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shallow diggings. Native copper could be found as large nuggets and wiry masses. Copper as a resource for functional tooling achieved popularity around 3000 B.C., during the Middle
Archaic Stage. The focus of copper working seems to have gradually shifted from functional tools to ornamental objects by the Late Archaic Stage c. 1200 B.C. Native Americans would build a fire to heat the rock around and over a copper mass and, after heating, pour on cold water to crack the rock. The copper was then pounded out, using rock hammers and stone chisels.
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The
Keweenaw's rich deposits of copper (and some silver) were extracted on an industrial scale beginning around the middle of the 19th century. The industry grew through the latter part of the century and employed thousands of people well into the 20th century. Hard rock mining in the region ceased
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Beginning as early as seven thousand years ago and apparently peaking around 3000 B.C., Native
Americans dug copper from the southern shore of Lake Superior. This development was possible in large part because, in this region, large deposits of copper were easily accessible in surface rock and from
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Running concurrently with the mining boom in the
Keweenaw was the white pine lumber boom. Trees were cut for timbers for mine shafts, to heat the communities around the large copper mines, and to help build a growing nation. Much of the logging at the time was done in winter due to the ease of
671:. Although MTU discontinued its undergraduate mining engineering program in 2006, the university continues to offer engineering degrees in a variety of other disciplines. (In 2012 mining engineering was restarted in the re-formed Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.)
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Lake
Superior significantly controls the climate of the Keweenaw Peninsula, keeping winters milder than those in surrounding areas. Spring is cool and brief, transitioning into a summer with highs near 70 °F (21 °C). Fall begins in September, with winter beginning in mid-November.
358:, an unofficial average of about 240 in (610 cm) is maintained. At Delaware, the record snowfall for one season was 390 in (990 cm) in 1979. Averages over 250 in (640 cm) certainly occur in the higher elevations closer to the tip of the peninsula.
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For detailed information on the region's mineralogical history, see the virtual tour of the peninsula written by the
Mineralogical Society of America, found in "External links" on this page. Information on the geological formations of the region are also detailed.
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US 41 terminates in the northern
Keweenaw at the Michigan State Park housing Fort Wilkins. US 41 was the so-called "Military Trail" that started in Chicago in the 1900s and ended in the Keweenaw wilderness. The restored fort has numerous exhibits.
222:, formed by the Midcontinent Rift System, are the only sites in the United States with evidence of prehistoric aboriginal mining of copper. Artifacts made from this copper by these ancient indigenous people were traded as far south as present-day
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in 1967 though copper sulfide deposits continued for some time after in
Ontonagon. This vigorous industry created a need for educated mining professionals and directly led in 1885 to the founding of the Michigan Mining School (now
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Much of the native copper found in the
Keweenaw comes in either the form of cavity fillings on lava flow surfaces, which has a ”lacy” consistency, or as "float" copper, which is found as a solid mass. Copper ore may occur within
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has been established around Copper Island. The Water Trail stretches approximately 125 miles (200 km) and can be paddled in five to ten days, depending on weather and water conditions.
2188:
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1572:, focuses on three companies, Calumet & Hecla, Copper Range, and Quincy, in a study of native copper mining and copper-sulfide mining on Upper Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula.
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between 1.096 and 1.087 billion years ago. This volcanic activity produced the only strata on Earth where large-scale economically recoverable 97 percent pure
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by the
International Space Station program and the JSC Earth Science & Remote Sensing Unit, ARES Division, Exploration Integration Science Directorate
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by the International Space Station program and the JSC Earth Science & Remote Sensing Unit, ARES Division, Exploration Integration Science Directorate
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by the International Space Station program and the JSC Earth Science & Remote Sensing Unit, ARES Division, Exploration Integration Science Directorate
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operability with the snow. Due to the logging practices at that time, the forest of the Keweenaw looks much different today from 100 years ago.
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runs fairly lengthwise through both Keweenaw and neighboring Houghton counties. This ancient geological slip has given rise to cliffs.
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Cross-section of the Lake Superior basin showing the tilted strata of volcanic rock that form both the Keweenaw Peninsula and
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1280:"An Interior Ellis Island: Ethnic Diversity and the Peopling of Michigan's Copper Country, Keweenaw Ethnic Groups: The Finns"
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by Finnish immigrants), although this term is becoming less common. It is separated from the rest of the peninsula by the
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The peninsula measures about 150 miles (240 km) in length and about 50 miles (80 km) in width at its base.
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as void or interclast fillings. The conglomerate layers occur as interbedded units within the volcanic pile.
