Infrared - Knowledge (XXG)

1300:. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers. 1542: 1776: 1114:, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the 50: 1887: 1979: 1996: 1500: 1320: 6491: 1042: 1356: 1285:. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the 1840: 1400: 1420: 2272: 2069: 3468: 521:

that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. Even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.

1966:. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by 796: 807: 1235: 38: 1447:, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and 4301:

With 100 W/m2 as a demonstrated passive cooling effect, a surface coverage of 0.3% would then be needed, or 1% of Earth's land mass surface. If half of it would be installed in urban, built areas which cover roughly 3% of the Earth's land mass, a 17% coverage would be needed there, with the remainder

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The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1064 nm. A continuous 1064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence

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appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide),

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Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than

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In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via

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can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may

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operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision

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The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer

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Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from

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Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at

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The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun or moon or an infrared illuminator.

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equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4

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On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation

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Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in

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These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea.

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using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a

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from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects

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In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is

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by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices. Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of

1913:. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy. 1384:

detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it

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which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in

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have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a

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Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow

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In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into

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through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.

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The term "thermograph" is coined on p. 51: " ... I have discovered a process by which the calorific rays in the solar spectrum are made to leave their impress on a surface properly prepared for the purpose, so as to form what may be called a thermograph of the spectrum, ...

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can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and do not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low clouds can be distinguished, producing a

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A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's

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Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.

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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global

272:. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components. Military and civilian applications include 5181:

was translated into English as "infrared" in 1874, in a translation of an article by Vignaud Dupuy de Saint-Florent (1830–1907), an engineer in the French army, who attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and who pursued photography as a pastime.

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Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected.

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By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the

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possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

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Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.

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Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are

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There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a

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Desmet KD, Paz DA, Corry JJ, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, Henry MM, Buchmann EV, Connelly MP, Dovi JV, Liang HL, Henshel DS, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Lim J, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT (May 2006).

1733:) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH 1492:. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as 1378:. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs. 1897:

Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of

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If only 1%–2% of the Earth's surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would

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is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.

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Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed

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are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low clouds such as stratus or

1106:'s sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available. 6144: 1909:

The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected

3909: 1289:). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth. 1561:

to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or

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These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space.

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Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Philosophy : Mathematical-scientific Class)

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In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the

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or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called

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Gorbunov, V.; Fuchigami, N.; Stone, M.; Grace, M.; Tsukruk, V. V. (2002). "Biological Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and Microthermal Properties of Biological Infrared Receptors".

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such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

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according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to

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concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see

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A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.

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phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.

512:. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed. 1745:

that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study

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is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a

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Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see

5161: 3317: 3609: 3348: 2583: 1767:. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures. 901: 2650: 5381:"On chemical action of rays of solar spectrum on preparation of silver and other substances both metallic and nonmetallic and on some photographic processes" 5880: 4332: 2080:

has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.

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processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.

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Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Philosophy in Berlin)

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longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room

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of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.

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satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.

830: 120:). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the 6316: 4313: 3889: 3251:

Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation".

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The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.

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Hargate, G (2006). "A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis".

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Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the

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discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a

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before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as

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Shcherbakov, Denis; Knörzer, Alexandra; Hilbig, Reinhard; Haas, Ulrich; Blum, Martin (2012). "Near-infrared orientation of Mozambique tilapia

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with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.

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wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from

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solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "

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can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

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of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect

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Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). "Einstein's proposal of the photon concept—a translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905".

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1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.

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Infrared reflectography can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's

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Meuthen, Denis; Rick, Ingolf P.; Thünken, Timo; Baldauf, Sebastian A. (2012). "Visual prey detection by near-infrared cues in a fish".

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IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the

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NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared".

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will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.

5008: 2257:. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century. An 3576: 2831: 2802: 2616: 1684: 5259:. Oxford studies in philosophy of science (1. issued as paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167. 2996: 49: 6051: 2387: 3420: 288:, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include 6390: 5116: 4397: 3357: 3079: 3027: 6363: 4414: 479:(5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At 1750:

broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm, is the spectroscopic

1327:. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor. 6067: 3205: 2019:, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. 3601: 2690:

Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of

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Matsumoto, Taro; Kawamura, Gunzo (2005). "The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared".

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in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's

3028:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays" 1886: 1565:. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them. 1503:

Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.

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Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).

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From p. 176: "As to the infra-red rays, they may be absorbed by means of a weak solution of sulphate of copper, ..."

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the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.

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Infrared shares some characteristics with visible light, however. Like visible light, infrared light can be focused,

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on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.

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Griffin, Donald R.; Hubbard, Ruth; Wald, George (1947). "The Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Infra-Red Radiation".

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LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The

149: 6128: 2516: 2512: 2446: 2238: 2169: 2117: 1638: 1076: 1061: 663: 285: 77: 31: 6411:, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005 6402:

Techniques and Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective

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per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is

6832: 6445: 4636: 4476: 4415:"International Dunhuang Project An Introduction to digital infrared photography and its application within IDP" 2470:"Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications. 2372:, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources. 2163: 2111: 706:

of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared.

322: 104:), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 5467: 2575: 1615:. When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse 5924: 5896: 5868: 5793: 5727: 5675: 5647: 5589: 5553: 5443: 5187: 4801:"Sensitivity of tilapia to infrared light measured using a rotating striped drum differs between two strains" 3927: 6882: 3865: 3478: 3097: 2943: 2571: 2395: 2365: 2234: 1103: 1056:

Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window).

236:, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. 233: 6351: 5981: 5284: 5057: 2534: 5514: 5380: 4657:

Brook, P. J. (26 April 1969). "Stimulation of Ascospore Release in Venturia inaequalis by Far Red Light".

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measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a

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range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the

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when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the

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Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the

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showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir

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demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.

