Ganjifa - Knowledge (XXG)

609: 501: 1224:. In Naqsh the 'Mir' (or King) is given a value of 12 points, and the second court card, the 'Ghodi' (or Vizir, Cavalier or Queen) is worth 11. The other cards are worth their pip values, including the ace which has a value of 1. Several players can play the game. Mr. Gordhandas suggests 5-7 players, with 6 being the ideal number. The aim is to achieve a total value of 17 with the first two cards dealt, or the nearest number below this total. Players with low value cards can continue to draw further cards to try to improve their total. Variations can be played where 21 is a target total (but only if made with a King and a 9, or a Vizier and a ten), or where different winning combinations are accepted such as pairs, triples and so on. The game is suited to gambling. 628:. The suits featured are: slaves (ḡolām, غلام ); crowns (tāj, تاج ) swords (šamšīr, شمشير ); 'red' gold coins (zar-e sorḵ, زر سرخ ); harps (čang, چنگ ); bills of exchange (barāt, برات ); white gold coins (zar-e safīd, زر سفيد ); and cloth (qomāš قماش ). When referring to the king of a suit, he uses the term 'emir', shortened to 'mir' ( میر ) in the titles, but the term 'padishah' ( پادشاه ) in the text of the verses. He describes a card with one suit symbol simply as a 'one', that is to say he does not use the term 'ace'. The white gold coins, crown, swords, and slaves suits have ranks ascending from one to ten, and the rest have ranks descending from ten to one. 74: 378: 31: 532:

the French manufacturer Camoin exported cards to North Africa, and the Middle East as far as the Persian Gulf. The Indian market was so significant for the Belgian manufacturer 'Biermans' that a factory was established in Calcutta in 1934. In 1938 playing card exports from the US to India totalled some 888,603 packs, and 60,344 packs were exported to Iraq. For the Ottoman Empire some European manufacturers produced cards with specific designs, known as 'cartes turques' and 'cartes orientales'. These were essentially 4-suited European style designs, but the aces featured scenic prints adapted to the target market.

277:. He was unaware of the existence of the Mamluk cards since Mayer did not make his discovery until 1939. The similarities between the Latin European cards and Chinese money-suited cards become more apparent when the Mamluk Kanjifa is described. Looking at the actual games played with Ganjifa cards, Andrew Leibs points out that the cards are divided into strong and weak suits, and in one set the order of the numerical cards is reversed, so that the order runs King, Vizier, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 the weakest. This feature can also be found in the old games of 1039:(white gold coins or figuratively 'moons') by night. If playing with Dashavtar cards the lead suits are Rama by day, and Krishna by night. The player holding the King in this lead suit begins by playing two cards at once - the King and another low card. The other players cannot win, and so they each discard two low cards which are won by the player who led the game. This player then leads again. At this point accounts of the game rules differ. The rules below are based on the description by John McLeod. 451:

historical title and may be a Mamluk invention. According to his hypothesis, the Chinese money-suited pack entered Persia where the Persians added three new ranks: the 10, viceroy, and king to make a 48-card pack. He suggests the Persians eventually changed most of the Chinese suits to fit their culture while the Mamluks were more conservative with the suits. The addition of new suits in both Persia and India was to make the game more challenging as memory is the most important skill in the eponymous

633: 5307: 872: 856: 1150:

Alternatively, cards can be shuffled and distributed equally, but losing players are required to exchange cards with winning players. The losing player must give cards at random, without looking at them, and the winning player is allowed to return low value cards, sorted from his hand. The number of cards exchanged is the difference in the number of tricks won in the last round.

219: 1156:

round) beats the card led by another player on the last trick of the round. This last lead card is called the 'akheri', from a word for 'last' (which exists in persian and Arabic ( آخر ). In Wilkin's account, this event has a different significance. Wilkins writes that if a player beats the akheri card, he is exempted from paying any forfeit money going into the next round.

1188:' that they have in hand (these are the highest cards remaining in a given suit, that are sure to win). Players must follow suit if they are able to do so. If this is not possible, the leading player names another suit, and they must discard their highest card in that suit. If they do not have any cards in the suit named, then they may discard any other card. 585: 4433: 934:, played individually. This is the game most commonly associated with ganjifa cards, each player playing for themself. The objective is to win the most cards by taking tricks. At least three players are required. In some games 4 players play individually, and it is also possible to play in pairs. The rules vary, but generally the following apply: 2331:. For comparison, other accounts can be found, such as Sally Wilkins (2002: 194-195); the booklet given with sets of cards by Sawandwadi Lacquerwares, written by Maudranalay; Chatto (1848:41-43), who quotes from an article from the 'Calcutta Magazine' (1815); and an article by Kishor Gordhandas, retrieved on Feb. 8, 2015: 109:, stiffened cloth or pasteboard. Typically Ganjifa cards have coloured backgrounds, with each suit having a different colour. Different types exist, and the designs, number of suits, and physical size of the cards can vary considerably. With the exception of Mamluk Kanjifa and the Chads of Mysore, each suit contains ten 475:; they predated Ganjifa by several centuries, though no manuals exist today as to how they were used. Rudolf von Leyden suggested that the Ganjifa cards may have been brought by the first Mughals from their ancestral homeland in Inner Asia. A key reference comes from an early 16th-century biography of 2420:

Online post by John McLeod (webmaster of card game rules site www.pagat.com) on the newsgroup rec.games.playing-cards on March 25, 1997, in reply to a thread entitled "Ganjifa, Classic Indian card game", started by James Kilfiger on March 22, 1997. The newsgroup can be browsed for example via google:

2322:

1171:

Played in partnerships (two against two). Some call this game 'Dugi'. In this game the order of the suits and the cards is the same as for the individual ganjifa trick taking game described above, however the aim of the game is for one partnership to win all the tricks. The partnership dealt the King

800:, Senani (general) on horseback, Padathi or Sevaka (foot-soldier or servant), and Dhwaja (flag or banner)), and packs had as many as 360 cards. They never achieved mass appeal and are quite obscure, possibly played only within his royal palace if at all. The games are described in the work called the 1941:

Autenboer & Cremers, page 18, and on p.22 an example is shown from the Turnhout manufacturer Glénisson, from the second half of the 19th Century. The ace has a double-headed design, with a scene of the modern city of Istanbul on one end, and a scene of the historic city on the other, when it was

1268:

in London has at least six sets of Ganjifa cards in its collection. Two sets are from the 19th century (museum nos.: IM.78:1, 2-1938 and 01316&A/(IS)), three sets are from the late 20th century (museum nos.: IS.66:121-1981 and IS.472:60-1993 and IS.46A-1963), and there are cards from a Naqsh set

1155:

The total number of rounds played may vary. In Chatto's account a full game is made up of four rounds. In the version described by Maudranalay, there is no fixed number of rounds, rather the game must continue round after round until a losing player (presumably meaning a player who lost the previous

1113:

If a player has no further valid options for leading cards, he gives up the lead by shuffling his hand, and placing the cards face down. The player to his right then selects the card that he must lead, for example by saying 'fourth from the top' or pointing to a card if they are spread out. The lead

2309:

is the name of a card game played in modern Iran. It is of the same general family of games as the ganjifa trick taking game. Play is to the right (counterclockwise), cards are dealt in batches, and as in ganjifa, the player that leads the game is one that receives a high card (in the case of Hokm,

496:

visited India in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, he saw ganjifa cards often. Modern ganjifa is usually round but rectangular cards were more common during the 18th-century and from records Persian ganjifeh was always rectangular. Its circular shape must have been an Indian innovation.

1161:

An adaptation is possible if players use the international 52 card pack. In this case the game is for three players only, and the 2 of diamonds is removed so that players each receive 17 cards each. The lead suit is always spades. In an account of the game in northern India (before the creation of

842:

are understood to have four suits: cups, coins, swords, and polo-sticks. Each suit has three court cards, the king (malik), the first vizir (na'ib malik), and the second vizir (na'ib thani). The court cards have no figurative imagery, but they feature calligraphed inscriptions and richly decorated

571:

Playing cards monopolies. In many countries state monopolies were established to control imports and production. Such monopolies tend to standardise card designs, or create conditions that better suit larger manufacturers that can win government contracts or meet the necessary conditions. In Iran,

531:

during the 19th century. For example, the town of Turnhout in Belgium was a centre of playing cards manufacture. The Turnhout manufacturer Brepols installed steam powered equipment in 1852, lithographic printing of playing cards in 1862, and began offset printing in 1920. In the period around 1900

237:

An exhibition in the British museum in 2013 noted "Playing cards are known in Egypt from the twelfth century AD. Ganjafeh was a popular card game in Iran and the Arab world." For example, the word 'kanjifah' ( كنجفة ) is written in the top right corner of the king of swords, on the Mamluk Egyptian

1977:

Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Cary Playing Cards Database. Record ID: 1064 Catalog Number: IND2. Maker: Ravi-Varma F.A.L. Works, Malavli-Lonavla; Karamchand Ambalal & Co., Bangri Bazar, Bombay 3. Date of Manufacture: 1935(circa). Title: ZENITH 515 BRIDGE PLAYING

1126:

directly. After doing so, the player must try to lead a card from a suit named by his right-hand neighbour. If he cannot lead this suit the lead is passed as described in step 4 above, with the player's cards shuffled and placed face down. In Wilkins' account, there is also a second phase to the

1004:

Players should sort their cards into suits and put them in order. For convenience, due to the large number of cards, players often separate any low value pip cards and keep them to the side, keeping only the more valuable cards in hand. When discarding during play these low value cards are used

951:

In all cases the King ('mir' or 'shah') is always the strongest card in each suit, followed by the Vizier. However, in half the suits the numerical cards rank in logical order from 10 strongest (just below the Vizier), down to 1 (weakest), and the other suits the order of the numerical cards is

450:

noted the differences between Mamluk kanjifa and Safavid ganjifeh and postulated that there was an earlier ancestor. This ur-ganjifeh would be similar to kanjifa but with only two court cards, the king and the viceroy/vizier. The second viceroy rank found in the kanjifa pack is not based on any

1762:

The collection of the Fournier playing cards museum in Vittoria, Spain, contains As-Nas cards dated to the 18th and 19th centuries. The Cary playing card collection (Yale University) contains various Iranian cards, spanning a period from 1800 to 1905 (estimated dates). All the cards are of the

1138:

The round continues until all the cards have been played. At this point the players can count their tricks and decide any payments or forfeits that must be paid. However in the rules described by Chatto there a final round played using the cards won in tricks. This is a challenging game called

976:(bills, red gold coins, cloth, and harps) in India; in Iran, zar-e safīd (white coins) were inverted instead of the red coins. In Dashavtar packs the suits with reversed cards are the first avatars, Matsya, Kutchha, Varaha, Nrusinha and Waman (fish, turtle, boar, lion and round vessel symbols). 1149:

In some accounts losing players are disadvantaged when starting the next round. One possibility is that players are required to use the cards won in tricks for playing with in the following round. Players who are short on cards have to buy cards from other players to make up the difference.

909:

from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra. There are nine suits each depicting the Hindu mythological planets: Surya-Ravi (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala-Kuja (Mars), Budhan-Buddha (Mercury), Guru-Brihaspati (Jupiter), Sukrana-Sukra (Venus), Sani-Shani (Saturn), Rahu (Dragon's head), and Ketu (Dragon's

998:

The deal and the order of the play follows an anti-clockwise direction. The dealer deals out all the cards. According to custom cards may be dealt in batches of four, rather than individually. Some accounts stipulate that the first batch and last batch dealt to each player are dealt face

567:

Taxes on playing cards. States used taxes on playing cards to generate revenue, and required specific stamps or wrappers on packs of cards. Such arrangements can create barriers for smaller manufacturers producing cards by hand. The Ottoman Empire introduced taxes on playing cards in

2271:

cards. For the game of Ombre see the rules given by Peter Arnold, for example (2010:88), and Chatto points out this similarity between the rules of Ganjifa and those of Ombre (1848:45). An Italian account explains how this feature of Ombre also applied to the game played with the

1119:

In some accounts there is an end phase or secondary phase to the game, in which the leading rules are simplified or changed. According to McLeod, when the players get down to the last 12 cards, steps 1 and 2 described above are skipped, and a player starts by leading out all his

491:

notes in the year 933H (1527) that he had a pack of Ganjifa cards sent to Shah Hassan. This took place in the month of Ramzan, on the night he left Agra to travel to nearby Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh, India). The earliest surviving rules date to around 1600 in India. When

560:( بلوت ). With regards to India, European style cards were introduced during the colonial period, with demand coming from the wealthier classes. Some cards were imported, some were made by hand using traditional techniques, and others were made by Indian industrialists. The 1026:

The player to lead is the one holding the King in a certain suit. This 'lead suit' varies according to the type of pack, and also according to whether the game is played during the day (between sunrise and sunset) or during the night. With a Moghul pack the lead suits are

1729:

They depict a mounted vizier playing polo with two assistants, 10 archers, 8 merchants, 8 farmers, 2 bulls, 3 lions, 10 lions, and 2 genii or demons. It is not known if they are purely artwork or supposed to represent a standard pattern of cards. See: Zimmerman, Rolf.

1219:

This game can be played with any pack of cards, including the Mughal types, and the shorter 48 card decks. European style packs can be used by removing the jacks. Each suit therefore has two court cards, and ten numeral cards. The game has some similarities with

2284:, at least in some regions, although it has now disappeared from the modern standard rules. The book 'Tarot, Jeu et Magie' points to two literary sources that mention this feature, from the 18th and 19th centuries (1984:122-124)(link, text in French, 551:

can be seen as significant events and Western style playing cards are best suited to these games. In Iran, the game of As-Nas largely fell out of fashion by around 1945. In some countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, a version of the French game

992:

Players draw cards at the beginning to determine who will deal. Traditionally players would sit on a sheet or large cloth on the floor, and the cards are mixed face down in the middle of the cloth, rather than shuffled in the manner of Western

608: 1106:

they might have, and then pass the lead as described next in step 4. However in the rules given by Wilkins there is a second option, whereby the player can instead simply lead a low card or non-winning card of his choosing to pass the

1955:

Article from the Brooklyn Museum website, consulted 15/11/2014 "As nas became popular under the Qajars and continued to be played until the end of World War II, when it lost favor to games such as poker, rummy, and bridge.". Link:

1176:

The partners taking on the challenge to win all the tricks can decide between themselves who will take on the lead. Before starting, the lead king can be passed from one partner to another in exchange for another card of the same

981:

Before the start of play stakes are agreed if the game is being played for money. At the end of the round the losing player pays this stake value, multiplied by the difference in number of tricks taken between the winner and the

1592:, called "Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira". Ettinghausen notes that the reference comes in the section describing events from the year 820H or 1417-1418 AD (1984: 1194). The original Arabic text can be found online at 508:

While Mughal ganjifa had the same suits and ranks as Safavid ganjifeh, a 10-suited deck, the Dashavatara Ganjifa, was created to appeal to Hindus in the seventeenth century. Some historical decks have had more than 30 suits.

766:

For playing Naqsh, shorter Indian decks exist, with 48 cards. There is only one suit which is quadruplicated. The suit symbols used for the run of 12 cards vary from one pack to the next. These decks are associated with

522:

Improvements in printing techniques and machinery allowed manufacturers in Europe and elsewhere to improve their output and further expand their export of playing cards. Manufacturers introduced steam powered machines,

952:

reversed, with the ace strongest (just below the Vizier), and the 10 weakest, thus giving the order K,V,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. If playing with a Moghul type pack, the suits with the 'reverse order' numerical cards are

182:

came later, meaning literally "paper ticket" (1848: 58). These different terms could account for the different spellings and pronunciations of 'Ganjifa'. These remain unproven theories, but the 18th century, traveler

1172:

in the lead suit has to take on this challenge. It is possible to determine the lead suit by the day or night rule as above, or by cutting cards. The following game rules are taken from an account by John McLeod

1139:'Ser-k'hel'. Players shuffle their tricks, and the winner of the last trick plays one trick blind against a player of his choice. The winner of this trick then challenges the player to his right in the same way. 343:). Wilkinson proposed that European cups were created by flipping the Chinese character. In Italy and Spain, this suit was inverted but in the Mamluk deck the blue panels are only found in the three court cards. 1379: 1162:

Pakistan), Shurreef writes that the King is referred to as 'Badshah' (corresponding to the Persian term 'Padishah'), the queen as 'Bibia' (Persian term 'Bibi'), and the Jack as the 'Ghulam', meaning 'slave'.

517:

In countries such as India and Persia, the traditional hand-made Ganjifa cards lost market share to Western-style printed cards, which came to dominate in the 20th century. This decline has several aspects.

1133:

cards are played individually instead of in batches. Furthermore, in this second phase, if a player leads a low card, it is played face down and the player can freely choose the suit which must be followed.

364:

speculated that importation of European cards killed off manufacturers in Egypt and the Levant. Trade continued after the conquest of these regions by the Ottomon Turks in 1517. They were also mentioned by

580:

and court card images that evoked Persian history. Nonetheless the cards used Western style suits, and so the commissioning of the cards reinforced the position of Western-style 4-suited printed cards.

61:

that are most associated with Persia and India. After Ganjifa cards fell out of use in Iran before the twentieth century, India became the last country to produce them. The form prevalent in Odisha is

624:

with 96 cards in 8 suits of 12 cards each; each suit is distinctively coloured and comprises ten pip cards from 1 to 10 and two court cards, a vizier and a king. This is the type of pack described by

1205:, so that the partnership can keep the lead. If the partner names a suit that the leader does not have in hand, the leader must decide himself which card to lead, without asking for more guidance. 2457:

British museum catalogue numbers for notable items: 1880,0.2241.1-41 ; As1972,Q.1986 ; 1978,1009,0.8.1-95; 2000.7-31.01/1-96 ; As1927,0510.20.a-cr ; Asia OA 1998.10.5.1

4393: 397:'s (died 1535) poem, 'Rubaiyat-e-Ganjifa', there is a short verse for each of the 96 cards in the 8-suited pack, showing that the Persians had the same suits and ranks as the Mughals. The 818:. The suits were horses, elephants, foot soldiers, forts, treasures, warriors in armour, boats, women, divinities, genii, wild beasts, and snakes. No specimens are known to have survived. 596:

in the east of India, Mysore in Karnataka, Nirmal in Telangana, Sawantwadi in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Bishnupur in West Bengal and Sheopur in Madhya Pradesh. In Odisha, they use

1082:

also holds the third highest card in the suit, he may play this card as well, and it is said that the deni is doubled. In this case everyone plays a second card and the player with the

1052:

If the lead player has a continuous series of winning cards in a suit, then this sequence must be led, with the exception of the last card in the sequence which is kept for later.

