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84:
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1408:. As one of them expressed it, in pathetic language, "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." The speaker of that sentence was no merchant, who might have been expected to be depressed by the falling-off in trade, but a warrior and a chieftain's son and heir. If to him the military system of Yakoob Beg seemed unsatisfactory and irksome, what must it have appeared to those more peaceful subjects to whom merchandise and barter were as the breath of their nostrils?
849:
100:
600:
900:
Beg's soldiers had modern
Western weapons but were cowardly: "The Andijani chieftain Yakub Beg has fairly good firearms. He has foreign rifles and foreign guns, including cannon using explosive shells ; but his are not as good nor as effective as those in the possession of our government forces. His men are not good marksmen, and when repulsed they simply ran away."
767:
817:
Yakub Beg's rule was unpopular among the native population of
Yettishar. One of his Kashgari subjects, a warrior and the son of a chieftain, described his rule with the following: "During Chinese rule there was everything; now there is nothing." A substantial decrease in trade also ensued during his
899:
General Liu's army had modern German artillery, which Jin's forces lacked; Jin's advance was consequently not as rapid as Liu's. After Liu bombarded Kumuti, rebel casualties numbered 6,000 dead while Bai Yanhu was forced to flee. Thereafter Qing forces entered Ürümqi unopposed. Zuo wrote that Yakub
887:
General Zuo implemented a conciliatory policy toward the Muslim rebels, pardoning those who did not rebel and surrendered if they had joined Yakub Beg's forces only for religious reasons. Rebels received rewards for defecting and assisting the Qing against their former compatriots. General Zuo
888:
informed
General Zhang Yao that the Andijanis (i.e. Yakub Beg's forces) had mistreated the local populace, and he should therefore treat the locals "with benevolence" to win their favour. Zuo wrote that the main targets were only the "die-hard partisans" and their leaders, Yakub Beg and
952:. However, Niyaz Beg himself, in a letter to the Qing authorities, denied his involvement in the death of Yakub Beg, and claimed that the Yettishar ruler committed suicide. Some say that he was killed in battle with the Chinese. According to South Korean historian
903:
In
December 1877, all of Kashgar was reconquered. Muhammad Ayub and his Dungan detachments took refuge in Russian possessions. Qing rule was restored over all of Xinjiang, except for the Ili region, which was returned by Russia to China under the
856:
896:... His treatment of these men was calculated to have a good influence in favour of the Chinese." In contrast to General Zuo, the Manchu commander Dorongga viewed all Muslims as the enemy and sought to indiscriminately massacre them.
791:). During the Dungan Revolt, he conquered the Tarim Basin and enthroned himself as the ruler of Yettishar when the Chinese were expelled from the region in 1864. During his short-lived reign, Yakub Beg entered into relations with the
729:
Thousands of Muslim refugees from
Shaanxi fled to Gansu. Some of them formed significant battalions in eastern Gansu, intending to reconquer their lands in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi,
833:
wrote that: "The
Andijanis are tyrannical to their people; government troops should comfort them with benevolence. The Andijanis are greedy in extorting from the people; government troops should rectify this by being generous."
868:, as commander-in-chief. His subordinates were the Han General Liu Jintang and Manchu leader Jin Shun. As General Zuo moved into Xinjiang to crush the Muslims under Yakub Beg, he was joined by
1241:
The creation of the
Islamic State of Yettishar (1865–1878), with its capital at Kashgar, which is in present-day Xinjiang, came about as the result of a series of uprisings in Xinjiang.
707:. As a result, sources from the period of the Dungan Revolt make no mentions of Uyghurs. The conflict was mainly an ethnic and religious war fought by Muslims (particularly
1220:
570:
116:
1781:
1771:
668:, subsequently became the targets of genocide. However, Xinjiang consisted mostly of semi-arid or desert lands, which were not attractive to potential
1050:
the region's name in original sources—Yette Sheher or
Yettishahr (from Turkic and Persian, respectively, and meaning "Seven Cities" or "Heptapolis")
83:
829:
argues that Yakub Beg's disastrous and inexact commands failed the locals and they in turn welcomed the return of
Chinese troops. Qing general
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1674:
1505:
1328:
1130:
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538:(later made Yettishar's capital) through a series of military and political manoeuvres. Yettishar's eponymous seven cities were Kashgar,
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Dungan
Generals Cui Wei and Hua Decai, who had defected back to the Qing, also joined General Zuo's attack on Yakub Beg's forces.
1734:
1228:
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had an army of both Han and Dungan people, and his army took the Kashgar and Khotan areas during the reconquest. The Shaanxi
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369:
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years in power. Yakub Beg was disliked by his Turkic subjects, who were with heavy taxes and a harsh interpretation of
843:
577:
219:
90:
1120:
892:. A Russian wrote that soldiers under General Liu "acted very judiciously with regard to the prisoners whom he took
617:
610:
1547:. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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672:
settlers aside from a few traders. Consequently, Turkic peoples such as the Uyghurs settled in the area instead.
