2500:
2488:
60:
1198:
2124:
2476:
144:
994:
2031:
2217:
2416:
1931:
1090:
2428:
111:
177:
2104:, who, according to legend, had saved for himself three hairs of Muhammad's beard, hence the edifice's name. The complex was first built up in the 14th century under the Hafsids, but in its present state it dates from the 17th century, under the Muradids. The tomb chamber is accessed from a cloister-like court with rich tile and stucco decoration. In addition to the mausoleum, the complex includes a madrasa and several other facilities.
1081:) to invade Ifriqiya. These invaders so utterly captured Kairouan from the Zirids in 1057 and destroyed it that it never regained its former importance and their influx was a major factor in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Some 1,700 years of intermittent but continual progress was undone within a decade as in most part of the country the land was laid to waste for nearly two centuries.
2083:
2353:
2440:
4394:
4341:
2310:
2297:
2379:
250:
698:
2336:
945:
2464:
2392:
2366:
2452:
2323:
2185:
184:
151:
118:
59:
3500:
By 670, the Arabs had taken
Tunisia, and by 675, they had completed construction of Kairouan, the city that would become the premier Arab base in North Africa. Kairouan was later to become the third holiest city in Islam in the medieval period, after Mecca and Medina, because of its importance as the
1064:
as their vassals in
Ifriqiya. Governing again from Kairouan, the Zirids led the country through another artistic, commercial and agricultural heyday. Schools and universities flourished, overseas trade in local manufactures and farm produce ran high and the courts of the Zirids rulers were centres of
885:
and taking him prisoner. But
Handhala had taken a lot of losses himself, and now faced the unhappy prospect of Abd al-Wahid's gigantic army, said to be some 300,000, ostensibly the largest Berber army ever seen. Hurrying back, Handhala is said to have put the entire population of Kairouan under arms
2116:
are a
Tunisian historical monument located in Kairouan. Dating from the 9th century and located outside the ramparts of the medina of Kairouan, they are considered to be the most important hydraulic systems in the history of the Muslim world. The structure covers an area of 11,000 square meters and
881:. The Berber rebel armies were to make junction in front of Kairouan, before launching their final attack on the city. Wasting no time, Handhala dispatched a cavalry force to slow down Abd al-Wahid's progress, and threw the bulk of his forces south, defeating Oqasha in a bloody battle at
2175:
The governorate of
Kairouan is known mainly for the production of vegetables (peppers, tomatoes) and fruits (apricots, almonds and olives). It is the leading national producer of chili peppers with nearly 90,000 tonnes in 2019, as well as apricots with more than 15,000 tonnes.
1998:
conquest of
Kairouan in 1057 led to the decline of the medieval community with Jews only returning after Tunisia was established as a French protectorate in 1881. By the 1960s the community had disappeared, and all that remains is their dilapidated cemetery.
2166:
The
Kairouan region currently has 167 industrial companies offering more than 10,000 jobs, of which 33 are fully exporters. The industrial activities of the region are quite diversified, although the agrifood industry sector is preeminent with 91 units.
984:
returned with glowing reports of the
Aghlabid palaces, libraries and gardens – and from the crippling taxation imposed to pay for their drunkenness and sundry debaucheries. The Aghlabids also pacified the country and conquered Sicily in 827.
3066:
3040:
975:
made of
Kairouan a temple of knowledge and a magnificent centre of diffusion of Islamic sciences. The Aghlabids also built palaces, fortifications and fine waterworks of which only the pools remain. From Kairouan envoys from
3092:
1942:
Between the 9th and 11th centuries AD, Kairouan functioned as one of the great centers of
Islamic civilization and gained a reputation as a hotbed of scholarship across the entire Maghreb. During this period, the
1204:
3380:
With eighty nine mosques it is the fourth holiest city in Sunni Islam, after Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem . A tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to Kairouan exempt the faithful from having to journey to
774:. Formerly, the city of Kamounia was located where Kairouan now stands. It had housed a Byzantine garrison before the Arab conquest, and stood far from the sea – safe from the continued attacks of the
2499:
2778:
2020:. Originally built when Kairouan was founded in 670 AD, the mosque currently occupies an area of over 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft) and is one of the oldest places of worship in the
546:
4051:
952:
The Aghlabids built the great mosque and established in it a university that was a centre of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences. Its role can be compared to that of the
6362:
1978:
Before the arrival of the French in 1881, non-Muslims were forbidden from living in Kairouan. A Christian community had existed during the early 11th century alongside Jews who were among the
567:
4258:
1065:
refinement that eclipsed those of their European contemporaries. When the Zirids declared their independence from Cairo and their conversion to Sunni Islam in 1045 by giving allegiance to
1024:
Aghlabids who ruled Ifriqiya and the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty. During the rule of the Fatimids, Kairouan was neglected and lost its importance: the new rulers resided first in
933:
dynasty which ruled Ifriqiya between 800 and 909. The new emirs embellished Kairouan and made it their capital. It soon became famous for its wealth and prosperity, reaching the levels of
6342:
890:
in May 742 (perhaps a little later), just three miles outside of Kairouan. Some 120,000–180,000 Berbers, including Abd al-Wahid, fell in the field of battle in that single encounter.
886:
to bolster his ranks, before setting out again. In perhaps the bloodiest encounter in the Berber wars, Handhala ibn Safwan defeated the great Berber army of Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid at
1197:
3286:
rendered the tradition obsolete by outlawing polygamy nationwide, some scholars have identified it as a "positive tradition for women within the large framework of Islamic law."
2130:
2797:
877:. Handhala ibn Safwan arrived in Kairouan just as Oqasha was said to be mounting a new attack, in coordination with another large Berber army coming in from the west, led by
6327:
3685:
It then became and long remained a seat of Moslem rule, and during centuries, right up to the French occupation in 1881, no Christian or Jew was allowed to dwell in it
2487:
2771:
3172:
3145:
3513:
3248:
3118:
3070:
4382:
4251:
3974:
3963:
3167:
1162:
In December 2023, about 30m of wall near the Gate of the Leather Workers collapsed during restoration. Three masons were killed, and several others injured.
1982:. The Jewish community's golden era began in the late 8th century and lasted until the early 11th century during which time it played an important role in
2863:
4047:
2037:
2743:
2117:
consists of a small settling basin, a large basin for storing water and two drawing tanks, all having a total storage capacity of 68,800 cubic meters.
3044:
2030:
770:
selected a site in the middle of a dense forest, then infested with wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post for the conquest of
6347:
6322:
4244:
849:(Spain), and instructed him to take whatever forces he could gather to defend Ifriqiya and quash the Berber rebellion. Leaving Egypt in the hand of
4351:
3888:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.
3096:
1131:
3019:
3481:
2123:
869:, had been managing the defense of Kairouan, and succeeded in fending off an attack by the Berber rebel army raised in southern Tunisia by the
850:
143:
3140:
4102:
4024:
3999:
3863:
3804:
3713:
3633:
3601:
3572:
3540:
3461:
3434:
3404:
3373:
3343:
3312:
2897:
2815:
905:
captured Kairouan, which was already at that time a developed city with luxuriant gardens and olive groves. Power struggles continued until
212:
3528:
3424:
3394:
4360:
2062:, interspersed with floral and geometrical reliefs and topped by a carved frieze; the first inscription includes the verses 70–71 in the
2024:. The mosque became a center of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences and helped the city to develop and expand.