349:: This suit is in the logical order with blue panels on the king, viceroy, second viceroy, 10, 9, and 8. Andrea Pollett proposes that it originates from the Chinese suit of Tens ( 369:. The lack of references or cards after the 16th century is likely due to the Ottomans taking a harder stance against cards and gambling which would last until the 19th century. 463:

in Iran although these were withdrawn quickly after merchants rejected them. By the 17th century, the money-suited deck had acquired a new card depicting a Persian merchant.

2280:). The suits of cups (coppe) and coins (denari) are those with the reversed order of the number cards. In France this inverted order did feature for a time in the game of 1347:

Anshul Kaushik, also known as History Hunter has a set of 68 Mughal cards in his collection. The cards are kept in a beautiful hand made painted wooden box from 1800 AD.

500: 409:(r 1642-66) banned ganjifeh and the game decline precipitously with no known rules surviving into the present. Around the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, the game of 405:

lacquer paintings from the 16th-century that mimic ganjifeh cards. Despite being produced around the same time as Shirazi's poem, they do not match his description. Shah

2591: 246:

museum. The Mamluk cards are difficult to date with any certainty, but Mayer estimated these cards to be from the 15th century. The piece of playing card collected by

421:"The word ganjifeh is in Persian now only employed for European playing-cards (four suits, ace to ten; three picture cards each suit), which, however, are also called 321:. This suit is also in reverse order as indicated by the blue panels. This suit was converted into cudgels (Spain) or batons (Italy) as polo was too obscure in Europe. 942:

suit' that beats cards in other suits. A trick can only be won by a card of the same suit. When a player is not in position to win a trick there is no obligation to

2441: 2194: 1376: 2539:

Cited for example in The Hindu, online newspaper, 25/3/2003, as part of a book review of 'MANJUSHA- An Art Genre: Choodamani Nandagopal. Retrieved 30/1/2015 from

4386: 3934: 1100:

cards, all at once, a move called 'utari'. In McLeod's account this is the only option available to a player at this stage, so a player would need to lead any

2426: 2328: 1344:

has huge collection of Ganjifa. Mr Raghupathi Bhat also known as Ganjifa bhat has adopted this art and contributed to enhance the collections of Ganjifa art

718:. Depending on demand, this set may be extended up to 24 suits to encompass more major dieties like Brahma, Shiva, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Surya, Chandra, etc. 3924: 5316: 3929: 1276:

houses rectangular and circular ganjifa cards from Persia and India, going back to the 18th century and some images are made available online (website:

1252: 2168:

Refer to articles by Mr. Kishor N. Gordhandas, such as 'Cards of Honour', in the Mysore based Deccan Herald newspaper, Sunday 6/4/2008, online version

1015:

During the game players must try to keep track of the cards that have been played. The highest outstanding cards left in play in each suit are called '

443:. From travellers to Persia in the seventeenth century we know that a set of ganjifeh consisted of ninety or ninety-six cards in eight suits or colors. 389:. The figure on horseback on the card in the top right corner appears to be holding an object marked " برات ", meaning 'bill' or 'cheque' in Persian. 4379: 3973: 1640: 4219: 3127: 2927: 2172: 1076:

then wins the trick but the player that made the 'deni' move retains the lead, which is the advantage of making this move. If the player with the

202:

emperors in the 16th century. The term has been used at times in many countries throughout the Middle East and western Asia. In Kuwait, the word

3872: 1713: 883:

is typical only to the Puri region, has 8 suits differentiated only by color ("Atharangi" 8-color cards), and features Krishna (depicted as a

823: 254:, in Arabic, at the end of night 460. The first known reference can be found in a 15th-century Arabic text, written by the Egyptian historian 4332: 2499: 73: 5343: 5334: 4350: 4314: 3475: 2552: 318: 2237:

Crestin Billet shows examples taken from the collection of the Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer, in the Paris region (2002: 185, 188-9).

2792:. Translated by Gerhard Andreas Herklots. Revisions for new edition by William Crooke. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 2411:

See IPCS paper 'Ganjifa - the traditional playing cards of India', by Jeff Hopewell, p63. The name 'Dugi' is used in Digapahandi (Orissa)

2088:

Description based on booklet supplied with a set of cards from Sawantwadi Lacquerwares, The Palace, Sawantwadi 416510 Maharashtra, India.

1593: 1562:

in 1545. The game involved twelve players, each with twenty cards. Refer Beveridge (1902: 178, or 77 in the Persian section of the book).

1064:

in a given suit, but has the second highest outstanding card. In this case the player may lead a low card in that suit, and call for the

5203: 4254: 3066: 5402: 5387: 5372: 3910: 3770: 3598: 1822: 867:. Hybrids exist that combine Indian or Persian imagery with the hearts, diamonds, spades, and clubs symbols of the French suit system. 3690: 377: 258:(died 1470). In his history of Egypt he mentions how the Sultan Al-Malik Al-Mu'ayyad played kanjafah for money when he was an emir. 2335: 2183: 311:

as well as in Tarot, Ombre, and Maw. The high ranking cards of this suit have blue panels (king, viceroy, second viceroy, 1, 2, 3).

843:

backgrounds. The term 'Kanjifa' appears in Arabic on the king of swords. They directly inspired the Latin-suited playing cards of

5310: 4323: 3895: 3890: 3568: 1308:. The cards are circular, made in ivory with gild edges, and relatively large in size (80mm). Link to images retrieved 1/2/2015: 1284: 561: 138:

The earliest origins of the cards remain uncertain, but Ganjifa cards as they are known today are believed to have originated in

1957: 5215: 5209: 4832: 4212: 3805: 3418: 3219: 3098: 3093: 3081: 1600: 784:

in the mid-19th century. He devised a series of complex Ganjifa games, some requiring as many as 18 different suits, permanent

30: 5367: 5325: 4305: 3988: 3315: 2519: 1860: 2427:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rec.games.playing-cards/ganjifa/rec.games.playing-cards/m3h8xA9rLh4/5Im7ud3hQJYJ

2329:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rec.games.playing-cards/ganjifa/rec.games.playing-cards/m3h8xA9rLh4/5Im7ud3hQJYJ

4113: 3900: 2583: 2438: 2191: 5236: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5116: 5066: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4226: 4058: 3414: 3410: 1716:, or for the full text refer to Shirazi & Rabbani (1965:668-684). The poem is also mentioned in the bibliography of 1369: 1372:

in 1727. The cards are made with wafers of wood and tortoiseshell. Lewis was a chaplain in India between 1692 and 1714.

662:. It is the most popular set played throughout India. There are 10 suits of 12 cards each; the suits correspond to the 81:(1807-1879), during his visit to Egypt in the period 1827-1844. He identified them as Persian by the style and quality. 78: 5392: 5149: 5086: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4775: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4504: 4492: 4466: 4424: 3795: 3765: 3347: 3113: 2959: 2920: 1321: 1114:

then passes to the player who wins the trick, who then follows the same sequence of possible leads as described above.

251: 2526:- database number 1886.1.8, website notes that cards are thought to have been collected by George Barnes, presumably 1808:. (1976) A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. Londen: W. Collins & Co. Ltd. p. 257. 2255:

This feature of a reversed order in the number cards of half the suits can be found in some European games, notably

250:

may be from the period of the 12-14th centuries. The term Kanjifah can be found in the 1839 Calcutta edition of the

5382: 5377: 5170: 3905: 3588: 3365: 2664:

Travels in Arabia, Comprehending an Account of Those Territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans Regard as Sacred..

2587: 1265: 1234: 540: 1749: 1490:

A rectangular example dated to around 1770 is held in the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. See

191:

visited Mecca and wrote that "cards are played in almost every Arab coffee-house (they use small Chinese cards)".

3998: 3650: 2210: 1368:

Two sets of ganjifa cards are in the collection of Rev. George Lewis, housed in the cabinet that was sent to the

398: 1309: 572:

the monopoly was set up following the Foreign Trade Monopoly Act of 1931. The British playing card manufacturer

3867: 3857: 3735: 3715: 3533: 3330: 2157: 1359:, Oxford University (UK), for a set of Dashavatar cards that came into the collection in the late 19th century. 1350: 231: 188: 2042:

For more information and images refer to pattern sheet 67 of the International Playing Card Society (website:

2169: 3862: 3710: 3660: 3640: 1789: 781: 750:

from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra is a 12 suited Indian deck, with suit symbols derived from the 12 signs of the

414: 262: 226:

Despite the significance of Persia in the history of ganjifa cards, the very earliest known text reference (

147: 1199:, he may ask his partner which suit he should lead. Thus the partner can indicate a suit in which he has a 5397: 5242: 4461: 4247: 4184: 3071: 2913: 2527: 1546:(ورق). This word can be found in texts that may refer to Ganjifa cards. For example the 16th century work 789: 3553: 2098: 5181: 5102: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4620: 4583: 4559: 4542: 4518: 4359: 4286: 4003: 3978: 3740: 3614: 3462: 3274: 3259: 3224: 3144: 3060: 2944: 2553:

http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Ansorge-2011-Faith/Ansorge-2011-Faith-Fable-08-17.pdf

1637: 1421: 1416: 1411: 848: 844: 493: 274: 270: 266: 167: 93:

court, and lavish sets were made, from materials such as precious stone-inlaid ivory or tortoise shell (

2476: 2297:

These are the rules given by Shrikrisna Maudranalay, and also those in the account by Chatto (1848: 42)

2496: 1835: 1594:

https://books.google.com/books?id=QCvC39URTY4C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3Ae0XIWB1KOVMC&pg=PT535

261:

The cards used by the Mamluks most likely entered Italy and Spain during the 1370s. As early as 1895,

5080: 5039: 4677: 4529: 4278: 4069: 3310: 3296: 3284: 3264: 3214: 3076: 3021: 2540: 1585: 1094:- When a leader cannot make either of the two leads described above, he then leads out any remaining 792:. A typical Chad suit had twelve numeral and six court cards (Raja on elephant or throne, Rajni in a 744:

and his five demons. The suits could also be story-based and depict different episodes from the epic.

