Nuristanis - Knowledge (XXG)

246: 350: 702:), a military division of ten thousand Muslim soldiers was sent against the Siah-Posh (Kam) Kafirs under the command of General Aglan Khan to either slay these infidels or else to convert them into Islam. Tuzak-i-Timuri frankly admits that the regiment was badly routed by a small number of Siah-Posh Kafirs. The Muslim forces had to flee from the battle-field leaving their horses and armour. Another detachment had to be sent under Muhammad Azad which fought gallantly and recovered the horses and the armour lost by General Aglan and came back home, leaving the Siah-Posh alone. 599:, or the eastern part of the Hindu Kush; separating as Firishta says, the countries of Hindustan and Turkistan and remarkable for its excellent fruit. The country into which the army of Ghazni marched appears to have been the same as that now called Kafirstan, where the inhabitants were and still are, idolaters and are named the Siah-Posh, or black-vested by the Muslims of later times. In Nardain there was a temple, which the army of Ghazni destroyed; and brought from thence a stone covered with certain inscriptions, which were according to the Hindus, of great antiquity. 2982: 2856: 36: 734:(modern Pakistan) where they were allowed to settle by the Mehtar. There they practised their faith for a few more decades, before finally converting to Islam as well. The final known non-converted Kafir was settled in a Chitrali village known as Urtsun. This Kafir's name was Chanlu, and he converted in 1938, several months after being interviewed about the cosmology of the Kati. 1447:'The pacification of the country was completed by the wholly gratuitous conquest of a remote mountain people in the north-east, the non-Muslim Kalash of Kafiristan (Land of the Unbelievers), who were forcibly converted to Islam by the army. Their habitat was renamed Nuristan (Land of Light).' Angelo Rasanayagam, 245: 766:

who visited Kafiristan and studied the Kafirs for about two years (1889–1891) improved upon the old classification by recognising that the Safed-posh Kafirs were actually members of several separate clans, viz, the Waigulis, Presungulis or Viron, and the Ashkuns. The later three groups of the Kafirs

705:

Timur does not boast of any killings or imprisonment of the Siah-Poshes as he does for the Katirs and numerous other communities of India proper. Also, he gives no further details of his conflict with the Siah-Poshes in his Tuzak-i-Timuri after this encounter, which clearly shows that the outcome of

1274:

Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as

2194:

Cf:The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 158, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick; The Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial industrial, and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures, 1885, p 202, Edward

2312:

Haber, Marc; Platt, D.E.; Ashrafian Bonab, M.; Youhanna, S.C.; Soria-Hernanz, D.F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.;

793:

or Madugals, Siah-posh Kashtoz or Kashtan, Siah-posh Gourdesh or Istrat, and Siah-posh Kams or Kamoze. The Siah-posh Katirs were further divided into the Katirs, who occupied twelve villages of the lower Bashgul (Kam) country, the Kti or Katawar, who lived in two villages in the Kti Valley, the

2171:

are said to be Koresh from a people of that name (Kuresh Perian, and Keruch Rajput) known to have anciently inhabited these eastern districts of the Paropamisus of the Greeks" (See: An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of

829:

and many later scholars. However some other people do believe in their authenticity of this tale that some of the Kalash themselves claim as being descendants of Alexander's army. This list of people who propagate the Kalash's ancestry claim is true includes Sir George Scott Robertson, and

337: 647:

and took refuge at the top of the hill. Timur razed the fort to ground, burnt their houses and surrounded the hill where the Kator had collected for shelter. The relic of the historic fort is said to still exist a little north to Najil in the form of a structure known as

1043: 324: 741:), or alternatively as Sheikhan (a generic term for recent converts to Islam). The exact population size of Nuristanis in Chitral is unknown, but members of the community estimate that they number at least 12 000. All of them are speakers of the 2185:, king of Persia who was born in Cabul country" (See: An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891)p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan. 314:

The Nuristan region has been a prominent location for war, which has led to the death of many indigenous Nuristanis. Nuristan has also received abundance of settlers from the surrounding Afghan regions due to the borderline vacant location.

