804:
162:
577:
188:
757:, where their daughter, Sylvia, was born in 1947. In Israel, Klingberg confided in Jasinska his espionage activities, and she actively collaborated with him in passing intelligence to the Soviets, including personally handling what Klingberg terms a "particularly virulent strain of bacteria." Interrogated following her husband's arrest in 1983, Jasinska never admitted any involvement in spying.
201:
664:
interrogated harshly and, by his own account, he attempted suicide three times. After ten days, Klingberg admitted to passing intelligence to the
Soviets and signed a confession indicating he had been blackmailed into spying. He told his interrogators that he had not completed his medical studies and lacked a diploma, and that the KGB had threatened to expose this.
597:, at the time the Soviet Union's second highest honour, in recognition of his services. Klingberg has also indicated that sometime around the mid-1950s he considered ceasing to pass information to the Soviets, but drew the conclusion that the relationship would become coercive if he did so, and that he preferred to "maintain voluntary relations."
49:
325:(IIBR), responsible for the country's biological and chemical weapons, as Deputy Scientific Director. By his own admission, he was motivated by ideological reasons and began passing information to the Soviet Union in 1950, although Israeli intelligence claims his spying began earlier. Despite coming under suspicion by
741:. I wanted the two blocs in the Cold War to be the same thing, out of a desire for a more balanced world." In an interview in 2014 Klingberg also noted he felt he owed the Soviet Union a debt for saving the world from the Nazis. He said he had always been a communist, and had recruited his wife Wanda and two friends.
592:
According to
Klingberg's indictment, which was based on his confession, he began spying in 1957, although in his memoirs he indicates the date was actually 1950. From then to 1976, Klingberg passed information on Israel's chemical and biological weapons research. In the 1950s, Klingberg was secretly
736:
Interviewed in 2008, Klingberg maintained that he had spied out of ideological reasons, but had lied to his interrogators as he believed claiming to have been blackmailed would result in lighter treatment than admitting to having spied for ideological reasons. When asked why he spied for the Soviet
536:
Society (1980–1982); and a co-founder and chairman (1979–1981) of the
International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS). In 1976, he was elected chair of an international scientific advisory committee established by the Italian government to advise on the effects of the
659:
and in 1982, when the KGB instructed this agent to reestablish contact with
Klingberg, Shin Bet acquired strong circumstantial evidence of Klingberg's links to Soviet intelligence. Despite this, the evidence was not considered strong enough to secure a conviction of espionage in court, and an
663:
In
January 1983, Shin Bet officers informed Klingberg they wanted to send him to South-East Asia where a chemical plant had allegedly blown up. After leaving home with his suitcase, he was taken to an apartment in an undisclosed location and detained. Initially denying any wrongdoing, he was
341:
to home detention in 1998 due to ill health, he was permitted to move to Paris in 2003 to live with his daughter on the condition that he never speak of his work at the IIBR. He spent the remaining years of his life re-engaged in scientific work and completing his memoirs.
675:, another Israeli who spied for the Soviet Union. Due to the investigations of British journalist Peter Pringle, Israeli authorities acknowledged Klingberg's conviction and imprisonment in 1988, although reporting of his circumstances inside Israel remained prohibited.
431:
830:
Klingberg lived in a one-room apartment in Paris, but did not take French citizenship. He frequently lectured on medicine at universities. He helped establish the Ludwik Fleck Center of the
Collegium Helveticum – a university center in
502:). He served as Head of the Department of Preventive Medicine, Office of the Surgeon General, and afterward founded and directed the Central Research Laboratories for Military Medicine. His work included some of the first research into
732:
at home as the guards could not understand those languages and therefore could not monitor his conversations. In order to pay the guards and for the camera, Klingberg took loans, and eventually had to sell his apartment to repay them.
1647:
549:
1940:
2090:
2065:
2507:
724:, with his knowledge. Guards from MALMAB were assigned to him, and Klingberg had to pay their salaries. Klingberg also signed a commitment not to speak about his work. In 1999, a court ordered him to cease speaking
635:
brought no results. While at the
Institute for Biological Research, he was twice summoned by the authorities due to suspicions of him being a foreign agent. Klingberg refuted these claims, and in 1965 he passed a
1581:
266:
ever uncovered in Israel. Klingberg made major contributions in the fields of infectious and noninfectious disease epidemiology and military medicine, but he is most widely known for passing intelligence to the
2447:
455:
At the end of the war, Klingberg was discharged from the Red Army with the rank of captain, and returned to Poland. In Warsaw he served as Acting Chief
Epidemiologist at the Polish Ministry of Health.