4082:
3283:
2944:
1959:
by stipulating it in the marriage contract. Local tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to the Great Mosque equals one pilgrimage to
4126:
2725:
4375:
3893:
2929:
2665:
2640:
2616:
2584:
737:
3621:
3589:
3560:
3451:
1222:
110:
4151:
2427:
3529:"Muhammad as Prophet and Mayor: City Planning from the Perspective of the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic Law Case Study: Damascus"
2415:
1979:
719:
960:. In the 9th century, the city became a brilliant focus of Arab and Islamic cultures attracting scholars from all over the
2768:
2475:
833:, leaving the whole of Ifriqiya open to the advance of the Berber rebels. Not having any more forces at his disposal, the
1108:
In 1881, Kairouan was taken by the French, after which non-Muslims were allowed access to the city. The French built the
176:
6332:
6317:
4368:
1070:
866:
2682:
878:
2521:
998:
798:
or Islamic "outsiders" who formed an egalitarian and puritanical sect appeared and are still present on the island of
3938:
2096:, also known as the Mosque of the Barber, is a religious complex containing the mausoleum of Abu Zama' al-Balawi, a
6352:
3913:
3849:
2250:. As the film is set in 1936, television antennas throughout the city were taken down for the duration of filming.
826:
4048:"'Raiders of the Lost Ark': Lucas and Spielberg's Epitome of Action-Adventure Films Still Waiting to Be Surpassed"
2016:(also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan) which is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in
708:
4398:
4302:
4226:
3840:
2269:
2097:
2051:
2013:
715:
50:
3824:
2695:
3652:
2147:
874:
822:
560:
552:
405:
68:
5424:
6206:
5830:
5373:
4317:
2747:
2242:
2208:
as historic sites. Tourist activity is focused on the historic sites and monuments of the city of Kairouan.
1159:
The old city of Kairouan and its associated historic monuments became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
262:
5911:
5064:
3680:
The Muslim World: A Quarterly Review of History, Culture, Religions & the Christian Mission in Islamdom
5891:
5745:
4851:
4419:
4282:
4074:
2516:
2439:
1907:
528:
274:
5916:
2549:
Various other cities across the world are also claimed to be the fourth holiest city in Islam, including
6098:
4993:
4553:
4537:
4078:
3674:
1930:
1218:
1089:
993:
906:
5820:
5520:
4436:
841:
quickly appointed Handhala ibn Safwan as governor of Ifriqiya, with supervisory authority over all the
4215:
4204:
6337:
6246:
6165:
5434:
4917:
4861:
4775:
4709:
3365:
Mediterranean Winter: The Pleasures of History and Landscape in Tunisia, Sicily, Dalmatia, and Greece
3262:
3023:
2604:
2093:
2086:
2055:
1176:
660:
573:
316:
267:
84:
4846:
3882:; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; et al. (2010). "V.1.h Abu Zama'a al-Balaui Mausoleum".
3763:
Tunis et Kairouan. Voyages à travers l'architecture, l'artisanat et les mœurs du début du XXe siècle
3495:
2451:
2216:
786:
about fifteen years after the establishment of the military post, and then by a Berber woman called
5931:
5851:
5312:
5176:
4806:
4659:
4613:
4461:
4267:
3731:
3304:
2782:
2463:
953:
790:
who was killed and her army defeated in 702. Subsequently, there occurred a mass conversion of the
584:
381:
373:
6357:
5110:
4016:
1105:
that Kairouan started to find an honorable place in the country and throughout the Islamic world.
6144:
5997:
5896:
5575:
5201:
5074:
5059:
4978:
4593:
4522:
4410:
4209:
3844:
3335:
3242:
887:
818:
5921:
4780:
4770:
4231:
3236:
One may conceivably compare its role to that of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages.
2070:
dynasty. The prayer hall has a nave and two aisles, divided by arched columns, parallel to the
6312:
6190:
5886:
5646:
5443:
5292:
4948:
4826:
4790:
4517:
4512:
4098:
3995:
3987:
3889:
3859:
3800:
3792:
3709:
3701:
3629:
3597:
3568:
3536:
3507:
3457:
3430:
3400:
3369:
3339:
3308:
3298:
2977:
2925:
2893:
2873:
2848:
2811:
2661:
2636:
2612:
2327:
1851:
1804:
1756:
1184:
1032:
on the eastern coast of Tunisia. After succeeding in extending their rule over all of central
1006:
981:
972:
817:
army, along with a Syrian force dispatched by the caliph, was destroyed by the Berbers at the
588:
5906:
5901:
4841:
4694:
3608:
Hebron is often presented as the fourth holy city of Islam after Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem
2917:
1101:
dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya, the city started to emerge from its ruins. It is only under the
882:
6180:
6048:
5861:
5724:
5686:
5455:
5297:
5287:
5161:
5105:
4938:
4755:
4745:
4699:
4649:
4527:
4431:
4192:
4090:
3988:"Heritage, tourism, and the challenges of postcolonial globalization at Tunis' Bardo Museum"
3832:
3697:
2969:
2803:
1897:
Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity/sun 1961–1990, extremes 1951–2017)
1102:
640:
493:
487:
446:
5302:
4094:
3780:. Vol. 26. Cairo: Publications de l'Institut archéologique allemand. pp. 141–167.
3194:
2830:
2807:
6134:
6053:
5760:
5706:
5671:
5560:
5450:
5125:
5029:
4307:
3828:
3420:
3027:
2913:
2775:
2729:
2722:
2134:
2113:
2082:
916:
668:
539:
519:
440:
76:
6043:
5596:
3278:
This stipulation gave a woman legal recourse in the case that her husband sought to take
6170:
6083:
6058:
5987:
5800:
5661:
5641:
5626:
5480:
5460:
5054:
5044:
4968:
4836:
4765:
4684:
4477:
4198:
3836:
2600:
2273:
1983:
1963:. According to some, this makes Kairouan the fourth holiest city in Islam after Mecca,
1944:
1935:
858:
778:
who had fiercely resisted the Arab invasion. Berber resistance continued, led first by
632:
607:
96:
6306:
6231:
6033:
5876:
5795:
5681:
5601:
5530:
5399:
5272:
5181:
4973:
4882:
4725:
4497:
4487:
4159:
2383:
2066:
33 of Quran. The small minaret was added during the restoration works held under the
1635:
961:
902:
806:
791:
775:
771:
767:
760:
595:
298:
3624:. In Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, André (eds.).