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boom in the United States. Copper mining was active in this region from the 1840s to the 1960s.
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remains along the shore of the peninsula as most of the ice breaks away; taken at 11:12:06 AM
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from Lake Superior. Official records are maintained close to the base of the peninsula in
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1158:"Geologic Timeline - Keweenaw National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Hollowed Ground: Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840s-1990s
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Spectacular copper and calcite specimen from the Pewabic Lode, Keweenaw Peninsula.
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Snow on the peninsula; taken at 2:05:48 PM CST on April 3, 2021 from the ISS
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1188:"The Portage Lake Volcanics (Middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan"
95:
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560: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Strangers and Sojourners: A History of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula
1483:"The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan"
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Northernmost part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States
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1538:
The Making of a Mining District: Keweenaw Native Copper 1500-1870
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Mostly sunny conditions over the peninsula, taken at 2:07:45 PM
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The Keweenaw Peninsula is politically divided primarily between
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156:. A small portion of the southeast of the peninsula is part of
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Second-growth forest near the tip of the Keweenaw, facing west
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The northern end of the peninsula is sometimes referred to as
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on February 20, 2021 from the International Space Station
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and Michigan Technological University cooperated with
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MTU Archives and Copper Country Historical Collection
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718:A partial list of towns in the Keweenaw Peninsula:
373:
Keweenaw Snow-mometer north of Mohawk on US 41
191:of the Keweenaw Peninsula were produced during the
54:
1225:Public Law 102-543 (Oct. 27, 1992); 106 STAT. 3569
114:region, as the region was home to the first major
226:. These areas are also the unique location where
133:, the peninsula's largest population center, and
1235:Holmio, Armas K. E.; Ryynanen, Ellen M. (2001).
27:"Keweenaw" redirects here. For other uses, see
1606:Reports on the Mineral Region of Lake Superior
1603:Burt, Williams A. & Hubbard, Bela (1846).
2189:National Register of Historic Places listings
2069:
1660:
8:
468:Learn how and when to remove these messages
230:, the state gem of Michigan, can be found.
2309:
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346:The peninsula receives copious amounts of
1625:Keweenaw Convention & Visitors Bureau
1580:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1560:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1540:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1469:Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
1446:Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
1423:Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
1199:
638:Learn how and when to remove this message
620:Learn how and when to remove this message
518:Learn how and when to remove this message
287:, were constructed along the cliff line.
39:Keweenaw Peninsula and surrounding areas
1149:
363:
292:
3183:Geography of Keweenaw County, Michigan
3178:Geography of Houghton County, Michigan
3173:Landforms of Keweenaw County, Michigan
3168:Landforms of Houghton County, Michigan
1630:Keweenaw Peninsula Chamber of Commerce
110:. The peninsula is part of Michigan's
98:. Part of the greater landmass of the
1922:Chippewa County International Airport
1363:. Michigan Technological University.
7:
1393:from the original on 29 October 2011
1367:from the original on 31 October 2011
1341:from the original on 26 October 2011
1192:Geological Survey Professional Paper
558:adding citations to reliable sources
152:counties, both of which occupy the
490:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
1288:Michigan Technological University
1124:Keweenaw National Historical Park
665:Michigan Technological University
449:This section has multiple issues.
139:Michigan Technological University
121:The peninsula is bisected by the
3089:
2016:
1942:Houghton County Memorial Airport
1238:History of the Finns in Michigan
534:
500:guide to writing better articles
479:
438:
410:
398:
378:
366:
322:
307:
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1316:from the original on 2007-09-28
1259:from the original on 2023-03-05
1208:from the original on 2010-01-13
1168:from the original on 2018-06-12
545:needs additional citations for
457:or discuss these issues on the
421:on October 8, 2019 from the ISS
1493:(2–3): 119–138. Archived from
1286:. J. Robert Van Pelt Library,
1:
1516:"Imprint: My Upper Peninsula"
1972:Sawyer International Airport
1243:Wayne State University Press
3163:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
2184:National Historic Landmarks
1937:Gogebic–Iron County Airport
1676:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1576:Thurner, Arthur W. (1994).
1337:. US National Park Serive.
1094:Wyoming location (Helltown)
708:Keweenaw Rocket launch site
218:The Keweenaw Peninsula and
172:View of Lake Superior from
3214:
1487:The Michigan Archaeologist
1387:"Keweenaw Snowfall Record"
154:Houghton micropolitan area
26:
3085:
2092:
2011:
1998:Copper mining in Michigan
1952:International Rail Bridge
1536:Krause, David J. (1992).
1481:Martin, Susan R. (1995).
