311:), Khumarawayh was named as his father's deputy in Egypt and heir-apparent. This position was confirmed by Ibn Tulun at the request of his generals shortly before his death on 10 May 884. With the backing of the Tulunid regime's elites, Khumarawayh's succession was smooth; Abbas was forced to acknowledge Khumarawayh, but was assassinated shortly after. Khumarawayh's accession was an important step in the gradual dissolution of the Abbasid Caliphate: as
460:-filled basin in which he was rocked to sleep on top of air-filled cushions, or the blue-eyed lion he kept as a pet at his court. In addition, according to the sources, Khumarawayh never rode the same horse twice. He was nevertheless also a generous patron of the arts, of scholars and of poets. One of his protégés was the grammarian Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Muslim, who was also tutor to his sons, while al-Qasim ibn Yahya al-Maryami wrote
49:
220:. Domestically, his reign was marked by a prodigal squandering of funds on extravagant displays of wealth, construction of palaces, and the patronage of artists and poets. In combination with the need to maintain a sizeable professional army and guarantee its loyalty through rich gifts, this emptied the treasury by the end of his reign. Khumarawayh was murdered by a palace servant in 896, and was succeeded by his son
387:
518:, which further drained the treasury. As Hugh N. Kennedy comments, financial difficulties seem to have been inherent in the Abbasid model the Tulunids emulated, resulting from the "inability of the state to fund a large, mostly inactive army on a permanent basis". In an attempt to find the necessary funds, the fiscal administration was entrusted to
464:
in his honour. All of this came at a heavy price, however; by the time of his death, the
Tulunid treasury (which reportedly had contained ten million gold dinars at the time of his accession) was empty, and the dinar had lost two-thirds of its value. His extravagance brought criticism from religious
394:
The accession of al-Mu'tadid in 892 brought a warming of relations with the
Baghdad court. Recognizing that he could not defeat the Tulunids, the new Caliph instead opted to conciliate them: in spring 893, al-Mu'tadid reconfirmed Khumarawayh in his office as autonomous governor over Egypt and Syria,
363:
Khumarawayh continued to pursue a rapprochement with the
Abbasid court: he treated the prisoners of war from Tawahin with exceptional clemency, giving them the choice of either staying in Egypt under his own service or returning to Iraq without ransom. This policy eventually led to the conclusion of
472:), but also a time of relative tranquillity in Egypt as well as in Syria, a rather unusual occurrence for the period. Khumarawayh's main power base was the powerful army built by his father, much in the model of the Abbasids themselves after the establishment of a professional military under Caliph
534:
Khumarawayh was killed on 18 January 896 by one of his servants, who had been conducting an affair with
Khumarawayh's favourite wife. When Khumarawayh learned of this, the servant feared for his life, and organized a conspiracy which claimed the Tulunid ruler's life. After Khumarawayh's death, the
429:
as bride to one of the Caliph's sons, but al-Mu'tadid chose to marry her himself. Her arrival in
Baghdad was marked by the luxury and extravagance of her retinue, which contrasted starkly with the impoverished caliphal court. The Tulunid princess brought with her a million dinars as her dowry, a
359:
on 6 April, Khumarawayh confronted Abu'l-Abbas in person. The
Abbasid prince was initially victorious, forcing Khumarawayh to flee, but was in turn defeated by the Tulunid general Sa'd al-Aysar and fled the battlefield, while much of his army was taken prisoner. Al-Aysar then tried to rebel in
456:, "a calculated device on the part of the caliph to wreck the finances of his dangerously wealthy and powerful vassal". Eager to display his wealth, the Tulunid ruler also built numerous palaces for himself and his favourites, and engaged in famous displays of royal extravagance, such as a
330:
In his last months, Ibn Tulun had sought to effect a reconciliation with al-Muwaffaq on the basis of the recognition of his authority over Egypt and Syria, but his death interrupted the negotiations. As
Khumarawayh was young and untested, one of Ibn Tulun's senior generals,