99:
1776:
657:
1307:
Peter Perdue, China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2005.
799:, and signed respective treaties with each. However, he failed to receive meaningful assistance from the two
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776:
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527:
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In the late 1870s, the Qing decided to reconquer Xinjiang with Zuo Zongtang, previously a general in the
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750:, settled in Kashgar, and soon managed to take complete control of the oasis towns surrounding the
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Yakub Beg was given the title of "Athalik Ghazi" or "Champion Father of the Faithful" by the
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Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949
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and his forces, which were composed entirely of Dungan Muslims. In addition, General
869:
147:
1738:
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Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877
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Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877
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both reported that he had died after a short illness. The contemporaneous historian
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The Uyghurs were not known by their present name until the early 20th century. The
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and Yakub Beg as its emir. The Ottoman flag flew over Kashgar from 1873 to 1877.
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699:". The modern term "Uyghur" was assigned to the Turki by the then newly created
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1684:(25). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. Archived from
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788:
708:
695:. There were also Uyghur immigrants residing in the Ili area who were called "
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Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868–1880
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1675:"From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"
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680:
624: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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127:
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The life of Yakoob Beg: Athalik ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar
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881:
819:
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that dwelled close to present-day Xinjiang were collectively called "
676:
665:
539:
1375:
The Life of Yakoob Beg, Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet, Ameer of Kashgar
1149:
Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s
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948:, Niyaz Hakim Beg, after the latter conspired with Qing forces in
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299:
1458:
China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks
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1497:
The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800–1911, pt. 2
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Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road
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for a century. The area had been conquered in 1759 from the
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1573:
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936:(1836–1917) states that he was poisoned on 30 May 1877 in
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when he was in need of their support against the Qing.
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On 18 December 1877, the Qing army entered Kashgar and
1711:
Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World, 1783–1914
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Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia
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1713:. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 519.
956:, most scholars agree that natural death (of a
1389:Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1878).
1221:"China's Uighur Strategy and South Asian Risk"
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444:
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1500:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–.
742:, fled from the Khanate in 1865 after losing
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16:1865–1877 Turkic state centred around Kashgar
8:
1323:. Columbia University Press. pp. 117–.
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922:The manner of Yakub Beg's death is unclear.
43:
1347:A Chinese biographical dictionary, Volume 2
1256:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 265.
860:Uyghur troops loyal to Yakub Beg, in Khotan
514:that existed from 1864 to 1877, during the
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1645:. Stanford University Press. p. 176.
1320:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
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20:
1193:British India's Northern Frontier 1865–95
1125:. Columbia University Press. p. 27.
1017:. Columbia University Press. p. 111.
640:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1735:"Central and North Asia, 1800–1900 A.D."
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814:presented him with the title of Emir.
1611:. Transaction Publishers. p. 72.
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1454:Linda Benson; Ingvar Svanberg (1998).
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960:) is the most plausible explanation.
691:were known as "Turki", likely due to
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622:adding citations to reliable sources
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1782:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
1772:Former countries in Chinese history
1737:metmuseum.org. 2006. Archived from
1372:Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1878).
918:Yakub Beg of Yettishar § Death
479:
44:
1608:Ethnicity and the military in Asia
1426:. Plain Label Books. p. 449.
1119:Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997).
1072:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 39.
1028:Klimeš, Ondřej (27 January 2015).
852:Andijani troops loyal to Yakub Beg
14:
1219:Samah Ibrahim (29 January 2019).
1034:. Brill Publishers. p. 28.
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82:
1584:. Limestone Press. p. 81.
1395:. London: W. H. Allen. p.
1350:. London: B. Quaritch. p.
1225:Future Directions International
906:1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg
609:needs additional citations for
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1:
1099:"Yakub Beg: Tajik adventurer"
1605:DeWitt C. Ellinwood (1981).
1344:Herbert Allen Giles (1898).
1066:Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007).
687:", while the Uyghurs in the
493:Seven Cities' or 'Heptapolis
117:Vassal of the Ottoman Empire
1494:John King Fairbank (1978).
1146:Alexandre Andreyev (2003).
844:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
703:in 1921 at a conference in
664:whose core population, the
578:brought the state to an end
220:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
59:
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1317:James A. Millward (2007).
928:of London and the Russian
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569:recognised Yettishar as a
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1673:Garnaut, Anthony (2008).
1420:Wolfram Eberhard (1966).
1285:Stanford University Press
590:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
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370:Traditional Chinese
1462:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
1254:A History of Inner Asia
1103:Encyclopædia Britannica
825:South Korean historian
711:) in China's Xinjiang,
384:Simplified Chinese
1544:Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911
1378:. London: W. H. Allen.
