Incense - Knowledge (XXG)

1498:) powder of ground ingredients into which the stick would be rolled, or a perfume liquid sometimes consisting of synthetic ingredients into which the stick would be dipped. Perfume is sometimes sprayed on the coated sticks. Stick machines are sometimes used, which coat the stick with paste and perfume, though the bulk of production is done by hand rolling at home. There are about 5,000 incense companies in India that take raw unperfumed sticks hand-rolled by approximately 200,000 women working part-time at home, and then apply their own brand of perfume, and package the sticks for sale. An experienced home-worker can produce 4,000 raw sticks a day. There are about 50 large companies that together account for up to 30% of the market, and around 500 of the companies, including a significant number of the main ones, including Moksh Agarbatti, 1255: 2014:

asthma, allergic rhinitis, or pneumonia among the three populations studied: i.e. primary school children, their non-smoking mothers, or a group of older non-smoking female controls. Incense burning did not affect lung cancer risk among non-smokers, but it significantly reduced risk among smokers, even after adjusting for lifetime smoking amount." However, the researchers qualified their findings by noting that incense burning in the studied population was associated with certain low-cancer-risk dietary habits, and concluded that "diet can be a significant confounder of epidemiological studies on air pollution and respiratory health."

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binder. The dry incense powder is then tossed and piled over the sticks while they are spread apart. The sticks are then gently rolled and packed to maintain roundness while more incense powder is repeatedly tossed onto the sticks. Three to four layers of powder are coated onto the sticks, forming a 2 millimetres (0.079 in) thick layer of incense material on the stick. The coated incense is then allowed to dry in open air. Additional coatings of incense mixture can be applied after each period of successive drying.

97: 793: 1395: 1851: 972: 935: 2039:. The link between incense use and increased cancer risk held when the researchers weighed other factors, including cigarette smoking, diet and drinking habits. The research team noted that "This association is consistent with a large number of studies identifying carcinogens in incense smoke, and given the widespread and sometimes involuntary exposure to smoke from burning incense, these findings carry significant public health implications." 816:. Among ethnic Chinese and Chinese-influenced communities these are traditionally burned at temples, before the threshold of a home or business, before an image of a religious divinity or local spirit, or in shrines, large and small, found at the main entrance of every village. Here the earth god is propitiated in the hope of bringing wealth and health to the village. They can also be burned in front of a door or open window as an offering to 706:, pressed into forms, or coated onto a supporting material. This class of incense is made from a moldable substrate of fragrant finely ground (or liquid) incense materials and odourless binder. The composition must be adjusted to provide fragrance in the proper concentration and to ensure even burning. The following types are commonly encountered, though direct-burning incense can take nearly any form, whether for expedience or whimsy. 223:, which uses incense as an approach to healing. The practice of incense as a healing tool was assimilated into the religious practices of the time. As Hinduism matured and Buddhism was founded in India, incense became an integral part of Buddhism as well. Around 200 CE, a group of wandering Buddhist monks introduced incense stick making to China. Some incense, depending on the contents, may also act as organic insect repellent. 1714: 1337:. There are many different types of sticks used for different purposes or on different festive days. Many of them are long and thin. Sticks are mostly coloured yellow, red, or more rarely, black. Thick sticks are used for special ceremonies, such as funerals. Spiral incense, with exceedingly long burn times, is often hung from temple ceilings. In some states, such as Taiwan, Singapore, or Malaysia, where they celebrate the 467: 909: 856: 1570: 1466: 38: 329: 921: 27: 1326: 710: 694: 1703: 3909: 1025:: A wet, malleable paste of incense mixture is first rolled into a long, thin coil, using a paddle. Then, a thin stick is put next to the coil and the stick and paste are rolled together until the stick is centered in the mixture and the desired thickness is achieved. The stick is then cut to the desired length and dried. 1793:

Incense clocks are used to time social, medical and religious practices in parts of eastern Asia. They are primarily used in Buddhism as a timer of meditation and prayer. Different types of incense burn at different rates; therefore, different incense are used for different practices. The duration of

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Chinese incense sticks used in popular religion are generally odorless or only use the slightest trace of jasmine or rose, since it is the smoke, not the scent, which is important in conveying the prayers of the faithful to heaven. They are composed of the dried powdered bark of a non-scented species

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The combustible base of a direct burning incense mixture not only binds the fragrant material together but also allows the produced incense to burn with a self-sustained ember, which propagates slowly and evenly through an entire piece of incense with such regularity that it can be used to mark time.

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in which burning charcoal is placed. The incense is placed directly upon the charcoal, where it melts to produce a sweet smelling smoke. This may be done several times during the religious service as the incense burns quite quickly. The thurible is swung by its chains to fan the charcoal, to produce

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Indirect-burning incense, also called "non-combustible incense", is an aromatic material or combination of materials, such as resins, that does not contain combustible material and so requires a separate heat source. Finer forms tend to burn more rapidly, while coarsely ground or whole chunks may be

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forms. A bundle of the supporting material (typically thin bamboo or sandalwood slivers) is soaked in water or a thin water/glue mixture for a short time. The thin sticks are evenly separated, then dipped into a tray of incense powder consisting of fragrance materials and occasionally a plant-based

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Mixture density: Incense mixtures made with natural binders must not be combined with too much water in mixing, or over-compressed while being formed, which would result in either uneven air distribution or undesirable density in the mixture, causing the incense to burn unevenly, too slowly, or too

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resin, mixing it with essential oils. Floral fragrances are the most common, but citrus such as lemon is not uncommon. The incense mixture is then rolled out into a slab approximately 1 centimetre (0.39 in) thick and left until the slab has firmed. It is then cut into small cubes, coated with

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Incense can generally be separated into two main types: "indirect-burning" and "direct-burning." Indirect-burning incense (or "non-combustible incense") is not capable of burning on its own, and requires a separate heat source. Direct-burning incense (or "combustible incense") is lit directly by a

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since this species produces thick wood and easily burns to ashes in the incense stick. In a process known as "splitting the foot of the incense stick", the bamboo is trimmed to length, soaked, peeled, and split in halves until the thin sticks of bamboo have square cross sections of less than 3mm.