2020:

Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, 1977 edition, p 127, John Biddulph; An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, 1891, p 146, Henry Walter Bellew; The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 71, 74 sqq., George Scott Robertson, Arthur David

2446:

An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India, (comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the ... Entdeckungsgeschichte und Geographie Asiens), 1969 Edition, by Mountstuart

497:

The area extending from modern Nuristan to Kashmir was known as "Peristan", a vast area containing a host of Nuristani cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by

761:

were classified into two groups: the Siah-posh (black clad) and the Safed-posh (white clad) Kafirs, also known as the Lal-posh (red-clad), so-called because of the colour of the robes they wore. But the British investigator

1549: 1523: 338: 2154:

An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891) pp 35, 47, 87, 134, 141, 144, 195, Henry Walter Bellew -

545:'s rule around 1895. The province is now known as Nuristan and the people as Nuristanis. However, among the rural population many old customs and beliefs like occasional production of wine have continued. 339: 1481:

Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.

868:. Keruch, according to Bellew is the name of a Rajput clan which may have been adopted into the Rajput nation though of different race and descent. Thus, Bellew seem to relate Siah-Posh Kafirs to the 821:. The Pakistani Tourist Bureau still continues to propagate that the peoples in the mountains are descendants of soldiers from the army of Alexander but Greek descent of Kafirs has been discounted by 1239:

Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.

2231:

An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891), 1891, p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan.

2222:

An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891), 1891, p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan.

1438:

Reflections of the Islamisation of Kafiristan in Oral Tradition / Georg Buddruss Journal of Asian Civilizations — Volume XXXI — Number 1-2 – 2008, Special Tribute Edition, pp. 16–35

325: 363: 326: 557:

encountered them and finally defeated them after they put up a stubborn and prolonged resistance, describing them as being distinct culturally and religiously from other peoples of the region.

1002:. Thereafter, Nuristan remained a scene of some of the bloodiest guerrilla fighting with the Soviet forces from 1979 through 1989. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet troops in 1989, the 341: 2549:

Journal of Indian History, 1963, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala - India.

1429:

A Former Kafir Tells His 'Tragic Story'. Notes on the Kati Kafirs of Northern Bashgal (Afghanistan) / Max Klimburg, East and West, Vol. 58 – Nos. 1–4 (December 2008), pp. 391–402

2453:

The Religions of the Hindukush: The Religion of the Kafirs : The Pre-Islamic Heritage of Afghan Nuristan (The Religions of the Hindukush) by Karl Jettmar (Paperback - Mar 1986).

808:

While the Kamtoz of the lower Bashgul valley were the most numerous, the Kam of the upper Bashgul valley were the most intractable and fierce and dreaded for their military prowess.

652:(Timur's Fort). After a tough fight, some of the Kators were defeated and were instantly put to death while the others held out against heavy odds for three days. Timur offered them 2676: 2584:

Roots of Peristan: The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush/Karakorum. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference ISMEO, Rome, Palazzo Baleani, 5-7 October, 2022

612:

in 1398 CE. Timur's autobiography (Tuzak-i-Timuri) amply attests that he had battled both with the Katirs as well as the Kam sections of the Siah-Posh (black-robed) Kafirs of the

1556: 328: 666:

soldiers during night. The latter being on guard, fought back, killed numerous Kators and took 150 as prisoners and put them to death afterwards. Next day, Timur ordered his

2181:

H.W. Bellew: "The name Koresh or Kurush is said to be national designation of Kafir tribes north of Lughman; and it is not impossible that it may have been family name of

1527: 1050:

Most Nuristanis are from the Kata Family and Janaderi Branch. However, there are other Nuristani tribes as well, some of the Kata of Janaderi people live in Ozhor (now

364: 311:. Non-Muslim religious practices endure in Nuristan today to some degree as folk customs. In their native rural areas, they are often farmers, herders, and dairymen. 852:

but this is merely a fashionable fiction. H. W. Bellew relates name Gurish/Gorish or Koresh of the Kafirs accounts to Kurush and writes that Koresh or Kurush is the

716:

In 1839, the Kafirs sent a deputation to Sir William Macnaghten in Jalalabad claiming relationship with the fair skinned British troops who had invaded the country

909:

data suggests that the Kafirs are not the tenth century migrants to Kafirstan but are a remnant of the original population of the area which according to some was

2039:

A passage to Nuristan: exploring the mysterious Afghan hinterland, 2006, p 80, Nicholas Barrington, Joseph T. Kendrick, Reinhard Schlagintweit, Sandy (FRW) Gall.