1013:Sayrimi, Musa (2023).
944:(local city ruler) of
872:Khufiyya Sufi General
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734:, an ethnic Uzbek or
726:, from 1862 to 1877.
693:their Turkic language
534:who secured power in
1639:Ho-dong Kim (2004).
1277:Kim, Hodong (2004).
1231:on 30 September 2021
1190:G. J. Alder (1963).
618:improve this article
353:Yettesheher Khanliqi
60:Yettesheher Khanliqi
1741:on 14 December 2006
1531:Fairbank, John King
1015:The Tarikh-i Hamidi
738:commander from the
208:• Established
1423:A history of China
912:Death of Yakub Beg
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420:Zhédéshā'ěr Hànguó
330:يەتتەشەھەر خانلىقى
174:Ghazi Khatib Khoja
45:يەتتەشەھەر خانلىقى
1720:978-0-7607-3203-8
1682:Études orientales
1507:978-0-521-22029-3
1330:978-0-231-13924-3
1132:978-0-231-10787-7
1079:978-0-7546-7041-4
1041:978-90-04-28809-6
930:Turkestan Gazette
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565:In 1873, the
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106:Dungan Revolt
101:
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1739:the original
1729:
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1686:the original
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1668:
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1641:
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1607:
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1457:
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1391:
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1346:
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1229:the original
1224:
1214:
1204:– via
1192:
1172:Google Books
1170:– via
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1121:
1102:
1068:
1061:
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1030:
1023:
1014:
1008:
986:Yättä Shähär
985:
977:
972:
934:Musa Sayrami
929:
923:
921:
902:
898:
886:
878:Dong Fuxiang
863:
831:Zuo Zongtang
824:
816:
805:
801:great powers
775:
754:in southern
728:
701:Soviet Union
674:
651:
636:
627:
616:Please help
611:verification
608:
575:
571:vassal state
564:
522:. It was an
520:Qing dynasty
518:against the
503:
499:
461:
460:
414:Hanyu Pinyin
364:Chinese name
347:Latin Yëziqi
244:Succeeded by
243:
238:
18:
1745:14 December
1479:30 November
1439:30 November
752:Tarim Basin
689:Tarim Basin
319:Uyghur name
275:Qing Empire
262:Qing Empire
239:Preceded by
138:Sunni Islam
119:(1873–1877)
104:Map of the
1761:Categories
1560:18 January
1402:18 January
1200:. p.
1167:9004129529
1156:. p.
1000:References
978:Yettishahr
954:Hodong Kim
874:Ma Anliang
866:Xiang Army
827:Hodong Kim
789:Uzbekistan
584:Background
480:يەتتەشەھەر
144:Government
950:Dzungaria
925:The Times
890:Bai Yanhu
783:, in the
777:Yakub Beg
771:Yakub Beg
762:Yakub Beg
732:Yakub Beg
724:provinces
681:Andijanis
658:Qing rule
528:Yakub Beg
526:ruled by
510:state in
500:Kashgaria
462:Yettishar
310:Yettishar
185:Yakub Beg
134:Religion
75:1864–1877
25:Yettishar
1767:Xinjiang
1235:30 April
990:Chagatai
838:Downfall
756:Xinjiang
748:Russians
744:Tashkent
705:Tashkent
697:Taranchi
685:Kokandis
654:Xinjiang
548:Yengisar
512:Xinjiang
506:, was a
466:Chagatai
437:Chagatay
38:Chagatay
1695:14 July
1658:28 June
1624:28 June
1357:13 July
946:Yarkand
793:British
781:Piskent
746:to the
717:Ningxia
713:Shaanxi
544:Yarkand
536:Kashgar
532:Kokandi
502:or the
487:
471:یته شهر
332:
218:•
195:History
148:Islamic
128:Kashgar
124:Capital
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882:Gedimu
870:Dungan
820:Sharia
683:" or "
677:Uzbeks
666:Oirats
558:, and
540:Khotan
508:Turkic
476:Uyghur
390:哲德沙尔汗国
376:哲德沙爾汗國
325:Uyghur
198:
160:
113:Status
52:Uyghur
48:
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1678:(PDF)
984:) or
964:Notes
942:hakim
938:Korla
736:Tajik
721:Gansu
560:Korla
556:Kucha
300:China
1747:2006
1715:ISBN
1697:2010
1660:2010
1647:ISBN
1626:2010
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1562:2012
1549:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1481:2010
1468:ISBN
1441:2010
1428:ISBN
1404:2012
1359:2011
1325:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1237:2020
1162:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1036:ISBN
795:and
719:and
552:Aksu
530:, a
484:lit.
157:Emir
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1352:894
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620:by
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