6236:
6088:
6078:
6073:
5846:
5805:
5616:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5470:
5338:
5328:
5282:
5166:
5156:
4933:
4654:
4639:
4568:
4292:
3909:
3879:
3820:
3758:
3266:
3223:
2265:
2021:
2017:
1947:
became both a place of prayer and a center for teaching Islamic sciences under the
664:
5232:
4236:
3883:
3678:
3363:
3329:
6272:
6267:
6211:
5839:
5676:
5621:
5611:
5515:
5475:
5394:
5382:
5267:
5262:
5095:
5049:
4902:
4821:
4446:
3728:
3487:
2151:
1078:
1029:
1021:
977:
957:
853:, Handhala set out westwards in February 742, picking up additional forces from
697:
680:, thought to be an adaptation of the Arabic name. It has also been romanized as
3992:
Neocolonialism and Built Heritage: Echoes of Empire in Africa, Asia, and Europe
944:
6124:
6114:
6068:
6063:
5967:
5957:
5651:
5606:
5495:
5409:
5353:
5321:
5217:
5186:
5146:
5115:
5024:
5009:
4897:
4877:
4750:
4588:
4578:
4558:
4426:
4127:"Tunisia's president appoints woman as prime minister in first for Arab world"
3477:
2352:
2277:
1995:
1074:
846:
795:
288:
4221:
3744:
2981:
2890:
Staying Roman: conquest and identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700
227:
214:
6107:
6028:
5952:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5750:
5656:
5636:
5555:
5404:
5358:
5348:
5242:
5002:
4958:
4943:
4887:
4735:
4674:
4546:
4482:
4451:
4313:
2973:
2357:
1968:
1183:, 50 km (31 mi) from the east coast, 75 km (47 mi) from
899:
787:
764:
592:
3778:
Die Moschee des Muhammad b. Hairun (Drei-Tore-Moschee) in Qairawân/Tunesien
1951:
current. A unique religious tradition practiced in Kairouan was the use of
603:
6255:
6221:
6216:
6018:
5871:
5866:
5691:
5565:
5490:
5363:
5343:
5227:
5151:
5014:
4953:
4870:
4730:
4718:
4679:
4583:
4573:
4323:
3491:
3279:
3020:
Ancient wall collapsing kills three at Tunisia UNESCO World Heritage Site
2550:
2396:
2370:
2259:
2229:
2205:
2197:
2101:
1991:
1987:
1956:
930:
814:
88:
3533:
The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Memory of James A. Sauer
3531:. In Stager, Lawrence E.; Greene, Joseph A.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.).
2184:
6277:
6262:
6226:
6175:
6160:
5977:
5962:
5940:
5701:
5696:
5666:
5631:
5550:
5500:
5485:
5465:
5333:
5277:
5237:
5191:
5141:
5034:
4963:
4907:
4892:
4831:
4811:
4760:
4689:
4669:
4664:
4634:
4622:
4563:
4502:
4470:
4393:
4340:
4271:
2960:
Idris, Hady Roger (1968). "L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences".
2558:
2314:
2309:
2296:
2193:
2155:
1098:
1066:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1017:
920:
842:
834:
810:
779:
722: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
631:
word meaning "military group" or "caravan", borrowed early on from the
577:
321:
255:
17:
2995:
356:
6287:
6153:
6129:
6119:
6038:
6023:
6013:
6006:
5982:
5947:
5881:
5810:
5790:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5740:
5591:
5584:
5510:
5505:
5419:
5414:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5222:
5210:
5171:
5134:
5100:
5083:
5019:
4983:
4816:
4740:
4644:
4629:
4598:
4507:
4441:
4328:
4287:
4020:
2657:
2554:
2378:
2225:
2201:
2067:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1180:
1061:
1014:
1010:
968:
913:
838:
799:
783:
628:
581:
394:
4017:"Visit These 'Raiders of the Lost Ark' Travel Locations This Summer"
2892:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281.
2301:
929:
and hereditary ruler of Ifriqiya. Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab founded the
3797:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa
3453:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
3202:
Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
2947:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
2058:. It has three arched doorways surmounted by three inscriptions in
6282:
6199:
5972:
5856:
5815:
5525:
5039:
4799:
4603:
4492:
3640:
Harar, which is known as being the fourth Holy city of Islam (...)
3231:
2562:
2340:
2335:
2322:
2247:
2215:
2183:
2081:
2071:
2059:
1960:
1929:
1188:
1088:
1057:
1053:
1049:
943:
934:
870:
854:
830:
606:
learning, attracting Muslims from various parts of the world. The
599:
598:(reigned 661–680); this is when it became an important centre for
311:
3594:
Contested Holy Cities: The Urban Dimension of Religious Conflicts
1013:
Berbers from the west of the country started the movement of the
5733:
5389:
5090:
2391:
2365:
2063:
1972:
1903:
965:
938:
925:
862:
756:
755:
The foundation of Kairouan dates to about the year 670 when the
4364:
4240:
3885:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
3119:"Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie"
2922:
Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
2868:
455:
2262:– historically attested Berber princess supposedly died there.
1134:, which operated from 1882 to 1996, before it was regauged to
1060:
making it the capital of their vast Caliphate and leaving the
691:
499:
3267:"Monogamy in Islam: The Case of a Tunisian Marriage Contract"
861:(Tripolitana). He arrived in Kairouan around April, 742. The
473:
3483:
Towards a Strategic Geopolitic Vision of Afro-Arab Relations
1938:
also known as the Mosque of Uqba (Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba)
4331:: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory
4185:
2240:
Kairouan was used as a filming location for the 1981 film
1235:
Climate data for Kairouan (1991-2020, extremes 1901-2023)
461:
2924:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85.
3791:
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1995).
672:
3450:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014).
2918:"Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868"
2054:
was founded in 866. Its façade is a notable example of
3653:"Tunisia News – Sufi Song Festival starts in Kairouan"
2609:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2; Volume 4
1073:
sent as punishment hordes of troublesome Arab tribes (
4156:
Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez
3041:"Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010"
2643:. "The city is regarded as a holy place for Muslims."
496:
476:
470:
452:
449:
3747:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
3274:
Occasional Paper of the IAS School of Social Science
2733:, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
1975:
festivals are held in the city in memory of saints.
941:
and giving Tunisia a period of power and prosperity.
533:
6363:
7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate
6245:
6189:
6143:
6097:
5996:
5930:
5829:
5723:
5574:
5433:
5372:
5311:
5200:
5124:
5073:
4992:
4916:
4860:
4789:
4708:
4612:
4536:
4460:
4409:
3095:(in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from
3069:(in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from
3043:(in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from
909:recaptured Kairouan at the end of the 8th century.
502:
467:
420:
412:
400:
390:
380:
371:
350:
342:
337:
329:
309:
304:
294:
283:
273:
261:
243:
34:
2799:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names
2631:Europa Publications "General Survey: Holy Places"
2192:Kairouan is one of the four most visited sites in
1922:In 2014, the city had about 187,000 inhabitants.
2587:International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties
1994:scholarship for at least three generations. The
1036:, an area consisting of the modern countries of
1028:but soon moved their capital to the newly built
825:perished in the field, his nephew and successor
6343:Populated places established in the 7th century
3173:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3146:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2949:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, p. 48
3918:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
2589:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. 2002. page 1006
4376:
4252:
4073:Allen, J. Fromherz (2012). Niven, Steven J.;
3683:. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 390.
3357:
3355:
2744:"Location and origin of the name of Kairouan"
2146:The primary economic sectors in Kairouan are
1971:. As of 2004, the city contained 89 mosques.
829:was holed up with the remnant of the army in
643:
8:
3590:"Hebron: A nested division of sacred spaces"
619:
39:
3501:centre of the Islamic faith in the Maghrib.
3429:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 104.
3331:Continuity and change in the Tunisian sahel
2611:. Cambridge University Press. p. 696.
5720:
4406:
4383:
4369:
4361:
4259:
4245:
4237:
3850:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3708:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 201.
3512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3247:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2872:, vol. II (1st ed.), Edinburgh:
1231:
31:
4232:Panoramic virtual tour of Kairouan medina
4227:KAIROUAN, The Capital of Islamic Culture
2224:Kairouan is known for its pastries (e.g.
1097:In the 13th century under the prosperous
738:Learn how and when to remove this message
6328:Populated places in Kairouan Governorate
3702:"The Final Stages of the African Church"
3567:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 180–182.
3565:Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures
3426:The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200
3282:. Although the introduction of the 1956
3067:"Données normales climatiques 1961-1990"
2540:The Station ID for Kairouan is 33535111.
