353:
describe the action of going somewhere. One way to differentiate between an interjection and adverb in this position is to find the speaker of the item in question. If it is understood that the subject of the utterance also utters the item (as in "ouch!" in the first example), then it cannot be an adverb.
363:
Under a different use of the term 'particle', particles and interjections can be distinctions in that particles cannot be independent utterances and are fully a part of the syntax of the utterance. Interjections, on the other hand, can stand alone and also are always preceded by a pause, separating
359:
are considered as a form of speech acts that rely on an understood social communicative pattern between the addressee and addressed. This differs from an interjection that is more of a strategic utterance within a speech act that brings attention to the utterance but may or may not also have an
144:
took inconsistent approaches to interjections. Some, such as Thomas of Erfurt, agreed with the former Greeks that the interjection was closely tied to the verb while others like Siger of
Courtrai held that the interjection was its own part of speech syntactically, much like the Latin scholars.
352:
Interjections can also be confused with adverbs when they appear following a form of the verb “go” (as in "he went 'ouch!'"), which may seem to describe a manner of going (compare: 'he went rapidly'). However, this is only a superficial similarity, as the verb go in the first example does not
385:
necessarily references some relation between the speaker and something that has just caused surprise to the speaker at the moment of the utterance. Without context, the listener would not know the referent of the expression (viz., the source of the surprise). Similarly, the interjection
153:
In contrast to typical words and sentences, the function of most interjections is related to an expression of feeling, rather than representing some idea or concept. Generally, interjections can be classified into three types of meaning: volitive, emotive, or cognitive.
214:
While there exists some apparent overlap between emotive and cognitive interjections, as both express a feeling, cognitive interjections can be seen as more related to knowledge of something (i.e., information previously known to the speaker, or recently learned).
320:
Further distinctions can be made based on function. Exclamations and curses are primarily about giving expression to private feelings or emotions, while response particles and hesitation markers are primarily directed at managing the flow of social interaction.
298:). Although secondary interjections tend to interact more with the words around them, a characteristic of all interjections—whether primary or secondary—is that they can stand alone. For example, it is possible to utter an interjection like
435:', used when one has not caught what someone just said, is remarkably similar in 31 spoken languages around the world, prompting claims that it may be a universal word. Similar observations have been made for the interjections '
128:
Unlike their Greek counterparts, many Latin scholars took the position that interjections did not rely on verbs and were used to communicate emotions and abstract ideas. They considered interjections to be their own independent
406:
could be considered imperative, as the speaker is requesting or demanding something from the listener. Similar to the deictic pronoun "you", the referent of these expressions changes, dependent on the context of the utterance.
1712:
393:
While we can often see deictic or indexical elements in expressive interjections, examples of reference are perhaps more clearly illustrated in the use of imperative examples. Volitive interjections such as
34:
is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of speech, such as exclamations
372:
Interjections are bound by context, meaning that their interpretation is largely dependent on the time and place at which they are uttered. In linguistics, interjections can also be considered a form of
431:'. Curses likewise are famously language-specific and colourful. On the other hand, interjections that manage social interaction may be more similar across languages. For instance, the word '
446:
Across languages, interjections often use special sounds and syllable types that are not commonly used in other parts of the vocabulary. For instance, interjections like '
117:
have contributed to the different perspectives of interjections in language throughout history. The Greeks held that interjections fell into the grammatical category of
360:
intended addressed (directed at an individual or group). In addition, routines generally are multi-word expressions whereas interjections tend to be single utterances.
466:
or throat-clearing. The phonetic atypicality of some interjections is one reason they have traditionally been considered as lying outside the realm of language.
390:
generally expresses pain, but also requires contextual information for the listener to determine the referent of the expression (viz., the cause of the pain).
1149:
788:
341:, but they are otherwise divergent in several ways. A key difference between interjections and onomatopoeia is that interjections are typically
648:("Yes") ends with the vowel , or in some dialects the short vowel or tensed , none of which are found at the end of any regular English words.
105:. The use and linguistic discussion of interjections can be traced historically through the Greek and Latin Modistae over many centuries.
454:' are made entirely of consonants, where in virtually all languages, words have to feature at least one vowel-like element. Some, like '
480:
Several
English interjections contain sounds, or are sounds as opposed to words, that do not (or very rarely) exist in regular English
533:("Listen closely!") is an entirely consonantal syllable, and its consonant cluster does not occur initially in regular English words.
