715:. Kuzmin asserts that UHMWPE is non-porous and can hold neither wax nor water, so there is no possibility for filling pores; furthermore, he asserts that UHMWPE is very hydrophobic, which means that wet snow does not appreciably retard the ski and that glide wax offers little additional ability to repel water. He notes that clear bases are more durable and hydrophobic than those with carbon content. The same author asserts that texture is more important than surface chemistry for creating the optimum balance between a running surface that's too dry (not slippery enough) and too wet (ski subject to suction forces). In warm, moist snow, texture can help break the retarding capillary attraction between the ski base and the snow. Giesbrecht agrees that low wetting angle of the ski base is key and also emphasizes the importance of the degree of surface roughness at the
530:, and mechanical action. Temperature changes may be from the ambient temperature, solar radiation, rainwater, wind, or the temperature of the material beneath the snow layer. Mechanical action includes wind and compaction. Over time, bulk snow tends to consolidateâits crystals become truncated from breaking apart or losing mass with sublimation directly from solid to gas and with freeze-thaw, causing them to combine as coarse and granular ice crystals. Colbeck reports that fresh, cold, and man-made snow all interact more directly with the base of a ski and increase friction, indicating the use of harder waxes. Conversely, older, warmer, and denser snows present lower friction, in part due to increased grain size, which better promotes a water film and a smoother surface of the snow crystals for which softer waxes are indicated.
827:
815:
662:
ability to avoid suction from meltwater in the snow. Too little melting and sharp edges of snow crystals or too much suction impede the passage of the ski. A tipping point between where crystal type dominates sliding friction and moisture content dominates occurs around 26 °F (â3 °C). Harder waxes address colder, drier or more abrasive snow conditions, whereas softer waxes have a lower coefficient of friction, but abrade more readily. Wax formulations combine three types of wax to adjust coefficient of friction and durability. From hard to soft, they include synthetic waxes with 50 or more carbon atoms,
588:
615:. However, the heat generated by friction can be lost by conduction to a cold ski, thereby diminishing the production of the melt layer. At the other extreme, when the snow is wet and warm, heat generation creates a thicker film that can create increased capillary drag on the ski bottom. Kuzmin and Fuss suggest that the most favorable combination of ski base material properties to minimize ski sliding friction on snow include: increased hardness and lowered thermal conductivity of the base material to promote meltwater generation for lubrication, wear resistance in cold snow, and
564:
290:
38:
544:
576:
753:
presence of camber allows the skis to grip the snow, when the weight is on one ski and the ski is fully flexed, but minimize drag when the skis are weighted equally and are thus less than fully flexed. Grip waxes are designed for specific temperature ranges and types of snow; a correctly selected grip wax does not appreciably decrease the glide of skis that have proper camber for the skier's weight and for the snow conditions. There are two substances used for grip wax: hard wax and klister.
776:, adjust the hardness of the wax to tailor the effectiveness of its grip for specific, discrete temperature ranges (from approximately -25 °F to +35 °F); waxes are graded and color-coded according to these temperature ranges. Harder grip waxes are designed for colder snow temperatures, but grip poorly in warm temperatures. Conversely, softer waxes in cold temperatures create enough friction and melting that the melt layer may accumulate and promote frozen accretion of snow.
803:
2840:
2830:
784:: a sticky ointment, which may contain a combination of rosins, waxes, solvents and fatsâwith the formulation tailored for snow that comprises coarse crystals, having been transformed through freeze-thaw or being wind-blown, and adjusted for specific temperature ranges. Spray-on klister is more convenient than klister applied from a tube. An incorrect match of klister to snow conditions can also cause icing.
604:
snow to the ski bottom, and 5) contamination of the snow with dust and other non-slippery elements. Plowing and deformation pertain to the interaction of the ski, as a whole, with the snow and are negligible on a firm surface. Lubrication, capillary attraction and contamination are issues for the ski bottom and the wax that is applied to reduce sliding friction or achieve adequate grip.