2288:
1020:. The year 909 saw the overthrow of the
992:
4352:List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia
2796:Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019).
2720:MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), "kārawān", in
2577:
2533:
2411:
2220:Traditional fast food maker in Kairouan
349:
336:
328:
303:
282:
242:
207:
102:
56:
4158:. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from
3823:; Katz, J. G. & Hamès, C. (2002).
3622:"Harar: The Fourth Holy City of Islam"
3505:
3240:
3230:(in French) (Henri Laurens ed.).
851:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
559:
3799:. Taylor & Francis. p. 391.
3554:
3552:
3328:Dr. Ray Harris; Khalid Koser (2004).
3093:"Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie"
2633:The Middle East and North Africa 2003
805:In October 741, in the course of the
538:
419:
411:
399:
389:
379:
370:
341:
308:
293:
272:
260:
29:City in Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia
7:
4125:Salem, Mostafa (29 September 2021).
4095:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001
3858:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 467.
3195:"Klimatafel von Kairouan / Tunesien"
3141:"Kairouan Climate Normals 1961–1990"
2846:Al-Nuwayri, Ahmad b. Abd al-Wahhab.
2808:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001
2654:Hutchinson Encyclopedia 1996 Edition
2040:Paranoma of Great Mosque of Kairouan
1207:Paranoma of the old city of Kairouan
720:adding citations to reliable sources
673:
4027:from the original on 8 October 2019
3655:. News.marweb.com. 25 February 2010
3204:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
3121:(in French). Ministère du Transport
1187:and 184 km (114 mi) from
751:Foundation and early Islamic period
644:
620:
523:
40:
3745:"The Jewish Community of Kairouan"
3706:Early Christianity in North Africa
2360:, Uzbekistan, since 5 October 1977
1132:Sousse–Kairouan Decauville railway
867:Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari
25:
4046:Mikulec, Sven (22 October 2016).
2962:Cahiers de civilisation médiévale
2849:Nihayat al-Arab fi funun al-`Arab
879:Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari
845:(North Africa west of Egypt) and
4392:
4339:
4054:from the original on 3 July 2019
4015:Long, Christian (12 June 2016).
3300:The Middle East and North Africa
2517:Kairouan's significance in Islam
2505:Salat of Tarawih in Great Mosque
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2390:
2386:, Turkey, since 26 December 1987
2377:
2364:
2351:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2304:, Morocco, since 22 October 1965
2295:
2122:
2029:
2012:The city's main landmark is the
1986:, having been a world center of
1196:
1052:, they eventually moved east to
997:Gold coin of the Fatimid Caliph
696:
492:
445:
248:
183:
182:
175:
150:
149:
142:
117:
116:
109:
67:: Monument to Kairouan carpets,
58:
6348:World Heritage Sites in Tunisia
6323:Archaeological sites in Tunisia
4087:Dictionary of African Biography
3990:. In Coslett, Daniel E. (ed.).
2837:. دی 1383، شماره 219. صص 73–77.
2831:«رابطه دو سویه زبان فارسی–عربی»
1005:In 893, through the mission of
707:needs additional citations for
2399:, Iran, since 26 December 1987
1906:(humidity and sun 1961–1990),
1001:, minted in Kairouan in 912 CE
782:, whose troops killed Uqba at
651:), meaning "military column" (
587:. The city was founded by the
279:Kairouan North, Kairouan South
1:
3626:The City in the Islamic World
3396:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
2852:, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub, p. 25.
1980:original settlers of Kairouan
1223:Köppen climate classification
671:, the city used to be called
591:around 670, in the period of
4199:Kairouan World heritage Site
3939:"Les bassins des aghlabites"
3592:. In Dumper, Michael (ed.).
3588:Lecoquierre, Marion (2019).
3368:. Random House. p. 66.
3307:Limited. 2003. p. 150.
3000:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2746:. Isesco.org. Archived from
2723:A concise Pahlavi dictionary
2343:, Egypt, since 14 March 1976
2317:, Algeria, since 28 May 1969
556:
95:: Kairouan carpets, Bazaar,
4089:. Oxford University Press.
4050:. Cinephelia & Beyond.
3986:Coslett, Daniel E. (2019).
3559:Darrow, William R. (2011).
3168:"Climate Normals 1991-2020"
2920:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
2802:. Oxford University Press.
2635:, p. 147. Routledge, 2003.
2522:List of mosques in Kairouan
1708:Average precipitation days
1494:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1354:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1093:Bab Chouhada Street in 1899
534:
386:Cultural: i, ii, iii, v, vi
6379:
3456:. Routledge. p. 388.
3393:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
2702:(in Arabic). 27 April 2021
2656:. Helicon Publishing Ltd,
2290:
1901:
1896:
1234:
827:Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri
374:UNESCO World Heritage Site
366:UNESCO World Heritage Site
87:of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani,
5719:
4405:
4349:
4336:
4278:
3399:. ABC-CLIO. p. 267.
3362:Robert D. Kaplan (2004).
2888:Conant, Jonathan (2012).
2373:, Mali, since 2 June 1986
2270:Prime Minister of Tunisia
2052:Mosque of the Three Doors
2046:Mosque of the Three Doors
2014:Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba
1849:
1802:
1754:
1707:
1633:
1563:
1493:
1423:
1353:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1175:Kairouan, the capital of
1071:Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah
875:Oqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari
684:in early modern English.
610:is situated in the city.
572:), is the capital of the
428:
364:
208:
166:Show map of Mediterranean
103:
57:
48:
4218:, jewishencyclopedia.com
3776:Kircher, Gisela (1970).
3620:Santelli, Serge (2008).
2869:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2008:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1945:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1936:Great Mosque of Kairouan
989:Fatimid and Zirid period
823:Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi
602:Islamic scholarship and
163:Kairouan (Mediterranean)
69:Great Mosque of Kairouan
65:Top (from left to right)
5831:Sidi Bouzid Governorate
3765:. Paris: Henri Laurens.
3527:Toueir, Kassem (2018).
3284:Code of Personal Status
2974:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452
2728:3 December 2012 at the
2493:Piscines des Aghlabides
2243:Raiders of the Lost Ark
2100:of the Islamic prophet
333:68 m (223 ft)
75:: Historic city walls,
4283:Amphitheatre of El Jem
4222:WorldStatesmen-Tunisia
4075:Akyeampong, Emmanuel K
3975:: Agriculture Kairouan
3675:Zwemer, Samuel Marinus
3628:. Brill. p. 631.
3535:. Brill. p. 501.
3498:on 28 September 2007,
2680:Alk-Khalil ibn Ahmad,
2221:
2189:
2089:
1939:
1910:(extremes, 1901–1990)
1908:Deutscher Wetterdienst
1094:
1002:
949:
540:[ælqɑjrɑˈwæːn]
6099:Tataouine Governorate
4994:Kasserine Governorate
4554:Bou Mhel el-Bassatine
4538:Ben Arous Governorate
4293:Ichkeul National Park
3914:"Aghlabid Reservoirs"
2660:. 1996. p. 572.
