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 1423:

During the American Revolutionary War, after the losses at the

1248:

were killed and eighteen were wounded. The boarding party from

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encourage their young men to volunteer for Royal Navy service.

2888:"The Murder City Devils – Press Gang Lyrics – Genius Lyrics" 3269:

PBS documentary on War of 1812 with chapter on impressment

1209:

if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of

2194:

Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy

2136:

Conditions of service in Britain's maritime organisations

1979:

Black Salt: Seafarers of African Descent on British Ships

1926:

Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy

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The Walter Clinton Jackson Essays in the Social Sciences

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authorized construction of thirteen frigates, including

561:

after sailors on 80 ships of the Channel Fleet based at

2086:, with a complement of 550 lost 428 to desertion, the 3008:

How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide

2050:"Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships" 1081:

in 1775. The senior captain of the Continental Navy,

1044:, when 3,000 Royal Navy sailors under the command of 2929:: The Politics of Maritime. Death and Impressment," 2793: 2791: 2104:"Impressment: the Press Gangs and Naval Recruitment" 1244:

fired another two broadsides; three sailors onboard

1024:

The Royal Navy also used impressment extensively in

486:

meant impressment was most commonly associated with

2493:(University of North Carolina Press, 1942), 97-109. 1721:, a token given to someone as a sign of impressment 2502:Fowler, William M., Jr. "The Non-Volunteer Navy". 981:In addition to impressment, Britain also used the 3031:The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy 2973:PhD Dissertation, Dalhousie U, 2008) online free 1252:arrested Martin, Strachan, Ware and Ratford. The 19:"Press gang" redirects here. For other uses, see 2196:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 240. 2003: 2001: 1999: 1928:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 239. 1889:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy 1300:English and later British naval impressment laws 2307:BBC History Magazine, Vol.9 no. 8, August 2008. 1420:, impressment into the army was discontinued. 2416:Sites (www.communitysites.co.uk), Community. 1891:. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–137. 1416:was largely manned by impressment. After the 1004:formed a separate but subordinate state, the 443: 8: 2807:Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (30 July 2009). 2568:Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1636:is a woman whose husband has been impressed. 1224:declined to permit his crew to be mustered. 2269: 2267: 1665:describes the pressing of men into service. 1010:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 16:Forced naval service with or without notice 3055:. W. W. Norton and Company. p. 1000. 2187: 2185: 2183: 2154: 1982:. Liverpool University Press. p. 64. 762:The Impress Service and impressment at sea 450: 436: 27: 2813:Elizabeth Barrett Browning Selected Poems 2591: 2589: 2504:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 2452: 2441:International Journal of Maritime History 2437:"British impressment and its discontents" 2280:. London: J. Richardson. pp. 49–55. 2131: 2129: 2065: 843:. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1815. 3165:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2480:June 2010, Vol. 91 Issue 2, pp. 199–232. 2356:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1829:Ennis, Daniel James (16 December 2002). 1797:Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects 1179:, which provoked public demonstrations. 1159:. The court ruled that the cargo of the 597: 2557:Spring 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp. 1–23. 2324: 2322: 1783: 1763: 835:, before being promoted to the rank of 586:listed as volunteers separately (29%). 