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Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and

6842: 6837: 6233: 6025: 5993: 5936: 5601: 5479: 5392: 4893: 4841: 4724: 4666: 4560: 4452: 4273: 4220: 4170: 4064: 3942: 3806:"Infrared (IR) basics for digital photographers-capturing the unseen (Sidebar: Black Body Radiation)" 3666: 3384: 3262: 2859: 2660: 2645: 2420: 1642: 1597: 1460: 1444: 1332: 1253: 168: 129: 3955: 1343:, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation ( 190:. It falls just beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum, hence its name meaning “below red.” 6877: 6872: 6847: 6827: 6578: 5515:"On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat" 4262:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach" 4159:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach" 2559: 2262: 2188: 2047: 2035: 1700: 1489: 1481: 1220:. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed. 1060:

covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled

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published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in

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fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters.

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IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and

6867: 6715: 6688: 6598: 6583: 6259: 6192: 6117:. University of California Libraries. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington. 6041: 5695: 5408: 5340: 5079: 5000: 4952: 4857: 4748: 4690: 4586: 4522: 4374: 4238: 4082: 4029: 3717: 2579: 2497: 2205: 2175: 2140: 2123: 2092: 1877: 1799: 1278: 1274: 777: 703: 318: 289: 273: 249: 157: 145: 5313:"Recherches sur plusieurs phénomènes calorifiques entreprises au moyen du thermo-multiplicateur" 3442: 2147:) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, 1650: 5982:"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" 2549: 1499: 1319: 6937: 6723: 6719: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6134: 5346: 5260: 5151: 5036: 4992: 4944: 4909: 4740: 4682: 4628: 4578: 4514: 4468: 4135: 3748: 3682: 3641: 3392: 3307: 3301: 3278: 3226: 3181: 3075: 2895: 2792: 2756: 2738: 2542: 2493: 2478: 2467: 2312: 1989: 1947: 1899: 1844: 1787: 1609: 1605: 1404: 1256: 1229: 1180: 1072: 616: 495:

radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm.

5030: 3700:

Ramaswami, Rajiv (May 2002). "Optical Fiber Communication: From Transmission to Networking".

2587: 2460: 1916:

The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark

6857: 6628: 6603: 6471: 6241: 6184: 6033: 6001: 5944: 5805: 5687: 5609: 5565: 5487: 5400: 5220: 5137: 5069: 4984: 4936: 4901: 4849: 4812: 4779: 4768:"Postural control in tilapia under microgravity and the near infrared irradiated conditions" 4732: 4674: 4620: 4568: 4506: 4460: 4281: 4228: 4178: 4125: 4117: 4072: 4019: 3960: 3776: 3740: 3709: 3674: 3270: 2784: 2746: 2730: 2527: 2442: 2427: 2354: 2303: 2226: 2043: 1995: 1746: 1665: 1661: 1536: 1331:

Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.

1273:

is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by

576: 202: 183: 133: 101: 6490: 4314:

Dangers of Overexposure to ultraviolet, infrared and high-energy visible light | 2013-01-03

3862:"How does thermal imaging work? A closer look at what is behind this remarkable technology" 3330:

Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers

3125: 1355: 1041: 6906: 6819: 6661: 6593: 6408: 6394: 6381: 6358: 6346: 6333: 6320: 4401: 4320: 3913: 3893: 3781: 3505: 3055: 2631: 2598: 2474: 2416: 2281: 1959: 1917: 1910: 1857: 1585: 1557:

Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in

1513: 1472: 1464: 1340: 1336:

devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

1026: 257: 54: 45:

image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation

6112: 3473: 2409: 6237: 6095: 6029: 5997: 5984:[On heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light]. 5940: 5605: 5483: 5396: 4897: 4845: 4728: 4670: 4564: 4456: 4277: 4224: 4174: 4068: 3946: 3670: 3388: 3266: 3147: 2915: 6852: 6636: 5315:[Investigations of several heat phenomena undertaken via a thermo-multiplier]. 4130: 4105: 2751: 2718: 2665: 2623: 2158: 1963: 1853: 1670: 1616: 1558: 1523: 1519: 1468: 1428: 1399: 1087: 1030: 4972: 4624: 3227:"Blackbody Radiation | Astronomy 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe" 2823: 2068: 6931: 6862: 6799: 6780: 6684: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6245: 4940: 4853: 4242: 4086: 4033: 4008:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications" 2778: 2606: 2594: 2438: 2292: 2029: 2011: 1932: 1890: 1807: 1803: 1714:

project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as

1699:

communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least

1696: 1646: 1612: 1476: 1080: 833:(CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands: 402: 198: 93: 85: 57:

image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12

6196: 6045: 5412: 5004: 4956: 4861: 4526: 4441:"Thermal Modeling of Snake Infrared Reception: Evidence for Limited Detection Range" 3744: 3721: 1839: 1071:

Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by

6738: 4752: 4694: 4590: 3964: 3412: 2563: 2523: 2453: 2391: 2180: 2100: 2016: 2003: 1955: 1780: 1550: 1485: 1419: 1368: 1314: 1286: 1093:

Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).

781: 747: 620: 347: 301: 281: 277: 6387: 5899:[On the theory of the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum]. 4394: 3343: 2970: 2463:

predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.

2412:

and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.

2271: 292:

analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of

4418: 4285: 4182: 2634:

with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.

2555:

1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.

2379:

formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to

2157:

via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs.

508:

inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with

6911: 6588: 6570: 6466: 6369: 4346:"IR Reflectography for Non-destructive Analysis of Underdrawings in Art Objects" 4233: 4208: 4077: 4052: 2254: 2051: 1864: 1628: 1249: 1115: 604: 492: 450: 386: 206: 42: 6100:. University of Michigan. Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington. 5767:[On the energy distribution in the emission spectrum of a black body]. 5160:] (in French). Paris, France: Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. pp. 141–145. 4905: 4607:

Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002).