791:. During his early childhood he did not understand Klingberg was in gaol, believing him to be in hospital, and later was never allowed to speak of his grandfather's imprisonment. Upon election to the
2497:
2482:
608:
have suggested that
Klingberg's intelligence on Israeli offensive capabilities led the Soviet Union to provide Egypt with chemical and biological defensive capabilities in the lead up to the
1965:
2162:
795:
in 2008, Brossat noted how his political opponents attempted to tarnish him by association with
Klingberg. Klingberg, towards the end of his life, commented on his pride in his grandson.
1981:
2360:
279:
warfare capacities. Klingberg's espionage is reported to be regarded by Israeli intelligence services as the most damaging ever to the country's national security interests.
2048:
1948:
2098:
2073:
667:
Klingberg was tried in secret and sentenced to 20 years in prison. For the first 10 years of his sentence he was held in solitary confinement, in a high security prison in
2472:
2138:
764:
in the 1970s and upon learning of her father's imprisonment in the 1980s, privately campaigned to have his prison conditions improved. She enlisted the support of lawyer
2023:
1919:
713:
2452:
640:
test, reportedly due to the fact that his interrogators simply asked the wrong questions, as they suspected he was spying for Polish rather than Soviet intelligence.
2467:
1802:
Rimmington, Anthony (September 2000). "Invisible weapons of mass destruction: The Soviet Union's BW programme and its implications for contemporary arms control".
557:
2183:
753:. Similarly to Klingberg, her parents and siblings were murdered in the Holocaust. Klingberg and Jasinka married in 1946 and decided to emigrate. They moved to
2502:
2321:
655:
In 1972, a newly arrived Jewish migrant from the Soviet Union admitted to working for the KGB during Shin Bet screening. The agency was able to turn him as a
2208:
2114:
2279:
528:
Klingberg's academic career and research papers earned him an international reputation in his field, and he was invited to take part in conferences by the
306:. Injured on the front lines, he was reassinged to a military unit dealing with disease outbreaks. In 1943, he would serve as Chief Epidemiologist of the
2221:
671:
under the false name of Abraham Grinberg and the fabricated profession of a publisher. After he was removed from solitary confinement, his cellmate was
678:
In 1988-89, East Germany and the Soviet Union began negotiations with Israel, where a proposal was tentatively agreed to release Klingberg, along with
2347:
2245:
542:
480:
414:, and served as a medical officer on the front lines until October 1941, when he was wounded in the leg by shrapnel. Upon recovery he was assigned to
644:
510:
483:, but Klingberg has strongly denied this, indicating that his desire to move to Israel was motivated by the loss of his family in Poland during the
362:
Jewish family of rabbinical lineage. In his youth, he lived for a time with his grandfather, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Klingberg. His parents sent him to a
322:
1973:
522:
2166:
1989:
449:
307:
2006:
1840:
1792:
1765:
1744:
1675:
616:, a specialist in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, indicates Klingberg's information would have been passed from the Soviets to multiple
2296:
553:
2371:
2462:
835:, and delivered the opening lecture. He received an officer's pension from the Israeli government, which in France amounted to around
76:
2442:
2056:
803:
594:
166:
2382:
868:
At the time of his death, Yaakov Peri named Klingberg as, "one of the top Soviet spies in Israel – if not the greatest one ever.”
425:
In 1943, he undertook postgraduate studies in epidemiology in Moscow at the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training under
2477:
2146:
310:. Repatriated to Poland following the end of the war, he became Acting Chief Epidemiologist at the Polish Ministry of Health.
2457:
2437:
2031:
2487:
1511:
1589:
395:
286:, Klingberg chose a secular education in high school. Entering medical school in 1935 his studies were cut short by the
436:, the "so called master of Soviet epidemiology". That same year, he was part of a team that stopped an epidemic in the
2432:
2191:
613:
2265:"Oy vey? No way. Ex-spy Klingberg barred from speaking Yiddish". Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 22 January 1999.