558:; and increased the annual tribute to 450,000 dinars in exchange for caliphal recognition of Harun. Over the next few years, the Tulunid domains continued to experience domestic turmoil coupled with an escalation of
514:. Despite the undoubted military talent and personal bravery he displayed after Tawahin, Khumarawayh never enjoyed Ibn Tulun's authority over the army. This led to a policy of buying their loyalty with sumptuous
364:
an agreement in
December 886, whereby Khumarawayh was recognized as governor over Egypt and Syria, with the right to be succeeded by his offspring, for a period of 30 years, in exchange for an unspecified annual
248:
slave-soldier, was appointed governor of Egypt in 868. In 871 he expelled the caliphal fiscal agent and assumed direct control of Egypt's revenue, which he used to create an army of slave soldiers (
430:"wedding gift that was considered the most sumptuous in medieval Arab history" (Bianquis), and the lavish marriage ceremonies remained the stuff of folk legends in Egypt until well into the
510:, an area of great importance as it controlled the route connecting Syria and Egypt. A thousand-strong unit made up of black Africans seems to have been a distinct sub-unit of the
368:. Between 886 and 890, Khumarawayh went on to defeat Ibn Khundaj and receive the submission of the governor of the Jazira, Ibn Abi'l-Saj. At the same time, the governor of
445:
The extravagant wedding shows
Khumarawayh's famous frivolity with money—indeed it has been suggested that the whole affair was, in the words of the historian
347:
fell when its governor defected, but their initial gains were rapidly reversed. In the spring of 885, al-Muwaffaq's son Abu'l-Abbas (the future
988:
955:
221:
897:
873:
825:
983:
945:
562:
attacks, resulting in the defection of many
Tulunid followers to the resurgent Caliphate. Finally, in 904–905 al-Mu'tadid's successor
920:
799:
189:
an attempt to depose him, in 886 he managed to gain recognition of his rule over Egypt and Syria as a hereditary governor from the
837:
355:, but after a quarrel with Ibn Kundaj and Ibn Abi'l-Saj, the latter abandoned the campaign and withdrew their forces. At the
315:
explains, "this was the first time in Abbasid history with regard to the government of so large and rich a territory, that a
228:. The Tulunid state entered a period of turmoil and weakness, which culminated in its reconquest by the Abbasids in 904–905.
519:
281:
213:
993:
297:
351:) was sent to take charge of the invasion. He soon succeeded in defeating the Tulunids and forcing them to retreat to
317:
859:
360:
Damascus, but Khumarawayh swiftly suppressed his revolt and is said to have killed the rebel with his own hands.
332:
846:
399:
and further 200,000 dinars in arrears, as well as the return to caliphal control of the two Jaziran provinces of
340:
254:) of his own. Relying on this powerful force, and exploiting the rift between the increasingly powerless Caliph
550:). Al-Mu'tadid swiftly took advantage of this: in 897 he extended his control over the border provinces of the
178:
266:—in 882 al-Mu'tamid even tried to flee Samarra and seek refuge with Ibn Tulun—he managed to gain control over
818:
The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
526:
family to a dominant position in the fiscal and government apparatus of Egypt for the next half-century.
540:
536:
225:
94:
48:
301:
446:
185:, designated him as his successor. When Ibn Tulun died in May 884, Khumarawayh succeeded him. After
978:
973:
889:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
352:
335:, encouraged the Abbasids to attack and recover control of the Tulunid territories. The generals
425:, remained under caliphal control. In order to seal the pact, Khumarawayh offered his daughter,
916:
908:
893:
869:
821:
813:
795:
457:
373:
356:
321:, whose legitimacy derived from the caliph who had designated him, was succeeded openly by an
190:
186:
787:
783:
498:, as well as a few Byzantine mercenaries. To them Khumarawayh added a special regiment, the
477:
336:
312:
271:
306:
935:
883:
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422:
241:
174:
170:
162:
140:
130:
84:
523:
400:
854:
842:
809:
473:
451:
431:
348:
255:
245:
194:
57:
535:
Tulunid state entered a period of instability under his under-age heirs, with his son
967:
850:
487:
369:
267:
434:
426:
198:
118:
887:
404:
263:
150:
65:
61:
563:
507:
414:
396:
53:
913:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa
566:
invaded Egypt and reincorporated the country fully into the Abbasid empire.