4371:"The Mass of Saint Gregory: Examining a Painting Using Infrared Reflectography" 4121: 2719:"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications" 2233:, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the 1641:, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared 1339:

The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with

1049:

A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:

124:. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the 6892: 6560: 6555: 6509: 6486: 6370:

Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light

6188: 5809: 4736: 3993: 3713: 2655: 2405: 2296: 2285: 2230: 2084: 2077: 2007: 1967: 1825: 1751: 1657: 1546: 1297: 1293: 1260: 1239: 484: 337: 113: 81: 58: 6006: 5949: 5569: 5492: 5446:[On the relation between emission and absorption of light and heat]. 4686: 4349: 4106:"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling" 3835: 3201: 2742: 6901: 6748: 6524: 6502: 6481: 6456: 4988: 2891: 2602: 2538: 2369: 2128: 1984: 1921: 1847:

with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat

1601: 1593: 1375: 1324: 795: 434: 354: 265: 253: 229: 172: 105: 89: 6414: 5404: 5074: 4996: 4948: 4913: 4744: 4632: 4582: 4518: 4472: 4464: 4139: 3686: 3678: 3274: 2760: 2253:

part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a

806: 6401: 5765:"Ueber die Energieverteilung im Emissionsspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers" 4817: 4800: 4784: 4767: 3905:

Frost&Sullivan, Technical Insights, Aerospace&Defence (Feb 2011):

3560: 3282: 3049:

Article 1: General remarks on the temperature of the earth and outer space

2734: 1443:

Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a

6916: 2358: 2154: 1936: 1703:) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard 1562: 488: 472: 293: 269: 225: 141: 121: 5699: 5444:"Ueber den Zusammenhang von Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme" 4006:

Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).

3469:"Photoacoustic technique 'hears' the sound of dangerous chemical agents" 3346:[The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130]. 3306:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 2916:"Infrared radiation | Definition, Wavelengths, & Facts | Britannica" 1935:, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high 6785: 6771: 5590:"Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current" 4766:

Endo, M.; Kobayashi R.; Ariga, K.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).

4104:

Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021).

4024: 4007: 3527: 2630:

the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides

2242: 2132: 2024: 1962:

to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished

1795: 1715: 1654: 1099: 1021:

The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital

770: 735: 696: 656: 593: 218: 17: 6037: 5287:[Description of a thermo-multiplier or electric thermoscope]. 5083: 4973:"Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation" 4510: 2161:

on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such

1994: 1608:

to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR)

136:

is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries

6809: 6804: 6794: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6727: 6656: 5691: 5614: 4678: 4573: 4544: 3907:

World First Thermal Hyperspectral Camera for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

3032:

National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles

2615:

1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned,

2088: 2083:

Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family

1925: 1903: 1742: 1738: 1704: 1408: 1282: 1057: 765: 730: 691: 651: 612: 588: 480: 476: 261: 241: 161: 137: 6170:"Interview with Paul W. Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980)" 5927:[On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum]. 5794:"On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body" 5058:"Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the Sun" 4608: 4440: 3344:"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130" 2449:

device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).

5728:"Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur" 1802:, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as 37: 6651: 6547: 6461: 6224:

J Cooper (1962). "A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector".

5897:"Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum" 5730:[On the relation between heat radiation and temperature]. 5285:"Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope électrique" 2590:

develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.

2270: 2067: 1977: 1885: 1838: 1774: 1688: 1660:, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an 1540: 1498: 1418: 1398: 1354: 1318: 1233: 1111: 1040: 570: 370: 342: 214: 179: 117: 109: 48: 36: 5342:

Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications

2788: 6646: 6641: 3991:

White, Richard P. (2000) "Infrared deicing system for aircraft"

3148:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors" 1674: 1645:(LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a 1359:

Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the

1347:) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment. 1344: 1270: 1045:

Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region

194: 153: 6418: 3124:. NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Archived from 2944:"What is infrared radiation (IR)? | Definition from TechTarget" 2484:

1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by

1754:. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum. 960:

Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:

213:

was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on

6666: 2627: 2275:

Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.

2250: 2246: 1812: 1673:

to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like

1518:

Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a

1448: 1424: 1022: 607:

telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO

582: 563: 210: 187: 97: 6352:

How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely

619:

are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include

6489: 6336:, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection 6133:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014. p. 406. 4799:

Kobayashi R.; Endo, M.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).

1649:

into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is

5345:(2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–67. 3887:

Thermische Hyperspektralbildgebung im langwelligen Infrarot

3809: 1435:

A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous

312:

Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum

228:

when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites

5925:"Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum" 5869:"Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung" 5257:

Inventing temperature: measurement and scientific progress

3737:

Infrared Radiation. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia

1637:. These devices usually conform to standards published by 5871:[On an improvement of Wien's spectral equation]. 5385:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

5062:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3830: 3828: 3826: 3808:. Digital Photography For What It's Worth. Archived from 3504:. Instituts für Umform- und Hochleistungs. Archived from 1931:

Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of

6130:

Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies

5680:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

3636:(Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992), and Miller and Friedman, 6326: 5901:

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft

5873:

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft

2054:. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well. 3562:

ISO 20473:2007 – Optics and photonics – Spectral bands

1102:

detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while

4875: 4873: 4871: 3300:

Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).

2997:"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics" 2717:

Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01).

2315: 1779:

IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the

1669:

adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for

96:

begins with waves that are just longer than those of

6114:

Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part V, VI, VII

6891: 6818: 6747: 6675: 6627: 6569: 6546: 6523: 6281:"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light" 4209:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling" 4053:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling" 3926:Mahulikar, S.P.; Sonawane, H.R.; Rao, G.A. (2007). 3202:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5" 2558:

1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (

2225:The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to 742:This region is also called the "thermal infrared". 3928:"Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles" 2530:missiles were developed using infrared technology. 2515:in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of 2342: 1695:Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for 1216:The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance 6097:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part III, IV 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 678:; MidIR. Also called intermediate infrared (IIR) 209:. Slightly more than half of the energy from the 6388:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings 6366:: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA) 5652:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society 5339:Vollmer, Michael; Möllmann, Klaus-Peter (2010). 4395:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings 3526:CIE (International Commission on Illumination). 2127:). By detecting the heat that their prey emits, 1467:are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. 1029:and appear, for instance, in the titles of many 6069:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part I, II 3116: 3114: 2584:Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate 2622:2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a 2541:demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective 1243:while in fact, they have the same temperature. 6430: 5558:Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers 5032:The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide 4439:Jones, B.S.; Lynn, W.F.; Stone, M.O. (2001). 4373:. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Archived from 3838:. American Technologies Network Corporation. 3072:Night Vision: Exploring the Infrared Universe 2651:Infrared non-destructive testing of materials 2612:1973: Common module program started by NVESD. 2452:1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in 2072:Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse 1664:. That electrical signal is passed through a 224:Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by 8: 5176: 5141: 4260:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). 4157:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). 3381:Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation 3288:of second harmonic generation in the retina. 3180:(92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 10.233. 2135:identify and capture their prey using their 1281:, thermal radiation can propagate through a 475:, at an effective temperature of 5,780 256:to penetrate dusty regions of space such as 232:modes in a molecule through a change in the 193:It was long known that fires emit invisible 5839:Bolometrisch onderzoek van absorptiespectra 3096:. Michigan State University. Archived from 2582:; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now 2295:produces the first thermal image, called a 6506: 6437: 6423: 6415: 3773:Passive Solar Heating & Cooling Manual 2192:require near-infrared light for ejection. 296:, remote temperature sensing, short-range 6005: 5948: 5613: 5491: 5073: 4816: 4783: 4609:"Biological infrared imaging and sensing" 4572: 4232: 4129: 4076: 4023: 3954: 3775:. Rodale Press, Inc. 1980. Archived from 3659:Journal of the Optical Society of America 3628: 3626: 3349:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 3254:Journal of the Optical Society of America 2750: 2445:detector, which helped produce the first 2314: 1681:, are used to communicate with infrared. 1064:detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5 329:Position in the electromagnetic spectrum 6163: 6161: 5221:"Letter to the Editors: Infrared dating" 4538: 4536: 4348:. Sensors Unlimited, Inc. Archived from 3443:"Peaks of Blackbody Radiation Intensity" 1794:Clouds with high and cold tops, such as 1132: 962: 906: 835: 831:International Commission on Illumination 531: 327: 240:examines absorption and transmission of 6111:Coblentz, William Weber (August 1905). 3481:from the original on September 22, 2024 2706: 2683: 2139:. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the 2050:, and the Silk Road texts found in the 1361:Space Shuttle thermal protection system 599:Goes up to the wavelength of the first 529:A commonly used subdivision scheme is: 182:word "infra", meaning "below", and the 6072:. Carnegie institution of Washington. 5588:Smith, Willoughby (20 February 1873). 3538:from the original on 22 September 2024 3038:from the original on 29 September 2019 2249:and detected the infrared, beyond the 1741:in the molecule then it will absorb a 1712:RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) 904:20473 specifies the following scheme: 623:devices such as night vision goggles. 197:; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter 148:, and has properties corresponding to 6291:from the original on 17 February 2013 4929:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 4602: 4600: 4299:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3804:McCreary, Jeremy (October 30, 2004). 3555: 3553: 3528:"infrared radiation IR radiation IRR" 3178:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3074:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 3066: 3064: 2938: 2936: 2777:Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10). 1118:that consists of IR-glowing foliage. 1023:letters to different spectral regions 7: 5202:from the original on 5 February 2021 5153:La Lumiere: Ses causes et ses effets 4196:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3739:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007. 3360:from the original on 24 October 2013 3007:from the original on 11 October 2019 2965: 2963: 2881: 2879: 2772: 2770: 2712: 2710: 2552:demonstrated pyroelectric detection. 2357:discovered the photoconductivity of 2183:victims by sensing their body heat. 2121:), and possibly blood-sucking bugs ( 1765:Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations 5622:from the original on 3 January 2021 5109:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light" 3026:Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008). 2995:Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014). 2432:Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra 1604:. PDRC surfaces maximize shortwave 268:objects from the early days of the 6314:Infrared: A Historical Perspective 5676:"The bolometer and radiant energy" 5379:Herschel, John F. W. (1840). 5186:de Saint-Florent (10 April 1874). 3449:from the original on 18 March 2011 3423:from the original on 1 August 2021 2723:Photonics & Lasers in Medicine 2570:'s landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by 1494:terahertz time-domain spectroscopy 1484:' imaging, which is imaging using 25: 6226:Journal of Scientific Instruments 5554:"The action of light on selenium" 3634:Principles of Infrared Technology 3146:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07). 