729:
1050:
188:
737:
159:âto be achieved with a grip wax. Both types of wax are designed to be matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size, and moisture content of the snow surface, which vary with temperature and the temperature history of the snow. Glide wax is selected to minimize sliding friction for both
752:
to provide traction with static friction on the snow that allows them to propel themselves forward on flats and up hills. They are applied in an area beneath the skier's foot and extending, somewhat forward, that is formed by the camber of the classic ski, called the "grip zone" (or "kick zone"). The
174:
Modern plastic materials (e.g. high-modulus polyethylene and Teflon), used on ski bases, have excellent gliding properties on snow, which in many circumstances diminish the added value of a glide wax. Likewise, uni-directional textures (e.g. fish scale or micro-scale hairs) underfoot on cross-country
1433:
Basic ski wax is made from solid hydrocarbons. Some wax companies also sell wax that has fluorine in it. With these waxes, some, most, or all the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbons have been replaced with fluorine atoms. This new compound is called a fluorocarbon, and offers very low coefficients of
661:
A variety of glide waxes are tailored for specific temperature ranges and other snow properties with varying wax hardness and other properties that address repellence of moisture and dirt. The hardness of the glide wax affects the melting of the snow to lubricate its passage over the surface and its
603:
Colbeck offers an overview of the five friction processes of skis on snow. They are the: 1) resistance due to plowing of snow out of the way, 2) deformation of the snow over which the ski is traveling, 3) lubrication of the ski with a thin layer of melt water, 4) capillary attraction of water in the
263:
product and the first spring-time wax that repels and makes the running surface slick for spring time alpine ski and snowboard. This technology was introduced to the market in 1986 by Hertel Wax. In 1990, Hertel filed for a U.S. patent on a "ski wax for use with sintered-base snow skis", containing
230:
surface that minimizes suction from water in the snow, yet has sufficient roughness to allow traction for forward motion. In the 1920s and 30s, new varnishes were developed by
European companies as season-long ski bases. A significant advance for cross country racing was the introduction of klister,
297:
The ability of a ski or other runner to slide over snow depends on both the properties of the snow and the ski to result in an optimum amount of lubrication from melting the snow by friction with the skiâtoo little and the ski interacts with solid snow crystals, too much and capillary attraction of
632:
Glide wax can be applied to alpine skis, snowboards, skate skis, classic skis, back-country skis, and touring skis. Traditional waxes comprise solid hydrocarbons. High-performance "fluorocarbon" waxes also contain fluorine, which substitutes some fraction of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbons
890:
When skiing, the friction between the snow and skis causes wax to abrade and remain in the snow pack until spring thaw. Then the snowmelt drains into watersheds, streams, lakes and rivers, thereby changing the chemistry of the environment and the food chain. PFASs in ski wax are heat resistant,
1898:
Freberg, Baard
Ingegerdsson; Haug, Line SmĂĽstuen; Olsen, Raymond; Daae, Hanne Line; Hersson, Merete; Thomsen, Cathrine; Thorud, Syvert; Becher, Georg; Molander, Paal; Ellingsen, Dag G. (October 2010). "Occupational Exposure to Airborne Perfluorinated Compounds during Professional Ski Waxing".
203:(History of Lapland) in 1673 gave what is probably the first recorded instruction for ski wax application He advised skiers to use pine tar pitch and rosin. Ski waxing was also documented in 1761. In 1733 the use of tar was described by Norwegian colonel Jens Henrik Emahusen. In the 1740s
826:
1031:
268:
chief chemist Leif
Torgersen found a glide wax additive to repel pollen and other snow impuritiesâa problem with soft grip waxes during distance racesâin the form of a fluorocarbon that could be ironed into the ski base. The solution was based on the work of Enrico Traverso at
210:
Beginning around 1854, California gold rush miners held organized downhill ski races. They also discovered that ski bases, smeared with lubricants brewed from vegetable and/or animal compounds, increased speed. This led to some of the first commercial ski lubricants, such as
814:
633:
with fluorine atoms to achieve lower coefficients of friction and higher water repellency than the pure hydrocarbon wax can achieve. Wax is adjusted for hardness to minimize sliding friction as a function of snow properties, which include the effects of:
607:
Typically, a sliding ski melts a thin and transitory film of lubricating layer of water, caused by the heat of friction between the ski and the snow in its passing. Colbeck suggests that the optimum water film thickness is in the range between 4 and 12
640:: Reflects the metamorphism of snow crystals that are sharp and well-defined, when new, but with aging become broken or truncated with wind action or rounded into ice granules with freeze-thaw, all of which affects a ski's coefficient of friction.