1648:"Intelligence Agents, Autonomous Slaves and the U.S. Supreme Court's Wrong (and Right) Concept of Personal Autonomy"
749:
While living in post-war Poland, Klingberg met Adjia Eisman, who went by the name Wanda Jasinska, a survivor of the
525:, and was Professor of Epidemiology and Head of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine from 1978 to 1983.
161:
2122:
776:
and the Soviet Union. On his release from house arrest in 2003, Sylvia cared for him after his arrival in France.
862:
812:
709:, acted as a character witness. In September 1998, he was approved to leave prison but subject to house arrest.
529:
287:
2287:
1685:
Cohen, Avner (September 2001). "Israel and chemical/biological weapons: History, deterrence, and arms control".
839:
2,000 a month. Klingberg continued to have medical problems after his release, and was frequently hospitalized.
2492:
2229:
1706:
Fara, Gaetano M. (28 February 2016). "Celebrating Public Health Lives. Marcus (Marek) Klingberg, 1918-2015".
565:
2351:
2249:
788:
495:
858:
making personal attacks, calling him, respectively, "a childish and pitiful person" and "a scoundrel".
2266:
2068:[Ian Brossat: "My grandfather Marcus Klingberg was not a James Bond but a spy of opportunity"].
1927:
698:
491:
468:
318:
230:
368:, a religious primary school. As a teenager, he abandoned religion and attended a secular high school.
1599:""East Side Story": On Being an Epidemiologist in the Former USSR: An Interview With Marcus Klingberg"
426:
2427:
2422:
561:
407:
372:
334:
303:
2066:"Ian Brossat: "Mon grand-père Marcus Klingberg n'était pas un James Bond mais un espion d'occasion""
765:
691:
679:
2304:
376:
272:
226:
861:
Klingberg died in Paris on 30 November 2015, aged 97. He was cremated and his ashes interred in
1519:
463:
In November 1948, Klingberg immigrated with his wife and daughter to the newly formed state of
1836:
1788:
1761:
1740:
1723:
1671:
1620:
1568:
721:
1537:"An epidemiologist's journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso"
819:
In January 2003, Klingberg was released from house arrest and he immediately left Israel for
521:), where he served as Deputy Scientific Director (until 1972). In 1969, Klingberg joined the
2393:
1920:"This Revolutionary Israeli Woman Married a Spy – Only to Learn That Her Father Is One, Too"
1897:
1880:
1859:
1828:
1811:
1780:
1715:
1694:
1610:
1558:
1548:
792:
729:
683:
276:
1984:[Death of the most important Soviet spy to have caused the most damage to Israel].
701:
appealed to the Israeli government to release Klingberg on medical grounds (he had several
784:
672:
538:
503:
359:
251:
1832:
772:, in East Berlin, in an unsuccessful attempt to have Klingberg released via support from
1850:
Shpiro, Shlomo (December 2011). "KGB Human Intelligence Operations in Israel 1948–73".
1615:
1598:
1563:
1536:
850:, were published in 2007. The book was received harshly in Israel, with reviewers from
769:
601:
585:
437:
419:
217:
2348:"Medical Letter Writing Action: Avraham Marcus Klingberg, Israel/Occupied Territories"
2014:
815:, Paris. The inscription reads: "Officer of the Red Army during the Second World War."
394:
His parents and younger brother, who remained in Poland, were murdered in 1942 in the
2416:
1492:
847:
750:
484:
441:
314:
2091:"Soviet spy Marcus Klingberg, of blessed memory, stood on the wrong side of history"
779:
Klingberg's spying and imprisonment affected the political career of his grandson,
773:
656:
605:
472:
415:
384:
380:
268:
259:
193:
1968:[Senatorial: These new faces are taking their first steps in the Senate].
737:
Union, Klingberg stated, "I felt it was the right thing to do ... Because of the
1931:
1884:
1863:
1496:
2270:
1982:"Décès du plus important espion soviétique ayant causé le plus de tort à Israël"
824:
808:
780:
706:
609:
149:
2051:[These young politicians are already playing a crucial part in Paris].