2109:), darkly pigmented butterflies ( 1727:Infrared vibrational spectroscopy 1590:passive daytime radiative cooling 1579:Passive daytime radiative cooling 27:Form of electromagnetic radiation 6094:Coblentz, William Weber (1905). 6066:Coblentz, William Weber (1905). 5317:Annales de Chimie et de Physique 5188:"Photography in natural colours" 5035:. Allworth Press. pp. 33–. 4941:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02191.x 4854:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x 4323:. ISHN. Retrieved on 2017-04-26. 3320:from the original on 29 May 2024 3176:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). 2890:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 2888:Infrared and terahertz detectors 2853:"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary" 1685:Free space optical communication 805: 794: 525:Commonly used subdivision scheme 178:Infrared gets its name from the 100:light (the longest waves in the 6206:from the original on 2020-07-30 6177:Journal of Electronic Materials 6147:from the original on 2024-09-22 6076:from the original on 2024-09-22 5957:from the original on 2021-02-06 5911:from the original on 2021-02-25 5883:from the original on 2024-09-22 5846:from the original on 2024-09-22 5816:from the original on 2021-02-05 5779:from the original on 2021-02-24 5742:from the original on 2019-04-02 5706:from the original on 2021-02-05 5662:from the original on 2021-02-05 5576:from the original on 2021-01-03 5529:from the original on 2021-02-05 5500:from the original on 2020-09-01 5454:from the original on 2020-09-25 5419:from the original on 2021-02-05 5359:from the original on 2024-09-22 5327:from the original on 2021-02-05 5299:from the original on 2021-02-24 5235:from the original on 2018-04-15 5164:from the original on 2024-09-22 5090:from the original on 2021-02-04 5011:from the original on 2020-03-16 4977:Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 4639:from the original on 2020-03-17 4479:from the original on 2020-03-17 4302:being installed in rural areas. 4292:from the original on 2022-10-12 4189:from the original on 2022-10-12 3974:from the original on 2021-03-04 3842:from the original on 2015-08-24 3745:10.1002/0471743984.vse4181.pub2 3612:from the original on 2024-03-28 3233:from the original on 2019-05-01 3208:from the original on 2019-05-12 3158:from the original on 2020-07-11 3070:Michael Rowan-Robinson (2013). 2834:from the original on 2024-09-22 2805:from the original on 2020-10-26 2268:Other important dates include: 1520:passive missile guidance system 1431:as recorded by a digital camera 1403:Hyperspectral thermal infrared 1037:Sensor response division scheme 627:is another common application. 6260:"History of Army Night Vision" 4445:Journal of Theoretical Biology 3965:10.1016/j.paerosci.2007.06.002 3935:Progress in Aerospace Sciences 3769:"Introduction to Solar Energy" 3477:. August 14, 2012. rdmag.com. 2337: 2325: 1475:. Cheaper digital cameras and 1098:technical reasons (the common 445:1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV 1: 5836:Julius, Willem Henri (1892). 5769:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 5472:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 5158:Light: Its causes and effects 4625:10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5 3342:Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933). 2574:; phenomenology pioneered by 1974:Art conservation and analysis 6733: 6711: 6706: 5674:Langley, S. P. (1881). 5646:Langley, S. P. (1880). 4286:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084 4183:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084 3702:IEEE Communications Magazine 3602:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared" 3577:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared" 3383:. Springer. pp. 21–22. 2419:developed the theory of the 1982:An infrared reflectogram of 1952:motion picture film scanners 1950:is a technique used by some 769:(−80.15 – −270.15 429:1.7 eV – 1.24 meV 260:, to detect objects such as 6538:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray 6375:The thermographic's library 6018:American Journal of Physics 5113:Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu 4417:. Idp.bl.uk. Archived from 4234:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010 4078:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010 3860:Bryant, Lynn (2007-06-11). 3579:. NASA IPAC. Archived from 3502:"Wavelength considerations" 2170:Troides rhadamantus plateni 2118:Troides rhadamantus plateni 1635:personal digital assistants 1218:telecommunications networks 1079:, HgCdTe, and partially by 603:band, and commonly used in 442:300 MHz – 300 GHz 426:300 GHz – 430 THz 410:430 THz – 750 THz 381:124 keV – 124 eV 6959: 6533:Very-high-energy gamma ray 6384:, collection of thermogram 6246:10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308 5988:. 4th series (in German). 5931:. 4th series (in German). 5771:. 3rd series (in German). 5552:Smith, Willoughby (1873). 5319:. 2nd series (in French). 5150:Becquerel, Edmond (1867). 5136:In 1867, French physicist 5056:Herschel, William (1800). 4906:10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.005 4122:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7 2671:Index of infrared articles 2398:and infrared catastrophe". 2259:earlier experiment in 1790 2064:Infrared sensing in snakes 2061: 1875: 1731:near-infrared spectroscopy 1626: 1576: 1534: 1511: 1392: 1366: 1312: 1227: 1002: 989: 976: 942: 931: 920: 632:Short-wavelength infrared 625:Near-infrared spectroscopy 413:3.3 eV – 1.7 eV 397:124 eV – 3.3 eV 394:750 THz – 30 PHz 53:This pseudocolor infrared 29: 6452: 6327:Infrared Data Association 6189:10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1 5810:10.1080/14786449708620983 5283:Nobili, Leopoldo (1830). 4737:10.1007/s00114-012-0980-7 3714:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1006983 3417:RP Photonics Encyclopedia 3303:Color and Light in Nature 2886:Rogalski, Antoni (2019). 2539:Honeywell Research Center 2517:Mercury cadmium telluride 2513:Royal Radar Establishment 2447:infrared search and track 2046:, the Roman works in the 1596:to outer space with zero 1077:mercury cadmium telluride 956:Astronomy division scheme 711:Long-wavelength infrared 407:400 nm – 700 nm 378:30 PHz – 30 EHz 78:electromagnetic radiation 32:Infrared (disambiguation) 6943:Electromagnetic spectrum 6446:Electromagnetic spectrum 6168:Marion B. Reine (2015). 6007:10.1002/andp.19053220607 5950:10.1002/andp.19013090310 5570:10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023 5493:10.1002/andp.18601850205 5311:Nobili; Melloni (1831). 