413: 158: 130: 52: 30: 3081:Essex Institute Historical Collections 2966:A Social History of the Navy 1793-1815 2925:Cray, Robert E., "Remembering the USS 2707: 2627:A Social History of the Navy 1793–1815 2098: 2096: 2054:International Review of Social History 1963: 1911: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1867: 1855: 1794:(1758). "Of Some Remarkable Customs". 1643:' song "Press Gang", from their album 1523:, first published in 1924, and in the 3083:76#4 (October 1940): pp. 314–44. 2961:(University of Delaware Press, 2002). 2389:Rogers, Nicholas (4 September 2008). 2333:. Naval Institute Press. p. 99. 7: 2435:Rogers, Nicholas (1 February 2018). 820:. He served with distinction at the 594:Average annual recruitment 1736–1783 3174:Organization of American Historians 2240:Adkins, Roy; Adkins Lesley (2006). 1605:, aboard which he is killed at the 552:Royal Navy recruiting and desertion 3301:Conscription in the United Kingdom 2782:"The British Army – Chapter Three" 2243:The War For All The World's Oceans 1914:, p. 63–64, 115–118, 127–128. 812:. Quilliam was impressed into the 14: 3306:Conscription in the United States 1727:, 1747 impressment riot in Boston 1194:enlisted on the American frigate 3226: 3212: 1835:. University of Delaware Press. 1677:Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film) 1213:a boat from the British frigate 38: 3120:American Historical Association 1593:John Ashton's 1888 compilation 1117:Conflict with the United States 528:in the years leading up to the 3111:The American Historical Review 2933:(Fall 2005) vol 25 pp 445–74. 2581:Impressment of American Seamen 2555:Journal of the Early Republic, 2316:The Times (London), 8 May 1805 2192:Ben, Wilson (September 2014). 2048:Frykman, Niklas (April 2009). 1924:Ben, Wilson (September 2014). 1817:<--david hume essays.--> 1632:The narrator of the folk song 1220:intercepted her but Commodore 517:most European armies from the 1: 3217:The dictionary definition of 2931:Journal of the Early Republic 1474:(1840) of a boy being pressed 1396:British army impressment laws 1171:by two British frigates, the 954:, surreptitiously dropping a 3152:Cambridge Historical Journal 3033:. W. W. Norton and Company. 2731:, in Danny Pickering (ed.), 2534:Cambridge Historical Journal 62:Alternative civilian service 2478:Canadian Historical Review, 1418:restoration of the monarchy 1085:, was appointed to command 792:in 1597, men of disrepute ( 538:Declaration of Independence 21:Press Gang (disambiguation) 3327: 3006:Pappalardo, Bruno (2019). 2838:Eighteenth-Century Studies 2750:"New Model Army (England)" 1949:"Myths of Nelson's Navy". 1714:Impressment in Nova Scotia 1588:Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1554:British East India Company 1292:Britain's next major war, 1289:restored the Bourbon kings 1123:Origins of the War of 1812 1120: 726:American Revolutionary War 720: 701: 679: 660: 638: 619: 581:, the Royal Navy, and the 18: 3291:History of the Royal Navy 3029:Rodger, Nicholas (1986). 2693:The Statutes of the Realm 2677:The Statutes of the Realm 2661:The Statutes of the Realm 2422:countywicklowheritage.org 2405:– via Google Books. 2274:Urquhart, Thomas (1816). 2067:10.1017/S0020859009000030 2008:Price, Catherine (2017). 1845:– via Google Books. 1736:Quota System (Royal Navy) 1336:the Navigation Act 1703 ( 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 2579:James Fulton Zimmerman, 2454:10.1177/0843871417745731 2090:, with 350 men lost 340. 1663:Here's the Tender Coming 1240:did not return fire but 3255:Encyclopædia Britannica 2695:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 806 2679:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 275 2663:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 258 2612:Encyclopædia Britannica 3274:2 October 2011 at the 3240:Hannay, David McDowall 2597:Hannay, David McDowall 2506:August 1974 pp. 75–78. 1641:The Murder City Devils 1578: 1475: 1400:Starting in 1645, the 1294:against Russia in 1853 974:The owners of British 946: 899: 891: 844: 777: 534:27 colonial grievances 72:Conscientious objector 3090:59#4 (1973): 409–418. 