337:
for 10 years, with his circumstances only publicly revealed in Israel in 1993.
48:
1815:
1698:
632:
617:
533:
514:
448:
were retaken by the Red Army and Klingberg became Chief Epidemiologist of the
1553:
682:, in exchange for the Soviet Union providing information on the location of
637:
581:
330:
2024:"Marcus Klingberg, Highest-Ranking Soviet Spy Caught in Israel, Dies at 97"
1727:
1624:
1572:
832:
2322:"Double agent enabled Israel's capture of top-ranked Soviet spy Klingberg"
2163:"Marcus Klingberg, the Israeli who spied for the Soviet Union, dies at 97"
1784:
1719:
738:
668:
628:
518:
476:
411:
329:, he avoided discovery until 1983, when he was arrested and convicted of
326:
299:
221:
17:
1966:"Sénatoriales: ces nouvelles têtes qui font leurs premiers pas au Sénat"
1871:
Shpiro, Shlomo (4 July 2015). "Soviet Espionage in Israel, 1973–1991".
1755:
851:
725:
717:
705:). During his application for early release, former Shin Bet director,
687:
576:
445:
1901:
865:
next to those of his wife, Jasinska, who had died of cancer in 1990.
720:(central Tel Aviv), was installed in his apartment. His telephone was
761:
754:
702:
624:
464:
364:
355:
351:
338:
291:
206:
114:
109:
98:
72:
498:. In March 1950, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (
1737:
Foxbats over Dimona: the Soviets' nuclear gamble in the Six-Day War
820:
802:
575:
556:(1972); at the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology,
388:
295:
283:
94:
1988:(in French). Agence France Press. 1 December 2015. Archived from
660:
operation, codenamed "Reef", was planned to obtain a confession.
1892:
Stafford, Ned (22 December 2015). "Obituary: Marcus Klingberg".
1825:
Stalin's Secret Weapon: The Origins of Soviet Biological Warfare
855:
836:
499:
2049:"Ces jeunes politiques qui jouent déjà un rôle capital à Paris"
398:. Other than a single cousin, his entire family also perished.
1964:
Cimbidhi, Eloïse; Gentilhomme, Célestine (25 September 2023).
1417:
1415:
935:
933:
931:
929:
263:
1178:
1176:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
313:
Having lost his entire family but for a single cousin in the
1151:
1149:
631:, began to suspect Klingberg of espionage in the 1960s, but
560:(1973); at the Department of Social and Community Medicine,
998:
996:
333:
in secret. Sentenced to 20 years in prison, he was held in
1505:] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Ma'ariv Library. p. 423.
1032:
1030:
1028:
1668:
Revolutionary Yiddishland: a history of Jewish radicalism
1941:"Brossat: 'Mon grand-père, espion soviétique en Israël'"
1514:[Klingberg: The things I didn't tell Shin Bet].
1107:
1105:
1015:
1013:
1011:
686:, an Israeli Air Force navigator believed to be held in
584:, southern Tel Aviv, where Klingberg would meet his KGB
2508:
Israeli military personnel of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
2448:
Israeli people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
2248:. The Times of Israel. 30 November 2015. Archived from
294:
for the Soviet Union, completing his medical degree in
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
983:
981:
979:
509:
In 1957, he was one of the founders of the top-secret
444:. Toward the end of December 1943, the first parts of
1754:
Kahana, Ephraim (2006). "Klingberg, Avraham Marcus".
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1193:
1191:
712:
At his expense, a camera connected to the offices of
623:
Israel's foreign and domestic intelligence agencies,
321:
from 1948 to 1953, in 1957 he joined the clandestine
317:, Klingberg migrated to Israel. First serving in the
2222:"The unsolved mystery of Soviet spy Marcus Klinberg"
966:
964:
962:
960:
2498:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
2483:
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
1708:
Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita'
1406:
1124:
1122:
1120:
383:, Klingberg was urged by his father to flee to the
213:
181:
156:
145:
137:
129:
121:
105:
83:
58:
32:
1943:[My grandfather, 'Soviet spy in Israel'].