1119:Copper mining in Michigan
29:Keweenaw (disambiguation)
3148:Copper mines in Michigan
2119:Congressional delegation
1967:Portage Lake Lift Bridge
1609:. Buffalo: L. Danforth.
1046:South Kearsarge location
257:) on the south side and
1640:Copper Country Explorer
1556:Lankton, Larry (2010).
1186:Huber, N. King (1973).
694:From 1964 to 1971, the
494:used on Knowledge (XXG)
281:Brockway Mountain Drive
3153:Peninsulas of Michigan
1635:Keweenaw Time Traveler
1194:. Professional Paper.
696:University of Michigan
679:
655:
498:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
329:Lake Superior syncline
302:Copper Island in white
249:between the cities of
181:
3188:Volcanism of Michigan
3124:47.20000°N 88.42500°W
2489:Independence Township
2424:Chesterfield Township
1514:(November 30, 2013).
1016:Raymbaultown Location
677:
653:
419:Central Daylight Time
391:Central Standard Time
195:Era as a part of the
171:
2474:Grand Blanc Township
2199:State Historic Sites
1947:International Bridge
1927:Delta County Airport
1389:. Eagle Harbor Web.
569:"Keweenaw Peninsula"
554:improve this article
277:U.S. Highway 41
3158:Regions of Michigan
3129:47.20000; -88.42500
3120: /
3096:Michigan portal
2549:Pittsfield Township
2469:Georgetown Township
2414:Bloomfield Township
2224:Tourist attractions
1906:Straits of Mackinac
1896:Porcupine Mountains
1310:Exploring the North
2649:Ypsilanti Township
2629:Waterford Township
2370:Southeast Michigan
2332:Keweenaw Peninsula
2038:Southeast Michigan
1856:Keweenaw Peninsula
1521:The New York Times
1463:2022-04-20 at the
1440:2022-04-20 at the
1417:2022-04-20 at the
1361:"Snowfall Records"
1129:Leelanau Peninsula
779:Centennial Heights
680:
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182:
180:in Keweenaw County
46:Keweenaw Peninsula
3198:Extinct volcanism
3103:
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2524:Meridian Township
2434:Commerce Township
2388:
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2365:Northern Michigan
2214:Tallest buildings
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2033:Northern Michigan
2003:Verso Corporation
1861:Keweenaw Waterway
1567:978-0-8143-3458-4
1252:978-0-8143-2974-0
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492:encyclopedic tone
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352:Hancock, Michigan
279:(US 41) and
255:Douglass Houghton
243:Keweenaw Waterway
197:Midcontinent Rift
174:Brockway Mountain
123:Keweenaw Waterway
16:(Redirected from
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2609:Sterling Heights
2594:St. Clair Shores
2589:Saginaw Township
2484:Holland Township
2459:Farmington Hills
2444:Dearborn Heights
2429:Clinton Township
2350:Central Michigan
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2028:Central Michigan
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1993:Cleveland-Cliffs
1730:Sault Ste. Marie
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1290:. Archived from
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1004:Pryor's Location
866:Gratiot location
847:Florida location
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129:. The cities of
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2599:Shelby Township
2569:Rochester Hills
2519:Macomb Township
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2314:Upper Peninsula
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1957:Mackinac Bridge
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1901:St. Marys River
1881:Menominee River
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1597:Primary sources
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1505:Further reading
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1465:Wayback Machine
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1038:Seneca location
760:Boot Jack Point
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100:Upper Peninsula
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2802:Grand Traverse
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2322:Copper Country
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2174:Municipalities
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2114:Climate change
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1915:Transportation
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1891:Pictured Rocks
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1841:Copper Country
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1619:External links
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1497:on 2016-02-07.
1473:
1450:
1435:ISS064-E-52399
1427:
1412:ISS064-E-35655
1404:
1378:
1352:
1326:
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1294:on 2007-03-08.
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273:Keweenaw Fault
261:on the north.
228:chlorastrolite
165:
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112:Copper Country
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24:
14:
13:
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2380:West Michigan
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2327:Gogebic Range
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2043:West Michigan
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2019:
2014:
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1876:Lake Michigan
1874:
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1866:Lake Superior
1864:
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1859:
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1846:Gogebic Range
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1611:Bela Hubbard.