228:
Interjections may be subdivided and classified in several ways. A common distinction is based on relations to other word categories:
746:
1142:
673:
1984:
381:= surprised), there is also a referencing element which is tied to the situation. For example, the use of the interjection
1802:
1794:
682:
602:
571:
consonant, which is otherwise restricted to just a few regional dialects of
English, though is common in languages like
1494:
1313:
1210:
1135:
1180:
415:
Interjections can take very different forms and meanings across cultures. For instance, the
English interjections
206:
express thoughts which are more related to cognition, or information known to the speaker of the utterance (e.g.,
568:
2010:
1904:
1404:
580:
508:
164:
function as imperative or directive expressions; requesting or demanding something from the addressee (e.g.,
93:). Due to its diverse nature, the category of interjections partly overlaps with a few other categories like
1716:
1225:
250:
are words from other categories that come to be used as interjections in virtue of their meaning (examples:
2015:
1850:
1677:
1586:
1103:
693:
639:
491:
306:
on its own, whereas a different part of speech that may seem similar in function and length, such as the
1921:
1812:
1807:
1784:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1546:
1339:
1175:
796:
475:
307:
337:. The main thing these word types share is that they can occur on their own and do not easily undergo
1926:
1860:
1692:
1649:
1551:
1414:
1374:
1048:
668:
506:
498:
330:
266:!). Secondary interjections can consist of multi-word phrases, or interjectional phrases, (examples:
102:
1707:
1108:
851:
Goddard, C. (2014). Interjections and emotion (with special reference to “surprise” and “disgust”).
1687:
1334:
1037:" a universal word? Conversational infrastructure and the convergent evolution of linguistic items"
554:
1018:
Uglier Than a Monkey's Armpit: Untranslatable
Insults, Put-Downs, and Curses from Around the World
887:
1873:
1840:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1726:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1419:
1349:
1344:
527:, ("Gah, there's nothing to do!") ends with , which does not occur with regular English words.
1830:
1756:
1731:
1654:
1519:
1464:
1434:
1394:
1076:
998:
823:
752:
742:
69:
1868:
1761:
1741:
1591:
1556:
1474:
1269:
1113:
1066:
1056:
990:
941:
902:
813:
805:
663:
584:
572:
514:
98:
1776:
1697:
1659:
1644:
1524:
1514:
1429:
1424:
1364:
1230:
1200:
872:
Völkerpsychologie: Eine
Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte
818:
576:
550:
518:
463:
1127:
1052:
125:
much in the same way as adverbs do, thus interjections were closely connected to verbs.
1958:
1916:
1878:
1780:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1384:
1379:
1359:
1354:
1283:
1158:
1071:
1032:
622:
356:
130:
2004:
1883:
1835:
1702:
1682:
1561:
1479:
1459:
1409:
1389:
1369:
994:
809:
610:
1094:
Wharton, Tim (2003). "Interjections, language, and the 'showing/saying' continuum".
720:
1972:
1946:
1909:
1771:
1504:
1469:
1444:
1399:
1220:
618:
558:
500:
495:
334:
932:
Meinard, Maruszka E. M (2015). "Distinguishing onomatopoeias from interjections".
234:
1061:
945:
1629:
1439:
1318:
1279:
1244:
1235:
94:
1989:
1888:
1845:
1822:
1746:
1581:
1484:
1454:
1449:
1303:
1298:
1205:
1195:
1185:
686:
677:
614:
338:
1002:
827:
17:
1979:
1941:
1721:
1538:
1293:
1239:
1215:
756:
481:
423:
have no direct equivalent in Polish, and the closest equivalent for Polish '
134:
1080:
1117:
906:
1968:
1963:
141:
114:
870:
1953:
1669:
1274:
1190:
698:
658:
462:', are written like normal words, but their actual production involves
258:) Primary interjections are generally considered to be single words (
1931:
1616:
1308:
1288:
374:
118:
981:
Wierzbicka, Anna (September 1992). "The semantics of interjection".
626:
364:
them from the grammar and syntax of other surrounding utterances.
1254:
1167:
630:
122:
1131:
133:. Further, the Latin grammarians classified any small non-word
1031:
Dingemanse, Mark; Torreira, Francisco; Enfield, N. J. (2013).
606:
188:
are used to express emotions, such as disgust and fear (e.g.,
888:"Interjections, language, and the 'showing/saying' continuum"
789:"Interjections: The Universal Yet Neglected Part of Speech"
605:, a sound pronounced with a strong puff of air through the
200:
or by audience members or spectators after a performance).
