36:
197:, referring to the form a verb takes rather than its meaning in a given instance, a given language may use realis forms for a number of purposes other than their principal one of making direct factual statements. For example, many languages use indicative verb forms to ask questions (this is sometimes called
205:
is used even though it refers to a desired rather than real state of affairs). The indicative might therefore be defined as the mood used in all instances where a given language does not specifically require the use of some other mood.
635:) indicates that a statement is true, without any qualifications being made. For many languages this is just an alternative name for the indicative mood, although sometimes distinctions between them are drawn. It may contrast with
576:, which express something which is strongly believed or which the speaker wishes to emphasize. Their exact meanings are dependent upon the prefix that is attached to them. For example,
642:
Reference is sometimes made to a "generic mood", for making general statements about a particular class of things; this may be considered to be an aspect rather than a mood. See
240:, the indicative mood is for statements of actuality or strong probability, and in addition acts as a default mood for all instances which do not require use of a specific mood:
190:
does not necessarily express a fact about the real world (he could be rejecting necessity and refusing to work), but refers to what would be a desirable state of affairs.
151:
which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in
562:
Although the indicative is generally the main or only realis mood, certain other languages have additional forms which can be categorized as separate realis moods.
712:
201:) and in various other situations where the meaning is in fact of the irrealis type (as in the English "I hope it works", where the indicative
119:
705:
159:, although some languages have additional realis moods, for example to express different levels of certainty. By contrast, an
625:
210:
137:
57:
587:
is in the long energetic mood and has strong obligation meanings; it means "he certainly writes" and if it is preceded by
100:
72:
53:
1033:
698:
551:
79:
46:
178:(realis) form of the verb, and is used to make a direct assertion about the real world. In the second sentence,
86:
764:
654:
684:. Richard M. Hogg, Roger Lass, Norman Francis Blake, Suzanne Romaine, R. W. Burchfield, John Algeo (2000).
68:
194:
152:
599:, it will have the meaning of "he must write". The short energetic expresses weak obligation, e.g.,
721:
662:
539:
293:
252:
183:
921:
866:
245:
198:
175:
958:
901:
892:
836:
690:
569:
263:
1003:
983:
978:
963:
938:
906:
886:
881:
841:
794:
725:
636:
531:
148:
296:
were marked inflectionally to a greater extent in historical forms of the language than in
953:
943:
871:
856:
851:
822:
750:
649:
For other grammatical features which may be considered to mark distinct realis moods, see
523:
256:
167:
93:
973:
948:
876:
305:
297:
237:
1027:
1008:
968:
911:
785:
770:
760:
650:
643:
547:
160:
861:
538:
quiet") (although this is not always analyzed as a mood) and in some dialects, the
806:
301:
170:
sentences "He works" and "It is necessary that he work". In the first sentence,
35:
812:
658:
283:
300:. The following table shows the indicative suffixes used on regular verbs in
846:
400:
166:
An example of the contrast between realis and irrealis moods is seen in the
163:
is used to express something that is not known to be the case in reality.
17:
831:
775:
244:
The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any other bird in the world. (
565:
605:
which means "he almost writes"; if it is preceded by a prefix like
262:
Mid-westerners will remember the flooding for many years to come. (
209:
Realis mood and indicative mood can be indicated by the respective
522:
Other moods existing in
English besides the indicative are the
694:
282:, either for emphasis, or to form questions or negatives. See
29:
292:
Distinctions between indicative and other moods such as the
155:. Most languages have a single realis mood called the
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
577:
310:
992:
920:
793:
784:
732:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
270:Some forms of the indicative can be used with
706:
682:The Cambridge History of the English Language
8:
934:(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
582:
546:quiet"). For some further information, see
27:Grammatical mood used for statement of fact
790:
713:
699:
691:
308:and early and present-day Modern English.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
674:
7:
251:The Missouri and Mississippi Rivers
58:adding citations to reliable sources
583:
186:, which is an irrealis mood โ here
827:(commands, requests, requirements)
25:
34:
964:Inferential/renarrative/oblique
45:needs additional citations for
617:, it means "he should write".
1:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
578:
1050:
755:
745:
552:Uses of English verb forms
513:
503:
478:
332:
329:
326:
323:
318:
315:
313:
193:However, since mood is a
993:Dependent circumstances
655:Sensory evidential mood
897:(hopes, wishes, fears)
847:Hortative (+ subtypes)
746:Indicative/declarative
542:(as in "I suggest you
253:rose to record heights
232:The English indicative
211:glossing abbreviations
722:Linguistic modalities
457:Early Modern English
153:declarative sentences
195:grammatical category
54:improve this article
817:(promises, threats)
663:Linguistic modality
572:have two kinds of
568:and various other
347:1st and 3rd person
246:present indicative
199:interrogative mood
176:present indicative
1034:Grammatical moods
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
726:grammatical moods
570:Semitic languages
530:quiet!") and the
520:
519:
264:future indicative
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1041:
799:(what should be)
791:
715:
708:
701:
692:
685:
679:
637:inferential mood
634:
633:
622:declarative mood
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
585:
581:
311:
227:
226:
219:
218:
184:subjunctive mood
149:grammatical mood
145:
144:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1013:
996:(what would be)
994:
988:
924:
916:
797:
780:
736:
728:
719:
689:
688:
680:
676:
671:
629:
628:
574:energetic moods
560:
501:Modern English
395:Middle English
257:past indicative
234:
222:
221:
214:
213:
157:indicative mood
142:
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
928:
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
819:
809:
803:
801:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
773:
771:Generic/gnomic
768:
758:
753:
748:
742:
740:
730:
729:
720:
718:
717:
710:
703:
695:
687:
686:
673:
672:
670:
667:
559:
556:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
463:
458:
454:
453:
443:
438:
428:
418:
413:
404:
396:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
306:Middle English
298:Modern English
268:
267:
260:
249:
238:Modern English
233:
230:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Interrogative
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
927:
926:(what may be)
923:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:Necessitative
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
789:
787:
783:
777:
774:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
696:
693:
683:
678:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Evidentiality
647:
645:
644:gnomic aspect
640:
638:
632:
627:
623:
618:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:English verbs
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
516:
511:
508:
506:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
476:
473:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
408:
405:
403:
402:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
336:
322:
316:Present tense
312:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
286:
281:
277:
273:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
242:
241:
239:
231:
229:
225:
217:
212:
207:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
161:irrealis mood
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2018
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: โ
70:
69:"Realis mood"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
995:
959:Hypothetical
933:
925:
902:Desiderative
896:
891:
837:Deliberative
826:
821:
816:
811:
798:
737:
733:
681:
677:
648:
641:
630:
621:
619:
596:layaktubanna
573:
564:
561:
543:
535:
527:
521:
514:
509:
504:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
465:
460:
449:
445:
440:
434:
430:
424:
420:
415:
410:
406:
398:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
355:Old English
291:
284:
279:
275:
271:
269:
235:
223:
215:
208:
202:
192:
188:that he work
187:
179:
171:
165:
156:
140:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1004:Conditional
984:Subjunctive
979:Speculative
907:Imprecative
887:Propositive
882:Prohibitive
807:Benedictive
661:. See also
626:abbreviated
540:subjunctive
532:conditional
350:2nd person
319:Past tense
302:Old English
294:subjunctive
138:abbreviated
134:realis mood
954:Dubitative
944:Assumptive
872:Permissive
857:Injunctive
852:Imperative
813:Commissive
761:Evidential
751:Aggressive
669:References
659:Mirativity
614:layaktuban
584:ูููุชูุจูููู
579:yaktubanna
524:imperative
344:3rd person
341:2nd person
338:1st person
255:in 1993. (
182:is in the
80:newspapers
18:Indicative
974:Potential
949:Deductive
922:Epistemic
877:Precative
823:Directive
756:Energetic
738:(what is)
1028:Category
1009:Eventive
912:Optative
893:Volitive
832:Debitive
786:Irrealis
776:Mirative
602:yaktuban
536:would be
330:Singular
324:Singular
287:-support
939:Alethic
862:Jussive
842:Dynamic
795:Deontic
765:Sensory
475:-th, -s
416:-th, -s
333:Plural
168:English
147:) is a
94:scholar
734:Realis
657:, and
566:Arabic
384:-d-est
327:Plural
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
558:Other
490:-d-st
441:-d-st
399:-e, -
389:-d-on
278:, or
203:works
174:is a
172:works
101:JSTOR
87:books
724:and
631:DECL
620:The
550:and
534:("I
470:-est
446:-d-e
411:-est
379:-d-e
276:does
220:and
216:REAL
180:work
143:REAL
73:news
466:-st
407:-st
374:-aรพ
369:-eรพ
364:-st
280:did
236:In
224:IND
56:by
1030::
665:.
653:,
646:.
639:.
611:,
608:la
593:,
590:la
554:.
544:be
528:Be
526:("
515:-d
510:-s
505:-โ
495:-d
485:-d
480:-โ
468:,
461:-โ
452:)
431:-d
421:-e
409:,
359:-e
304:,
289:.
285:do
274:,
272:do
228:.
132:A
767:)
763:(
714:e
707:t
700:v
624:(
450:n
448:(
437:)
435:e
433:(
427:)
425:n
423:(
401:โ
266:)
259:)
248:)
136:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:ยท
91:ยท
84:ยท
77:ยท
50:.
20:)
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