5289:Bibliothèque Universelle 5219:Rosenberg, Gary (2012). 5029:Rosso, Monona l (2001). 3836:"How Night Vision Works" 3122:"IR Astronomy: Overview" 3092:Reusch, William (1999). 3001:The Public Domain Review 2971:"What is Infrared (IR)?" 2824:"Definition of INFRARED" 2343:{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)} 2204:Near-infrared light, or 2164:Pachliopta aristolochiae 2112:Pachliopta aristolochiae 1423:Infrared light from the 671:Mid-wavelength infrared 461:1.24 μeV and below 439:1 mm – 1 meter 391:10 nm – 400 nm 323:electromagnetic spectrum 5842:(in Dutch). J. Müller. 4989:10.1089/pho.2006.24.121 4882:Oreochromis mossambicus 4805:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 4772:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 4545:"Infrared receptors in 4207:Munday, Jeremy (2019). 4051:Munday, Jeremy (2019). 3885:Holma, H., (May 2011), 3638:Photonic Rules of Thumb 3094:"Infrared Spectroscopy" 2828:www.merriam-webster.com 2692:Wien's displacement law 2545:for infrared detection. 2396:ultraviolet catastrophe 2366:Samuel Pierpont Langley 2235:Royal Society of London 2137:IR-sensitive pit organs 1265:Wien's displacement law 1122:Telecommunication bands 510:Wien's displacement law 483:, sunlight provides an 423:700 nm – 1 mm 375:10 pm – 10 nm 365:more than 124 keV 244:in the infrared range. 6494: 5798:Philosophical Magazine 5519:Philosophical Magazine 5513:Kirchhoff, G. (1860). 5466:Kirchhoff, G. (1860). 5450:(in German): 783–787. 5405:10.1098/rstl.1840.0002 5177: 5142: 5075:10.1098/rstl.1800.0015 4465:10.1006/jtbi.2000.2256 3735:"Infrared Radiation". 3679:10.1364/JOSA.37.000546 3379:Byrnes, James (2009). 3275:10.1364/JOSA.66.000339 2537:and his colleagues at 2344: 2276: 2073: 1999: 1992: 1894: 1882:far-infrared astronomy 1848: 1784: 1554: 1504: 1432: 1416: 1364: 1328: 1244: 1238:Materials with higher 1128:optical communications 1046: 458:300 MHz and below 298:wireless communication 62: 46: 6493: 6014:English translation: 5980:Einstein, A. (1905). 5790:English translation: 5511:English translation: 5255:Chang, Hasok (2007). 5192:The Photographic News 4818:10.2331/suisan.68.646 4785:10.2331/suisan.68.887 4547:Melanophila acuminata 4110:Nature Communications 3994:U.S. patent 6,092,765 2735:10.1515/plm-2012-0034 2345: 2274: 2150:Melanophila acuminata 2106:Melanophila acuminata 2087:), some boas (family 2071: 2062:Further information: 1998: 1981: 1889: 1842: 1783:of the United States. 1778: 1643:light-emitting diodes 1627:Further information: 1544: 1502: 1422: 1402: 1395:Hyperspectral imaging 1389:Hyperspectral imaging 1382:Thermographic cameras 1358: 1322: 1237: 1207:Ultralong wavelength 1044: 455:1 meter and more 362:more than 30 EHz 264:, and to view highly 252:uses sensor-equipped 238:Infrared spectroscopy 52: 40: 6287:. 14 February 2013. 5923:Planck, Max (1901). 5792:Wien, Willy (1897). 5763:Wien, Willy (1896). 4543:Evans, W.G. (1966). 2661:Infrared thermometer 2656:Infrared solar cells 2646:Black-body radiation 2421:photoelectric effect 2377:Stefan–Boltzmann law 2313: 1461:infrared photography 1445:thermographic camera 1333:Night vision devices 1210:1,625–1,675 nm 1199:1,565–1,625 nm 1188:1,530–1,565 nm 1175:1,460–1,530 nm 1164:1,360–1,460 nm 1153:1,260–1,360 nm 734:(89 – −80 664:transmission windows 487:of just over 1 359:less than 10 pm 130:black-body radiation 84:longer than that of 30:For other uses, see 6579:Extreme ultraviolet 6323:(Omega Engineering) 6238:1962JScI...39..467C 6030:1965AmJPh..33..367A 5998:1905AnP...322..132E 5941:1901AnP...309..553P 5895:Planck, M. (1900). 5867:Planck, M. (1900). 5726:Stefan, J. (1879). 5606:1873Natur...7R.303. 5484:1860AnP...185..275K 5397:1840RSPT..130....1H 4898:2012Zool..115..233S 4846:2005FisSc..71..350M 4729:2012NW.....99.1063M 4717:Naturwissenschaften 4671:1969Natur.222..390B 4565:1964Natur.202..211E 4457:2001JThBi.209..201J 4278:2018Ene...152...27Z 4225:2019Joule...3.2057M 4175:2018Ene...152...27Z 4069:2019Joule...3.2057M 3947:2007PrAeS..43..218M 3671:1947JOSA...37..546G 3389:2009uodm.book.....B 3267:1976JOSA...66..339S 2263:Marc-Auguste Pictet 2189:Venturia inaequalis 2048:Villa of the Papyri 1911:atmospheric windows 1800:cumulonimbus clouds 1791:and IR5 channels). 1758:Thin film metrology 1490:terahertz radiation 1471:often use infrared 1027:atmospheric windows 825:CIE division scheme 547:Photon energy 535:Division name 330: 306:weather forecasting 126:terahertz radiation 72:; sometimes called 6584:Vacuum ultraviolet 6495: 6407:2015-12-22 at the 6393:2015-12-22 at the 6380:2013-06-11 at the 6357:2011-07-19 at the 6345:2011-10-13 at the 6332:2008-05-22 at the 6319:2007-08-07 at the 5986:Annalen der Physik 5929:Annalen der Physik 5442:Kirchhoff (1859). 5225:American Scientist 4400:2015-12-22 at the 4319:2016-08-16 at the 4025:10.1002/eom2.12153 3912:2012-03-10 at the 3892:2011-07-26 at the 3054:2023-06-08 at the 2920:www.britannica.com 2780:Infrared Radiation 2498:Robert Clark Jones 2410:blackbody equation 2368:invents the first 2340: 2277: 2237:. Herschel used a 2221:Scientific history 2206:photobiomodulation 2200:Photobiomodulation 2176:Triatoma infestans 2141:Common Vampire Bat 2124:Triatoma infestans 2093:Common Vampire Bat 2074: 2058:Biological systems 2000: 1993: 1895: 1878:Infrared astronomy 1849: 1788:Weather satellites 1785: 1598:energy consumption 1555: 1505: 1480:technique called ' 1433: 1417: 1365: 1329: 1279:thermal convection 1275:thermal conduction 1245: 1047: 778:far-infrared laser 704:infrared signature 617:Image intensifiers 592:(3,591–1,797 348:Photon energy (eV) 328: 290:thermal efficiency 274:target acquisition 250:Infrared astronomy 146:radiation pressure 132:from objects near 128:band. Almost all 63: 47: 6925: 6924: 6629:Visible (optical) 6038:10.1119/1.1971542 5266:978-0-19-533738-9 5042:978-1-58115-204-3 4834:Fisheries Science 4665:(5191): 390–392. 4511:10.1021/bm015591f 4499:Biomacromolecules 3646:978-0-442-01210-6 3606:www.icc.dur.ac.uk 3398:978-1-4020-9252-7 3313:978-0-521-77504-5 3187:978-1-4398-5511-9 2798:978-953-51-0060-7 2509:W. D. Lawson 2490:G. J. Zissis 2386:1880s and 1890s: 2308:blackbody theorem 2145:Desmodus rotundus 2097:Desmodus rotundus 1990:Leonardo da Vinci 1948:Infrared cleaning 1900:optical astronomy 1845:greenhouse effect 1747:organic compounds 1610:thermal radiation 1606:solar reflectance 1522:, which uses the 1230:Thermal radiation 1214: 1213: 1172:Short wavelength 1142:Wavelength range 1073:indium antimonide 1016: 1015: 953: 952: 949:50–1,000 μm 894: 893: 869:1400–3000 nm 788: 787: 755:15–1,000 μm 687:155–413 meV 647:413–886 meV 644:100–214 THz 587:3,864–2,070 465: 464: 88:but shorter than 16:(Redirected from 6950: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6416: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6011: 6009: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5952: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5804:(262): 214–220. 