27:
Word or expression used to express an emotion or sentiment
539:("Quiet!") is another entirely consonantal syllable word.
517:, some British dialects, and in other languages, such as
513:
in any dialect of
English; the glottal stop is common in
553:, which are an active part of regular speech in several
427:(an interjection of disgust) is the different sounding '
140:
Several hundred years later, the 13th- and 14th-century
609:. This sound is a common phoneme in such languages as
1897:
1859:
1821:
1793:
1668:
1615:
1537:
1327:
1262:
1253:
1166:
443:' (with the meaning "keep talking, I'm with you").
963:Wilkins, D. P. (1992). Interjections as deictics.
719:
333:, a catch-all category that includes adverbs and
286:), but can also include single-word alarm words (
313:, cannot be uttered alone (you can not just say
232:are interjections first and foremost (examples:
561:. (This also has the spelling pronunciation .)
1143:
1016:Dodson, Stephen; Vanderplank, Robert (2009).
113:Greek and Latin intellectuals as well as the
8:
741:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
739:A dictionary of linguistics & phonetics
1259:
1150:
1136:
1128:
345:events, while onomatopoeia can be seen as
329:Interjections are sometimes classified as
121:. They thought interjections modified the
1107:
1070:
1060:
817:
377:. Although their meaning is fixed (e.g.,
294:), and other words used to show emotion (
174:"Boo!" she cried, jumping to frighten him
439:' (meaning, roughly, "now I see") and '
710:
219:Distinctions and modern classification
7:
959:
957:
955:
927:
925:
923:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
642:("Oh, no!") contains a glottal stop.
597:, ("What a relief!"), also spelled
325:Interjections and other word classes
875:(2nd ed.). Leipzig: Engelmann.
224:Primary and secondary interjections
210:indicating confusion or thinking).
25:
674:List of interjections by language
545:("Shame on you"), also spelled
494:, ("Attention!") may contain a
819:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-5356-1
411:Interjections across languages
1:
1062:10.1371/journal.pone.0078273
995:10.1016/0378-2166(92)90050-L
946:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.11.011
810:10.1016/0378-2166(92)90048-g
718:Bloomfield, Leonard (1933).
567:("Disgusting!") ends with a
557:. This particular click is
317:independently in English).
2032:
1985:Syntax–semantics interface
1096:Pragmatics & Cognition
895:Pragmatics & Cognition
473:
290:), swear and taboo words (
196:signalling contempt as in
549:, is made up entirely of
368:Interjections as deictics
109:Historical classification
1405:Exceptional case-marking
787:Ameka, Felix K. (1992).
484:inventory. For example:
869:Wundt, Wilhelm (1904).
737:Crystal, David (2003).
694:Category: Interjections
248:secondary interjections
204:Cognitive interjections
73:), hesitation markers (
55:), response particles (
1211:Initial-stress-derived
1722:Inclusive / Exclusive
1118:10.1075/pc.11.1.04wha
983:Journal of Pragmatics
965:Journal of Pragmatics
934:Journal of Pragmatics
907:10.1075/pc.11.1.04wha
886:Wharton, Tim (2003).
797:Journal of Pragmatics
683:English interjections
476:English interjections
474:Further information:
470:Examples from English
230:primary interjections
669:Filler (linguistics)
192:expressing disgust;
85:), and other words (
1602:Relative subsective
1495:Regular / Irregular
1340:Andative / Venitive
1176:Abstract / Concrete
1053:2013PLoSO...878273D
601:, may start with a
1161:and their features
1159:Lexical categories
603:bilabial fricative
137:as interjections.
1998:
1997:
1803:Casally modulated
1708:Formal / Informal
1597:Pure intersective
1547:Anti-intersective
1533:
1532:
1480:Preterite-present
726:. New York: Holt.
555:African languages
198:Boo! Shame on you
99:discourse markers
16:(Redirected from
2023:
1577:Non-intersective
1260:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
989:(2–3): 159–192.
978:
972:
961:
950:
949:
929:
918:
917:
915:
913:
892:
883:
877:
876:
866:
860:
849:
832:
831:
821:
804:(2–3): 101–118.