807:Memorial of Klingberg and his wife, Wanda, at the
550:Henry Phipps Institute, University of Pennsylvania
371:In 1935, Klingberg began studying medicine at the
2165:. Jerusalem Post. 12 January 2015. Archived from
1760:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. pp. 151–152.
1580:Melman, Yossi; Klingberg, Marcus (31 May 2006).
1262:
541:. In 1981, he was elected to the council of the
490:Upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted into the
1421:
939:
1445:
1346:
1182:
558:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
246:(7 October 1918 – 30 November 2015), known as
2280:"Marcus Klingberg: the spy who knew too much"
1757:Historical dictionary of Israeli Intelligence
1433:
647:and contact with Soviet intelligence lapsed.
387:. There, he completed his medical studies in
290:in 1939. At the urging of his father he fled
8:
1739:. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press.
823:to be with his daughter Sylvia and grandson
479:claims that the immigration was prompted by
27:Israeli scientist and Soviet spy (1918–2015)
2246:"Notorious spy Marcus Klingberg dies at 97"
2209:"'The Best Keeper of Secrets in the World'"
1779:(3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
846:("The Last Spy"), written with his lawyer,
1666:Brossat, Alain; Klingberg, Sylvia (2016).
1155:
1048:
1002:
888:
47:
29:
2473:Soviet military personnel of World War II
2390:International Epidemiological Association
2139:"Marcus Klingberg, Soviet spy - obituary"
1614:
1562:
1552:
1111:
1060:
1036:
543:International Epidemiological Association
467:, which was in the closing stages of its
1541:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1358:
1167:
1096:
987:
645:Israel Institute for Biological Research
523:Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
511:Israel Institute for Biological Research
323:Israel Institute for Biological Research
2453:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
1823:Rimmington, Anthony (15 October 2018).
1735:Ginor, Isabella; Remez, Gideon (2007).
1512:"קלינברג מציג: הדברים שלא סיפרתי לשב"כ"
1293:
1019:
951:
881:
787:since September 2023, representing the
692:downfall of communism in Eastern Europe
548:Klingberg conducted sabbaticals at the
282:Originally from a family of well-known
2468:Polish expatriates in the Soviet Union
2064:Labrunie, Etienne (26 February 2023).
2013:(in Swiss High German). Archived from
1804:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1334:
1305:
1226:
1214:
1197:
1140:
970:
900:
406:On 22 June 1941, the first day of the
304:the start of the war with Nazi Germany
2346:Amnesty International (6 June 1997).
2184:"A Soviet spy and an Israeli patriot"
1394:
1382:
1370:
1274:
1238:
440:. He also contributed to research on
7:
1535:Klingberg, Marcus (1 October 2010).
1510:Klingberg, Marcus (24 August 2007).
1457:
1250:
1128:
1072:
643:In 1976, Klingberg retired from the
554:Norwegian Institute of Public Health
422:as leader of an anti-epidemic unit.
2207:Melman, Yossi (21 September 2007).
2022:Grimes, William (3 December 2015).
1469:
1084:
532:. He was president of the European
408:German invasion of the Soviet Union
255:
2383:"IEA Council Handbook 5th Edition"
2361:"Marek Klingberg: an appreciation"
2295:Pringle, Peter (3 December 2015).
2047:Gruet, Magali (24 February 2009).
1939:Bloch, Michael (15 October 2014).
1873:Intelligence and National Security
1852:Intelligence and National Security
1833:10.1093/oso/9780190928858.001.0001
1616:10.1097/01.ede.0000184473.33772.ed
25:
2503:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
2220:Melman, Yossi (5 December 2015).
2182:Matar, Haggai (3 December 2015).
2145:. 2 December 2015. Archived from
2089:Laor, Yitzhak (9 December 2015).
1655:European Journal of Legal Studies
1597:Morabia, Alfredo (January 2006).
595:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
167:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
2278:Pringle, Peter (27 April 2014).
1918:Aderet, Ofer (28 October 2019).
1775:McCauley, Martin (18 May 2017).
564:and became a Visiting Fellow of
199:
186:
160:
2005:Fehr, Johannes (1 April 2006).
1407:Cimbidhi & Gentilhomme 2023
580:The Russian Orthodox Church in
2009:[The Mysterious One].