303:

conducted a military campaign in Kafiristan and followed up his conquest with forced conversion of the Kafirs to Islam; the region thenceforth being known as

3103: 2891: 1913: 448:. There are a number of other deities, semi-gods and spirits. The Kalash pantheon is thus one of the few living representatives of Indo-European religion. 2669: 1663: 1581: 856:

designation of the Kafir tribes of Kafiristan, north of Laghman. Bellew further speculates that Koresh (or Kurush) may have been the family name of the

2477:

Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia, 1967, William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, Michael Cavenagh Gillett - Afghanistan.

794:

Kulam, and the Ramguli, the most numerous group, living in twenty four villages in the Ramgul Valley, in the westernmost part of Kafiristan on the

502:

which temporarily extended literacy and state rule to the region. The journey to the region was perilous according to reports of Chinese pilgrims

801:

All Siah-posh groups of Kafirs were regarded as of common origin. They all had a common dress and customs and spoke closely related dialects of

349: 2525:

Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: Purāṇas in Translation, 1970, Jagdish Lal Shastri, Arnold Kunst, G. P. Bhatt, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare.

3108: 2662: 2591: 1006:

Ghulam Rabbani was declared as governor of the Kunar Province. The Nuristanis inspired others to fight and contributed to the demise of the

2450:

Proceedings (1869, 1879, 1881, 1884...)... by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Norton Shaw, Francis Galton, William Spottiswoode.

1631: 1319: 2415:

The Kafirs of the Hindukush, 1896, by George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick, (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints) - Online :

2579: 1359: 494:

advising those seeking help and priests officiating at religious services. The cult centered on the sacrifice of animals, mostly goats.

1007: 902:. There they probably found other races already settled, whom they vanquished, drove away, or enslaved, or with whom they amalgamated. 2734: 2057:

Aryan idols: Indo-European mythology as ideology and science, 2006, p 53, fn 109, Stefan Arvidsson, Sonia Wichmann - Social Science.

1983: 1474: 1267: 1232: 737:

In Chitral, the Nuristanis are known either as Bashgalis (as most migrated from a valley of Nuristan called Bashgal in the Chitrali

479:, Kshumai or Kime etc. According to Michael Witzel, some of these gods, especially Disani, Moni, and Gish, have direct parallels in 119: 2555:

Transaction, Indian Institute of World Culture, Indian Institute of World Culture, Published by Indian Institute of World Culture.

2543:

Publications, 1904, Published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London Royal Asiatic Society).

817:

Some earlier writers had speculated and propagated the myth that the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush may have descended from the army of

362: 595:

Another crusade against idolatry was at length resolved on; and Mahmud led the seventh one against Nardain, the then boundary of

533:, the people in this region retained their traditional religion, and were thus known as "Kafirs" to the Muslims. The Arabic word 422:

Râja called imr'o in Kâmviri. There is a creator god, appearing under various names, as lord of the nether world and of heaven:

2884: 1693: 2534:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1856, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

966:, being the commander of the 1st Central Army Corps. Before his assassination, General Issa called the Nuristani people in a " 2621: 1601: 57: 1382: 418:

Certain deities were revered only in one community or tribe, but one was universally revered as the creator: the Hindu god

3088: 3037: 100: 2779: 2685: 2480:

Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture, 1962, Donald Newton Wilber, Elizabeth E. Bacon - Juvenile Nonfiction.

2092:

Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1897, p 8, Published by D. Appleton & Co.

435: 365: 340: 72: 53: 2416: 805:. Nicholas Barrington et al. reported that the Waigulis and Presungulis referred to all Siah-posh Kafirs as Katirs. 2877: 396:

They acknowledged a number of human-like deities who lived in the unseen Deity World (Kâmviri d'e lu; cf. Sanskrit

327: 2101:

Cf: The New International Encyclopaedia edited by Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby 1911.

79: 46: 3093: 2837: 1846: 308: 2923: 2827: 2567:

Bhārata-kaumudī; Studies in Indology in Honour of Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, 1945, Radhakumud Mookerji - India).

1104: 975: 685: 2650: 2607:

Note: this source has been evaluated as "totally unreliable" by the leading scholarly authorities on Nuristan.

2468:

The New International Encyclopaedia edited by Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby 1911.

2286: 1731:

Cacopardo, Alberto M. (2016). "Fence of Peristan - The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication".

1080:

In total, there are 35 such designations: five from the north–south valleys and 30 from the east–west valley.

2561:

Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra, 1981, Surya Kanta.

2240:

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 75, 76, 157, 165, 168, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.

2842: 2769: 2428:

Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture (Survey of world cultures), 1962, by Donald Newton Wilber.