793:
784:
761:
760:
734:
728:
727:
725:
715:
664:Discourse marker
641:
625:(both spoken in
515:American English
512:
504:
493:
21:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2011:Parts of speech
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1893:
1855:
1817:
1789:
1717:Gender-specific
1664:
1611:
1529:
1415:Germanic strong
1323:
1249:
1162:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1109:10.1.1.233.1876
1093:
1092:
1088:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1010:
980:
979:
975:
971:(2-3), 119-158.
962:
953:
931:
930:
921:
911:
909:
890:
885:
884:
880:
868:
867:
863:
850:
835:
791:
786:
785:
764:
749:
736:
735:
731:
717:
716:
712:
707:
655:
613:(a language of
569:velar fricative
478:
472:
413:
370:
327:
226:
221:
168:= "Be quiet!";
151:
149:Meaning and use
111:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1961:
1959:Procedure word
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Complementizer
1914:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:Gender-neutral
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Bound variable
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:Ambitransitive
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1086:
1047:(11): –78273.
1023:
1008:
973:
951:
919:
878:
861:
853:Emotion Review
833:
762:
747:
729:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
690:
689:
671:
666:
661:
654:
651:
650:
649:
643:
634:
588:
562:
540:
534:
528:
522:
471:
468:
412:
409:
369:
366:
326:
323:
225:
222:
220:
217:
212:
211:
201:
180:
150:
147:
131:part of speech
110:
107:
47:), greetings (
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2028:
2017:
2016:Interjections
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Interrogative
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Interrogative
1839:
1837:
1836:Demonstrative
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:Prepositional
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Strong / Weak
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Interrogative
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Demonstrative
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Prepositional
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Interrogative
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Demonstrative
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Germanic weak
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Frequentative
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Autocausative
1348:
1346:
1345:Anticausative
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Transgressive
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
926:
924:
920:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
882:
879:
874:
873:
865:
862:
858:
854:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
834:
829:
825:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
790:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
748:9780631226642
744:
740:
733:
730:
724:
723:
714:
711:
704:
700:
697:
695:
692:
688:
684:
681:
680:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
647:
644:
638:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
510:
502:
497:
490:
487:
486:
485:
483:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
405:
401:
397:
391:
389:
384:
380:
376:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
350:
348:
347:imitations of
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
318:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
223:
218:
216:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:interjections
184:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:interjections
160:
157:
156:
155:
148:
146:
143:
138:
136:
132:
126:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
18:Interjections
1973:Pro-sentence
1947:Onomatopoeia
1937:Interjection
1936:
1910:Measure word
1693:Distributive
1587:Postpositive
1567:Intersective
1520:Unaccusative
1465:Performative
1435:Intransitive
1395:Ditransitive
1221:Noun adjunct
1099:
1095:
1089:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1011:
986:
982:
976:
968:
964:
937:
933:
910:. Retrieved
898:
894:
881:
871:
864:
856:
852:
801:
795:
738:
732:
721:
713:
645:
636:
598:
594:
590:
564:
546:
542:
536:
530:
524:
496:glottal stop
488:
482:phonological
479:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
403:
399:
395:
392:
387:
382:
378:
371:
362:
355:
351:
346:
343:responses to
342:
335:onomatopoeia
328:
319:
314:
310:
304:bloody hell!
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
229:
227:
213:
207:
203:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
152:
139:
127:
112:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:interjection
31:
29:
1922:Conjunction
1688:Disjunctive
1625:Conjunctive
1572:Nominalized
1475:Predicative
1319:Verbal noun
1270:Attributive
940:: 150–168.
308:conjunction
95:profanities
43:), curses (
2005:Categories
1990:Yes and no
1905:Classifier
1889:Possessive
1851:Quantifier
1846:Possessive
1823:Determiner
1795:Adposition
1767:Resumptive
1752:Reciprocal
1747:Possessive
1727:Indefinite
1655:Pronominal
1607:Subsective
1582:Possessive
1552:Collateral
1525:Unergative
1515:Transitive
1430:Inchoative
1425:Impersonal
1365:Catenative
1304:Participle
1299:Infinitive
1231:Relational
1201:Collective
1181:Adjectival
1020:. Penguin.
901:(1): 175.
859:(1), 53-63
705:References
687:Wiktionary
678:Wiktionary
615:New Guinea
339:inflection
284:Thank God!
276:Excuse me!
272:What's up?