459:Military and scientific career
258:), was a Polish-born, Israeli
1:
2320:Tibon, Amir (15 April 2008).
1646:Bitton, Raphael (July 2014).
783:(born 1980), a member of the
133:Wanda Jasinska (Adjia Eisman)
2121:. 4 May 2008. Archived from
1885:10.1080/02684527.2014.969588
1864:10.1080/02684527.2011.619801
1263:Brossat & Klingberg 2016
651:Capture, trial and detention
552:, from 1962 to 1964; at the
396:Treblinka extermination camp
2339:Reports and other materials
2297:"Marcus Klingberg obituary"
2072:(in French). Archived from
2055:(in French). Archived from
1972:(in French). Archived from
1947:(in French). Archived from
1827:. Oxford University Press.
1687:The Nonproliferation Review
1518:(in Hebrew). Archived from
940:Melman & Klingberg 2006
141:Sylvia Klingberg (daughter)
2524:
2463:Polish emigrants to Israel
1446:Klingberg & Sfard 2007
1318:Amnesty International 1997
714:MALMAB (military security)
358:, on 7 October 1918, to a
1816:10.1080/13518040008430448
1699:10.1080/10736700108436862
530:World Health Organization
410:, he volunteered for the
377:German invasion of Poland
288:German invasion of Poland
237:
176:
172:
46:
39:
2443:Israeli military doctors
1554:10.1258/jrsm.2010.10k037
745:Personal life and family
545:for the 1981–1984 term.
262:and the highest ranking
40:
2478:Soviet military doctors
2359:Chalmers, Iain (2021).
1894:British Medical Journal
694:, the deal fell apart.
244:Avraham Marek Klingberg
2458:Physicians from Warsaw
2438:Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
2392:. 2015. Archived from
1945:Le Journal du Dimanche
1777:The Cold War 1949-2016
1156:Ginor & Remez 2007
863:Père Lachaise Cemetery
816:
799:Release and later life
768:in Paris, who engaged
589:
350:Klingberg was born in
53:Marcus Klingberg, 2006
2488:Polish Ashkenazi Jews
1785:10.4324/9781315213309
1516:www.makorrishon.co.il
842:Klingberg's memoirs,
806:
699:Amnesty International
579:
471:. Israeli journalist
450:Byelorussian Republic
308:Byelorussian Republic
2017:on 18 November 2022.
2011:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
1976:on 18 December 2023.
1720:10.7416/ai.2016.2079
1422:Times of Israel 2015
844:HaMeragel Ha'akharon
760:Sylvia emigrated to
600:Israeli journalists
572:Espionage activities
562:University of Oxford
379:and the outbreak of
375:. In 1939, with the
373:University of Warsaw
335:solitary confinement
327:counter-intelligence
319:Israel Defence Force
2149:on 27 February 2021
2125:on 27 November 2023
2076:on 22 December 2023
2059:on 27 October 2022.
1992:on 27 February 2021
1491:Klingberg, Marcus;
1347:Jerusalem Post 1999
1183:Jerusalem Post 2015
1063:, pp. 422–423.
680:Shabtai Kalmanovich
481:Soviet intelligence
469:War of Independence
271:regarding Israel's
125:Epidemiologist, spy
2433:Israeli biologists
2377:on 12 August 2022.
2368:James Lind Library
2307:on 8 November 2020
2290:on 8 October 2023.
2252:on 26 January 2023
2232:on 17 January 2023
2226:The Jerusalem Post
2169:on 2 December 2015
2115:"Marcus Klingberg"
2101:on 25 January 2023
2028:The New York Times
1434:The Telegraph 2015
817:
793:Paris City Council
590:
227:Lieutenant colonel
2354:on 25 April 2005.
2194:on 8 October 2023
2007:"Der Rätselhafte"
1902:10.1136/bmj.h6965
1842:978-0-19-005023-8
1794:978-1-351-81819-3
1767:978-0-8108-5581-6
1746:978-0-300-12317-3
1677:978-1-78478-609-0
1670:. London: Verso.
1522:on 26 August 2007
568:, Oxford (1978).