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In contrast, epidemiologists at the Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society, Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, and several other centers found: "No association was found between exposure to incense burning and respiratory symptoms like chronic cough, chronic sputum, chronic bronchitis, runny nose, wheezing,

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A variety of materials have been used in making incense. Historically there has been a preference for using locally available ingredients. For example, sage and cedar were used by the indigenous peoples of North America. Trading in incense materials comprised a major part of commerce along the

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Incense is available in various forms and degrees of processing. They can generally be separated into "direct-burning" and "indirect-burning" types. Preference for one form over another varies with culture, tradition, and personal taste. The two differ in their composition due to the former's

2381: 1322:. The first known record is by poet Yu Jianwu (487–551): "By burning incense we know the o'clock of the night, With graduated candles we confirm the tally of the watches." The use of these incense timekeeping devices spread from Buddhist monasteries into Chinese secular society. 1006:

incense. The formed incense is then trimmed and slowly dried. Incense produced in this fashion has a tendency to warp or become misshapen when improperly dried, and as such must be placed in climate-controlled rooms and rotated several times through the drying process.

1487:) and joss sticks, in which an incense paste is rolled or moulded around a bamboo stick, are the main forms of incense in India. The bamboo method originated in India and is distinct from the Nepali, Tibetan, and Japanese methods of stick making without bamboo cores. 701:

Direct-burning incense, also called "combustible incense", is lit directly by a flame. The glowing ember on the incense will continue to smoulder and burn the rest of the incense without further application of external heat or flame. Direct-burning incense is either

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Incense fragrances can be of such great strength that they obscure less desirable odours. This utility led to the use of incense in funerary ceremonies because the incense could smother the scent of decay. An example, as well as of religious use, is the giant

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clay powder to prevent adhesion, and allowed to fully harden and dry. In Greece this rolled incense resin is called 'Moskolibano', and generally comes in either a pink or green colour denoting the fragrance, with pink being rose and green being jasmine.

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sustains the burning of the incense. Fragrant materials are added to the base prior to shaping, as in the case of powdered incense materials, or after, as in the case of essential oils. The formula for charcoal-based incense is superficially similar to

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Many people burn incense to appreciate its smell, without assigning any other specific significance to it; this is in the same way that certain items can be produced or consumed solely for the contemplation or enjoyment of the aroma. An example is the

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Religious use of incense is prevalent in many cultures and may have roots in the practical and aesthetic uses, considering that many of these religions have little else in common. One common motif is incense as a form of sacrificial offering to a

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Powder: The loose incense powder used for making indirect burning incense is sometimes burned without further processing. Powder incense is typically packed into long trails on top of wood ash using a stencil and burned in special censers or

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For direct-burning incense, the tip or end of the incense is ignited with a heat source such as a flame until the incense begins to turn into ash at the burning end. The flame is then fanned or blown out, leaving the incense to smolder.

1058:: A damp powder is mechanically formed around a cored stick by compression, similar to the way uncored sticks are formed. This form is becoming more common due to the higher labor cost of producing powder-coated or paste-rolled sticks. 3732:

Koo, Linda C.; Ho, J.H-C.; Tominaga, Suketami; Matsushita, Hidetsuru; Matsuki, Hideaki; Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Mori, Toru (1995-11-01). "Is Chinese Incense Smoke Hazardous to Respiratory Health?: Epidemiological Results from Hong Kong".

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Incense has been used as an aphrodisiac in some cultures. Both ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian mythology suggest the usage of incense by goddesses and nymphs. Incense is thought to heighten sexual desires and sexual attraction.

3957: 769:, and may be stood vertically, in a shallow dish of sand or pebbles. The smaller (pointed) end is lit. This type of incense is easily transported and stays fresh for extremely long periods. It has been used for centuries in 178:, who employed incense in both pragmatic and mystical capacities. Incense was burnt to counteract or obscure malodorous products of human habitation, but was widely perceived to also deter malevolent demons and appease the 979:"Dipped" or "hand-dipped" direct-burning incense is created by dipping "incense blanks" made of unscented combustible dust into any suitable kind of essential or fragrance oil. These are often sold in the United States by 1355:. Inexpensive packs of 300 are often found for sale in Chinese supermarkets. Though they contain no sandalwood, they often include the Chinese character for sandalwood on the label, as a generic term for incense. 1764:

before the service in a vessel called a 'perfuming pan'. In iconography of the day, this vessel is shown to be elongated and flat, with a single long handle on one side. The perfuming pan was used instead of the

269:, who used the mystical aromas in their purification rites, the delicate scents of Koh (high-quality Japanese incense) became a source of amusement and entertainment for nobles in the Imperial Court during the 1790:. These devices can range from a simple trail of incense material calibrated to burn in a specific time period, to elaborate and ornate instruments with bells or gongs, designed to involve multiple senses. 967:

Particulate size: The incense mixture has to be well pulverized with similarly sized particulates. Uneven and large particulates result in uneven burning and inconsistent aroma production when burned.

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and sidewalk vendors who have developed their own styles. This form of incense requires the least skill and equipment to manufacture, since the blanks are pre-formed in China or South East Asia.

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are the two most important ingredients in Japanese incense. The characters in agarwood mean "incense that sinks in water" due to the weight of the resin in the wood. Sandalwood is used in the

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Rope: The incense powder is rolled into paper sheets, which are then rolled into ropes, twisted tightly, then doubled over and twisted again, yielding a two-strand rope. The larger end is the

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warrior might perfume his helmet and armor with incense to achieve an aura of invincibility (as well as to make a noble gesture to whoever might take his head in battle). It was not until the

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Oxidizer quantity: Too little oxidizer in gum-bound incense may prevent the incense from igniting, while too much will cause the incense to burn too quickly, without producing fragrant smoke.