2957:Ennis, Daniel James. 2331:Life in Nelson's Navy 2329:Pope, Dudley (1996). 2141:31 March 2012 at the 1603:flagship of that name 1595:Modern Street Ballads 1576: 1467: 1026:British North America 1020:British North America 941: 909:Court of King's Bench 897: 885: 802: 769: 131:By historical country 44:1780 caricature of a 3235:at Wikimedia Commons 3154:9#3 (1949): 331–51. 3095:A new age now begins 3088:The Mariner's Mirror 2673:2 & 3 Ann. c. 13 1887:Hill, J. 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A&C Black. 2287:978-1-169-10310-8 2203:978-0-7538-2920-2 1989:978-1-84631-818-4 1935:978-0-7538-2920-2 1842:978-0-87413-755-2 1742:Roundup (history) 1645:In Name and Blood 1639:Garage punk band 1498:Elizabeth Gaskell 1491:Frederick Marryat 1414:English Civil War 1328:With wars raging 1046:Sir Charles Hardy 943:The Neglected Tar 839:, serving on the 743: 742: 563:Spithead mutinied 530:Revolutionary War 526:Thirteen Colonies 460: 459: 160:By modern country 3318: 3259: 3247: 3230: 3216: 3201: 3147: 3066: 3049:Rodger, Nicholas 3044: 3025: 2977:Miller, Nathan. 2964:Lewis, Michael. 2936:Curtis, Edward, 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2566:Spencer Tucker, 2564: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2515:John P. 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London: 2927:Chesapeake 2737:Gray's Inn 2145:pp. 39–40. 2020:(2): 12–23 1753:References 1614:Caricature 1548:, Captain 1489:(1840) by 1479:Literature 1404:raised by 1334:in America 1265:Chesapeake 1255:Chesapeake 1246:Chesapeake 1238:Chesapeake 1234:Chesapeake 1211:Cape Henry 1207:Chesapeake 1203:Chesapeake 1198:Chesapeake 1129:Jay Treaty 1091:Martinique 997:In Ireland 968:East India 925:apprentice 876:Yarmouth. 818:midshipman 814:Royal Navy 722:1775–1783 706:Peacetime 703:1773–1775 681:1756–1763 665:Peacetime 662:1753–1755 640:1739–1748 624:Peacetime 621:1736–1738 610:Privateer 579:Privateers 480:Royal Navy 471:press gang 469:" or the " 330:Mozambique 180:Azerbaijan 46:press gang 3190:0161-391X 3136:1937-5239 2897:19 August 2874:144447875 2866:529159264 2858:0013-2586 2223:, p. 39. 2170:, p. 38. 2118:19 August 2076:145395508 1951:Timewatch 1779:Citations 1517:'s novel 1500:'s novel 1486:Poor Jack 1471:Poor Jack 1410:Charles I 1374:19 Geo. 2 1346:vagabonds 1342:indenture 1330:in Europe 1215:HMS 1196:USS 1190:lying in 1185:HMS 1153:bona fide 1113:in 1810. 1095:Baltimore 1076:USS 1034:St John's 929:gentleman 915:in 1816. 613:Merchant 467:the press 360:Sri Lanka 350:Singapore 295:Lithuania 224:reduction 175:Australia 170:Argentina 3272:Archived 3242:(1911). 3097:, 1976, 3051:(2004). 2995:, 1986, 2981:, 1974, 2940:. 1972, 2739:, p. 472 2735:(1765), 2641:(1787). 2599:(1911). 2293:19 April 2139:Archived 2024:17 April 1693:See also 1566:The Scar 1432:and the 1187:Melampus 1175:and the 1173:Cambrian 1087:Virginia 1078:Virginia 987:The Quod 921:landsmen 794:vagrants 739:116,443 698:115,641 496:warships 3252:(ed.). 3220:impress 3198:1889363 3144:1849880 2968:(1960). 2609:(ed.). 2583:(1925). 2570:(2006). 2376:1889363 2248:109–110 1802:207-208 1259:Leopard 1250:Leopard 1242:Leopard 1230:Leopard 1226:Leopard 1217:Leopard 1177:Leander 1111:US Navy 1030:Halifax 1014:Wicklow 1002:Ireland 976:whalers 952:taverns 873:collier 837:captain 832:Victory 804:Captain 748:arrears 736:44,947 730:67,747 717:69,443 714:50,903 709:18,540 695:37,584 689:74,771 676:58,231 673:40,862 668:17,369 657:76,297 654:30,392 648:43,303 635:50,084 632:35,239 627:14,845 604:Period 492:Ireland 482:in the 423:Ireland 405:Vietnam 400:Ukraine 300:Myanmar 260:Germany 255:Georgia 245:Finland 240:Eritrea 230:Denmark 185:Bermuda 3196: 3188: 3156:online 3142: 3134: 3101: 3073: 3059: 3037: 3018: 2999: 2985: 2954:(2015) 2944: 2919: 2892:Genius 2872: 2864: 2856: 2819: 2538:online 2399: 2374: 2337: 2284: 2254: 2227: 2200: 2174: 2082:vessel 2074: 1986: 1932: 1895: 1839: 1807:12 May 1670:Cinema 1661:album 1582:Poetry 1438:musket 1382:Boston 1366:6 Ann. 1313:, the 1261:affair 1236:. 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