1608:
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1596:
1595:
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1587:0-8143-2396-0
1583:
1579:
1574:
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1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:0-8143-2406-1
1543:
1539:
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1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:Harrison, Jim
1509:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
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1474:
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1132:
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1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1099:Yellow Jacket
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:West Tamarack
1082:
1080:
1077:
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1024:
1021:
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1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Phillipsville
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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977:
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972:
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967:
966:
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835:
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828:
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823:
820:
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815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Copper Harbor
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:Chickensville
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
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767:
765:
762:
759:
757:
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752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:Atlantic Mine
739:
737:
734:
731:
729:
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725:
724:
723:
719:
713:
711:
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621:
613:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
571: –
570:
566:
565:Find sources:
559:
555:
549:
548:
543:This section
541:
537:
532:
531:
522:
519:
511:
501:
495:
493:
486:
477:
476:
471:
469:
462:
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456:
455:
450:
445:
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429:
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396:
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388:
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369:
364:
359:
357:
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349:
344:
337:
325:
320:
317:
310:
305:
298:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:"Kuparisaari"
236:
235:Copper Island
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
204:
202:
201:native copper
198:
194:
190:
185:
179:
178:Copper Harbor
175:
170:
163:
161:
159:
158:Baraga County
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Copper Island
124:
119:
117:
116:copper mining
113:
109:
105:
104:Lake Superior
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
77:
47:
30:
19:
3105:
3087:
3017:Presque Isle
2509:Lincoln Park
2479:Grand Rapids
2454:East Lansing
2409:Battle Creek
2331:
2280:Homelessness
2260:Demographics
2094:
1932:Ford Airport
1855:
1851:Grand Island
1610:
1605:
1577:
1557:
1537:
1527:November 30,
1525:. Retrieved
1519:
1495:the original
1490:
1486:
1476:
1468:
1453:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1292:the original
1283:
1274:
1268:
1261:. Retrieved
1237:
1230:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1161:
1152:
1134:Thimbleberry
1103:
974:Old Victoria
951:Mellonsville
937:Little Betsy
914:Lac La Belle
871:Gregoryville
837:Eagle Harbor
802:Copper Falls
784:Central Mine
717:
693:
689:
685:
681:
661:
657:
634:
616:
607:
597:
590:
583:
576:
564:
552:Please help
547:verification
544:
514:
505:
489:
465:
458:
452:
451:Please help
448:
345:
341:
270:
263:
238:
232:
217:
209:conglomerate
205:
187:The ancient
186:
183:
143:
120:
108:Keweenaw Bay
45:
43:
3127: /
3037:Schoolcraft
2962:Montmorency
2285:LGBT rights
2204:State parks
2169:Lighthouses
1886:Mount Arvon
1821:Schoolcraft
1162:www.nps.gov
1079:Trimountain
1051:South Range
1033:Seeberville
924:Lake Medora
919:Lake Linden
904:Jacobsville
842:Eagle River
756:Blue Jacket
714:Communities
706:to run the
316:Isle Royale
283:, north of
266:Water Trail
264:A Keweenaw
253:(named for
220:Isle Royale
3142:Categories
3115:88°25′30″W
3112:47°12′00″N
3052:St. Joseph
3042:Shiawassee
2897:Livingston
2737:Charlevoix
2604:Southfield
2139:Government
1871:Lake Huron
1735:St. Ignace
1710:Iron River
1397:21 October
1371:21 October
1345:21 October
1335:"Keweenaw"
1320:2007-09-12
1306:"Houghton"
1263:2008-09-28
1212:2011-01-22
1172:2018-06-08
1145:References
1089:White City
1019:Red Jacket
1013:Rabbit Bay
984:Painesdale
960:Misery Bay
827:Dollar Bay
822:Dodgeville
774:Centennial
764:Bumbletown
751:Bete Grise
610:April 2024
580:newspapers
508:April 2024
454:improve it
203:is found.
189:lava flows
106:, forming
92:U.S. state
83:KEE-wə-naw
3067:Washtenaw
3062:Van Buren
3047:St. Clair
3022:Roscommon
2992:Ontonagon
2947:Missaukee
2937:Menominee
2922:Marquette
2857:Kalamazoo
2812:Hillsdale
2772:Dickinson
2742:Cheboygan
2579:Royal Oak
2574:Roseville
2494:Kalamazoo
2404:Ann Arbor
2375:The Thumb
2275:Elections
2270:Education
2134:Geography
2099:(capital)
2084:State of
1977:Soo Locks
1834:Geography
1816:Ontonagon
1811:Menominee
1806:Marquette
1771:Dickinson
1720:Menominee
1715:Marquette
1204:. 754—C.