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thurible that swings from the ceiling of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It is used in part to mask the scent of the many tired, unwashed pilgrims huddled together in the

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the metaphor most often associated with incense in the Bible and early modern sermons is prayer, an invisible, sometimes private, and often silent communication with the divine.

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Coil: Extruded and shaped into a coil without a core, coil incense can burn for an extended period, from hours to days, and is commonly produced and used in Chinese cultures.

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that smoulders and releases a smoky fragrance. Direct-burning incense is either a paste formed around a bamboo stick, or a paste that is extruded into a stick or cone shape.

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tombs in El Mahasna, giving evidence for the prominence of incense and related compounds in Egyptian antiquity. One of the oldest extant incense burners originates from the

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incense, also called "Bukhoor" or "Bakhoor", is of this type, and Japan has a history of kneaded incense, called nerikō or awasekō, made using this method. Within the

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in the powder combusts to form a stable ember when lit. The dry binding powder usually comprises about 10% of the dry weight in the finished incense. These include:

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Incense mixtures can be extruded or pressed into shapes. Small quantities of water are combined with the fragrance and incense base mixture and kneaded into a hard

1612:, the art of incense appreciation, is generally practiced as a separate art form from the tea ceremony, and usually within a tea room of traditional Zen design. 728:

Cored stick: A supporting core of bamboo is coated with a thick layer of incense material that burns away with the core. Higher-quality variations have fragrant

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began the use of incense in the religious sense, namely for worship. Incense was used by Chinese cultures from Neolithic times and became more widespread in the

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are used to bind the mixture together. Mucilaginous material, which can be derived from many botanical sources, is mixed with fragrant materials and water. The

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Local knowledge and tools were extremely influential on the style, but methods were also influenced by migrations of foreigners, such as clergy and physicians.

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Dhoop or solid stick: With no bamboo core, dhoop incense is easily broken for portion control. This is the most commonly produced form of incense in Japan and

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The raw materials are powdered and then mixed together with a binder to form a paste, which, for direct burning incense, is then cut and dried into pellets.

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The basic ingredients are the bamboo stick, the paste (generally made of charcoal dust and joss/jiggit/gum/tabu powder – an adhesive made from the bark of

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Holly Crawford Pickett (8 April 2016) . "The Idolatrous Nose: Incense on the Early Modern Stage". In Jane Hwang Degenhardt; Williamson, Elizabeth (eds.).

1870:. Such use was common in Judaic worship and remains in use for example in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, Taoist and Buddhist Chinese 242:

dynasties. The earliest documented use of incense comes from the ancient Chinese, who employed incense composed of herbs and plant products (such as

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In 2015, the South China University of Technology found toxicity of incense to Chinese hamsters' ovarian cells to be even higher than cigarettes.

1515: 1810:, who claim that the incense that is part of their meditative practice is designed to keep bothersome insects from distracting the practitioner. 1358:

Highly scented Chinese incense sticks are used by some Buddhists. These are often quite expensive due to the use of large amounts of sandalwood,

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that releases fragrant smoke when burnt. The term is used for either the material or the aroma. Incense is used for aesthetic reasons, religious

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used in Chinese incenses does not come from India, its native home, but rather from groves planted within Chinese territory. Sites belonging to

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Zhou, R.; An, Q.; Pan, X. W.; Yang, B.; Hu, J.; Wang, Y. H. (2015). "Higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of burning incense than cigarette".

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can repel mosquitoes and other irritating, distracting, or pestilential insects. This use has been deployed in concert with religious uses by

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Paper: Paper infused with resin or oils extracted from fragrant material, folded accordion style, is lit and blown out. Examples include

5709: 4825: 4565: 1739: 1341:, large, pillar-like dragon incense sticks are sometimes used. These generate so much smoke and heat that they are only burned outside. 2416: 219:. Incense-burning was used to create pleasing aromas as well as a medicinal tool. Its use in medicine is considered the first phase of 2338: 1446:

is used to hold the burning incense. Each thurible consists of a censer section, chains to hold and swing it, a perforated lid, and a

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Japanese incense companies divide agarwood into six categories depending on its properties and the region from which it is obtained.

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Bedini, Silvio A. (1963). "The Scent of Time. A Study of the Use of Fire and Incense for Time Measurement in Oriental Countries".

1946: 5787: 5100: 2827: 1981: 2049:, has been shown to have anxiolytic-like and antidepressive-like effects in mice, mediated by activation of poorly-understood 5674: 5095: 5090: 4540: 3136: 877: 684:

Christian tradition, raw frankincense is ground into a fine powder and then mixed with various sweet-smelling essential oils.

204:. Evidence suggests oils were used mainly for their aroma. This was the first usage of subterranean plant parts in incense. 3150:"INCENSE AND INCENSE STICKS: TYPES, COMPONENTS, ORIGIN AND THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND IMPORTANCE AMONG DIFFERENT RELIGIONS" 2399: 2021:, many other types of cancer have been directly linked to burning incense. A study published in 2008 in the medical journal 960:

Binder: Water-soluble binders such as "makko" ensure that the incense mixture does not crumble when dry, dilute the mixture.