386: 366: 361: 207: 4670: 4588: 4547: 4205: 3963: 3470: 3279: 3033: 3016: 1449:

Many different spellings and transliterations can be found, such as Ganjafa, Ghendgifeh, Gunjeefa,

1127:

game, which applies when all the players have held and lost the lead once. From this point onwards

118: 2886:

The Indian Playing Cards of Francis Douce and the Ganjifa Folios in the Richard Johnson Collection

2422: 2324: 1558:. The text describes a gambling game that was played during celebrations upon Humayun's return to 1453:, Kanjifa, Kanjifah and so on. In arabic, the spellings كنجفة or جنجفة or غنجفه can be found. The 592:

By the 21st-century, the only place with a significant community of ganjifa makers and players is

4926: 4240: 3593: 1903: 1356: 939: 785: 711: 655: 406: 187:

claimed to have seen Arabian merchants in Bombay playing with Chinese cards. In the 19th century

4576: 4535: 4100: 4095: 2021: 1298:. The Oriental section has two sets from the 19th century (MS.Sansk d.337(R) and MS.Sansk.g.4). 5154: 4938: 4921: 4146: 4134: 4090: 3983: 3944: 3830: 3790: 3619: 3558: 3038: 2955: 2214: 2156:

Described by Krishna Chaitanya (1994: 58). Link to Google books version, retrieved 30/1/2015:

1882: 1731: 1334: 1314: 931: 452: 243: 2277: 1958:

http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/169352/Playing_Cards_for_the_Game_of_Nas

1588:, in his article "Further Comments on Mamluk Playing Cards". The quote refers to the work of 4846: 4811: 4552: 4477: 4198: 4191: 4156: 4035: 3916: 3849: 3780: 3720: 3229: 3087: 2264: 1818: 1681: 1454: 1325: 1317:

museum in Istanbul is significant for housing one set of centuries old Mamluk playing cards.

1291: 1245: 642: 577: 544: 278: 2466:

National Trust Inventory Numbers 1180679.1 to 1180679.88. Reference for the box: CLIVE.I.89

1491: 760:, meaning 'Eight Wrestlers'. Depicts Krishna wrestling various demons. from Chikiti, Odisha 600:, the local variation known for abstract and highly stylized suit symbols and extra suits. 564:(Yale University) has a deck of Indian-made bridge cards dated to around 1935, for example. 5294: 5198: 5175: 4785: 3820: 3815: 3513: 3149: 3026: 2978: 2523: 2503: 2445: 2339: 2198: 2187: 1644: 1604: 1589: 1383: 1362: 1341: 1044:

Rules govern which leads are possible. Players must lead as follows, in order of priority:

839: 528: 447: 402: 255: 247: 239: 227: 184: 2707: 1717: 1058:- The next possibility is a move called 'deni'. This is possible when a player lacks the 455:. Chinese money-suited cards copied their pips directly from Chinese banknotes. In 1294, 2763:

The Game of Dashavtar Ganjifa (game rules booklet accompanying the set of playing cards)

2350:

Noted by Wilkins (2002: 195). Compare also the definition given by Maudranalay, page 16.

2332: 2180: 1834:(article 'The Search for Ganjifa' in The India Magazine, June 1983, p28. Retrieved from 588:

Playing cards from Puri, Odisha, India, made with the traditional pattachitra technique.

125:

or minister. The backs of the cards are typically a uniform colour, without patterning.

5274: 4769: 4341: 4233: 4139: 4119: 4074: 4015: 3968: 3800: 3755: 3750: 3373: 3291: 3185: 3108: 1943: 1805: 1273: 801: 504:

Mughal Ganjifa Playing Cards, Early 19th century, courtesy of the Wovensouls collection

5269: 2439:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=india&CraftCode=003675

2192:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003665

1473:

At the start of the 21st Century production in India was still ongoing in the town of

822: 804:, in the section 'Kautuka nidhi', and colour illustrations show designs for the cards. 218: 5361: 4664: 4064: 4042: 4030: 3885: 3785: 3730: 3725: 3573: 3538: 3442: 3437: 3394: 3355: 3325: 3320: 3009: 3004: 2973: 2968: 2573: 2569: 2176: 1777: 1295: 1088:

wins two tricks. However the lead still returns to the player who made the deni move.

535:

Ganjifa cards were less suited to Western card games. The invention of games such as

480: 382: 199: 151: 90: 1597: 736:

and usually has eight, ten, or twelve suits. Each suit is dedicated to a character:

4780: 4402: 4129: 4079: 4020: 3810: 3705: 3700: 3635: 3583: 3432: 3399: 3378: 2983: 2936: 2281: 1868: 1793: 1572: 1305: 1301: 835: 815: 625: 576:

was commissioned to provide cards during the 1930s. The cards featured indexing in

394: 328: 58: 4371: 3645: 2516: 2110: 1542:

In Arabic and Persian, there exists also the more general word for playing cards,

2285: 2246:

A variant is possible where the 'lead suit' as described below is the trump suit.

1255:(India), which has a substantial online display of many different Ganjifa cards ( 5220: 4271: 4105: 4052: 4047: 3993: 3775: 3665: 3543: 3427: 3103: 2799:

Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira (النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر و القاهرة)

2306: 1406: 943: 884: 871: 855: 691: 663: 659: 651: 632: 524: 114: 35: 2893:

Ganjifa - the playing cards of India … Victoria & Albert Museum collection;

1679:

Pollett, Andrea (2002). "Tuman, or the Ten Thousand Cups of the Mamluk Cards".

77:

Images of ivory playing cards bought in a Cairo bazaar by French traveller Mr.

5259: 5003: 4446: 4161: 4151: 4025: 3825: 3695: 3518: 3450: 3199: 2579: 2260: 1474: 647: 286: 1481:

in the east for example. See Abram (2003: 53) and Crestin-Billet (2002: 189).

903:(Kings with chariots and ministers on elephant or horse) from Chikiti, Odisha 85:

Ganjifa cards are circular or rectangular, and traditionally hand-painted by

4944: 4124: 3949: 3745: 3685: 3528: 3269: 3043: 2273: 2158:

https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=Ashtamalla&pg=PA58

1221: 793: 707: 683: 573: 484: 110: 106: 54: 2790:

Islam in India, or the Qanun-I-Islam, The Customs of the Musalmans of India

303:: This suit is in reverse order like in Chinese money-suited card games of 2170:

http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/finearts2008040561212.asp

2135: 1512: 1294:, Oxford University, has a small collection, including cards collected by 1210:

If the opponents succeed in winning a single trick then they win the game.

4976: 4971: 4950: 4932: 4471: 3760: 3563: 3208: 3192: 3178: 2586:

in connection with the department of archaeology and paleontology of the

2076: 2072: 2068: 2047: 1700: 1426: 768: 460: 456: 206:

has become a general term and so is applied to the internationally known

4432: 584: 97:). The game later spread to the general public, whereupon cheaper sets ( 17: 4816: 4683: 4571: 4084: 3655: 3578: 3162: 2311: 2226: 1551: 1450: 1396: 729: 725: 703: 699: 597: 308: 86: 62: 2099:

http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/Jan/engpdf/39-43.pdf

352: 338: 5053: 5025: 5008: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4966: 4565: 4523: 3548: 3480: 3242: 3235: 3171: 3138: 2699:

Voyages du chevalier Chardin en Perse, et autres lieux de l'Orient...

1764: 1478: 1430: 1429:

and for the Islamic view on gambling and games of chance the article

1401: 888: 777: 751: 741: 733: 687: 679: 671: 667: 621: 593: 557: 553: 536: 439: 410: 332: 304: 290: 139: 122: 2825:

A voyage to East-India...Empire of the Great Mogul...(Google e-book)

2736:

Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States (Google eBook)

2697:

Chardin, John; Langlès, Louis; Pétis de La Croix, François (1811).

2612:. Vol. 1. Translated by Henry Blochmann. Calcutta: G.H. Rouse. 2497:

http://www.bdlmuseum.org/collections/trade-n-cultural-exchange.html

1914:

p81-2, Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin

1836:

http://kreedaakaushalya.blogspot.fr/2010/01/search-for-ganjifa.html

1666: 814:

played using a 12 suited deck, which is described in detail in the

3523: 2541:

http://www.thehindu.com/br/2003/03/25/stories/2003032500030300.htm

2268: 2256: 1559: 870: 854: 821: 811: 797: 715: 675: 631: 607: 583: 548: 499: 488: 476: 376: 282: 195: 72: 29: 2888:; in: Bodleian Library Record, Oxford 1981, 10,5, p. 297-304 2756:. Ettinghausen & Kurz (Eds). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 2709:

Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards

1269:

from the late 19th or early 20th century (museum no.:IS.76-1979).