494:, serving in the
241:
240:
77:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
2515:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2370:. Archived from
2365:
2355:
2350:. Archived from
2333:
2331:
2329:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:. Archived from
2291:
2286:. Archived from
2274:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2216:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:. Archived from
2178:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2097:. Archived from
2085:
2083:
2081:
2060:
2053:www.20minutes.fr
2043:
2041:
2039:
2034:on 12 March 2018
2030:. Archived from
2018:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1977:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1951:on 1 August 2023
1935:
1905:
1888:
1867:
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1798:
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1593:
1588:. Archived from
1576:
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991:
985:
974:
968:
955:
949:
943:
937:
904:
898:
892:
886:
435:
427:Lev Gromashevsky
298:and joining the
257:
248:Marcus Klingberg
205:
203:
202:
192:
190:
189:
164:
90:
87:30 November 2015
68:
66:
51:
34:Marcus Klingberg
30:
21:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2493:Polish Zionists
2413:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2363:
2358:
2345:
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2197:
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2181:
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2161:
2152:
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2137:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2070:www.telerama.fr
2063:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2021:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1986:Times of Israel
1980:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1938:
1917:
1908:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1843:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1705:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1596:
1592:on 30 May 2008.
1579:
1547:(10): 418–423.
1534:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
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1420:
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1393:
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1316:
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1304:
1300:
1292:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1189:
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1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1049:Rimmington 2018
1047:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1003:Rimmington 2018
1001:
994:
986:
977:
969:
958:
950:
946:
938:
907:
899:
895:
889:Rimmington 2000
887:
883:
879:
874:
801:
789:Communist Party
747:
673:Shimon Levinson
653:
614:Martin McCauley
574:
566:Wolfson College
539:Seveso Accident
504:West Nile fever
461:
429:
404:
348:
225:
200:
198:
197:
187:
185:
177:Military career
165:
113:
101:
92:
88:
79:
70:
64:
62:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
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2470:
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2455:
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2445:
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2430:
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2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2399:on 4 June 2021
2379:
2356:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2317:
2292:
2275:
2262:
2242:
2217:
2204:
2179:
2159:
2135:
2111:
2086:
2061:
2044:
2019:
2002:
1978:
1961:
1936:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1889:
1879:(4): 486–507.
1868:
1858:(6): 864–885.
1847:
1841:
1820:
1799:
1793:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1703:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1642:
1639:Academic works
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1609:(1): 115–119.
1594:
1577:
1532:
1507:
1493:Sfard, Michael
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1322:
1310:
1308:, p. 152.
1298:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1229:, p. 499.
1219:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1160:
1158:, p. 225.
1145:
1133:
1116:
1112:Klingberg 2007
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1061:Klingberg 2010
1053:
1051:, p. 160.
1041:
1039:, p. 420.
1037:Klingberg 2010
1024:
1022:, p. 116.
1007:
1005:, p. 161.
992:
975:
956:
944:
905:
903:, p. 881.
893:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
800:
797:
770:Wolfgang Vogel
746:
743:
652:
649:
618:Arab countries
602:Isabella Ginor
573:
570:
460:
457:
403:
400:
347:
344:
260:epidemiologist
256:מרקוס קלינגברג
239:
238:
235:
234:
215:
211:
210:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
158:
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147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:(aged 97)
85:
81:
80:
71:
69:7 October 1918
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
41:מרקוס קלינגברג
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2520:
2509:
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2384:
2380:
2373:
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2362:
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2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2324:. Haaretz.com
2323:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2298:
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2223:
2218:
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2210:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2188:+972 Magazine
2185:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2143:The Telegraph
2140:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2075:
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2045:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
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1913:
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1903:
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1513:
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1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
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1442:
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1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
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1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:Labrunie 2023
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:, p. 36.
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:, p. 28.
1169:
1168:McCauley 2017
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1143:, p. 37.
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Chalmers 2021
1093:
1090:
1087:, p. 19.
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:Stafford 2015
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
945:
941:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
891:, p. 41.