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The base is chosen such that it does not produce a perceptible smell. Commercially, two types of incense base predominate:

5075: 5070: 4017: 2740: 1760:) burned before grand occasions, when the church would be crowded. The frankincense was carried about by a member of the 5783: 5060: 4621: 2909: 2639: 1383: 1280: 1276: 782: 2267: 2811: 1411: 797: 3223: 2328: 676:. These may then be allowed to mature in a controlled environment where the fragrances can commingle and unite. Much 3499: 2591: 3887: 1942: 5425: 1836:, where raw incense materials such as agarwood, which are frequently costly, are appreciated in a formal setting. 1018:

In the case of cored incensed sticks, several methods are employed to coat the sticks cores with incense mixture:

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10 inches). In a comparison, Indian sandalwood was found to have the highest emission rate, followed by Japanese

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Powdered or granulated: Incense broken into smaller pieces burns quickly and provides brief but intense odor.

190:. The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari in Egypt contains a series of carvings that depict an expedition for incense. 5366: 5148: 2036: 2028: 1435: 423: 3830:"Incensole acetate, an incense component, elicits psychoactivity by activating TRPV3 channels in the brain" 3768: 3705:

Ger LP, Hsu WL, Chen KT, Chen CJ (1993). "Risk factors of lung cancer by histological category in Taiwan".

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Oil content: an excess of oils may prevent incense from smoldering effectively. Resinous materials such as

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Paste: Powdered or granulated incense material is mixed with a sticky incombustible binder, such as dried

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Some commonly used raw incense and incense-making materials (from left to right, top down): Makko powder (

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Cone: Incense in this form burns relatively quickly. Incense cones were invented in Japan in the 1800s.

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includes art, culture, history, and ceremony. Incense burning may occasionally take place within the

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found that incense use is associated with a statistically significant higher risk of cancers of the

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Indirect-burning incense is burned directly on top of a heat source or on a hot metal plate in a

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Religion and Drama in Early Modern England: The Performance of Religion on the Renaissance Stage

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The regular burning of direct-burning incense has been used for chronological measurement in

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or glowing embers. In the West, the best known incense materials of this type are the resins

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Incense is also often used by people who smoke indoors and do not want the smell to linger.

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Foreign trade in the old Babylonian period: as revealed by texts from southern Mesopotamia

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Typical compositions burn at a temperature between 220 and 260 °C (428–500 °F).

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A survey of risk factors for lung cancer, also conducted in Taiwan, noted an inverse

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consumed very gradually, having less surface area. Heat is traditionally provided by

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is often manufactured in coil/spiral form and burned in a similar manner as incense.

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For over two thousand years, the Chinese have used incense in religious ceremonies,

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in 2001 linked the burning of incense sticks to the slow accumulation of potential

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cores. This type of incense is commonly produced in India and China. When used in

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Incense smoke contains various contaminants including gaseous pollutants, such as

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This process has been largely replaced by machines in modern incense production.

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Whole: The incense material is burned directly in raw form on top of coal embers.

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is usually made of brass, with a long handle and no chain. Instead of charcoal,

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are typically balanced with "dry" materials such as wood, bark and leaf powders.

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Traditionally, the bamboo core of cored stick incense is prepared by hand from

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thurible swinging from the ceiling of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

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countries, incense is burned in the form of scented chips or blocks called

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from the wet binding powder holds the fragrant material together while the

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Fragrance and Wellbeing; Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche

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and other trees), and the perfume ingredients - which would be a masala (

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is lit and the incense mixture is burned on top. This method is known as

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Joss Stick Manufacturing: A Study of a Traditional Industry in Hong Kong

2806: 5734: 5599: 5565: 5534: 5498: 5356: 5258: 5215: 5155: 5123: 4989: 4933: 4834: 4785: 4758: 4750: 4697: 4631: 4604: 4447: 4423: 4344: 4293: 4182: 4045: 3661: 3280: 3116: 2995: 2971: 2942: 2913: 2870: 1677:, a type of agarwood, is currently worth more than its weight in gold. 1590: 1520: 1367: 1217: 1179: 925: 880: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 400: 352: 342: 339: 278: 266: 262:, with numerous buildings erected specifically for incense ceremonies. 216: 53: 5043: 4901: 4472: 3602:"Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke" 2035:. Those who used incense heavily also were 80% more likely to develop 5526: 5502: 5460: 5360: 5288: 5127: 5109: 4967: 4928: 4923: 4701: 4687: 4432: 4348: 4243: 4234: 4224: 4203: 4166: 4137: 4132: 4071: 4063: 4049: 4026: 3925: 2764:"Burning joss sticks 'as deadly as traffic fumes or cigarette smoke'" 1973: 1885: 1859: 1855: 1761: 1652: 1544: 1540: 1231: 1211: 1089: 1045: 556: 519: 251: 194: 71:

Incense is composed of aromatic plant materials, often combined with

3980: 3435:"Incense Sticks Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters | Moksh" 3098: 1953:). The solid particles range between around 10 and 500 nanometres (4 1778:

was originally sold as a disinfectant as well as for the fragrance.

789:, are not incenses; the treatment is by heat rather than fragrance. 3416: 2017:

Although several studies have not shown a link between incense and

5530: 5266: 5262: 5219: 5133: 4902: 4769: 4746: 4386: 4263: 4146: 4077: 2068: 2050: 1867: 1849: 1712: 1701: 1689: 1568: 1464: 1393: 1324: 1253: 987: 970: 947: 933: 919: 913: 907: 791: 774: 770: 740: 708: 692: 669: 665: 661: 643: 639: 505:

powder provides the fuel for combustion while an oxidizer such as

465: 403: 327: 208: 165: 155: 80: 36: 25: 3828:

Moussaieff A, Rimmerman N, Bregman T, et al. (August 2008).

3600:

Siao Wei See; Rajasekhar Balasubramanian; Umid Man Joshi (2007).