4790: 4605: 3302: 2905: 2701:(in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire. 2024:. Indian Numismatic, Historical and Cultural Research Foundation 1607:. The relevant passage begins " ... وأخذ فى إصلاح أمر البلاد ". 737: 695: 102: 4375: 2909: 2858:

Ganjifa : the playing cards of India in Bharat Kala Bhavan

2578:

Chess and Playing Cards: Catalogue of games and implements for

2423:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rec.games.playing-cards

2325:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rec.games.playing-cards

1329: 1277: 2999: 780:

was a centre for Ganjifa card making, encouraged by the ruler

2772:

Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern

2067:

Refer to IPCS pattern sheet 66 for examples from Sawantwadi:

289:

played in Europe, and the Chinese money-suited card game of '

2672:

Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin

2655:

Giuochi delle minchiate, ombre, scacchi, ed altri d'ingegno

2215:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_Isx7NqZZHEC&pg=PA306

2190:(retrieved 25/3/2015); also 'Mysore Palace Playing cards', 1883:

https://books.google.com/books?id=79gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190

938:

In the simplest form of the game there is no concept of a '

417:

described ganjifeh and As-Nas with the following comments:

2827:. Salisbury: W. Cater; S. Hayes; J. Wilkie; and E. Easton. 2278:

https://books.google.com/books?id=x_1dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16

1256: 916:(based on the Marathi saints) from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra 754:. It appears to be limited to the 18th and 19th centuries. 2801:(in Arabic). Vol. 3. Cairo: Kotobarabia.com (ebook). 2043: 2630:(in Dutch). Turnhout: National Museum van de Speelkaart. 2495:

Cards can be seen on website, link retrieved 30/6/2015:

2225:

Refer to IPCS pattern sheet 68. Link viewed 16/11/2014:

1669:

at Historical playing cards. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

1492:

http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55007315w/f13.item

1287:(LACMA) has a small collection with some fine examples. 471:

The earliest playing cards used in India were known as

293:'. He suggests these games may have a common ancestor. 142:. The first syllable is attributed to the Persian word 2425:. Direct weblink to post, retrieved February 8, 2015: 2327:. Direct weblink to post, retrieved February 8, 2015: 1647:. The American Anthropologist, Volume VIII, pp. 61-78. 296:

Kanjifa consists of 52 cards divided into four suits:

178:“dominoes”) meaning "bone ticket", and that the term 2818:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Clouzier and Barbin. 2635:

Beveridge, Annette Susannah; Gulbadan, Begam (1902).

2477:"The Statesman SECTION-2 epaper dated Thu, 17 Aug 17" 2333:

http://kishorcards.tripod.com/08handed/handed1to6.htm

2181:

http://kishorcards.tripod.com/05mysore/mysore1to7.htm

1320:

In India some fine examples can also be found in the

1033:(red gold coins, or figuratively 'suns') by day, and 646:

is played by three persons with 120 cards, mainly in

2900:

A Note on Certain Suit Signs in Indian Playing Cards

1703:

at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

5283: 5252: 5229: 5191: 5163: 5142: 5109: 5097: 5073: 5061: 5047: 5033: 5019: 4959: 4839: 4827: 4799: 4692: 4613: 4599: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4454: 4440: 4419: 4263: 4177: 4170: 3957: 3943: 3848: 3839: 3678: 3628: 3607: 3506: 3497: 3461: 3408: 3387: 3364: 3346: 3339: 3252: 3126: 3052: 2992: 2954: 2943: 2881:; in: The Illustrated Weekly of India, 3. Okt. 1954 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 1946:. The titles are written using the Arabic alphabet. 2721:. Translated by Roland Glasser. Paris: Flammarion. 2179:(retrieved 02/01/2015); 'Playing cards of Mysore' 2097:Orissa Review, January 2010. Retrieved 30/1/2015. 1817:Lo, Andrew (2000), The Late Ming Game of Ma Diao, 1375:A complete set of Mughal Ganjifa is a part of the 1200: 1194: 1183: 1128: 1121: 1101: 1095: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1034: 1028: 1016: 971: 965: 959: 953: 654:, India, although it is played by five persons in 317:: Very likely originated from the Chinese suit of 2809:(in French). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale. 1984. 1598:http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-11988/page-4536 166:) meaning "playing cards" In a related passage, 2845:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2747:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2530:(1782-1847), connected to both Oxford and India. 1571:(Mayer 1971: 9); See also the discussion on the 2690:A History of Indian Painting: The modern period 2517:http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/LGweb/toys/1886_1_8.htm 1228:Notable Ganjifa card collections and collectors 724:, a type with imagery from the Hindu epic, the 2626:Autenboer, Eugeen van; Cremers, Filip (1990). 2286:http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6532698n 2075: ; or sheet 82 for examples from Kurnol: 331:, a Turkic, Mongol, and Jurchen word meaning " 4387: 3935:Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards 2921: 2816:Les six voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier... 2728:Islamic art and archaeology: collected papers 2681:Kashf al-ẓunūn 'an asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn 1767:type, rather than the older 8-suited variety. 1511:Andy Pollett covers this line of argument on 1304:in Wales has 88 cards from the collection of 1021:', corresponding to the Persian word " حکم ". 897:(eight cardinal deities) from Chikiti, Odisha 350: 336: 8: 2765:. Sawandwadi, India: Sawandwadi Laquerwares. 2657:(in Italian). Rome: Bernabo & Lazzerini. 2646:The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) 2621:. London: Hamlyn - Octopus Publishing Group. 2046:). Link to pattern sheet viewed 16/11/2014: 2015: 2013: 1734:at altacarta.com. Retrieved 31 October 2015. 834:Very few such cards are known or exist. The 771:or play during the festival season in India. 2902:; in: JCPS, 1974, vol. III/3 p. 33-36. 2437:Based on article by Mr. Kishor Gordhandas: 2276:tarot cards (Brunetti 1747:16)(direct link 2071: ; sheet 69 for examples from Nossam: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1732:Die verschollenen Spielkarten Zentralasiens 1701:Relations between eastern and western cards 875:Atharangi (8 color) Nabagunjara Ganjapa set 393:The earliest Persian reference is found in 4394: 4380: 4372: 4174: 3954: 3930:Saga Arashiyama Museum of Arts and Culture 3845: 3503: 3343: 2951: 2928: 2914: 2906: 2872:Chad: The Playing Cards of Mysore (India); 2592:Cotton States and International Exposition 1617: 1615: 1613: 1328:. To view examples search "Ganjifa" using 1253:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts 1182:When leading, a player must lead all the ' 636:Various cards from Dashavatara Ganjapa set 335:". In China, there is a suit of myriads ( 4413:Historical patterns are shown in italics 2738:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1938. 2628:Turnhout, of speelkaarten voor de wereld 1863:(2004). Mackenzie, C; Finkel, I (eds.). 1855: 1853: 217: 170:explains that an early Chinese term was 154:that the last two syllables in the word 4220:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds 2674:(in French). Alors Hors Du Temps. 2004. 2130: 2128: 1513:http://a_pollett.tripod.com/cards25.htm 1442: 1353:, for a set of Dashavatar ganjifa cards 381:Images of cards from the collection of 101:) would be made from materials such as 3873:International Skat Players Association 2836:(in French). Paris: Editions du Félin. 2781:Kullīyāt ashʻār-i Mawlānā Ahlī Shīrāzī 2779:Shirazi, Ahli; Rabbani, Hamid (1965). 2637:The History of Humayun (Humayun-namah) 2077:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/kurnol.html 2073:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/nosdas.html 2069:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawdas.html 2048:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawmog.html 1330:National Portal and Digital Repository 1193:When a player who has the lead has no 413:became more popular. In 1895, General 3974:Blackstone's Card Trick Without Cards 2843:Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures 2666:. Vol. 1. London: Henry Colburn. 1461:(گنجفه). In Hindi the term is गंजीफा. 612:King of Barāt from Moghul Ganjifa set 265:pointed out the similarities between 7: 2653:Brunetti, Francesco Saverio (1747). 2644:Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1922). 2312:http://www.pagat.com/whist/hokm.html 2227:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawf.html 2058:Shirazi & Rabbani (1965:668-684) 1893:Autenboer & Cremers, pages 23-25 1626:. London: Duckworth. pp. 33–64. 1584:The text is described in English by 1469: 1467: 826:Seven of Coins in Mamluk Kanjifa set 728:. It is closely associated with the 513:Competition from Western style cards 4255:Violin and Playing Cards on a Table 2745:Sports and Games of the Renaissance 2717:Crestin-Billet, Frédérique (2002). 1340:Museum in a place called Ganjam in 1244:The Cary collection, housed in the 3925:Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer 3911:International Playing-Card Society 3599:United States Playing Card Company 2692:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 2111:"Ramayana Ganjifa (Playing Cards)" 2022:"An Introduction to Ganjifa Cards" 1902:See also French wikipedia article 1823:International Playing-Card Society 214:Arabic sources and surviving cards 25: 5317:Playing card packs by suit system 2814:Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1676). 2774:(in German). Vol. 1. Möller. 1881:See Terry (1777:190), or weblink 89:. The game became popular at the 5306: 5305: 4431: 3896:Fournier Museum of Playing Cards 3891:Cary Collection of Playing Cards 2879:The Playing Cards of South India 2797:Taghri-Birdi ( ابن تغري بردي ). 2639:. London: Royal Asiatic Society. 1987:Autenboer & Cremers, page 26 1932:Bureau of the Census pages 642-3 1923:Autenboer & Cremers, page 27 1821:(XXIX, No. 3), pp. 115–136, The 1285:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 810:The 16th-century Mughal emperor 562:Cary Collection of Playing Cards 158:may be derived from the Chinese 4213:Card Players in a Rich Interior 2730:. Berlin: Gebrüder Mann Verlag. 2706:Chatto, William Andrew (1848). 2662:Burckhardt, John Lewis (1829). 2619:The Complete Book of Card Games 2608:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (1873). 2020:Pati, Arunima (June 11, 2020). 1865:Asian Games: The Art of Contest 1638:Chinese Origin of Playing Cards 556:became popular, under the name 459:began printing an imitation of 5128:Spanish National (Old Catalan) 2726:Ettinghausen, Richard (1984). 1573:early history of playing cards 1201: 1195: 1184: 1129: 1122: 1102: 1096: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1035: 1029: 1017: 972: 966: 960: 954: 1: 5171:Swiss (locally called German) 4114:The Phantom of the Card Table 3901:German Doppelkopf Association 3569:Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag 2895:London 1982 (V&A Museum) 2783:(in Persian). Tehran: Sana'i. 2648:. Vol. 2. London: Luzac. 2584:United States National Museum 4333:Patience and solitaire games 4227:Cardplayers in a Sunlit Room 4059:The Expert at the Card Table 2113:. Philadelphia Museum of Art 1750:Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum 1712:See Farsi wikipedia article 1370:Cambridge University Library 1322:National Museum of New Delhi 740:and his five allies against 5344:Tarot and Tarock card games 5335:Non trick-taking card games 4351:Tarot and Tarock card games 4315:Non trick-taking card games 3796:Richard Valentine Pitchford 3766:Master of the Playing Cards 2688:Chaitanya, Krishna (1994). 1550:, about the Mughal emperor 1239:Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum 620:is played in some parts of 252:One Thousand and One Nights 34:Various Ganjifa cards from 5419: 4429: 3906:German Playing Card Museum 2834:Sublimes cartes à jouer... 2761:Maudranalay, Shrikrishna. 2588:University of Pennsylvania 2515:Link retrieved 30/6/2015: 2213:(1873: 306). Google book: 2079:(links viewed 16/11/2014). 1266:Victoria and Albert Museum 1235:German Playing Card Museum 275:Chinese money-suited cards 194:Ganjifa became popular in 5403:Persian words and phrases 5388:Cultural history of India 5373:Dedicated deck card games 5301: 4967:Portuguese-derived Karuta 4410: 4300: 2865:Illustrated Marathi Games 2788:Shurreef, Jaffur (1999). 2770:Niebuhr, Carsten (1774). 2752:Mayer, Leo Aryeh (1971). 2719:Collectible Playing Cards 2594:, Atlanta, Georgia, 1895. 1968:Crestin Billet (2002:188) 1847:See Beveridge (1922: 584) 1622:Dummett, Michael (1980). 859:French suited Ganjapa set 483:dynasty. In his work the 399:Austrian National Library 351: 337: 222:Four Mamluk playing cards 146:meaning "treasure." Gen. 3868:International Skat Court 3858:British Skat Association 2136:"Other Ganjifa Patterns" 1351:Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum 1248:, Yale University (USA). 1070:. The opponent with the 887:) on the king rank, and 796:, Amatya or Mantri in a 4992:Harifuda & Hikifuda 4324:Trick-taking card games 3863:German Skat Association 3641:Bielefelder Spielkarten 2841:Wilkins, Sally (2002). 2201:(retrieved 02/01/2015). 1904:fr:Jean-Baptiste Camoin 1790:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 1636:Wilkinson, W.H. (1895) 1515:(retrieved 03/01/2015). 1257:http://www.ignca.nic.in 1241:), Leinfelden, Germany. 782:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 415:Albert Houtum-Schindler 263:William Henry Wilkinson 5134:Modern Spanish Catalan 4248:Still Life with a Poem 3451:Guru (circular whirls) 2860:; Varanasi, India 1999 2823:Terry, Edward (1777). 2743:Liebs, Andrew (2004). 2617:Arnold, Peter (2010). 2568:This article includes 2528:George Barnes (priest) 2211:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 2138:. Andy's Playing Cards 2044:http://www.i-p-c-s.org 1746:All Cards on the Table 1667:Mamluk cards, ca. 1500 1533:(Burckhardt 1829: 377) 876: 860: 827: 637: 613: 589: 505: 467:Early history in India 390: 327:: The cups are called 230:) and card specimens ( 223: 82: 79:Émile Prisse d'Avennes 39: 5368:History of card decks 5326:Historical card games 5204:Archaeology awareness 5182:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel 4621:Standard 52-card deck 4306:Historical card games 4287:Play Your Cards Right 4004:Twenty-One Card Trick 3979:The Circus Card Trick 3741:Johann Kaspar Hechtel 3067:Archaeology awareness 3061:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel 2832:Verame, Jean (2007). 