2605:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
2457:Kairouan Center-Ville
2433:Great Mosque in night
2219:
2187:
2085:
1933:
1219:hot semi-arid climate
1092:
1069:, the Fatimid Caliph
996:
947:
923:confirmed Ibrahim as
907:Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab
228:35.67722°N 10.10083°E
6247:Zaghouan Governorate
5892:Al Ahouaz-El Assouda
5435:Monastir Governorate
5374:Médenine Governorate
4918:Kairouan Governorate
4862:Jendouba Governorate
4268:World Heritage Sites
4212:, muslimheritage.com
4195:, tourismtunisia.com
3964:: Industrie Kairouan
3793:"Kairouan (Tunisia)"
3024:Agence France-Presse
2835:ماهنامه کیهان فرهنگی
2774:1 March 2011 at the
2330:, since 10 June 1969
2094:Zawiya of Sidi Sahib
2087:Mosque of the Barber
2078:Mosque of the Barber
2056:Islamic architecture
1284:Record high °C (°F)
1177:Kairouan Governorate
716:improve this article
655:"people/military" +
574:Kairouan Governorate
268:Kairouan Governorate
6333:Communes of Tunisia
6318:Arabic architecture
5932:Siliana Governorate
5852:Cebbala Ouled Asker
5746:Bir Ali Ben Khélifa
5313:Manouba Governorate
5177:Sakiet Sidi Youssef
4660:Menzel Abderrahmane
4614:Bizerte Governorate
4399:Communes of Tunisia
4205:Kairouan University
3732:Jewish Encyclopedia
3486:, AU Headquarters,
3421:Dodds, Jerrilynn D.
3305:Europa Publications
3099:on 21 December 2019
3073:on 21 December 2019
3047:on 19 December 2019
2945:Barbara M. Kreutz,
2783:Dehkhoda Dictionary
2585:Nagendra Kr Singh,
2421:Trois Portes Mosque
1564:Record low °C (°F)
1424:Daily mean °C (°F)
954:University of Paris
948:The Aghlabid Basins
807:Great Berber Revolt
585:World Heritage Site
224: /
133:Show map of Tunisia
130:Location in Tunisia
6145:Tozeur Governorate
5998:Sousse Governorate
5576:Nabeul Governorate
5521:Ksibet el-Médiouni
5202:Mahdia Governorate
5075:Kébili Governorate
4437:Kalâat el-Andalous
4411:Ariana Governorate
4079:Gates, Henry Louis
3480:(11–12 May 2004),
3263:Largueche, Dalenda
2246:, standing in for
2236:In popular culture
2222:
2190:
2090:
1940:
1095:
1003:
950:
819:Battle of Bagdoura
561:[qɪrˈwɛːn]
343: • Total
233:35.67722; 10.10083
199:Show map of Africa
6353:Cities in Tunisia
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6191:Tunis Governorate
6166:El Hamma du Jérid
5887:Sidi Ali Ben Aoun
5715:
5714:
4791:Gafsa Governorate
4710:Gabès Governorate
4358:
4357:
4152:"Kardeş Şehirler"
4104:978-0-19-538207-5
4001:978-0-429-76951-1
3865:978-90-04-12756-2
3806:978-1-884964-03-9
3715:978-1-55635-692-6
3635:978-90-04-16240-2
3603:978-0-429-67384-9
3574:978-0-7614-9964-0
3542:978-90-04-36980-1
3463:978-1-134-25993-9
3436:978-0-8109-6433-4
3406:978-1-59884-654-6
3375:978-0-375-50804-2
3345:978-0-7546-3373-0
3314:978-1-85743-184-1
3228:Tunis et Kairouan
2899:978-0-521-19697-0
2874:Colin Macfarquhar
2817:978-0-19-188291-3
2445:Remparts en flame
2405:
2404:
1914:
1913:
1757:relative humidity
1007:Abdullah al Mahdi
982:Holy Roman Empire
973:Asad ibn al-Furat
964:. In that period
748:
747:
740:
532:
432:
431:
325:
196:Kairouan (Africa)
16:(Redirected from
6370:
5862:Menzel Bouzaiane
5725:Sfax Governorate
5721:
5456:Amiret El Hojjaj
4756:Nouvelle Matmata
4650:Menzel Bourguiba
4462:Béja Governorate
4407:
4397:
4396:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4362:
4344:
4343:
4303:Medina of Sousse
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4201:, whc.unesco.org
4189:
4188:
4186:Official website
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3845:Heinrichs, W. P.
3821:Blair, Sheila S.
3817:
3811:
3810:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3698:Decret, François
3694:
3688:
3687:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3494:, archived from
3474:
3468:
3467:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3271:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2793:
2787:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2650:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2566:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2469:Souk of Kairouan
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2126:
2033:
1711:
1232:
1200:
1179:, lies south of
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1103:Husainid Dynasty
857:(Cyrenaica) and
743:
736:
732:
729:
723:
700:
692:
676:
675:
647:
646:
623:
622:
571:
570:
569:
563:
550:
549:
548:
542:
537:
527:
525:
510:), also spelled
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
491:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
454:
451:
444:
421:Buffer zone
360:
359:
357:Official website
319:
254:
252:
251:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
200:
186:
185:
179:
167:
153:
152:
146:
134:
120:
119:
113:
62:
43:
42:
32:
21:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6292:
6241:
6185:
6139:
6093:
5992:
5926:
5825:
5711:
5707:Zaouiet Djedidi
5672:Menzel Bouzelfa
5570:
5451:Amiret El Fhoul
5429:
5368:
5307:
5196:
5126:Kef Governorate
5120:
5069:
5030:Magel Bel Abbes
4988:
4912:
4856:
4785:
4776:Menzel El Habib
4704:
4608:
4532:
4456:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4359:
4354:
4345:
4338:
4334:
4308:Medina of Tunis
4274:
4265:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3837:Bosworth, C. E.
3819:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:(1 June 2009).
3696:
3695:
3691:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3504:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3376:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:. p. 108.
3327:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3239:
3234:. p. 118.
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3028:ABC News Online
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2968:(43): 353–369.
2959:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2776:Wayback Machine
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:Wayback Machine
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2607:, eds. (2004).
2601:Luscombe, David
2599:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2548:
2544:
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2535:
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2503:
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2479:
2470:
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2458:
2455:
2446:
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2434:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2350:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2287:
2256:
2238:
2214:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:Aghlabid Basins
2132:
2127:
2114:Aghlabid basins
2110:
2108:Aghlabid basins
2080:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2010:
2005:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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1642:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1217:Kairouan has a
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1173:
1168:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:3 ft
1139:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:1 ft
1113:
1109:
1087:
999:Al-Mahdi Billah
991:
917:Harun ar-Rashid
896:
894:Aghlabid period
821:. The governor
753:
744:
733:
727:
724:
713:
701:
690:
659:"outpost") or "
616:
566:
565:
564:
553:Tunisian Arabic
545:
544:
543:
495:
486:
485:
466:
460:
448:
439:
438:
376:
367:
355:
354:
317:Radouane Bouden
249:
247:
232:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
154:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
121:
99:
91:
79:
77:Aghlabid Basins
71:
53:
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6376:
6374:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6084:Zaouiet Sousse
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6059:Ksibet Thrayet
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5988:Sidi Bou Rouis
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5801:Sakiet Eddaier
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5729:
5727:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Hammam Ghezeze
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Bennane-Bodher
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:Amiret Touazra
5458:
5453:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Hassi El Ferid
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Hajeb El Ayoun
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
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4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4312:Punic Town of
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4179:
4178:External links
4176:
4174:
4173:
4162:on 23 May 2016
4143:
4117:
4103:
4065:
4038:
4007:
4000:
3978:
3967:
3956:
3930:
3910:Binous, Jamila
3901:
3894:
3880:Binous, Jamila
3871:
3864:
3841:van Donzel, E.