710:
The role of glide wax is to adapt and improve the friction properties of a ski base to the expected snow properties to be encountered on a spectrum from cold crystalline snow to saturated granular snow. Modern ski bases often are made from
1829:
Nilsson, Helena; Kärrman, Anna; Hükan, Westberg; Rotander, Anna; van Bavel, Bert; LindstrÜm, Gunilla (March 15, 2010), "A Time Trend Study of
Significantly Elevated Perfluorocarboxylate Levels in Humans after Using Fluorinated Ski Wax",
623:
base, which diminishes the value added by glide waxes. LintzĂŠn reports that factors other than wax are much more important in reducing friction on cross-country skate skisâthe curvature of the ski and snow conditions.
250:
In the last quarter of the 20th century, researchers addressed the twin problems of water and impurities adhering to skis during spring conditions. Terry Hertel addressed both problems, first with the novel use of a
719:
scale as a function of snow temperatureâcold snow favoring a smoother surface and wetter, warmer snow favoring a textured surface. Some authors question the necessity to use any glide waxes on modern ski bases.
587:
698:
Glide wax can be applied cold or hot. Cold applications include, rubbing hard wax like a crayon, applying a liquid wax or a spray wax. Hot applications of wax include the use of heat from an iron,
1048:, Enrico Traverso & Antonio Rinaldi, "Ski lubricant comprising paraffinic wax and a hydrocarbon compound", issued Apr 13, 1993, assigned to Enichem Synthesis S.p.A.
363:
502:
264:
paraffin, a hardener wax, roughly 1% per-fluoroether diol, and 2% SDS surfactant. Trademarks for Hertel waxes are Super HotSauce, Racing FC739, SpringSolution and White Gold. In the 1990s,
451:, is less than the coefficient of static friction for both ice and snow. The force required for sliding on snow is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force:
575:
449:
392:
1972:
563:
2173:
420:
1996:
Grønnestad, Randi; VĂĄzquez, Berta PĂŠrez; Arukwe, Augustine; Jaspers, Veerle L. B.; Jenssen, Bjørn Munro; Karimi, Mahin; Lyche, Jan L.; Krøkje, Ă
se (2019-11-19).
543:
293:
Conceptual representation of sliding friction over snow, as a function of water film thickness, created by passage of a ski or other slider over a snow surface.
802:
223:, vegetable oil and pine pitch. However, some instead used paraffin candle wax that melted onto ski bases, and these worked better under colder conditions.
891:
chemically and biologically stable, and thus environmentally persistent. They have been shown to accumulate in animals that are present at ski venues. The
422:
is the normal force of the ski on snow. Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when the ski is moving over the snow. The coefficient of kinetic friction,
2202:
712:
522:, hexagonal needles, platelets and icy pellets. Once snow accumulates on the ground, the flakes immediately begin to undergo transformation (called
226:
Pine tar on wooden ski bases proved effective for using skis as transport over the centuries, because it fills the pores of the wood and creates a
2864:
1719:
Selected
Formulary Book on Petroleum, Lubricants, Fats, Polishes, Glass, Ceramics, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, Emulsions, Leather and Insecticides
2166:
1627:
1192:
1109:
1075:
1553:
Kuzmin, Leonid; Tinnsten, Mats (2006). "Dirt absorption on the ski running surface - quantification and influence on the gliding ability".
247:
and other admixtures. By 1952, such noted brands as Toko, Swix and Rex were providing an array of color-coded, temperature-tailored waxes.
1684:
1323:
871:
2142:
1776:
1798:
764:-based substance with admixturesâfor snow comprising crystals that are relatively intact and not substantially changed by packing or
2123:
2104:
1727:
1483:
1371:
1295:
832:
Smoothing of grip wax on a classic cross-country ski, using a hand-held "cork", like the item marked "Swix" in the right foreground.