559:
461:
205:
17:
386:
515:
503:
344:
942:
539:
being deposed and killed in November, in favour of his younger brother
377:
365:
276:
250:
237:
209:
182:
125:
106:
204:
At the height of his power, Khumarawayh's authority expanded from the
418:
482:
56:
of Khumarawayh, minted in 885/6 CE and bearing the names of Caliph
409:
385:
285:
217:
792:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
390:
Map of the Tulunid domains towards the end of Khumarawayh's reign
555:
323:
193:. In 893 the agreement was renewed with the new Abbasid Caliph,
224:, who was deposed after a few months in favour of another son,
820:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359.
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
465:
scholars and from contemporary and later historians alike.
794:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
296:
In 882, following a failed rebellion of his elder brother
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
554:; forced the Tulunids to hand back all of Syria north of
739:
737:
724:
722:
720:
718:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
169:; 864 – 18 January 896) was a son of the founder of the
468:
Domestically, his reign was one of "luxury and decay" (
788:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
476:. The Tulunid army was mostly composed of Turkish,
146:
136:
124:
112:
100:
90:
80:
72:
34:
836:
300:, who was "regarded as cruel and untrustworthy" (
197:, and sealed with the marriage of his daughter
502:("the elect, picked"), mostly drawn from the
395:in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000
8:
812:(2010). "The Waning of Empire, 861–945". In
376:, accepted Tulunid suzerainty, bringing the
327:who claimed his legitimacy by inheritance".
159:Abu 'l-Jaysh Khumārawayh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn
929:
860:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
649:
292:Succession and relations with the Abbasids
31:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
610:
421:, which produced government banners and
868:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 49–50.
767:
755:
728:
622:
574:
343:attacked the Tulunid domains in Syria.
911:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
743:
177:. His father, the autonomous ruler of
7:
892:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
166:
167:أبو الجيش خمارويه بن أحمد بن طولون
25:
522:, marking the final rise of the
47:
545:
407:. In addition, the prestigious
383:under Tulunid control as well.
270:and the frontier zone with the
35:Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
915:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973.
1:
989:9th-century murdered monarchs
950:10 May 884 – 18 January 896
333:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wasiti
907:Sobernheim, Moritz (1987).
790:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
280:), as well as parts of the
76:10 May 884 – 18 January 896
1010:
520:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Madhara'i
984:9th-century Tulunid emirs
952:
940:
932:
835:Haarmann, Ulrich (1986).
46:
39:
236:Khumarawayh was born at
41:Ruler of Egypt and Syria
29:Ruler of Egypt and Syria
664:, pp. 89–90, 104.
391:
956:Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh
541:Harun ibn Khumarawayh
537:Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh
389:
226:Harun ibn Khumarawayh
95:Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh
530:Death and succession
258:and his brother and
240:in 864. His father,
994:People from Samarra
770:, pp. 184–185.
688:, pp. 105–106.
676:, pp. 104–105.
625:, pp. 176–177.
814:Robinson, Chase F.
392:
962:
961:
953:Succeeded by
899:978-0-582-40525-7
875:978-90-04-07819-2
827:978-0-521-83823-8
784:Bianquis, Thierry
441:Domestic policies
374:Yazaman al-Khadim
357:Battle of Tawahin
302:Moritz Sobernheim
191:Abbasid Caliphate
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
1001:
933:Preceded by
930:
926:
903:
879:
840:
831:
805:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
732:
726:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
626:
620:
614:
608:
549:
547:
455:
337:Ishaq ibn Kundaj
313:Thierry Bianquis
310:
272:Byzantine Empire
168:
51:
32:
21:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
964:
963:
958:
949:
938:
936:Ahmad ibn Tulun
923:
906:
900:
882:
876:
843:Bosworth, C. E.
838:"K̲h̲umārawayh"
834:
828:
810:Bonner, Michael
808:
802:
782:
779:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
735:
727:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
650:Sobernheim 1987
648:
629:
621:
617:
609:
576:
572:
544:
532:
506:of the eastern
478:Byzantine Greek
470:Hugh N. Kennedy
449:
447:Ulrich Haarmann
443:
423:robes of honour
304:
294:
244:, the son of a
242:Ahmad ibn Tulun
234:
201:to the Caliph.
175:Ahmad ibn Tulun
171:Tulunid dynasty
141:Ahmad ibn Tulun
131:Tulunid dynasty
117:
105:
85:Ahmad ibn Tulun
68:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1007:
1005:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
966:
965:
960:
959:
954:
951:
939:
934:
928:
927:
921:
904:
898:
880:
874:
847:van Donzel, E.