3829:Bearman, P. J.
3812:
3805:
3783:
3768:
3759:Saladin, Henri
3750:
3736:
3721:
3714:
3689:
3666:
3644:
3634:
3612:
3602:
3580:
3573:
3548:
3541:
3519:
3469:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3374:
3351:
3344:
3320:
3313:
3290:
3254:
3224:Saladin, Henri
3215:
3186:
3159:
3132:
3110:
3084:
3058:
3032:
3012:
2987:
2952:
2937:
2930:
2905:
2898:
2880:
2854:
2839:
2823:
2816:
2788:
2761:
2750:on 5 June 2011
2735:
2713:
2687:
2673:
2666:
2645:
2624:
2617:
2592:
2576:
2574:
2571:
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2437:
2435:
2432:
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2423:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2331:
2328:Córdoba, Spain
2318:
2305:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2274:prime minister
2272:(first female
2263:
2255:
2254:Notable people
2252:
2237:
2234:
2213:
2210:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2143:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2079:
2076:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1984:Jewish history
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:sunshine hours
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:sunshine hours
1800:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
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1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
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1600:
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1580:
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1570:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
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1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
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1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1086:
1083:
990:
987:
895:
892:
752:
749:
746:
745:
704:
702:
695:
689:
686:
633:Middle Persian
615:
612:
608:Mosque of Uqba
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
352:
348:
347:
344:
340:
339:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
314:
307:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
285:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
265:
259:
258:
245:
241:
240:
206:
205:
195:
189:
188:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
162:
156:
155:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
129:
123:
122:
115:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:Medina quarter
63:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
38:
35:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6375:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Sidi Bou Said
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:Kalâa Seghira
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:Hammam Sousse
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Ouled Haffouz
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Menzel Chaker
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:Menzel Temime
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Menzel Ennour
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5425:Sidi Makhlouf
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Beni Khedache
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:Ouled Chamekh
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Kalâat Khasba
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Menzel Mehiri
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Chenini Nahal
4724:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Medjez el-Bab
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Dougga/Thugga
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3994:. Routledge.
3993:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3895:9783902782199
3891:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3833:Bianquis, Th.
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:. Routledge.
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:"Holy Places"
3555:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:a second wife
3275:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2931:0-521-47137-0
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Kennedy, Hugh
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2667:1-85986-107-5
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:1-85743-132-4
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:9780521414111
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2481:Tunisia Hotel
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2022:Islamic world
2019:
2015:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:Mean monthly
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1636:precipitation
1632:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1136:1,000 mm
1133:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1085:Later history
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
995:
988:
986:
983:
979:
974:
970:
967:
963:
962:Islamic World
959:
955:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
915:
910:
908:
904:
901:
893:
891:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:of Ifriqiya,
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
762:
761:Uqba ibn Nafi
758:
750:
742:
739:
731:
728:December 2023
721:
717:
711:
710:
705:This section
703:
699:
694:
693:
687:
685:
683:
679:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:ٱلْقَيْرَوَان
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
568:
562:
558:
554:
547:
541:
536:
530:
524:ٱلْقَيْرَوَان
521:
517:
513:
507:
489:
481:
442:
436:
427:
423:
415:
407:
403:
396:
393:
385:
383:
375:
363:
358:
353:
345:
332:
323:
318:
315:
313:
310: •
300:
299:Uqba ibn Nafi
297:
290:
286:
278:
276:
275:Delegation(s)
269:
266:
264:
257:
246:
237:
209:Coordinates:
178:
145:
112:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
52:
47:
41:ٱلْقَيْرَوَان
33:
27:
19:
6254:
6237:Sidi Hassine
6198:
6152:
6106:
6089:Chott Meriem
6079:Sidi El Hani
6074:Sidi Bou Ali
6044:Kalâa Kebira
6005:
5939:
5847:Bir El Hafey
5838:
5806:Sakiet Ezzit
5732:
5617:Dar Chaabane
5597:Béni Khalled
5583:
5546:Menzel Kamel
5541:Menzel Hayet
5536:Menzel Farsi
5471:Bembla-Mnara
5442:
5381:
5339:Douar Hicher
5329:Borj El Amri
5320:
5283:Sidi Alouane
5209:
5167:Menzel Salem
5157:Kalaat Senan
5133:
5111:Rjim Maatoug
5082:
5001:
4934:Ain Djeloula
4926:
4925:
4869:
4798:
4717:
4655:Menzel Jemil
4640:Ghar El Melh
4621:
4569:Hammam Chott
4545:
4469:
4418:
4297:
4164:. Retrieved
4160:the original
4155:
4146:
4136:29 September
4134:. Retrieved
4130:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4086:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4010:
3991:
3981:
3970:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:kairouan.org
3942:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:
3904:
3884:
3874:
3855:
3848:
3815:
3796:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3739:
3724:
3705:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3647:
3639:
3625:
3615:
3607:
3593:
3583:
3564:
3532:
3522:
3499:
3496:the original
3482:
3472:
3452:
3445:
3425:
3415:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3364:
3330:
3323:
3299:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3257:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3201:
3189:
3179:18 September
3177:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3144:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3071:the original
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:the original
3035:
3030:, 2023-12-17
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2921:
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2889:
2883:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2798:
2791:
2781:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2738:
2721:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2683:Kitab al-Ayn
2681:
2676:
2653:
2648:
2632:
2627:
2608:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2545:
2536:
2266:Najla Bouden
2241:
2239:
2223:
2191:
2174:
2165:
2145:
2111:
2091:
2060:Kufic script
2049:
2018:North Africa
2011:
1977:
1941:
1921:
1918:Demographics
1638:mm (inches)
1225:
1216:
1174:
1161:
1158:
1107:
1096:
1004:
951:
924:
911:
897:
804:
754:
734:
725:
714:Please help
709:verification
706:
681:
677:
665:caravanserai
656:
652:
648:
636:
624:
617:
515:
511:
434:
433:
92:
80:
72:
64:
26:
6338:Holy cities
6273:Bir Mcherga
6268:Djebel Oust
6212:La Goulette
5897:Baten Ghzal
5840:Sidi Bouzid
5677:Menzel Horr
5627:El Maâmoura
5622:El Haouaria
5612:Dar Allouch
5516:Ksar Hellal
5476:Beni Hassen
5395:Ben Gardane
5268:Mellouleche
5263:Ksour Essef
4903:Oued Melliz
4523:Sidi Ismail
4478:El Maâgoula
4447:Sidi Thabet
4210:Al-Qayrawan
3945:(in French)
3488:Addis Ababa
3478:Prah, Kwesi
3125:26 December
3103:26 December
3077:26 December
3051:26 December
3005:18 December
2700:أطلس الحكمة
2196:along with
2188:Kasba Hotel
2171:Agriculture
2152:agriculture
2003:Main sights
1955:to enforce
1953:Islamic law
1850:Mean daily
1110:600 mm
1079:Banu Sulaym
1030:Al Mahdiyah
978:Charlemagne
958:Middle Ages
625:al-Qayrawān
535:al-Qayrawān
512:El Qayrawān
404:1988 (12th
401:Inscription
263:Governorate
231: /
6307:Categories
6125:Ghomrassen
6115:Bir Lahmar
6064:Messaadine
5958:El Aroussa
5922:Souk Jedid
5607:Bou Argoub
5602:Béni Khiar
5496:El Masdour
5410:Houmt Souk
5354:Oued Ellil
5322:La Manouba
5218:Bou Merdes
5187:Tajerouine
5116:Souk Lahad
5025:Jedelienne
4898:Ghardimaou
4883:Beni M'Tir
4878:Ain Draham
4807:El Guettar
4579:Hammam Lif
4559:El Mourouj
4498:Téboursouk
4427:Ettadhamen
4318:Necropolis
4110:3 February
3923:3 December
3854:Volume XI:
3208:19 October
3152:24 January
2996:"Kairouan"
2696:"القيروان"
2573:References
2285:Twin towns
2278:Arab world
1996:Banu Hilal
1902:Source 2:
1710:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1075:Banu Hilal
847:al-Andalus
796:Kharijites
794:to Islam.