2712:. London: J.R. Smith. 2599:Abram, David (2003). 2393:Maudranalay, page 16. 1744:Mann, Sylvia (1990). 1422:Spanish playing cards 1417:Italian playing cards 1412:Chinese playing cards 1377:Wovensouls collection 874: 865:French suited Ganjifa 858: 825: 635: 611: 587: 503: 479:, the founder of the 380: 271:Italian playing cards 221: 189:Jean Louis Burckhardt 76: 33: 5081:Polish playing cards 5040:Flemish Hunting Deck 5034:Southern Netherlands 4887:Toscane (Fiorentine) 4070:History of cardistry 3554:J.O. Öberg & Son 3077:Flemish Hunting Deck 2898:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2891:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2884:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2877:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2870:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2754:Mamluk Playing Cards 2683:(in Arabic). Beirut. 2402:Shurreef (1999:336). 2384:See Chatto (1848:43) 1586:Richard Ettinghausen 775:Mysore Chad Ganjifa. 387:Samuel Weller Singer 367:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 362:Richard Ettinghausen 5089:(Prussian-Silesian) 4671:Tarot of Marseilles 4462:Industrie und Glück 4264:Film and television 4206:The Card Players II 3964:The Acme of Control 2807:Tarot, Jeu et Magie 2448:retrieved 3/1/2015. 1871:. pp. 241–251. 1596:(Google E-book) or 1524:(Niebuhr 1774: 173) 1167:Partnership Ganjifa 891:on the vizier rank. 881:Nabagunjara Ganjifa 758:Ashta Malla Ganjifa 643:Dashavatara Ganjifa 5393:Indian handicrafts 4927:Tarocco Piemontese 4872:Primiera Bolognese 4405:packs by geography 4241:Dogs Playing Poker 3806:Johann Georg Rauch 3594:U.S. Games Systems 2956:Playing card suits 2601:Rough Guide to Goa 2522:2015-09-24 at the 2502:2015-08-11 at the 2444:2015-01-03 at the 2366:Wilkins (2002:195) 2338:2015-02-08 at the 2310:an ace). Refer to 2197:2016-11-22 at the 2186:2016-03-04 at the 1643:2016-03-02 at the 1603:2016-03-04 at the 1382:2016-03-27 at the 1357:Pitt Rivers Museum 877: 861: 828: 638: 614: 590: 506: 391: 238:deck witnessed by 234:) are from Egypt. 224: 83: 40: 5383:Plain-trick games 5378:Indian card games 5355: 5354: 5216:Most-wanted Iraqi 5117:Castilian pattern 4939:Tarocco Siciliano 4922:Tarocco Bolognese 4833:Hamas most wanted 4705:Dondorf Rhineland 4678:Tarot de Besançon 4505:Bohemian (Prague) 4441:Austria - Germany 4369: 4368: 4296: 4295: 4147:Si Stebbins stack 4011: 4010: 3989:Out of This World 3984:The Four Burglars 3945:Card manipulation 3881: 3880: 3831:Fusajiro Yamauchi 3791:Ferdinand Piatnik 3674: 3673: 3493: 3492: 3220:Portuguese-suited 3122: 3121: 3099:Most-wanted Iraqi 3082:Hamas most wanted 3039:Curse of Scotland 2582:exhibited by the 1792:(1676: 626), and 1699:Pollett, Andrea. 1624:The Game of Tarot 1477:in the west, and 1335:Jaganmohan Palace 932:trick-taking game 907:Navagraha Ganjifa 453:trick-taking game 27:Persian card game 16:(Redirected from 5410: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5237:Parisian Spanish 5087:Prussian pattern 4812:Dashabatar Cards 4628:(Anglo-American) 4553:Four color cards 4435: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4199:The Card Players 4192:The Bezique Game 4175: 4157:Three-card monte 4036:Cards in the hat 3955: 3917:The Playing-Card 3846: 3781:Samuel J. Murray 3721:Thierry Depaulis 3504: 3388:German and Swiss 3344: 3150:Four-colour pack 2952: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2907: 2863:Deodhar, A. B.; 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2513: 2507: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2435: 2429: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375:Chatto (1848:43) 2373: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2202: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2017: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1857: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1826: 1819:The Playing-Card 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1788:See for example 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1721: 1714:fa:رباعیات گنجفه 1710: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1682:The Playing-Card 1676: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1608: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1554:, uses the term 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1471: 1462: 1447: 1337:of Mysore, India 1326:Allahabad Museum 1292:Bodleian Library 1246:Beinecke Library 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1186: 1144:Following rounds 1132: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1019: 975: 974: 969: 968: 963: 962: 957: 956: 901:Ratha-Hati/Ghoda 808:Akbar's Ganjifa. 433:, from the game 356: 355: 342: 341: 319:Strings of Coins 148:Houtum-Schindler 21: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5248: 5225: 5199:Four-color deck 5187: 5159: 5138: 5105: 5093: 5069: 5057: 5043: 5029: 5015: 4955: 4835: 4823: 4795: 4786:Bourgeois Tarot 4688: 4609: 4595: 4530:Great Man cards 4519:Character Cards 4507: 4495: 4493:Belgian-Genoese 4488:Belgium - Italy 4483: 4455:Austria-Hungary 4450: 4436: 4427: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4292: 4259: 4166: 4007: 3947: 3939: 3877: 3841: 3835: 3821:Charles Troedel 3816:Howard Thurston 3736:Richard Harding 3670: 3651:Charles Goodall 3624: 3603: 3514:ASS Altenburger 3499: 3489: 3486:Tens of Myriads 3476:Strings of Cash 3463:Chinese (Money) 3457: 3404: 3383: 3360: 3335: 3248: 3129: 3118: 3048: 3027:Queen of spades 2988: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2856:Chopra, Sarla; 2853: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2679:Çelebi, Katip. 2678: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2603:. Rough Guides. 2598: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2551:Retrieved from 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2524:Wayback Machine 2514: 2510: 2504:Wayback Machine 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2446:Wayback Machine 2436: 2432: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340:Wayback Machine 2321: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2209: 2205: 2199:Wayback Machine 2188:Wayback Machine 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1816: 1812: 1806:Ashtor, Eliyahu 1804: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1645:Wayback Machine 1635: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1611: 1605:Wayback Machine 1590:Ibn Taghribirdi 1583: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1472: 1465: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1393: 1384:Wayback Machine 1363:Manjusha Museum 1342:Srirangapattana 1230: 1217: 1169: 1146: 1012: 989: 944:follow the suit 928: 923: 840:Leo Aryeh Mayer 832:Mamluk Kanjifa. 722:Ramayan Ganjifa 606: 529:Offset printing 515: 469: 448:Michael Dummett 375: 373:Persian sources 256:Ibn Taghribirdi 248:Edmund de Unger 228:Ibn Taghribirdi 216: 185:Carsten Niebuhr 136: 131: 71: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5210:Jerry's Nugget 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5150:Modern Swedish 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4999:E-awase Karuta 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4776:Transformation 4773: 4770:Stuttgart pack 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4659:Madrid pattern 4655: 4652:Franco-Spanish 4648: 4645:French Catalan 4641: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4600:Denmark-Norway 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4234:The Cardsharps 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4120:Second dealing 4117: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4082: 4077: 4075:House of cards 4072: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4016:Bottom dealing 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3969:Ambitious Card 3966: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801:Franco Pratesi 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3751:Sekiryo Kaneda 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3679:Notable people 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3186:Hyakunin Isshu 3182: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3114:Transformation 3111: 3109:Stuttgart pack 3106: 3101: 3096: 3094:Jerry's Nugget 3091: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3056: 3054: 3053:Specific decks 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3007: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2544: 2532: 2508: 2488: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2430: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2352: 2343: 2315: 2307:Hukm (or Hokm) 2299: 2290: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2218: 2203: 2175:2015-01-03 at 2161: 2149: 2124: 2102: 2090: 2081: 2060: 2051: 2035: 1989: 1980: 1970: 1961: 1948: 1944:Constantinople 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1895: 1886: 1874: 1861:Hopewell, Jeff 1849: 1840: 1838:on 02/01/2015) 1827: 1810: 1798: 1781: 1769: 1755: 1752:. p. 183. 1748:. Leinfelden: 1736: 1722: 1705: 1692: 1671: 1658: 1649: 1629: 1609: 1577: 1564: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1504: 1495: 1483: 1463: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1332: 1318: 1315:Topkapı Palace 1311: 1299: 1288: 1281: 1278:British Museum 1274:British Museum 1270: 1262: 1260: 1249: 1242: 1229: 1226: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1190: 1189: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1089: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1023: 1022: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005:indifferently. 1001: 1000: 995: 994: 988: 985: 984: 983: 978: 977: 948: 947: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 911: 904: 898: 892: 869: 868: 853: 852: 820: 819: 805: 802:Sritattvanidhi 772: 761: 755: 745: 719: 630: 629: 618:Moghul Ganjifa 605: 602: 582: 581: 569: 565: 533: 514: 511: 468: 465: 461:Yuan banknotes 445: 444: 427:rarak i âsanâs 401:possess eight 374: 371: 359: 358: 344: 322: 312: 244:Topkapı Palace 215: 212: 168:William Chatto 135: 132: 130: 127: 70: 67: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5415: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Arts in India 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192:United States 5190: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5067:Cádiz pattern 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Salisburghesi 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748:(East German) 4747: 4746:New Altenburg 4744: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4665:Tarot Nouveau 4663: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4589:15 Lake Cards 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548:fishing cards 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4478:Hofämterspiel 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279:Playing Cards 4276: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171:Art and media 4169: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4065:Herrmann pass 4063: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043:Cardistry-Con 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031:Card throwing 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3886:52 Plus Joker 3884: 3883: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842:organisations 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:David Parlett 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3731:Lennart Green 3729: 3727: 3726:S. W. Erdnase 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3574:Oishi Tengudo 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539:France Cartes 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507:Manufacturers 3505: 3502: 3498:Manufacturers 3496: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Stripped deck 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3088:Hofämterspiel 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010:Ace of hearts 3008: 3006: 3005:Ace of spades 3003: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2937:Playing cards 2931: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2867:; Bombay 1905 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2574:Stewart Culin 2571: 2570:public domain 2567: 2566: 2562: 2555:on 19/4/2015. 