3434: 1752:. Although the ceremonial use of incense was abandoned until the 804:

Incense sticks may be termed joss sticks, especially in parts of

5465: 5299: 5044: 4990: 4951: 4642: 4605: 4473: 2667:

San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 2011. www.SmellsBells.com

1156: 990:. The incense dough is then pressed into shaped forms to create 817: 677: 502: 488: 365: 3939: 2617: 1398:

Traditional incense use during a Catholic Mass, with a thurible

1980:

in a poorly ventilated environment by measuring the levels of

1807: 1745:

A similar utilitarian use of incense can be found in the post-

1076: 942:

Certain proportions are necessary for direct-burning incense:

849: 697:

Incense coils hanging from the ceiling of an East Asian temple

320:) spread to the upper and middle classes of Japanese society. 193:

The Babylonians used incense while offering prayers to divine

90: 2835:, sunzi1.lib.hku.hk, archived from the original on 2011-06-12 1333:

Incense-stick burning is an everyday practice in traditional

1311:) are the two most important ingredients in Chinese incense. 1126:

powder is poured into a depression made in a bed of ash. The

64:, and ceremony. It may also be used as a simple deodorant or 285:

during the 15th and 16th century that incense appreciation (

5350: 3577:"10 Physical and Psychological Benefits Of Burning Incense" 3398: 2179:

Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals

1995:, which are carcinogenic and mutagenic, in incense smoke. 781:

Moxa tablets, which are disks of powdered mugwort used in

3132:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, a Study of T'ang Exotics

3926:

Photo Project about Incense Offering on Chinese New Year

3367:

South Indian Factory Workers: Their Life and Their World

2599:(2nd ed.). San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium. Page 1. 2558:"A Review on Ancient Literatures of Anti-insect Incense" 182:

with its pleasant aroma. Resin balls were found in many

3500:"Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church" 2448:

The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour

2357:

The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour

119: 3650:

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

3643:"Gaseous aliphatic aldehydes in Chinese incense smoke" 3505:. San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium. Archived from 3283:

Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church.

2665:

Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church.

2451:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. 2360:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. 1402:

Incense is used in Christian churches, including the

79:

flame and then fanned or blown out, leaving a glowing

2589:

Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church

1182:

or on Fridays or generally to perfume the house. The

1035:(up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter) or 621:

requirement for even, stable, and sustained burning.

3967: 3921:

Making of Joss Sticks - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

3299:

Markets and Rural Poverty: Upgrading in Value Chains

1969:, while Chinese smokeless sandalwood had the least. 5580: 5053: 5042: 5022: 4999: 4988: 4960: 4911: 4900: 4778: 4614: 4603: 4528: 4482: 4471: 4411: 3990: 3979: 3199:"我們都誤會行天宮了 | 即時新聞 | 20140901 | 蘋果日報" 1988:) within Buddhist temples. The study found gaseous 163:pronunciation: /inˈt͡ʃɛn.de.re/ meaning 'to burn'. 3493: 3491: 3489: 3087:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1888:- communication directed towards a deity on high. 1222:. It is customary in many Arab countries to pass 1052:can have a thickness between 2 and 4 millimeters. 3333:Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty 2851:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2472:López-Sampson, Arlene; Page, Tony (2018-03-01). 2207:Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty 1242:, 'congregation'). This is done as a gesture of 831: 197:. Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome. 16:Material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt 3769:"Burning incense linked to respiratory cancers" 3175:"不燒香法鼓山行之有年 | 生活 | 中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS" 2006:of the lung, though the finding was not deemed 1820: 1663: 1640: 1624: 1598: 1100: 642:, likely due to their numerous mentions in the 451:and other trade routes, one notably called the 2418:Mohenjo Daro And The Indus Civilization 3 Vols 2242:Incense: Crafting & Use of Magickal Scents 2170: 2168: 1829: 1670: 1634: 1618: 1605: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1107: 837: 294: 286: 265:Brought to Japan in the 6th century by Korean 3951: 3296:Jonathan Mitchell; Christopher Coles (2011). 1879: 1871: 1178:). Incense is used on special occasions like 736:, these are sometimes known as "joss sticks". 8: 3606:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 3285:San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 2011. 2528:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 167. 2440: 2438: 1717: 1451:copious smoke, and to distribute the smoke. 1237: 1229: 1223: 1215: 1205: 1189: 1183: 1160: 975:Some incense sticks are uneven in thickness. 824:. The word "joss" is derived from the Latin 471: 207:The oldest textual source on incense is the 3931:Movie about making Tibetan Incense in Nepal 3041:P. Morrisroe. Transcribed by Kevin Cawley. 2782:"Joss | Define Joss at Dictionary.com" 2562:The Research Journal of the Costume Culture 2322: 2320: 1756:, it was common to have incense (typically 1474: 825: 158: 5050: 4996: 4908: 4611: 4479: 3987: 3958: 3944: 3936: 3465:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 84. 3370:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 2269:Cunningham's Encyclopedia of magical herbs 3855: 3845: 3625: 3106: 896:Learn how and when to remove this message 273:200 years later. During the 14th-century 138:Learn how and when to remove this message 3525:"Time Measurement With Incense in Japan" 2616:(in Chinese). 中華東方香學研究會 . Archived from 2556:Kwon, Young-Suk; Lee, Kyung-Hee (2006). 1651:. The most valued sandalwood comes from 170:Egyptian incense burner, 7th century BCE 2109: 1945:(VOCs), and adsorbed toxic pollutants ( 1794:burning ranges from minutes to months. 1516:Incense offering in rabbinic literature 1114:is used by several Buddhist sects. The 1044:produced in this fashion and burned in 1012:Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens 200:Incense burners have been found in the 3575:Sanchez, David M. (17 November 2017). 2895:陳, 永順 (2010-03-07), "失落百年「剖香腳」技藝重現", 2844: 2474:"History of Use and Trade of Agarwood" 1573:Stacks of incense at a temple in Japan 572:(made from the bark of trees of genus 174:Combustible bouquets were used by the 4138:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) 3058:"Sonae-ko: Buddhist Incense In Japan" 2517: 2515: 1173: 1075:is made by powdering frankincense or 7: 3523:Silvio A. Bedini (2 November 2021). 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 1802:Incense made from materials such as 878:adding citations to reliable sources 596:: a resin based binder used in India 5710:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 4826:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 4566:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 2522:Jennifer, Rhind (21 October 2013). 1740:Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 1528: 1318:came calibrated incense sticks and 1238: 1206: 1201: 1170: 1099:In Japan a similar censer called a 713:Burning incense stick and its smoke 3641:Lin JM, Wang LH (September 1994). 3074:. Vienna Imports. 2 February 2018. 2143:Gina Hyams; Susie Cushner (2004). 2045:Incensole acetate, a component of 842:, through Chinese pidgin English. 672:and then formed to balls or small 14: 3544:. London: Routledge. p. 37. 3459:B. Sudhakara Reddy (1 Jan 1998). 3336:. World Scientific. p. 249. 3056:naturalscents (2 November 2021). 2210:. World Scientific. p. 247. 1531:) was the incense offered in the 1210:), a traditional incense burner ( 3907: 2747:. April 28, 2004. Archived from 1982:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1947:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 854: 95: 3795:Environmental Chemistry Letters 3002:from the original on 2021-11-07 2949:from the original on 2021-11-07 2877:from the original on 2021-11-07 2638:Adrienne Borden; Steve Coyote. 2301:"Making Incense by David Oller" 2147:Incense: Rituals, Mystery, Lore 1901:Health risks from incense smoke 1854:Incense burning at a temple in 1314:Along with the introduction of 865:needs additional citations for 550:(incense powder) made from the 478:– A charcoal-based incense cone 120:check for citation inaccuracies 3137:University of California Press 3023:. Orthodox Incense. 2013-08-12 2762:Ian MacKinnon (30 July 2008). 2677:Andrea Büttner (28 Feb 2017). 2612:[Shang Xiang Si tak]. 2421:. Asian Educational Services. 1577:In Japan incense appreciation 1473:Incense sticks, also known as 1307: 1293: 554:of various trees in the genus 1: 5784:Receptor/signaling modulators 4133:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) 3364:Mark Holmström (3 Dec 2007). 2445:Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). 2354:Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). 2272:. Llewellyn Worldwide. 2000. 998:incense, or forced through a 3735:Indoor and Built Environment 3498:Herrera, Matthew D. (2011). 3259:. 2005-11-14. Archived from 2586:Herrera, Matthew D. (2012). 2002:between incense burning and 1384:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 1281:traditional Chinese medicine 924:Drying cored stick incense, 783:Traditional Chinese medicine 5412:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 4320:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 4190:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid 4018:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2 3129:Schafer, Edward H. (1963). 2812:Online Etymology Dictionary 2741:"Incense blending contents" 2053:ion channels in the brain. 1872: 1821: 1664: 1641: 1625: 1599: 1475: 1412:Assyrian Church of the East 1230: 1224: 1190: 1184: 1161: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1101: 938:Raw charcoal incense sticks 798:Temple of Literature, Hanoi 526:Natural plant-based binders 287: 5824: 3888:Cambridge University Press 3747:10.1177/1420326X9500400604 3627:10.1016/j.stam.2006.11.016 3072:"Incense Around The World" 2175:Maria Lis-Balchin (2006). 