1139:The Thumb
1056:Swedetown
909:Kearsarge
899:Hurontown
832:Dreamland
704:U.S. Navy
460:talk page
387:shelf ice
247:peninsula
88:peninsula
2967:Muskegon
2957:Montcalm
2917:Manistee
2907:Mackinac
2887:Leelanau
2872:Keweenaw
2862:Kalkaska
2847:Isabella
2817:Houghton
2762:Crawford
2747:Chippewa
2659:Counties
2639:Westland
2534:Muskegon
2499:Kentwood
2439:Dearborn
2394:Largest
2360:Michiana
2295:Politics
2290:Gun laws
2245:Cannabis
2240:Abortion
2219:Timeline
2144:Highways
2086:Michigan
2023:Michigan
1962:MarqTran
1801:Mackinac
1791:Keweenaw
1781:Houghton
1761:Chippewa
1744:Counties
1725:Munising
1700:Houghton
1690:Escanaba
1461:Archived
1438:Archived
1415:Archived
1391:Archived
1365:Archived
1339:Archived
1314:Archived
1257:Archived
1206:Archived
1166:Archived
1113:See also
1070:Tecumseh
1061:Tamarack
1023:Redridge
889:Houghton
817:Delaware
789:Chassell
702:and the
669:Houghton
356:Delaware
251:Houghton
150:Keweenaw
146:Houghton
131:Houghton
96:Michigan
18:Keewenaw
3077:Wexford
3057:Tuscola
3032:Sanilac
3027:Saginaw
2997:Osceola
2977:Oakland
2972:Newaygo
2942:Midland
2932:Mecosta
2892:Lenawee
2852:Jackson
2807:Gratiot
2797:Gogebic
2792:Gladwin
2787:Genesee
2757:Clinton
2727:Calhoun
2717:Berrien
2677:Allegan
2644:Wyoming
2584:Saginaw
2564:Redford
2559:Portage
2554:Pontiac
2529:Midland
2514:Livonia
2504:Lansing
2449:Detroit
2305:Regions
2265:Economy
2250:Culture
2233:Society
2209:Symbols
2179:Museums
2159:Islands
2149:History
2124:Cuisine
2096:Lansing
1986:Economy
1776:Gogebic
1695:Hancock
1074:Toivola
1066:Tapiola
999:Phoenix
979:Osceola
969:Ojibway
933:Linwood
929:Laurium
894:Hubbell
885:Henwood
876:Hancock
797:Clifton
769:Calumet
736:Allouez
594:scholar
430:History
338:Climate
285:Calumet
259:Hancock
224:Alabama
213:breccia
176:, near
164:Geology
135:Hancock
90:of the
86:) is a
3012:Ottawa
3007:Otsego
3002:Oscoda
2987:Ogemaw
2982:Oceana
2952:Monroe
2912:Macomb
2882:Lapeer
2827:Ingham
2722:Branch
2712:Benzie
2697:Baraga
2692:Arenac
2687:Antrim
2682:Alpena
2667:Alcona
2624:Warren
2614:Taylor
2419:Canton
2194:People
2106:Topics
1756:Baraga
1584:
1564:
1544:
1249:
1104:
1042:Senter
1028:Ripley
1009:Quincy
989:Pelkie
955:Mohawk
942:Mandan
746:Baltic
732:Albion
728:Ahmeek
596:
589:
582:
575:
567:
3072:Wayne
2927:Mason
2837:Iosco
2832:Ionia
2822:Huron
2782:Emmet
2777:Eaton
2767:Delta
2752:Clare
2702:Barry
2672:Alger
2464:Flint
2255:Crime
2154:Index
2129:Fauna
1766:Delta
1751:Alger
947:Mason
852:Freda
812:Craig
667:) in
601:JSTOR
587:books
385:Some
2902:Luce
2877:Lake
2867:Kent
2842:Iron
2732:Cass
2619:Troy
2539:Novi
1796:Luce
1786:Iron
1582:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1529:2013
1399:2011
1373:2011
1347:2011
1247:ISBN
700:NASA
573:news
271:The
237:(or
148:and
44:The
2707:Bay
2164:Law
1196:doi
861:Gay
556:by
211:or
94:of
3144::
1518:.
1491:41
1489:.
1485:.
1467:,
1444:,
1421:,
1312:.
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1255:.
1241:.
1190:.
1164:.
1160:.
710:.
463:.
160:.
141:.
80:,
73:ɔː
61:iː
2077:e
2070:t
2063:v
1668:e
1661:t
1654:v
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1198::
1175:.
641:)
635:(
623:)
617:(
612:)
608:(
598:·
591:·
584:·
577:·
550:.
521:)
515:(
510:)
506:(
496:.
470:)
466:(
76:/
70:n
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