2554: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2506:image gallery 2505: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177:archive.today 2174: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778:Stewart Culin 1773: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665:Gjerde, Tor. 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Humayun-namah 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1296:Francis Douce 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1192: 1191: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1093: 1090: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1002: 997: 996: 991: 990: 986: 980: 979: 950: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 935: 933: 925: 920: 915: 914:Santh Ganjifa 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 886: 882: 879: 878: 873: 866: 863: 862: 857: 850: 846: 841: 837: 833: 830: 829: 824: 817: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776: 773: 770: 765: 764:Naqsh Ganjifa 762: 759: 756: 753: 749: 748:Rashi Ganjifa 746: 743: 739: 735: 732:tradition of 731: 727: 723: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644: 640: 639: 634: 627: 623: 619: 616: 615: 610: 603: 601: 599: 595: 586: 579: 575: 570: 566: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 520: 519: 512: 510: 502: 498: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 442: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 388: 384: 383:Francis Douce 379: 372: 370: 368: 363: 357:) of Myriads. 354: 348: 345: 340: 334: 330: 326: 323: 320: 316: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 235: 233: 229: 220: 213: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:Stewart Culin 150:suggested to 149: 145: 141: 133: 128: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 80: 75: 68: 66: 64: 60: 59:playing cards 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 32: 19: 5347:}} 5341:{{ 5338:}} 5332:{{ 5329:}} 5323:{{ 5320:}} 5314:{{ 5264: 5241: 5208: 5180: 5126: 5085: 5052: 5038: 5024: 5009:Iroha Karuta 4987:Unsun Karuta 4943: 4931: 4806: 4781:Animal Tarot 4768: 4756: 4738: 4721: 4714: 4676: 4669: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4604: 4584:Domino Cards 4564: 4560:Money-suited 4528: 4476: 4467:William Tell 4445: 4412: 4403:Playing card 4363:}} 4360:Occult tarot 4357:{{ 4354:}} 4348:{{ 4345:}} 4339:{{ 4336:}} 4330:{{ 4327:}} 4321:{{ 4318:}} 4312:{{ 4309:}} 4303:{{ 4285: 4277: 4270: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4185:The Acrobats 4183: 4112: 4080:One-way deck 4057: 4021:Card marking 3999:Spelling Bee 3915: 3811:Juan Tamariz 3716:Dan and Dave 3706:Derren Brown 3701:David Blaine 3636:Aspioti-ELKA 3584:Ravensburger 3301: 3241: 3234: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3137: 3086: 3059: 2947:52-card deck 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2610:Ain i Akbari 2609: 2600: 2577: 2547: 2535: 2511: 2491: 2480:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2453: 2433: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2346: 2318: 2302: 2293: 2282:French tarot 2267:played with 2251: 2242: 2233: 2221: 2206: 2164: 2152: 2140:. Retrieved 2115:. Retrieved 2105: 2093: 2084: 2063: 2054: 2038: 2026:. Retrieved 1983: 1973: 1964: 1951: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1898: 1889: 1877: 1869:Asia Society 1867:. New York: 1864: 1843: 1830: 1813: 1801: 1796:(1811: 451). 1794:Jean Chardin 1784: 1772: 1758: 1745: 1739: 1725: 1718:Katip Çelebi 1708: 1695: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1661: 1652: 1632: 1623: 1580: 1567: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1507: 1502:(Culin p928) 1498: 1486: 1458: 1445: 1306:Robert Clive 1302:Powis Castle 1238: 1218: 1170: 1110: 1091: 1055: 1048: 1047: 929: 913: 906: 900: 895:Ashtadikpala 894: 880: 864: 831: 816:Ain-i-Akbari 807: 774: 763: 757: 747: 721: 641: 626:Ahli Shirazi 617: 591: 516: 507: 494:Edward Terry 472: 470: 446: 438: 434: 430: 429:- or simply 426: 422: 395:Ahli Shirazi 392: 360: 346: 324: 314: 300: 295: 260: 236: 225: 203: 193: 179: 175: 171: 163: 159: 155: 143: 137: 98: 95:darbar kalam 94: 84: 57:and type of 50: 46: 42: 41: 5221:Politicards 5164:Switzerland 5062:Phillipines 4982:Komatsufuda 4857:Bergamasche 4764:Württemberg 4740:Lower Saxon 4543:Chess cards 4272:Card Sharks 4162:Trick decks 4053:Double lift 3994:Rising Card 3776:Anton Moser 3771:John McLeod 3756:René Lavand 3711:Lewis Cohen 3691:Hubert Auer 3666:Waddingtons 3661:Lewis Cohen 3544:F.X. Schmid 3340:Other suits 3128:Other packs 3104:Politicards 2874:Vienna 1973 1689:(1): 34–41. 1656:(2004: 130) 1407:Court piece 1036:zar-e safid 1030:zar-e zorkh 961:zar-e zorkh 885:Nabagunjara 692:Parashurama 664:ten avatars 660:West Bengal 652:Maharashtra 525:lithography 385:, shown by 315:Polo-sticks 208:French deck 115:court cards 99:bazâr kalam 69:Description 36:Dashavatara 5362:Categories 5288:Singapore, 5284:Indonesia, 5004:Uta-garuta 4912:Napoletane 4897:Piacentine 4882:Piemontesi 4791:Adler-Cego 4758:Ulm-Munich 4734:Franconian 4577:Six Tigers 4536:Doll cards 4447:Vogelspiel 4152:Spoke card 4101:mechanic's 4096:magician's 4087:and grips 4026:Card sharp 3840:Groups and 3826:Dai Vernon 3696:Bryan Berg 3519:Cartamundi 3500:and brands 3483:of Strings 3419:Portuguese 3270:Court card 3230:Tarot pack 3200:uta-garuta 2851:Literature 2580:divination 2572:text from 2482:2018-04-21 2265:most games 1776:Quoted by 1475:Sawantvadi 1437:References 1324:, and the 930:This is a 790:wild cards 648:Sawantwadi 527:and later 473:Patrakrida 423:rarak i âs 240:L.A. Mayer 232:Mamluk era 198:under the 5286:Malaysia, 5176:Swiss 1JJ 4945:Minchiate 4907:Siciliane 4902:Romagnole 4867:Triestine 4862:Trevisane 4852:Bresciane 4700:Baronesse 4178:Paintings 4135:Gilbreath 4125:Shuffling 4091:gambler's 3950:cardistry 3746:Ricky Jay 3686:Lee Asher 3646:C.L. Wüst 3529:Dal Negro 3447:Japanese 3316:Nicknames 3130:and decks 3044:Beer card 2945:Standard 2274:Minchiate 1720:page 832. 1222:Blackjack 838:found by 794:palanquin 708:Jagannath 684:Narsingha 656:Bishnupur 574:De La Rue 485:Baburnama 134:Etymology 111:pip cards 107:palm leaf 55:card game 5311:Category 5290:Thailand 5275:Bài chòi 5243:Charruan 4977:Kabufuda 4972:Hanafuda 4933:Trappola 4877:Lombarde 4847:Trentine 4729:Bavarian 4723:Augsburg 4472:Kvitlech 3761:Ed Marlo 3564:Nintendo 3534:Fournier 3292:Pip card 3209:Kvitlech 3193:kabufuda 3179:hanafuda 3072:Charruan 2979:Diamonds 2576:'s work 2520:Archived 2500:Archived 2442:Archived 2336:Archived 2195:Archived 2184:Archived 2173:Archived 2142:June 13, 2117:June 13, 2028:June 20, 1641:Archived 1601:Archived 1459:ganjifeh 1457:word is 1427:Gambling 1391:See also 1380:Archived 836:examples 769:gambling 604:Variants 457:Gaykhatu 407:Abbas II 204:janjifah 160:chi-p'ai 121:and the 113:and two 87:artisans 51:Gânjaphâ 18:Kanjifah 5265:Bài bất 5260:Tam cúc 5253:Vietnam 5230:Uruguay 5122:Mexican 5103:Russian 4817:Ganjapa 4807:Ganjifa 4716:Hamburg 4693:Germany 4684:Aluette 4626:English 4572:Khanhoo 4500:Bohemia 4420:Austria 4048:Cutting 3656:Dondorf 3629:Defunct 3620:Grimaud 3615:Bicycle 3579:Piatnik 3559:Modiano 3481:Myriads 3415:Spanish 3411:Italian 3409:Latin ( 3374:Shields 3331:Unicode 3225:Russian 3163:ganjapa 3156:Ganjifa 3145:Chinese 2590:at the 2563:Sources 1942:called 1552:Humayun 1455:Persian 1451:Ganjapa 1397:Ganjapa 1365:, India 987:Dealing 926:Ganjifa 730:Ganjapa 726:Ramayan 716:Kalanki 704:Krishna 700:Balaram 598:ganjapa 578:Persian 403:Safavid 309:Khanhoo 267:Spanish 242:in the 180:che-pae 156:ganjifa 129:History 63:Ganjapa 53:, is a 47:Ganjapa 43:Ganjifa 5270:Tổ tôm 5143:Sweden 5098:Russia 5074:Poland 5054:As-Nas 5048:Persia 5026:Tujeon 4828:Israel 4614:France 4566:Madiao 4524:Zi pai 4425:Vienna 4282:(1896) 4140:Zarrow 4106:Tenkai 3958:Tricks 3608:Brands 3549:Gemaco 3443:Swords 3438:Batons 3395:Acorns 3356:Leaves 3348:German 3275:knight 3260:Banner 3243:Zi pai 3236:Tujeon 3215:Polish 3172:Karuta 3139:As-Nas 2974:Hearts 2969:Spades 2960:French 2263:, and 1765:As-Nas 1479:Odisha 1431:Maisir 1402:As-Nas 993:cards. 982:loser. 970:, and 967:qomash 910:tail). 889:Arjuna 788:, and 786:trumps 778:Mysore 752:zodiac 742:Ravana 734:Odisha 714:, and 712:Buddha 688:Vamana 680:Varaha 676:Kuchha 672:Matsya 668:Vishnu 622:Odisha 594:Odisha 558:Baloot 554:Belote 547:, and 541:Bridge 537:Euchre 481:Mughal 440:âsanâs 411:As-Nas 347:Swords 333:myriad 305:Madiao 291:Madiao 285:, and 200:Mughal 174:(= 牙牌 172:ya-pae 164:zhǐpái 162:(= 紙牌 140:Persia 123:vizier 117:, the 91:Mughal 5155:Kille 5110:Spain 5020:Korea 4960:Japan 4951:Cuccù 4917:Sarde 4840:Italy 4800:India 4752:Saxon 4710:Dutch 4638:Rouen 4632:Paris 4512:China 4342:Poker 4085:Palms 3589:Trefl 3524:Copag 3433:Coins 3400:Bells 3379:Roses 3366:Swiss 3326:Talon 3311:Joker 3297:deuce 3285:Unter 3265:Blank 3253:Cards 3022:Queen 2993:Ranks 2984:Clubs 2269:Tarot 2257:Ombre 1978:CARDS 1560:Kabul 1556:waraq 1544:waraq 1215:Naqsh 1196:hukms 1185:hukms 1177:suit. 1123:hukms 1107:lead. 1103:hukms 973:chang 955:barat 940:trump 921:Games 849:Spain 845:Italy 812:Akbar 798:ratha 568:1904. 549:Rummy 545:Poker 489:Babur 477:Bâbur 329:tuman 301:Coins 283:Ombre 279:Tarot 196:India 176:yápái 5295:Ceki 4606:Gnav 4130:faro 3948:and 3850:Skat 3471:Cash 3428:Cups 3303:Weli 3280:Ober 3034:Jack 3017:King 2144:2024 2119:2024 2030:2024 1313:The 1290:The 1283:The 1272:The 1264:The 1251:The 1233:The 1202:hukm 1130:hukm 1097:hukm 1085:hukm 1079:hukm 1073:hukm 1067:hukm 1061:hukm 1018:hukm 1010:Play 946:led. 847:and 738:Rama 696:Rama 325:Cups 307:and 273:and 269:and 144:ganj 119:king 103:wood 3000:Ace 2261:Maw 999:up. 666:of 650:in 437:or 287:Maw 49:or 38:set 5364:: 2355:^ 2288:). 2259:, 2127:^ 1992:^ 1852:^ 1687:31 1685:. 1612:^ 1466:^ 1259:). 1111:4- 1049:1- 964:, 958:, 706:, 698:, 694:, 690:, 686:, 682:, 678:, 674:, 670:: 658:, 543:, 539:, 487:, 435:âs 431:âs 425:- 281:, 210:. 105:, 65:. 45:, 4395:e 4388:t 4381:v 3421:) 3417:/ 3413:/ 2962:) 2958:( 2929:e 2922:t 2915:v 2485:. 2146:. 2121:. 2032:. 1825:. 1575:. 1386:. 1280:) 1237:( 1092:3 1056:2 851:. 710:/ 702:/ 353:十 339:万 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index