1003: 499: 86: 2083:

Aryan idols: Indo-European mythology as ideology and science, 2006, p 53, Stefan Arvidsson, Sonia Wichmann.

510:. The decline of Buddhism resulted in the region becoming heavily isolated. The Islamization of the nearby 3062: 2832: 2531:

The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, Charles Frederick Oldham.

2456:

A History of Kafferistan: Socio-economic and Political Conditions of the Kaffers, 1989, Amar Singh Chohan.

2048:

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 2,3, 76, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick - Nuristan.

2008: 875: 826: 763: 629: 514:

began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century. The

282: 2495:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1849, RAS Great Britain and Ireland.

963: 3011: 2931: 2440:

The gates of India: Being an historical narrative by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Unknown Binding - 1977).

2249:

Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture, 1962, p 50, Donald Newton Wilber, Elizabeth E. Bacon.

802: 742: 293: 68: 2586:. Part I. Edited by Alberto M. Cacopardo & Augusto S. Cacopardo. Rome: ISMEO, 2023. pp. 317-358. 2552:

Census of India, 1961, India Office of the Registrar General, Office of the Registrar General, India.

2328: 2071: 1824:

Majumdar, Dr Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, Achut Dattatraya; Majumdar, Asoke Kumar. "Tuzak-i-Timuri", in

1755: 1305: 730:

At the time of the Afghan conquest of Kafiristan, a small number of Kom and Kati Kafirs fled east to

709:

Other references to these Kafirs are made in the fifteenth and later in sixteenth century during the

438:*dheiǵh- i.e. "to form" (Kati Nuristani dez "to create", CDIAL 14621); Dezauhe is also called by the 427: 383:, an authority on Hindu Kush languages, observed the following about pre-Islamic Nuristani religion: 2604: 1903:

History & Culture of Indian People, Vol VI, p 117, R. C. Majumdar, A. D. Pusalkar, K. M. Munshi.

3098: 3032: 971: 818: 770:

The term Siah-posh Kafirs used to designate the dominant group of Hindu Kush Kafirs inhabiting the

554: 354: 278: 191: 2486:

Geographical and economic studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana parva, 1945, Moti Chandra - History.

407:

and Kevin Maurer describe the Nuristanis of having traditionally practising a "primitive" form of

2860: 2516:

The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1979, Nundo Lal Dey - Social Science.

2510:

The Achaemenids and India: By Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya. 2d Rev. Ed, 1974, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya.

2145:

Central Asia, 1985, p 118, Published by Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar.

1771: 1330: 1051: 1019: 1638: 1334: 1058:. There is a very popular rock associated with this tribe located in Karimabad (Juwara) called 3052: 2956: 2951: 2900: 2587: 2356: 1930: 1657: 1575: 1470: 1367: 1263: 1228: 1152: 1067: 1031: 1027: 1023: 910: 882:

viz. the Katirs (Kamtoz), the Kams (Kamoz) and the Wais are mainly descended from the ancient

542: 300: 262: 163: 2030:

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 74, 76 George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.

684:

towers of the skulls of the Kators which he built on the mountain in the auspicious month of

624:

in March 1398. On the basis of local complaints of ill-treatment and extortions filed by the

3047: 2941: 2522:

Ancient Indian tradition & mythology: Purāṇas in translation, 1969, Jagdish Lal Shastri.

2498:

Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, Adolf Bastian, Heinrich Kiepert.

2346: 2336: 2315:"Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events" 1942: 1789: 1763: 1394: 831: 746: 731: 725: 588: 439: 388: 270: 175: 2459:

Journal of the United Service Institution of India (Simla, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner.

1524:"Nuristan a Safe Passage for Taliban to Enter North and North-Eastern Parts of Afghanistan" 1077:

do, however they do designate themselves by the names of the local regions they are from.

2971: 2946: 2799: 2443:

The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900 by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Paperback - 12 April 2001).

2204:

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 158, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.

2182: 999: 983: 934: 906: 857: 738: 452: 202: 198: 878:

also rejects Greek origin of the Kafirs. According to him, the present dominant clans of

2981: 2332: 1961: 1759: 1296: 672:

kill all men, enslave the women and children and plunder or lay waste all their property

93: 2961: 2936: 2759: 2513:

India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, 1980, B. C. Law - Tripitaka.