5787: 5785: 5784: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5692:10.2307/25138616 5670: 5668: 5667: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5617: 5615:10.1038/007303e0 5584: 5582: 5581: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5180: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5145: 5140:coined the term 5138:Edmond Becquerel 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5115:. 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Stair 2486:Fred Nicodemenus 2443:thallous sulfide 2428:William Coblentz 2355:Willoughby Smith 2349: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2304:Gustav Kirchhoff 2227:William Herschel 2186:Some fungi like 2099:), a variety of 2044:Dead Sea Scrolls 1960:flatbed scanners 1918:molecular clouds 1856:, together with 1666:high-pass filter 1662:electric current 1537:Infrared heating 1465:infrared filters 1413:infrared spectra 1363:during re-entry. 1196:Long wavelength 1133: 1067: 1012: 998: 985: 963: 907: 897:ISO 20473 scheme 890: 889:0.3–100 THz 885: 875: 874:100–215 THz 870: 860: 859:215–384 THz 855: 854:780–1400 nm 836: 809: 798: 761:1.2–83 meV 758:0.3–20 THz 726:83–155 meV 684:37–100 THz 655:(1,797–693 601:water absorption 553:Characteristics 532: 331: 258:molecular clouds 203:William Herschel 134:room temperature 102:visible spectrum 21: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6887: 6814: 6789: 6775: 6743: 6671: 6623: 6565: 6542: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6448: 6443: 6409:Wayback Machine 6395:Wayback Machine 6382:Wayback Machine 6359:Wayback Machine 6347:Wayback Machine 6334:Wayback Machine 6321:Wayback Machine 6310: 6305: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6265: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6141: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6052:Wayback Machine 6015: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5960: 5958: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5894: 5886: 5884: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5849: 5847: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5819: 5817: 5791: 5782: 5780: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5709: 5707: 5673: 5665: 5663: 5648:"The bolometer" 5645: 5641: 5637: 5625: 5623: 5587: 5579: 5577: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5532: 5530: 5512: 5503: 5501: 5465: 5457: 5455: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5420: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5338: 5330: 5328: 5310: 5302: 5300: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5238: 5236: 5218: 5205: 5203: 5185: 5167: 5165: 5149: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5120: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5091: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5012: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4714: 4713: 4702: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4402:Wayback Machine 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4321:Wayback Machine 4312: 4308: 4295: 4293: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3956:10.1.1.456.9135 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3914:Wayback Machine 3904: 3900: 3894:Wayback Machine 3884: 3880: 3871: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3323: 3321: 3314: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3069: 3062: 3056:Wayback Machine 3041: 3039: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894:. p. 929. 2885: 2884: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2641: 2599:George E. Smith 2477:grew synthetic 2475:Heinrich Welker 2417:Albert Einstein 2311: 2310: 2306:formulated the 2284:made the first 2282:Leopoldo Nobili 2245:light from the 2223: 2214: 2202: 2179:) locate their 2159:Thermoreceptors 2066: 2060: 1976: 1945: 1933:active galaxies 1884: 1876:Main articles: 1874: 1858:solar radiation 1837: 1773: 1760: 1736: 1724: 1687:using infrared 1671:remote controls 1631: 1625: 1586:infrared window 1581: 1575: 1559:infrared saunas 1539: 1533: 1516: 1514:Infrared homing 1510: 1469:Digital cameras 1457: 1397: 1391: 1371: 1353: 1341:thermal imaging 1317: 1311: 1306: 1292:The concept of 1232: 1226: 1124: 1088:microbolometers 1065: 1039: 1010: 996: 984:0.7–2.5 μm 983: 958: 927:0.78–3 μm 899: 888: 883: 873: 868: 858: 853: 827: 819: 818: 817: 816: 812: 811: 810: 801: 800: 799: 768: 733: 723:20–37 THz 694: 654: 650:2,070–966 610: 591: 581:886–1,653 527: 518: 505: 470: 314: 92:. The infrared 61:, respectively. 55:space telescope 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6956: 6954: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6709: 6704: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6400:Molly Faries, 6398: 6385: 6372: 6367: 6364:Infrared Waves 6361: 6349: 6340:SIRC Protocol 6337: 6324: 6309: 6308:External links 6306: 6303: 6302: 6272: 6262:. C5ISR Center 6251: 6232:(9): 467–472. 6216: 6157: 6139: 6120: 6103: 6086: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6024:(5): 367–374. 6012: 5992:(6): 132–148. 5969: 5967: 5966: 5935:(3): 553–563. 5920: 5892: 5856: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5800:. 5th series. 5788: 5752: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5671: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5585: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5521:. 4th series. 5509: 5478:(2): 275–301. 5463: 5431: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5351: 5336: 5308: 5272: 5265: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5214: 5213: 5174: 5173: 5129: 5100: 5048: 5041: 5021: 4962: 4919: 4892:(4): 233–238. 4867: 4840:(2): 350–355. 4824: 4811:(5): 646–651. 4791: 4778:(6): 887–892. 4758: 4723:(12): 1063–6. 4700: 4649: 4619:(2): 211–225. 4596: 4532: 4505:(1): 106–115. 4489: 4451:(2): 201–211. 4431: 4406: 4387: 4362: 4337: 4325: 4306: 4252: 4199: 4149: 4096: 4043: 3998: 3984: 3918: 3898: 3878: 3852: 3822: 3796: 3760: 3754:978-0471743989 3753: 3727: 3708:(5): 138–147. 3692: 3665:(7): 546–553. 3649: 3622: 3593: 3568: 3549: 3518: 3492: 3460: 3434: 3404: 3397: 3371: 3334: 3312: 3292: 3261:(4): 339–341. 3243: 3218: 3193: 3186: 3168: 3138: 3110: 3084: 3060: 3018: 2987: 2959: 2932: 2907: 2900: 2875: 2844: 2830:. 2024-09-18. 2815: 2797: 2766: 2729:(4): 255–266. 2705: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2666:People counter 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2624:neural implant 2620: 2613: 2610: 2591: 2586:(NVESD)), and 2568:Richard Hudson 2556: 2553: 2546: 2531: 2520: 2505: 2482: 2471: 2468:Zielgerät 1229 2464: 2457: 2450: 2441:developed the 2435: 2424: 2413: 2408:published the 2402: 2399: 2384: 2373: 2362: 2351: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2300: 2289: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212:Health hazards 2210: 2201: 2198: 2059: 2056: 2052:Dunhuang Caves 1975: 1972: 1944: 1941: 1873: 1870: 1854:global warming 1836: 1833: 1772: 1769: 1759: 1756: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1624: 1623:Communications 1621: 1617:global warming 1588:. This is how 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1535:Main article: 1532: 1529: 1512:Main article: 1509: 1506: 1456: 1453: 1451:applications. 