890:
885:
882:
876:
871:
869:
866:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
848:Michael Sfard
845:
840:
838:
834:
828:
826:
822:
814:
813:Père-Lachaise
810:
805:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:French Senate
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
766:Antoine Comte
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:Warsaw Ghetto
744:
742:
740:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
665:
661:
658:
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648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
587:
583:
578:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
496:Medical Corps
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
453:
451:
447:
443:
442:typhoid fever
439:
433:
428:
423:
421:
417:
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409:
401:
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245:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
195:
184:
180:
175:
171:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:Occupation(s)
120:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
31:
19:
2401:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2389:
2372:the original
2367:
2352:the original
2338:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2301:The Guardian
2300:
2288:the original
2284:The Observer
2283:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:the original
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2225:
2212:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2187:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2142:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2118:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2094:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2069:
2057:the original
2052:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2027:
2015:the original
2010:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1985:
1974:the original
1969:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1944:
1923:
1911:News reports
1910:
1909:
1893:
1876:
1872:
1855:
1851:
1824:
1807:
1803:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1693:(3): 27–53.
1690:
1686:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1637:
1606:
1603:Epidemiology
1602:
1590:the original
1585:
1544:
1540:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1515:
1503:The Last Spy
1502:
1498:המרגל האחרון
1497:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1313:
1301:
1294:Pringle 2014
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1163:
1136:
1099:, p. 1.
1092:
1080:
1075:, p. 4.
1068:
1056:
1044:
1020:Morabia 2006
952:Pringle 2015
947:
896:
884:
867:
860:
843:
841:
829:
818:
778:
774:East Germany
759:
748:
735:
711:
696:
677:
666:
662:
657:double agent
654:
642:
622:
606:Gideon Remez
599:
593:awarded the
591:
547:
527:
508:
489:
473:Yossi Melman
462:
454:
424:
405:
402:World War II
393:
385:Soviet Union
381:World War II
370:
363:
349:
312:
281:
269:Soviet Union
247:
243:
242:
194:Soviet Union
89:(2015-11-30)
2428:2015 deaths
2423:1918 births
2256:27 November
2173:27 November
2129:27 November
2038:29 November
1955:5 September
1810:(3): 1–46.
1526:30 November
1335:Aderet 2019
1306:Kahana 2006
1227:Shpiro 2015
1215:Melman 2015
1198:Melman 2007
1141:Bitton 2014
971:Grimes 2015
901:Shpiro 2011
809:columbarium
781:Ian Brossat
707:Yaakov Peri
690:. With the
610:Six-Day War
446:Byelorussia
430: [
302:in 1941 at
209:(1948–1957)
196:(1941–1945)
150:Ian Brossat
117:(1948–2015)
112:(1918–1948)
106:Nationality
2417:Categories
2236:30 January
1996:23 January
1932:2309235663
1714:(1): 3–7.
1661:(1): 4–40.
1395:Matar 2015
1383:Gruet 2009
1371:Bloch 2014
1275:Cohen 2001
1239:Tibon 2008
872:References
534:Teratology
517:(south of
515:Ness Ziona
391:in 1941.
346:Early life
273:biological
264:Soviet spy
182:Allegiance
152:(grandson)
65:1918-10-07
2271:319236095
1970:Le Figaro
1634:Secondary
1458:Laor 2015
1251:Fehr 2006
1129:Ynet 2008
1073:Fara 2016
877:Footnotes
697:In 1997,
638:polygraph
633:shadowing
612:in 1967.
582:Abu Kabir
500:Sgan Aluf
485:Holocaust
475:reported
331:espionage
315:Holocaust
146:Relatives
18:Klingberg
2403:14 March
2311:14 March
2267:ProQuest
2198:17 March
2153:14 March
2119:Ynetnews
2105:14 March
2080:26 March
1928:ProQuest
1728:26980504
1625:16357605
1573:20929892
1495:(2007).
1470:AFP 2015
1085:IEA 2015
739:Cold War
684:Ron Arad
669:Ashkelon
629:Shin Bet
586:handlers
519:Tel Aviv
492:military
477:Shin Bet
412:Red Army
300:Red Army
277:chemical
222:Red Army
138:Children
2328:10 June
2213:Haaretz
2095:Haaretz
1924:Haaretz
1586:Haaretz
1582:"I Spy"
1564:2951169
1484:Primary
1479:Sources
1265:Preface
852:Haaretz
730:Russian
726:Yiddish
703:strokes
688:Lebanon
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