618:The name (
338:Population
305:Government
295:Founded by
219:10°06′03″E
216:35°40′38″N
73:Second row
6108:Tataouine
6029:Ezzouhour
5953:Bou Arada
5786:El Hencha
5781:Kerkennah
5776:Jebiniana
5751:Bir Salah
5657:Kerkouane
5637:Grombalia
5556:Ouerdanin
5405:Boughrara
5359:Mornaguia
5349:El Battan
5243:Essouassi
5233:El Bradâa
5065:Ezzouhour
5003:Kasserine
4979:Nasrallah
4959:Oueslatia
4944:Bou Hajla
4888:Bou Salem
4852:Sidi Aïch
4781:Teboulbou
4771:Bouchemma
4736:Ghannouch
4675:Ras Jebel
4594:Mohamedia
4547:Ben Arous
4483:Goubellat
4452:La Soukra
3243:cite book
2982:0007-9731
2358:Samarkand
2098:companion
1969:Jerusalem
1166:Geography
1156:) gauge.
1056:to found
900:Kharijite
815:Ifriqiyan
788:Al-Kahina
614:Etymology
529:romanized
424:154.36 ha
391:Reference
330:Elevation
81:Third row
6313:Kairouan
6256:Zaghouan
6222:Le Bardo
6217:La Marsa
6207:Carthage
6019:Bouficha
5912:Mansoura
5872:Mezzouna
5867:Meknassy
5647:Hammamet
5566:Teboulba
5491:Cherahil
5444:Monastir
5383:Médenine
5364:Tebourba
5344:Djedeida
5293:Sidi Zid
5228:Chorbane
5152:El Ksour
5096:El Golâa
5060:El Ayoun
5050:Thélepte
5015:Foussana
4954:Echrarda
4927:Kairouan
4871:Jendouba
4827:Moulares
4822:Métlaoui
4731:El Hamma
4680:Sejenane
4584:Khalidia
4574:Fouchana
4518:Slouguia
4513:Ouchtata
4324:Carthage
4322:Site of
4316:and its
4314:Kerkuane
4298:Kairouan
4193:Kairouan
4081:(eds.).
4052:Archived
4025:Archived
3949:15 March
3847:(eds.).
3825:"Zāwiya"
3761:(1908).
3729:Kairouan
3677:(1966).
3659:12 April
3508:citation
3492:Ethiopia
3423:(1993).
3265:(2010).
3226:(1908).
2916:(1998).
2772:Archived
2769:"قيروان"
2754:12 April
2726:Archived
2706:27 April
2551:Damascus
2511:See also
2397:Nishapur
2371:Timbuktu
2230:makroudh
2206:Le Bardo
2198:Carthage
2162:Industry
2148:industry
2102:Muhammad
1992:Halakhic
1988:Talmudic
1957:monogamy
1926:Religion
1845:3,075.5
1755:Average
1703:(12.29)
1634:Average
1394:(100.2)
1389:(100.6)
1349:(122.5)
1334:(106.3)
1329:(113.0)
1324:(122.5)
1319:(120.6)
1314:(118.4)
1309:(112.3)
1304:(100.0)
1299:(102.6)
1185:Monastir
1171:Location
1154: in
1128: in
1018:Fatimids
980:and the
931:Aghlabid
898:In 745,
888:al-Asnam
772:the West
768:Mu'awiya
759:general
678:Tikirwan
674:تيكيروان
639:(modern
627:) is an
596:Mu'awiya
589:Umayyads
435:Kairouan
416:68.02 ha
382:Criteria
190:Kairouan
157:Kairouan
124:Kairouan
89:Makroudh
36:Kairouan
6278:Nadhour
6263:El Fahs
6227:Le Kram
6176:Tamerza
6161:Degache
6069:M'saken
5978:Makthar
5968:Gaâfour
5963:El Krib
5941:Siliana
5907:Essaïda
5902:Bennour
5821:El Amra
5702:Tazerka
5697:Takelsa
5687:Soliman
5667:Korbous
5652:Kélibia
5632:El Mida
5551:Moknine
5501:Ghenada
5486:Bouhjar
5466:Bekalta
5334:Den Den
5278:Rejiche
5192:Touiref
5147:Jérissa
5142:Dahmani
5035:Sbeitla
5010:Fériana
4964:Haffouz
4949:Chebika
4908:Tabarka
4893:Fernana
4842:Belkhir
4832:Redeyef
4812:El Ksar
4761:Oudhref
4751:Métouia
4746:Matmata
4695:Joumine
4690:Ghezala
4670:Raf Raf
4665:Metline
4635:El Alia
4623:Bizerte
4589:Mégrine
4564:Ezzahra
4503:Testour
4272:Tunisia
4216:Kairwan
4166:27 July
4083:"Suʾda"
4058:24 July
4031:24 July
3336:Ashgate
2864:Cairoan
2559:Bukhara
2408:Gallery
2315:Tlemcen
2276:in the
2268:– 17th
2194:Tunisia
2180:Tourism
2156:tourism
2142:Economy
1698:(1.08)
1693:(1.00)
1688:(1.61)
1683:(2.21)
1678:(0.65)
1673:(0.20)
1668:(0.48)
1663:(0.97)
1658:(1.06)
1653:(1.28)
1648:(0.78)
1643:(0.96)
1629:(23.9)
1624:(25.7)
1619:(26.6)
1614:(41.9)
1609:(48.2)
1604:(53.6)
1599:(46.4)
1594:(43.7)
1589:(39.2)
1584:(32.0)
1579:(26.6)
1574:(26.6)
1569:(23.9)
1559:(58.8)
1554:(47.8)
1549:(54.0)
1544:(63.1)
1539:(69.8)
1534:(74.3)
1529:(73.2)
1524:(68.0)
1519:(60.8)
1514:(54.3)
1509:(49.8)
1504:(46.0)
1499:(45.3)
1489:(69.8)
1484:(56.8)
1479:(63.5)
1474:(72.9)
1469:(80.2)
1464:(87.3)
1459:(86.9)
1454:(81.3)
1449:(73.2)
1444:(65.5)
1439:(60.4)
1434:(55.8)
1429:(54.7)
1419:(80.8)
1414:(65.8)
1409:(73.0)
1404:(82.8)
1399:(90.7)
1384:(94.5)
1379:(85.5)
1374:(76.8)
1369:(71.1)
1364:(65.5)
1359:(64.0)
1344:(87.6)
1339:(96.8)
1294:(99.1)
1289:(86.0)
1213:Climate
1149:⁄
1123:⁄
1099:Hafsids
1067:Baghdad
1046:Tunisia
1042:Algeria
1038:Morocco
1034:Maghreb
1026:Raqqada
956:in the
921:Baghdad
912:In 800
903:Berbers
883:El-Qarn
873:leader
871:Sufrite
859:Tripoli
843:Maghreb
837:Caliph
835:Umayyad
811:Maghreb
809:in the
792:Berbers
780:Kusaila
776:Berbers
688:History
682:Cairoan
663:" (see
661:caravan
641:Persian
637:kārawān
604:Quranic
578:Tunisia
557:Qeirwān
531::
516:Kairwan
406:Session
351:Website
346:210,313