1943:volatile organic compounds 1843: 1562: 1513: 1510:Jewish Temple in Jerusalem 1458: 1268: 1069:Eastern Orthodox Christian 19:For the Chinese film, see 18: 5777: 3807:10.1007/s10311-015-0521-7 3021:"Incense - United States" 2680:Springer Handbook of Odor 2490:10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4 2330:Incense in ancient Israel 1880: 1830: 1671: 1635: 1619: 1606: 1484: 1329:Big Dragon incense sticks 1302: 1288: 1108: 830:(god) via the Portuguese 295: 226:At around 2000 BCE, 4397:Umbellularia californica 2786:Dictionary.reference.com 2683:. Springer. p. 79. 2183:. Pharmaceutical Press. 2037:squamous-cell carcinomas 2031:, with the exception of 1972:Research carried out in 1846:Religious use of incense 1362:, or floral scents. The 1228:among the guests in the 1214:) similar to the Somali 383:), Golden Frankincense ( 41:Smoke from incense stick 5367:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine 5149:Andrographis paniculata 3399:"Natural Vedic Incense" 3330:Malcolm Harper (2010). 3108:2027/mdp.39076006361401 3043:"Catholic Encyclopedia" 2968:"台灣宏觀電視TMACTV 代代相傳新港香" 2640:"The Smudging Ceremony" 2327:Nielsen, Kjeld (1986). 2246:. Llewellyn Worldwide. 2204:Malcolm Harper (2010). 2029:upper respiratory tract 1506:, are based in Mysore. 1188:is usually burned in a 30:Burning incense at the 5788:Ion channel modulators 5517:Tetrahydrocannabivarin 5012:Tripterygium wilfordii 4378:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol 2415:John Marshall (1996). 2404:. Brill Archive. 1960. 1862: 1725: 1724:was used to disinfect. 1718: 1710: 1699: 1574: 1470: 1399: 1352:Cinnamomum cambodianum 1330: 1266: 1216: 1071:monastic tradition on 976: 939: 928: 917: 912:Incense production in 838: 832: 826: 801: 714: 698: 518:, though it lacks the 479: 472: 443: 399:) from South America, 348:Dryobalanops aromatica 171: 159: 42: 34: 5345:Lysophosphatidic acid 3916:at Wikimedia Commons 3253:"全球买家•缅甸缅甸：谈生意莫选星期二" 2826:Chen(陳), Ka-Yan(家恩), 2033:nasopharyngeal cancer 1853: 1716: 1705: 1693: 1649:Japanese tea ceremony 1572: 1535:and is stated in the 1468: 1418:, as well as in some 1397: 1328: 1257: 1138:(religious burning). 1050:Chinese folk religion 974: 937: 923: 911: 836:through the Javanese 795: 734:Chinese folk religion 712: 696: 469: 331: 169: 40: 29: 5725:Pregnenolone sulfate 5546:Euphorbia resinifera 5488:Euphorbia resinifera 5417:Phenylacetylrinvanil 5377:N-Oleoylethanolamide 5325:Homodihydrocapsaicin 4713:Pregnenolone sulfate 4576:Pregnenolone sulfate 4383:Thiopropanal S-oxide 4368:Tetrahydrocannabinol 4056:Allyl isothiocyanate 3847:10.1096/fj.07-101865 3462:Urban Energy Systems 3302:. IDRC. p. 50. 3281:Herrera, Matthew D. 2663:Herrera, Matthew D. 2333:. BRILL. p. 3. 1386:do not use incense. 1376:Dharma Drum Mountain 1349:native to Cambodia, 874:improve this article 432:), and white Indian 386:Boswellia papyrifera 184:prehistoric Egyptian 5630:Cannabigerolic acid 5392:Nordihydrocapsaicin 5353:(acidic conditions) 3618:2007STAdM...8...25S 2727:merriam-webster.com 2386:accounts.google.com 2151:. Chronicle Books. 2122:merriam-webster.com 2064:Incense trade route 1539:to be a mixture of 1533:Temple in Jerusalem 1277:ancestor veneration 1146:Cultural variations 796:Joss sticks in the 429:Commiphora opoponax 396:Myroxylon toluifera 335:Machilus thunbergii 211:, specifically the 5593:Vernonia tweediana 5172:African blue basil 5144:Bisandrographolide 4730:Steviol glycosides 4683:Hydroxycitronellal 4429:Dehydroligustilide 4249:Angelica acutiloba 4163:Dehydroligustilide 3662:10.1007/bf00197229 3439:Mokshagarbatti.com 2729:. 15 January 2024. 2594:2012-09-12 at the 2238:Carl Neal (2003). 1863: 1726: 1711: 1707:Mosquito repellent 1700: 1575: 1471: 1400: 1331: 1283:, and daily life. 1267: 1063:Orthodox Christian 977: 940: 929: 918: 802: 715: 699: 480: 444: 380:Commiphora wightii 275:Ashikaga shogunate 202:Indus Civilization 172: 43: 35: 5795: 5794: 5773: 5772: 5705:Meclofenamic acid 5511:melegueta peppers 5382:Nonivamide (PAVA) 5118:melegueta peppers 5038: 5037: 4984: 4983: 4896: 4895: 4816:Meclofenamic acid 4739:Stevia rebaudiana 4599: 4598: 4561:Meclofenamic acid 4467: 4466: 4357:melegueta peppers 4330:Phenacyl chloride 4285:N-Methylmaleimide 4275:Methyl salicylate 4220:Hydrogen peroxide 4173:Diallyl disulfide 4035:melegueta peppers 3912:Media related to 3203:Appledaily.com.tw 2805:Harper, Douglas. 2751:on June 14, 2011. 2745:ancientworlds.net 2614:Incenseart.org.tw 2458:978-0-521-37511-5 2428:978-81-206-1179-5 2367:978-0-521-37511-5 2279:978-0-87542-122-3 2253:978-0-7387-0336-7 2190:978-0-85369-578-3 2158:978-0-8118-3993-8 2124:. Merriam-Webster 1965:, then Taiwanese 1750:Church of England 1416:Oriental Orthodox 1316:Buddhism in China 1175:[baˈxuːɾ] 906: 905: 898: 800:in Hanoi, Vietnam 587:Persea zuihoensis 563:Persea thunbergii 511:potassium nitrate 409:Commiphora myrrha 389:), the new world 176:ancient Egyptians 148: 147: 140: 5815: 5640:Cannabigerovarin 5372:N-Oleoyldopamine 5278:Euodia ruticarpa 5244:Dihydrocapsaicin 5051: 5047: 4997: 4993: 4909: 4905: 4653:Cooling Agent 10 4612: 4608: 4480: 4476: 3998:4-Hydroxynonenal 3988: 3984: 3969: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3911: 3883:Silvio A. Bedini 3870: 3869: 3859: 3849: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3713:(5A): 1491–500. 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3680:. 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1113: 1111: 1110: 1104: 901: 894: 890: 887: 881: 858: 850: 841: 835: 829: 760:Papier d'Arménie 682:Eastern Orthodox 625:Indirect-burning 477: 462:Combustible base 319: 318: 317: 292: 283:Muromachi period 162: 143: 136: 132: 129: 123: 99: 98: 91: 66:insect repellent 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5769: 5760:Tolfenamic acid 5680:Flufenamic acid 5576: 5483:Resiniferatoxin 5476:Ruta graveolens 5239:Diacyl glycerol 5034: 5018: 4980: 4976: 4956: 4942: 4892: 4878:Tolfenamic acid 4871:Ruta graveolens 4811:Flufenamic acid 4774: 4723:Ruta graveolens 4634:(intracellular) 4595: 4591:Tolfenamic acid 4546:Flufenamic acid 4524: 4500:Diacyl glycerol 4463: 4407: 4093:Cannabichromene 4003:4-Oxo-2-nonenal 3975: 3964: 3905: 3879: 3877:Further reading 3874: 3873: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3403:PremaNature.com 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3224:"香港宝莲禅寺佛教文化传播网" 3221: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3099:10.2307/1005923 3084: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2768:theguardian.com 2761: 2760: 2756: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2596:Wayback Machine 2585: 2581: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2478:Economic Botany 2471: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2305:baieido-usa.com 2299: 2298: 2287: 2280: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2059: 1958: 1954: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1911:nitrogen oxides 1907:carbon monoxide 1903: 1894: 1848: 1842: 1827: 1816: 1800: 1784: 1754:Oxford Movement 1731: 1688: 1683: 1668: 1632: 1616: 1603: 1567: 1561: 1518: 1512: 1463: 1457: 1392: 1380:Xingtian Temple 1273: 1252: 1153: 1148: 1105: 1086: 1084:Burning incense 1067:Incense of the 1065: 902: 891: 885: 882: 871: 859: 848: 756:Carta d'Armenia 691: 627: 618: 528:: Gums such as 474:Räucherkerzchen 464: 419:Cistus villosus 374:Boswellia