2351: 2314: 1882: 1137: 987: 959: 771: 380: 237: 167: 986:

in 1978. They played an important role in the conquering of some provinces, including

895: 3082: 2966: 2789: 2744: 2714: 2709: 2276:

Country Survey Series, 1956, p 53, Human Relations Area Files, inc.- Human geography.

1838: 1147: 1132: 1099: 775: 710: 675: 541:

means one who does not believe in Islam. The majority were converted to Islam during

515: 229: 2422:

Nuristan, 1979, by Lenart Edelberg and Schuyler Jones, Graz, Austria - Online :

1461:

Barrington, Nicholas; Kendrick, Joseph T.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (18 April 2006).

945:) which goes back to the ancient prototype of these races preserved in the midst of 2910: 2811: 2719: 2704: 2699: 1919:, Evening Meeting, 10 December 1883, Processing of the Royal Geographical Society . 1412: 1042: 938: 822: 581: 307:, the "Land of Light". Before their conversion, the Nuristanis practised a form of 258: 2625: 2465:

Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischcn Gesellschaft, vol. xx. (Leipzig. 1800).

2267:

Cf: Afghanistan, 1967, p 58, William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, Michael Cavenagh Gillett.

1609: 2341: 1713: 1466: 1196: 979: 946: 914: 887: 795: 621: 609: 404: 289: 266: 216: 171: 35: 2654: 2483:

Country Survey Series, 1956, Human Relations Area Files, inc - Human geography.

3067: 3042: 2739: 2724: 2537:

Indian Caste, 1877, p 286, John Wilson; India of To-day, 1906, Walter Del Mar.

1178: 1127: 995: 921:

of an extremely ancient element related to oldest known population of central

758: 526: 511: 468: 233: 2564:

The Contemporary Review, Vol LXXII, July-Dec 1897, A. Strahan (etc.), London.

2504:

Political History of Ancient India, 1996, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Banerjee.

2462:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, O.S., vol. xix. (London, 1862), Trumpp.

2134:

War at the top of the world: the struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet

837:

The Siah-Posh Kafirs themselves claim to have descended from certain Koresh (

3057: 2996: 2794: 1398: 991: 899: 879: 613: 353:

Kati ancestor statues - Brumotul, Bumboret Valley, Chitral; picture by

296:

reached an agreement regarding the Indo-Afghan border for a period of time,

2423: 2360: 894:

in tenth century, and fled for refuge from victorious Muslims to the hilly

789:

The Siah-Posh tribe was divided into Siah-posh Katirs or Kamtoz, Siah-posh

17: 1946: 706:

the fight against the Siah-Poshes was very costly and shameful for Timur.

463:, plus a multitude of lesser gods and goddesses known locally as Mandi or 2764: 2319: 2168: 2165: 1259: 1074: 922: 783: 507: 503: 408: 397: 274: 179: 2401: 2375: 1022:

of five Nuristani samples, three were found to belong to the Haplogroup

662:. They chose the latter, but soon recanted and attacked the regiment of 3006: 3001: 2784: 2754: 2007:

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 74 sqq., George Scott Robertson,

1775: 1510:

From Kabul to Baghdad and back: The U.S. at war in Afghanistan and Iraq

842: 779: 519: 491: 374:

O Priestess, (to-) the-dance come ! Your on head golden garland is

249:

Kautiak villagers in Nuristan province with U.S. Navy commander (right)

2642: 1695:

Vala and Iwato: The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan, and beyond

608:

The first reference to Siah-Posh Kafirs occurs in Timur's invasion of

2804: 2774: 2729: 1142: 1055: 861: 853: 663: 625: 480: 476: 387:"Before their conversion to Islâm the Nuristânis practiced a form of 2869: 1767: 411:, up until the late nineteenth century, before their conversions to 2290: 1602:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan" 2915: 1041: 967: 891: 883: 865: 849: 845: 790: 667: 658: 637: 617: 596: 577: 573: 530: 484: 472: 456: 443: 412: 360: 348: 335: 322: 244: 2492:

Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription, 1949, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson.

2123:

P. 162 The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush by Sir George Scott Robertson

1463:

A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland

2546:

Ancient Buddhist Monasteries: India and Nepal, 1998, S. Gajrani.

1112: 930: 869: 641: 464: 460: 423: 419: 297: 2873: 2658: 2558:

Journal of Uttara Pradesh Historical Society, Vol XVI, Part II.

2507:

The Indian historical quarterly, 1949, S Chattopadhyaya, India.

1256:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

2437:

Aus dem westlichen Himalaya (Leipzig, 1884), K.E. von Ujfalvy.