322:Ennahda
284:Founded
256:Tunisia
244:Country
18:Kairwan
6288:Saouaf
6259:(seat)
6203:(seat)
6181:Hazoua
6157:(seat)
6154:Tozeur
6130:Remada
6120:Dehiba
6111:(seat)
6054:Kondar
6039:Hergla
6024:Enfida
6014:Akouda
6010:(seat)
6007:Sousse
5983:Rouhia
5948:Bargou
5944:(seat)
5882:Regueb
5843:(seat)
5811:Skhira
5791:Mahres
5771:Gremda
5766:Graiba
5761:El Ain
5756:Chihia
5741:Agareb
5737:(seat)
5592:Azmour
5588:(seat)
5585:Nabeul
5561:Sayada
5511:Khniss
5506:Jemmal
5447:(seat)
5420:Zarzis
5415:Midoun
5386:(seat)
5325:(seat)
5298:Tlelsa
5288:Hkaima
5258:Kerker
5253:Hiboun
5248:Hebira
5238:El Jem
5223:Chebba
5214:(seat)
5211:Mahdia
5172:Nebeur
5138:(seat)
5135:Le Kef
5106:Faouar
5101:Djemna
5087:(seat)
5084:Kébili
5020:Haidra
5006:(seat)
4984:Sbikha
4930:(seat)
4874:(seat)
4817:Mdhila
4803:(seat)
4741:Mareth
4722:(seat)
4700:Utique
4645:Mateur
4630:Aousja
4626:(seat)
4599:Mornag
4550:(seat)
4528:Thibar
4508:Amdoun
4474:(seat)
4442:Raoued
4432:Mnihla
4423:(seat)
4420:Ariana
4329:Djerba
4101:
4021:Uproxx
3998:
3892:
3862:
3843:&
3803:
3734:(1906)
3712:
3632:
3600:
3571:
3539:
3460:
3433:
3403:
3372:
3342:
3311:
2980:
2928:
2896:
2876:, 1771
2814:
2664:
2658:Oxford
2639:
2615:
2561:, and
2555:Hebron
2226:zlebia
2202:El Jem
2074:wall.
2068:Hafsid
1965:Medina
1949:Maliki
1842:186.0
1839:207.0
1836:235.6
1833:270.0
1830:334.8
1827:362.7
1824:324.0
1821:300.7
1818:252.0
1815:226.3
1812:190.4
1809:186.0
1240:Month
1181:Sousse
1062:Zirids
1015:Shiite
1011:Kutama
1009:, the
969:Sahnun
914:Caliph
839:Hisham
813:, the
800:Djerba
784:Biskra
765:Caliph
669:Berber
667:). In
649:kârvân
645:کاروان
629:Arabic
593:Caliph
582:UNESCO
580:and a
520:Arabic
253:
93:Bottom
85:Zawiya
6358:Amṣar
6283:Zriba
6200:Tunis
6171:Nefta
5973:Kesra
5917:Rahal
5857:Jilma
5816:Thyna
5692:Somâa
5662:Korba
5526:Lamta
5303:Zelba
5045:Thala
5040:Sbiba
4837:Sened
4800:Gafsa
4766:Zarat
4719:Gabès
4685:Tinja
4604:Rades
4493:Nefza
3827:. In
3381:Mecca
3270:(PDF)
3232:Paris
3198:(PDF)
2563:Harar
2528:Notes
2384:Bursa
2341:Cairo
2260:Su'da
2248:Cairo
2072:qibla
1961:Mecca
1877:10.8
1874:11.7
1871:10.8
1750:38.8
1701:312.1
1279:Year
1189:Tunis
1058:Cairo
1054:Egypt
1050:Libya
1022:Sunni
935:Basra
855:Barqa
831:Spain
635:word
600:Sunni
312:Mayor
6135:Smâr
5734:Sfax
5390:Ajim
5182:Sers
5091:Douz
4939:Alaâ
4847:Lela
4471:Béja
4168:2013
4138:2021
4112:2021
4099:ISBN
4060:2020
4033:2020
3996:ISBN
3951:2024
3925:2022
3890:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3661:2010
3630:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3514:link
3458:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3249:link
3210:2016
3181:2018
3154:2015
3127:2019
3105:2019
3079:2019
3053:2019
3007:2023
2978:ISSN
2926:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2756:2010
2708:2021
2662:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2228:and
2212:Food
2204:and
2154:and
2133:The
2112:The
2092:The
2064:sura
2050:The
1990:and
1973:Sufi
1967:and
1934:The
1904:NOAA
1892:8.4
1889:6.0
1886:6.9
1883:7.6
1880:9.0
1868:9.7
1865:8.4
1862:7.3
1859:6.8
1856:6.0
1759:(%)
1747:3.8
1744:3.1
1741:3.7
1738:5.0
1735:2.2
1732:0.6
1729:1.9
1726:3.4
1723:4.3
1720:4.4
1717:3.4
1714:3.4
1696:27.5
1691:25.4
1686:41.0
1681:56.1
1676:16.4
1666:12.2
1661:24.6
1656:27.0
1651:32.6
1646:19.9
1641:24.4
1627:−4.5
1622:−3.5
1617:−3.0
1602:12.0
1577:−3.0
1572:−3.0
1567:−4.5
1557:14.9
1547:12.2
1542:17.3
1537:21.0
1532:23.5
1527:22.9
1522:20.0
1517:16.0
1512:12.4
1487:21.0
1482:13.8
1477:17.5
1472:22.7
1467:26.8
1462:30.7
1457:30.5
1452:27.4
1447:22.9
1442:18.6
1437:15.8
1432:13.2
1427:12.6
1417:27.1
1412:18.8
1407:22.8
1402:28.2
1397:32.6
1392:37.9
1387:38.1
1382:34.7
1377:29.7
1372:24.9
1367:21.7
1362:18.6
1357:17.8
1347:50.3
1342:30.9
1337:36.0
1332:41.3
1327:45.0
1322:50.3
1317:49.2
1312:48.0
1307:44.6
1302:37.8
1297:39.2
1292:37.3
1287:30.0
1276:Dec
1273:Nov
1270:Oct
1267:Sep
1264:Aug
1261:Jul
1258:Jun
1255:May
1252:Apr
1249:Mar
1246:Feb
1243:Jan
1077:and
1048:and
971:and
966:Imam
939:Kufa
937:and
926:emir
863:qadi
757:Arab
456:aɪər
413:Area
287:670
51:City
4270:in
4131:CNN
4091:doi
3856:W–Z
2970:doi
2866:",
2804:doi
2302:Fès
2232:).
1798:60
1795:65
1792:65
1789:65
1786:59
1783:53
1780:49
1777:53
1774:58
1771:61
1768:62
1765:62
1762:64
1671:5.0
1612:5.5
1607:9.0
1597:8.0
1592:6.5
1587:4.0
1582:0.0
1552:8.8
1507:9.9
1502:7.8
1497:7.4
1228:).
1226:BSh
919:in
763:of
718:by
657:vân
653:kâr
576:in
514:or
500:ɛər
395:499
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