1998:"Levels, Patterns, and Biomagnification Potential of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in a Terrestrial Food Chain in a Nordic Skiing Area"
1473:
2159:
2232:
1359:
875:
527:
895:(FIS) announced to introduce a ban on PFASs in waxes in all competitive ski disciplines from the winter season of 2020/21.
167:
skiing. Grip wax (also called "kick wax") provides on-snow traction for cross-country skiers, as they stride forward using
1145:
2063:
820:
Application of grip wax to a classic cross-country ski, using a canister of wax, like those shown in the left foreground.
2227:
892:
309:
289:
37:
1215:
454:
1952:"Environmental occurrence and fate of semifluorinated n-alkanes and perfluorinated alkyl acids present in ski waxes"
1387:
646:: The percentage of mass that is liquid water and may create suction friction with the base of the ski as it slides.
232:
2739:
2428:
2352:
1766:
504:. Both the static and kinetic coefficients of friction increase with colder snow temperatures (also true for ice).
1717:
231:
for good traction in granular snow, especially in spring conditions; klister was invented and patented in 1913 by
2869:
2529:
2466:
255:
that interacted with the wax matrix in such a way as to repel water effectively, a product introduced in 1974 by
2519:
1655:
1446:
1873:
1589:
1005:
1743:
652:: Affects the ease with which sliding friction can melt snow crystals at the interface between ski and snow.
620:
144:
2534:
2357:
879:
788:
Some skis are "waxless", having a fish-scale or other texture to prevent the ski from sliding backwards.
425:
368:
277:, patented in Italy as a "ski lubricant comprising paraffinic wax and hydrocarbon compounds containing a
2843:
2799:
1182:
274:
969:
1045:
1026:
273:, who had developed a fluorocarbon powder with a melting temperature just a few degrees below that of
2794:
2767:
2293:
2009:
1908:
1839:
1527:
749:
663:
176:
168:
164:
2585:
2514:
1951:
1029:, Terry J. Hertel, "Ski wax for use with sintered base snow skis", issued May 19, 1992
593:
Cluster of ice grains in wet snow at a low liquid contentâgrain crystals range 0.5 to 1.0 mm.
2661:
2433:
2388:
2298:
1570:
789:
519:
1503:
518:
Snowflakes have a wide range of shapes, even as they fall; among these are: six-sided star-like
151:
conditions. The two main types of wax used on skis are glide waxes and grip waxes. They address
2197:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2045:
2037:
1932:
1924:
1855:
1772:
1723:
1692:
1633:
1623:
1479:
1367:
1335:
1291:
1287:
1188:
1157:
1105:
1097:
1071:
1065:
843:
1590:"An Investigation Comparing the Efficacy of Different Lubricants for Skis on Artificial Snow"
397:
2554:
2476:
2448:
2272:
2027:
2017:
1916:
1847:
1562:
915:
152:
1418:
1247:
2833:
2590:
2549:
2438:
2251:
1805:
850:
278:
156:
2013:
1912:
1843:
2874:
2757:
2373:
2093:
1656:"Ski wax made (somewhat) simpleâConfused by the wax rainbow? Maybe you've gone too far"
554:
204:
2858:
2729:
2697:
2605:
2595:
2580:
2456:
2418:
2337:
2322:
2303:
2212:
1574:
1280:
683:
240:
192:
160:
53:
in canisters (blue for "dry snow" and yellow for "wet and corn snow") and a paraffin
2811:
2789:
2610:
2506:
2481:
2423:
2393:
2378:
2342:
2267:
2186:
761:
667:
260:
244:
92:
84:
2806:
2626:
2570:
2277:
2239:
765:
46:
581:
Fresh, dry snow with newly formed bonds, showing a grain boundary (top center).
175:
skis can offer a practical substitute for grip wax for those skiers, using the
2734:
2724:
2688:
2636:
2600:
2544:
2496:
2486:
2471:
2383:
2244:
728:
716:
687:
619:
to minimize capillary suction. These attributes are readily achievable with a
616:
609:
550:
256:
252:
227:
115:
2041:
1928:
1637:
1161:
2774:
2762:
2707:
2702:
2668:
2651:
2575:
2539:
2491:
2308:
2022:
1997:
882:, have been shown to increase in ski wax technicians during the ski season.