sacra 326: 296: 144: 133: 127: 124: 117: 100: 96: 89: 50:biotic material 48:is an aromatic 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5810: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5637: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5538: 5524: 5514: 5496: 5480: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5450:Dorrigo pepper 5443: 5429: 5422:Phorbol esters 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5270: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5209: 5199: 5192:Cannabidivarin 5189: 5179: 5160:camphor laurel 5153: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5121: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4828: 4823: 4821:Mefenamic acid 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4743: 4727: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4514:St John's wort 4507: 4502: 4497: 4494:St John's wort 4486: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4390: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4342: 4339:Dorrigo pepper 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4297: 4287: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4260:Sichuan pepper 4253: 4237: 4232: 4230:Isothiocyanate 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4175: 4170: 4160: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4123:Cinnamaldehyde 4120: 4110: 4100: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4053: 4043: 4038: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3976: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3904: 3903:External links 3901: 3900: 3899: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3840:(8): 3024–34. 3820: 3801:(4): 465–471. 3785: 3760: 3741:(6): 334–343. 3724: 3707:Anticancer Res 3697: 3656:(3): 374–381. 3633: 3612:(1–2): 25–32. 3592: 3567: 3550: 3530: 3515: 3512:on 2012-09-12. 3485: 3471: 3451: 3426: 3408: 3390: 3376: 3356: 3342: 3322: 3308: 3288: 3273: 3244: 3214: 3190: 3165: 3141: 3122: 3077: 3063: 3048: 3033: 3012: 2998:. 2009-07-20. 2983: 2959: 2945:. 2006-12-18. 2930: 2901: 2887: 2867:"雲霄古道／溫蕉厝的剖香腳" 2858: 2818: 2797: 2773: 2754: 2732: 2723:"Frankincense" 2714: 2709:etymonline.com 2705:"Frankincense" 2696: 2689: 2669: 2656: 2630: 2601: 2579: 2568:(5): 802–812. 2548: 2534: 2511: 2484:(1): 107–129. 2464: 2457: 2434: 2427: 2407: 2391: 2373: 2366: 2346: 2340:978-9004077027 2339: 2316: 2285: 2278: 2259: 2252: 2230: 2216: 2196: 2189: 2164: 2157: 2135: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2083:, incense arts 2078: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2004:adenocarcinoma 1935: 1919: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1815: 1812: 1799: 1796: 1788:incense clocks 1783: 1780: 1730: 1727: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1631:and sandalwood 1563:Main article: 1560: 1557: 1537:Book of Exodus 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1404:Roman Catholic 1391: 1388: 1372:Chung Tai Shan 1339:Ghost Festival 1320:incense clocks 1269:Main article: 1264:Beijing, China 1251: 1248: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1085: 1082: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1042:Incense sticks 1029:Powder-coating 1026: 969: 968: 965: 961: 958: 955: 904: 903: 862: 860: 853: 847: 844: 814:Southeast Asia 779: 778: 763: 752: 749:incense clocks 744: 737: 726: 720: 719: 690: 689:Direct-burning 687: 686: 685: 658: 655: 626: 623: 617: 614: 610: 609: 608: 607: 597: 591: 567: 534:gum tragacanth 523: 507:sodium nitrate 463: 460: 439:Santalum album 361:Styrax benzoin 325: 322: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 300: 267:Buddhist monks 146: 145: 104:This section 103: 101: 94: 88: 85: 73:essential oils 32:Longhua Temple 21:Incense (film) 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5820: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:Ruthenium red 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Niflumic acid 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588:α-Spinasterol 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315:Homocapsaicin 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5228:wild bergamot 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5176:camphor basil 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5030:Ruthenium red 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Ruthenium red 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Niflumic acid 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761:; indirectly) 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Frescolat MGA 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Niflumic acid 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4459:Ruthenium red 4457: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Methylglyoxal 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4143:Cuminaldehyde 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3897:0-521-37482-0 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3687:on 2023-03-24 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3551:9781317068112 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3474: 3472:9788170226819 3468: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3452: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3417:"Agarbathies" 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3379: 3377:9780521048125 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3345: 3343:9789814295000 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3309:9781849713139 3305: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3263:on 2016-04-08 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3234:on 2016-04-08 3233: 3229: 3228:Hk.plm.org.cn 3225: 3218: 3215: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2920:on 2013-07-29 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2690:9783319269320 2686: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2646:on 2011-12-04 2645: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2620:on 2020-08-18 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2537: 2535:9780857010735 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2217:9789814295000 2213: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2139: 2136: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2097:Votive candle 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1928: 1927:sulfur oxides 1912: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1825: 1824: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1808:Zen Buddhists 1805: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1627: 1613: 1601: 1597:arrangement. 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1260:Yonghe Temple 1256: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023:Paste rolling 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 973: 966: 962: 959: 956: 953: 949: 945: 944: 943: 936: 932: 927: 922: 915: 910: 900: 897: 889: 886:December 2010 879: 875: 869: 868: 863:This section 861: 857: 852: 851: 845: 843: 840: 834: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 794: 790: 788: 784: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 750: 745: 742: 738: 735: 731: 727: 724: 723: 722: 717: 716: 711: 707: 705: 695: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 656: 653: 652: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 622: 615: 613: 605: 601: 598: 595: 592: 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