451:

They believed in many deities, whose names resembled those of

29: 1984:"Survey conducted on identity, literacy of Kataviri language" 1225:

No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan

529:

because while the surrounding populations were converted to

2431:

Tribes of the Hindu Kush (Calcutta, 1880) by John Biddulph.

1073:

The Nuristani do not have a formal tribal structure as the

201:, serving as the lingua franca and widely understood as a 2605:

Nuristani Tribal Tree – US Naval Postgraduate School

2471:

The Encyclopædia Britannica, 1888, Thomas Spencer Baynes.

774:. The Siah-posh Kafirs have sometimes been confused with 2612: 332:

Kati priest (deblole): Kareik. The last singing priest.

1881:

History & Culture of Indian People, Vol VI, p 117,

1417:

Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics

487:, indicating a shared history dating back to 2000 BCE. 2540:

On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D., 1904.

2474:

Afghanistan, 1956, Donald Newton Wilber - Afghanistan.

1912:

Memoir of William Watts McNair - J. E. Howard, 2003,

905:

According to Donald Wilber and other recent writers,

560:

Nuristanis were formerly classified into "Siah-Posh (

2501:

Ancient geography of India, 1971, Anundoram Borooah.

2434:

Kafiristan (Lahore, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner.

1826:

The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol VI

962:

was second in command following the King during the

3020: 2989: 2922: 2820: 2692: 2580:

Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology

1746:Thesiger, Wilfred (1957). "A Journey in Nuristan". 767:used to be collectively known as Sped-Posh Kafirs. 490:Each village and clan had its guardian deity, with 223: 210: 185: 157: 142: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1218: 1216: 1214: 459:sources. There was a supreme deity named Mara or 288:In the mid-1890s, after the establishment of the 1861:The political and statistical history of Gujarát 1595: 1593: 1591: 1223:Weiss, Mitch; Maurer, Kevin (31 December 2012). 978:tribe, the Nuristani were the first citizens of 593: 2409:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 2383:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 2172:Orientalists (London, September 1891), p 195). 640:in eastern Afghanistan. The Kators left their 576:fought with and was humbled by the Siah-Posh. 2885: 2670: 2519:The Indian historical quarterly, 1936, India. 2287:"Richard Strand's Nuristan Site OLD LOCATION" 2164:H. W. Bellew: "...the Kafir (Infidel) of the 1275:the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called 1249: 1247: 636:of the Siah-Posh group located north-east of 391:, infused with accretions developed locally". 8: 603: 137: 1790:"Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture" 1381:Motamedi, Ahmad; Edelberg, Lennart (1968). 698:Again, according to Timur's autobiography ( 522:are the last surviving heirs of the area. 2892: 2878: 2870: 2677: 2663: 2655: 1843:Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River 1733:Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 136: 2613:"Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush" 2350: 2340: 693: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Ethnic group of Afghanistan and Pakistan 2074:; Afghanistan, 2002, p 8, Martin Ewans. 1600:Strand, Richard F. (31 December 2005). 1165: 929:), the element with resemblance to the 1662:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1655: 1580:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1573: 1254:Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). 1679:The Origin of the World's Mythologies 1173: 1171: 1169: 537:means disbelief and the related word 371:Ut'äya de'bulā̃ 'ye! Tu pycüř sun mol 345:Kati sacrificing goat to the God Imra 7: 2417:online, 8 copies at Internet Archive 2258:Afghanistan, 2002, p 8, Martin Ewans 604:Timur's encounter with Katirs/Kators 158:Regions with significant populations 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3104:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2622:"Peoples and Languages of Nuristân" 1931:"Some gods of Pre-Islamic Nuristan" 1197:"Afghanistan population statistics" 1054:), Gobor, Buburat, Ayun, Broze and 434:(ḍezáw) whose name is derived from 2489:The London quarterly review, 1973. 2289:. Users.sedona.net. Archived from 1872:'See: Tuzak-i-Timuri, III, pp 400. 1008:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 970:" against the Soviet Army and the 25: 1962:"The Cosmology of the Red Kafirs" 1935:Revue de l'histoire des religions 757:Prior to 1895, the Kafirs of the 694:Timur's encounter with Kam Kafirs 580:advised not to tangle with them. 2980: 2854: 2649:Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: 1859:ʻAlī Muḥammad Khān, James Bird. 1419:. Harper Perennial. p. 103. 1227:. Berkley Caliber. p. 299. 1062:(Kata is the name of the tribe; 670:to advance on all four sides to 632:, Timur personally attacked the 34: 1929:Allen, Nicholas Justin (1991). 1894:Ref: Tuzak-i-Timuri, pp 401-08. 1885:, A. D. Pusalkar, K. M. Munshi. 277:. Their languages comprise the 45:needs additional citations for 1969:Beiträge zur Südasienforschung 1083:Some of these tribes include: 964:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 682:, Timur proudly boasts of the 1: 2114:By Debra Skelton, Pamela Dell 2112:Empire of Alexander the Great 1495:The Soviet War in Afghanistan 1449:Afghanistan: A Modern History 954:Soviet–Afghan War (1979-1989) 500:Buddhist states and societies 148: 3109:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 2686:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 2643:"Lexicons of the Hindu-Kush" 2528:Vishnu Purana, H. H. Wilson. 2342:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 2213:North of Laghman or Lamghan. 1810:Holdich, Thomas Hungerford. 1508:Ballard; Lamm; Wood (2012). 913:but according to the others 2641:Strand, Richard F. (1999). 2620:Strand, Richard F. (2001). 2611:Strand, Richard F. (1997). 1360:"Wlodek Witek (CHArt 2001)" 778:people of the neighbouring 3125: 2400:Burnes, Elexander (1838). 2374:Burnes, Elexander (1838). 1960:Shahzada, Hussam-ul-Mulk. 1847:W. W. Norton & Company 1497:. United Press of America. 723: 2978: 2907: 2851: 2402:"On the Siah-posh Kafirs" 2376:"On the Siah-posh Kafirs" 1982:Admin (25 October 2019). 1451:, I.B. Tauris, 2005, p.11 1383:"Persée: A Kafir goddess" 1298:Cultures of the Hindukush 1179:"Afghanistan - Nuristani" 839:Gurashi/Gorish or Goraish 483:, the native religion of 430:('death', Nuristani), or 292:when Afghanistan and the 228: 215: 190: 162: 147: 1748:The Geographical Journal 1692:Witzel, Michael (2005). 1677:Witzel, Michael (2012). 1283:by the Nuristani tribes. 1046:Nuristan, in light green 943:the Siah-Posh/Wai groups 745:, also known locally as 1399:10.3406/arasi.1968.1603 1066:meaning "stone" in the 890:who refused to embrace 553:In the 4th century BC, 3063:Nuristan National Park 2861:Afghanistan portal 2009:Arthur David McCormick 1327:people.fas.harvard.edu 1047: 1018:In a 2012 research on 886:population of eastern 876:George Scott Robertson 827:George Scott Robertson 764:George Scott Robertson 753:Pre-1895 Kafir society 601: 525:The region was called 402: 393: 376: 358: 346: 333: 283:Indo-Iranian languages 250: 152: 125,000–300,000 1947:10.3406/rhr.1991.1679 1915:A Visit to Kafiristan 1718:Encyclopaedia Iranica 1045: 743:Kamkata-vari language 720:Settlement in Chitral 394: 385: 368: 352: 344: 331: 294:British Indian Empire 248: 224:Related ethnic groups 3089:Indo-Iranian peoples 2313:et al. (2012). 2072:Joseph Barnard Davis 1306:Franz Steiner Verlag 917:. They appear to be 864:who was born in the 471:or Giwish, Bagisht, 467:, Wushum or Shomde, 319:Pre-Islamic religion 54:improve this article 3033:Nuristani languages 2333:2012PLoSO...734288H 2136:By Eric S. Margolis 2068:Thesaurus craniorum 1917:on Internet Archive 1760:1957GeogJ.123..457T 1493:Hauner, M. (1991). 