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same time, redeem their promises for a future
Armenia. After expunging all references to Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version,27 they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." 2 " For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." 29 A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice.
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and Turkey , art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of
Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey , July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99.
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154:, of bringing the perpetrators of violations to account – whether in criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings – since they are not subject to any inquiry that might lead to their being accused, arrested, tried and, if found guilty, sentenced to appropriate penalties, and to making reparations to their victims.
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The delayed peace settlement is, of course, the
Lausanne Treaty. Yielding to the pressures of the implacable Kemalists, the victorious Allies abjectly discarded the two-year-old S~vres Treaty,26 through which they had attempted to prosecute and punish the authors of the Armenian genocide and, at the
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During World War I (WWI) (1914-18), almost twenty million people were killed... During that conflict, one situation stood out: the estimated 200,000-800,000 civilian
Armenians killed in 1915. (4) In 1919, the Inter-Allied Commission (save for the U.S. and Japan) called for the prosecution of Turkish
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Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the
Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers
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Impunity arises from a failure by States to meet their obligations to investigate violations; to take appropriate measures in respect of the perpetrators, particularly in the area of justice, by ensuring that those suspected of criminal responsibility are prosecuted, tried and duly punished; to
186:, etc. – in order to cast light on the events of the past. While such mechanisms can assist in the ultimate prosecution of crimes and punishment of the guilty, they have often been criticised for perpetuating impunity by enabling violators to seek protection of concurrently adopted
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officials responsible. (5) That call was advanced on the basis of the 1907 Hague
Convention's preamble referring to "the laws of humanity." (6) However, no prosecutions ensued. Instead, Turkey received immunity in a secret annex of the Treaty of Lausanne. (7)
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201:, adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, is "to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators" "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".
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Beginning with the Treaty of
Lausanne in 1923, the award of amnesty to defeated forces has often been the political price paid for achieving a cessation of hostilities.
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required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and
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512:"The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice"
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provide victims with effective remedies and to ensure that they receive reparation for the injuries suffered; to ensure the inalienable
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is the ability to act with exemption from punishments, losses, or other negative consequences. In the
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Set of
Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity
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The
History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
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was fueled by impunity for the perpetrators of earlier massacres of
Armenians, such as the 1890s
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are frequently established by nations emerging from periods marked by human rights violations –
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about violations; and to take other necessary steps to prevent a recurrence of violations.
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European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey
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Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler
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International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
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is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special
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477:"Crimes Against Humanity: The Case for a Specialized Convention"
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International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists
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The First Principle of that same document states that:
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Ability to not be punished or face legal consequences
674:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
481:Washington University Global Studies Law Review
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37:, impunity is failure to bring perpetrators of
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73:. Impunity is sometimes considered a form of
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138:on 8 February 2005, defines impunity as:
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586:(2). Université de Sherbrooke: 247–305.
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659:"What Next for International Justice?"
19:For the 2014 South African film, see
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99:nationalized all Armenian properties
57:, or contain entrenched systems of
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516:Yale Journal of International Law
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387:Matossian, Bedross Der (2011).
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325:Genocide Studies and Prevention
247:International humanitarian law
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705:The dictionary definition of
475:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2010).
430:Law and Contemporary Problems
237:International Criminal Court
199:International Criminal Court
360:Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003).
338:10.5038/1911-9933.12.1.1512
53:, or suffer from pervasive
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136:Commission on Human Rights
93:. After the genocide, the
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571:Kuyumjian, Aram (2011).
510:Dadrian, Vahakn (1998).
424:Scharf, Michael (1996).
193:The primary goal of the
101:. A secret annex to the
321:"Denial in Other Forms"
165:right to know the truth
121:Human rights principles
39:human rights violations
545:Penrose, Mary (1999).
319:Avakian, Paul (2018).
222:Command responsibility
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109:and put an end to the
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142:the impossibility,
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746:International law
741:Legal terminology
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402:10.4000/ejts.4411
373:978-1-57181-666-5
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227:Corruption
217:Appeasment
184:civil wars
71:immunities
55:corruption
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450:0023-9186
411:1773-0546
347:1911-0359
232:Gypsy cop
75:denialism
63:judiciary
59:patronage
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708:impunity
610:(2016).
267:Ratlines
205:See also
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81:Examples
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197:of the
145:de jure
47:redress
43:justice
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522:(2).
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