832:
826:
806:
800:
778:
775:
773:
772:
760:
758:, p. 181.
748:
746:, p. 336.
733:
731:, p. 310.
714:
712:, p. 104.
702:
700:, p. 106.
690:
678:
666:
654:
652:, p. 973.
627:
615:
573:
571:
568:
548: 896–904
531:
528:
442:
439:
293:
290:
233:
230:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:18 January 896
114:
110:
109:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1006:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
957:
948:
947:
946:Emir of Egypt
944:
937:
931:
924:
922:90-04-08265-4
918:
914:
910:
909:"Khumārawaih"
905:
901:
895:
891:
890:
885:
884:Kennedy, Hugh
881:
877:
871:
867:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
833:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:0-521-47137-0
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
776:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:Bianquis 1998
706:
703:
699:
698:Bianquis 1998
694:
691:
687:
686:Bianquis 1998
682:
679:
675:
674:Bianquis 1998
670:
667:
663:
662:Bianquis 1998
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
613:, p. 49.
612:
611:Haarmann 1986
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
575:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
542:
538:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:black African
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
453:
448:
440:
438:
436:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:factories in
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
388:
384:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Ibn Abi'l-Saj
338:
334:
328:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
308:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
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273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
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243:
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219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
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188:
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176:
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129:
127:
123:
120:
115:
111:
108:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
941:
912:
888:
865:
858:
817:
791:
768:Kennedy 2004
763:
756:Kennedy 2004
751:
729:Kennedy 2004
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
623:Kennedy 2004
618:
551:
533:
524:al-Madhara'i
511:
499:
495:
491:
481:
467:
444:
427:Qatr al-Nada
408:
401:Diyar Rabi'a
393:
380:
362:
329:
322:
316:
295:
275:
259:
249:
235:
208:frontier in
203:
199:Qatr al-Nada
158:
157:
40:
26:
855:Pellat, Ch.
744:Bonner 2010
512:al-mukhtāra
500:al-mukhtāra
474:al-Mu'tasim
458:quicksilver
450: [
405:Diyar Mudar
349:al-Mu'tadid
305: [
264:al-Muwaffaq
256:al-Mu'tamid
195:al-Mu'tadid
151:Sunni Islam
81:Predecessor
66:al-Muwaffaq
62:al-Mufawwad
58:al-Mu'tamid
18:Khumarawayh
979:896 deaths
974:864 births
968:Categories
570:References
564:al-Muktafi
508:Nile Delta
462:panegyrics
415:Alexandria
54:Gold dinar
864:Volume V:
851:Lewis, B.
560:Qarmatian
516:donatives
353:Palestine
232:Biography
206:Byzantine
187:defeating
119:al-Qata'i
91:Successor
886:(2004).
866:Khe–Mahi
857:(eds.).
786:(1998).
504:Bedouins
378:Cilician
345:Damascus
260:de facto
212:and the
147:Religion
943:Tulunid
816:(ed.).
777:Sources
552:Thughūr
496:ghilmān
486:), and
432:Ottoman
381:Thughūr
366:tribute
277:Thughūr
262:regent
251:ghilmān
246:Turkish
238:Samarra
210:Cilicia
126:Dynasty
107:Samarra
919:
896:
872:
853:&
824:
798:
435:period
419:Fustat
397:dinars
370:Tarsus
284:up to
282:Jazira
214:Jazira
163:Arabic
137:Father
64:, and
841:. In
492:Sudān
454:]
410:ṭirāz
309:]
298:Abbas
286:Raqqa
274:(the
268:Syria
222:Jaysh
218:Nubia
183:Syria
179:Egypt
917:ISBN
894:ISBN
870:ISBN
822:ISBN
796:ISBN
556:Homs
417:and
403:and
339:and
324:amīr
318:wāli
181:and
113:Died
101:Born
73:Rule
483:Rūm
216:to
104:864
970::
862:.
849:;
845:;
736:^
717:^
630:^
577:^
546:r.
494:)
452:de
437:.
372:,
307:de
288:.
173:,
165::
60:,
925:.
902:.
878:.
830:.
804:.
543:(
490:(
480:(
161:(
20:)
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