972:Afghan Armed Forces 841:) a name linked to 819:Alexander the Great 564:) and "Safed-Posh ( 555:Alexander the Great 355:Georg Morgenstierne 192:Nuristani languages 139: 2578:Halfmann, Jakob. " 1812:The Gates of India 1644:on 9 November 2013 1530:on 29 October 2013 1340:on 9 November 2013 1331:Harvard University 1048: 1026:, and one each in 982:to revolt against 377: 359: 347: 334: 251: 3076: 3075: 3053:Landai Sin Valley 2901:Nuristan Province 2867: 2866: 2821:Foreign nationals 2592:978-88-66872-65-8 2293:on 22 August 2005 1562:on 4 October 2013 1320:"Kalash Religion" 1183:countrystudies.us 1153:Kata-vari dialect 1068:Chitrali language 812:Origin hypotheses 543:Abdur Rahman Khan 366: 342: 329: 301:Abdur Rahman Khan 263:Nuristan Province 243: 242: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3116: 3094:Nuristani people 3048:Landai Sin River 2990:Populated places 2984: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2656: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2624:. Archived from 2616: 2412: 2406: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2344: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2070:, 1867, p. 137, 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1926: 1920: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1637:. Archived from 1636: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1608:. Archived from 1597: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1555:. Archived from 1554: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1526:. Archived from 1520: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1370:on 21 July 2011. 1366:. Archived from 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1333:. Archived from 1324: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1251: 1242: 1241: 1220: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1175: 933:and a type with 832:Eric S. Margolis 726:Shekhani dialect 589:Mahmud of Ghazni 584:passed by them. 389:ancient Hinduism 367: 343: 330: 309:ancient Hinduism 273:of northwestern 271:Chitral District 265:of northeastern 206: 153: 150: 143:Total population 140: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3016: 2985: 2976: 2918: 2903: 2898: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2816: 2688: 2683: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2628:on 1 April 2019 2619: 2610: 2601: 2575: 2573:Further reading 2570: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1768:10.2307/1790347 1745: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632:"Archived copy" 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1612:on 1 April 2019 1599: 1598: 1589: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1550:"Archived copy" 1548: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1469:. p. 111. 1460: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1387:Arts Asiatiques 1380: 1379: 1375: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1270: 1262:. p. 205. 1253: 1252: 1245: 1235: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1177: 1176: 1167: 1161: 1124: 1040: 1016: 984:Saur Revolution 956: 907:anthropological 814: 755: 739:Khowar language 728: 722: 696: 606: 591:attacked them: 551: 379:Noted linguist 361: 336: 323: 321: 219: 203:second language 196: 195: 174: 151: 135: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2638: 2617: 2608: 2600: 2599:External links 2597: 2596: 2595: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2366: 2304: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2174: 2157: 2147: 2138: 2125: 2116: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2013: 2000: 1974: 1952: 1941:(2): 141–168. 1921: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1883:R. C. Majumdar 1874: 1865: 1852: 1849:. p. 225. 1839:Albinia, Alice 1830: 1828:. 1977. p 117. 1817: 1814:. p. 270. 1802: 1797:nanzan-u.ac.jp 1781: 1754:(4): 457–464. 1738: 1723: 1704: 1684: 1669: 1623: 1587: 1541: 1515: 1500: 1485: 1475: 1453: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1404: 1373: 1351: 1311: 1295:Karl Jettmar. 1287: 1268: 1243: 1233: 1210: 1188: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1138:Burusho people 1135: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1039: 1036: 1015: 1012: 960:Issa Nuristani 955: 952: 951: 950: 903: 873: 835: 813: 810: 772:Bashgal Valley 754: 751: 724:Main article: 721: 718: 700:Tuzak-i-Timuri 695: 692: 680:Tuzak-i-Timuri 605: 602: 550: 547: 381:Richard Strand 320: 317: 261:native to the 241: 240: 226: 225: 221: 220: 213: 212: 208: 207: 188: 187: 183: 182: 160: 159: 155: 154: 145: 144: 133: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3121: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2862: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693:Ethnic groups 2691: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327:(3): e34288. 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1989: 1988:Chitral Today 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1712:Klimburg, M. 1708: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1611: 1607: 1606:nuristan.info 1603: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476:9781845111755 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1413:Ewans, Martin 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1308:. p. 51. 1307: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1269:9781610690188 1265: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1234:9780425253403 1230: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148:Dogan (deity) 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:Dardic people 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Y-chromosomes 1013: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974:. Led by the 973: 969: 965: 961: 953: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866:Cabul country 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 844: 840: 836: 833: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815: 811: 809: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 765: 760: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 727: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Mughal period 707: 703: 701: 691: 689: 687: 681: 677: 676:autobiography 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 600: 598: 592: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568:)/Lall-Posh ( 567: 563: 558: 556: 548: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 516:Kalash people 513: 509: 505: 501: 495: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436:Indo-European 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 392: 390: 384: 382: 375: 372: 356: 351: 318: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 247: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 214: 209: 205: 204: 200: 193: 189: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 146: 141: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3027: 2932:Barg-i Matal 2909: 2749: 2630:. 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