135:utterances
1980:Prop-word
1942:Ideophone
1869:Discourse
1808:Inflected
1757:Reflexive
1732:Intensive
1539:Adjective
1510:Stretched
1500:Separable
1490:Reflexive
1385:Denominal
1380:Defective
1360:Captative
1355:Auxiliary
1294:Gerundive
1284:Nonfinite
1206:Countable
1104:CiteSeerX
1102:: 39–91.
1003:0378-2166
828:0378-2166
331:particles
246:), while
1969:Pro-verb
1964:Pro-form
1861:Particle
1813:Stranded
1762:Relative
1742:Personal
1660:Relative
1645:Locative
1635:Genitive
1460:Negative
1390:Deponent
1370:Compound
1081:24260108
1041:PLOS ONE
757:49824714
722:Language
653:See also
357:Routines
349:events.
292:Heavens!
280:Oh dear!
159:Volitive
142:Modistae
115:Modistae
1954:Preverb
1831:Article
1777:Subject
1670:Pronoun
1505:Stative
1470:Phrasal
1445:Lexical
1400:Dynamic
1375:Copular
1275:Converb
1191:Animacy
1072:3832628
1049:Bibcode
699:Vocable
659:Aizuchi
585:Russian
573:Spanish
547:tsk-tsk
543:Tut-tut
458:' and '
456:tut-tut
441:Mm/m-hm
400:"Psst!"
388:"Ouch!"
183:Emotive
119:adverbs
103:fillers
1932:Coverb
1927:Copula
1781:Object
1698:Donkey
1617:Adverb
1592:Proper
1557:Common
1440:Labile
1309:Supine
1289:Gerund
1280:Finite
1245:Verbal
1236:Strong
1226:Proper
1106:
1079:
1069:
1001:
912:5 June
826:
755:
745:
617:) and
583:, and
581:Gaelic
577:German
559:dental
551:clicks
519:German
464:clicks
404:"Shh!"
402:, and
396:"Ahem"
383:"Wow!"
379:"Wow!"
375:deixis
296:Drats!
172:as in
101:, and
37:(ouch!
1898:Other
1879:Modal
1703:Dummy
1455:Modal
1450:Light
1328:Types
1263:Forms
1186:Agent
1033:"Is "
891:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
637:Uh-oh
627:Ghana
623:Logba
511:]
507:[
505:or a
503:]
499:[
492:,,,or
450:and '
429:Yuck!
300:ouch!
288:Help!
270:from
256:Hell!
252:Damn!
240:Ouch!
235:Oops.
190:Yuck!
45:damn!
1884:Noun
1630:Flat
1485:Pure
1255:Verb
1240:Weak
1216:Mass
1196:Bare
1168:Noun
1077:PMID
1035:Huh?
999:ISSN
914:2015
824:ISSN
753:OCLC
743:ISBN
646:Yeah
631:Togo
629:and
621:and
611:Suki
607:lips
599:shew
595:phew
591:Whew
531:Psst
489:Ahem
460:ahem
452:shh!
448:brr'
433:Huh?
419:and
315:the!
268:sup!
244:Huh?
194:Boo!
170:Boo!
166:Shh!
123:verb
91:cool
87:stop
70:huh?
65:m-hm
57:okay
41:wow!
1114:doi
1067:PMC
1057:doi
991:doi
942:doi
903:doi
814:hdl
806:doi
685:at
676:at
619:Ewe
593:or
565:Ugh
537:Shh
525:Gah
437:Oh!
425:fu'
421:wow
417:gee
311:the
302:or
264:Wow
260:Oh!
208:Um!
61:oh!
53:bye
49:hey
30:An
2007::
1971:/
1783:/
1779:/
1715:/
1282:/
1238:/
1112:.
1100:11
1098:.
1075:.
1065:.
1055:.
1043:.
1039:.
997:.
987:18
985:.
969:18
967:,
954:^
938:76
936:.
922:^
899:11
897:.
893:.
855:,
836:^
822:.
812:.
802:18
800:.
794:.
765:^
751:.
633:).
579:,
575:,
398:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
262:,
254:,
242:,
238:,
97:,
89:,
83:um
81:,
79:er
77:,
75:uh
67:,
63:,
59:,
51:,
39:,
1151:e
1144:t
1137:v
1120:.
1116::
1083:.
1059::
1051::
1045:8
1005:.
993::
948:.
944::
916:.
905::
857:6
830:.
816::
808::
759:.
640:,
587:.
521:.
509:ɦ
501:Ę”
178:.
176:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.