1429:remote control 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1367:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1123: 1120: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1069: 1054: 1038: 1035: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 991: 987: 986: 981: 978: 977:Near-infrared 974: 973: 970: 967: 957: 954: 951: 950: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 929: 928: 925: 922: 921:Near-infrared 918: 917: 914: 911: 898: 895: 892: 891: 886: 884:3–1000 μm 881: 877: 876: 871: 866: 862: 861: 856: 851: 847: 846: 843: 840: 826: 823: 814: 813: 804: 803: 802: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 774: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 744: 743: 739: 727: 724: 721: 718: 712: 708: 707: 700: 688: 685: 682: 679: 672: 668: 667: 660: 648: 645: 642: 641:1.4–3 μm 639: 633: 629: 628: 608: 597: 585: 579: 573: 569:0.75–1.4 567: 559: 558:Near-infrared 555: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 526: 523: 517: 514: 504: 501: 469: 466: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 447: 446: 443: 440: 437: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 415: 414: 411: 408: 405: 399: 398: 395: 392: 389: 383: 382: 379: 376: 373: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 351: 350: 345: 343:Frequency (Hz) 340: 335: 313: 310: 122:solar spectrum 74:infrared light 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6955: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6217: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6140:9783642546341 6136: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6087: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050:Available at 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5910: 5906: 5903:(in German). 5902: 5898: 5893: 5882: 5878: 5875:(in German). 5874: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5829: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5741: 5737: 5734:(in German). 5733: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474:(in German). 5473: 5469: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5358: 5354: 5352:9783527693290 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5298: 5294: 5291:(in French). 5290: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5248: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5146:(infra-red): 5144: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5119:on 2012-02-25 5118: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5022: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935:(5): 638–41. 4934: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559:(4928): 211. 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4421:on 2008-12-02 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4404:at ColourLex. 4403: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4377:on 2009-01-13 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4352:on 2008-12-08 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3868:on 2007-07-28 3867: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3812:on 2008-12-18 3811: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3786:on 2009-03-18 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3583:on 2012-05-29 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3508:on 2007-10-28 3507: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3355: 3352:(in French). 3351: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3128:on 2006-12-08 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3100:on 2007-10-27 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2976: 2975:GeeksforGeeks 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901:9781315271330 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2865:on 2018-11-17 2861: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607:picture phone 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Willard Boyle 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562:(now part of 2561: 2560:Barnes, Agema 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Theodore Case 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Lord Rayleigh 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293:John Herschel 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2101:jewel beetles 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2065: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2030:Woman Ironing 2026: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2012:prime version 2009: 2005: 1997: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:film scanners 1953: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1891:Beta Pictoris 1888: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1808:stratocumulus 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:optical fiber 1693: 1692:not happen." 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1613:heat transfer 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1477:camera phones 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1455:Other imaging 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185:Conventional 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1081:lead selenide 1078: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1008: 1005: 1003:Far-infrared 1001: 995: 992: 990:Mid-infrared 988: 982: 979: 975: 971: 969:Abbreviation 968: 965: 964: 961: 955: 948: 945: 943:Far-infrared 941: 938:3–50 μm 937: 934: 932:Mid-infrared 930: 926: 923: 919: 915: 913:Abbreviation 912: 909: 908: 905: 903: 896: 887: 882: 879: 878: 872: 867: 864: 863: 857: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 839:Abbreviation 838: 837: 834: 832: 824: 822: 808: 797: 783: 779: 775: 772: 767: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 740: 737: 732: 729:362–193 728: 725: 722: 720:8–15 μm 719: 717: 713: 710: 709: 705: 701: 698: 695:(693–89 693: 690:966–362 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 670: 669: 665: 661: 658: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 638: 634: 631: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 606: 602: 598: 595: 590: 586: 584: 580: 578: 575:214–400 574: 572: 568: 566: 565: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 538:Abbreviation 537: 534: 533: 530: 524: 522: 516:Visible limit 515: 513: 511: 502: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 467: 460: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 333: 332: 326: 324: 320: 311: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 245: 243: 239: 235: 234:dipole moment 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 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