793:
773:
306:
Before a ski can slide, it must overcome the maximum value static friction,
220:
136:
74:
43:
2049:
1936:
1859:
187:
2151:
2749:
2719:
2673:
2646:
2631:
2413:
2032:
854:
699:
671:
236:
140:
207:
people use of resin and tallow under their skis is recorded in writing.
2784:
2779:
2641:
2524:
2461:
2347:
1566:
846:
679:
270:
17:
1920:
1851:
870:
Ski wax may contain chemicals with potential health affects including
857:, which is less toxic, harder to ignite, and gentler on the ski base.
808:
Melting glide wax onto a skate ski to be ironed in and scraped smooth.
2182:
1450:
675:
88:
1799:"Nordic Ski PreparationâWaxing Guide for Skating and Classic Skiing"
239:, a Swedish chemical company, advised by Olympic crosscountry skier
2714:
1771:(2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 270.
1248:"The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground"
769:
735:
727:
288:
186:
119:
1971:
Centre for
Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards (2009).
917:
Investigation of the most essential factors influencing ski glide
748:
Cross-country skiers use a grip wax (also called "kick wax") for
736:
513:
265:
148:
111:
2155:
796:
to provide uphill grip, but typically remove them for descent.
131:
is a material applied to the bottom of snow runners, including
2656:
744:(ĐиŃŃи)âbrand klisters, graded by color and temperature range.
132:
1246:
670:
with 20 to 35 carbon atoms. Additives to such waxes include
243:, started the development of petroleum-based waxes, using
195:, pioneered development of modern cross-country ski waxes.
569:
Platelets and needles, two alternate forms of snowflakes.
2064:"International Ski Federation to ban PFASs in ski waxes"
1364:
Routledge
Handbook of Sports Technology and Engineering
1324:"A Review of the Processes That Control Snow Friction"
1184:
Sliding friction: physical principles and applications
1102:
Statics: Analysis and Design of
Systems in Equilibrium
853:. However, some commercial wax solvents are made from
768:. The admixtures, which include a dye, rubber, rosin,
457:
428:
400:
371:
312:
2748:
2687:
2619:
2563:
2505:
2447:
2406:
2366:
2330:
2321:
2286:
2260:
2220:
2211:
2116:
The
Complete Guide to Cross-Country Ski Preparation
1594:
ENQUIRY: The ACES Journal of Undergraduate Research
1475:
The Complete Guide to Cross-Country Ski Preparation
106:
98:
80:
70:
62:
2092:
1722:. Niir Project Consultancy Services. p. 784.
1716:NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers (2008).
1279:
1100:; Tongue, Benson H. & Anagnos, Thalia (2005).
690:to improve glide and/or reduce dirt accumulation.
496:
443:
414:
386:
358:{\displaystyle F_{max}=\mu _{\mathrm {s} }F_{n}\,}
357:
1768:The Physics of Skiing: Skiing at the Triple Point
1535:(Doctoral). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
1388:"Glidvallan har marginell betydelse i Vasaloppet"
713:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
118:, Holmenkol, Oneball, Purl, Speedwax, Rex, Rode,
1478:. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. 140.
1064:Bhavikatti, S. S.; K. G. Rajashekarappa (1994).
497:{\displaystyle F_{k}=\mu _{\mathrm {k} }F_{n}\,}
1358:Kuzmin, Leonid; Fuss, Franz Konstantin (2013),
1282:How to Build an Igloo: And Other Snow Shelters
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
535:Freshly fallen and metamorphosed snow crystals
2167:
1620:Cross-country skiing: touring and competition
8:
1353:
1351:
1006:"Grip and Glide: A Short History of Ski Wax"
923:(Licentiate). LuleĂĽ University of Technology
30:
2091:Brady, M. Michael; Torgersen, Leif (2001).
1959:Department of Applied Environmental Science
1116:In general, for given contacting surfaces,
2745:
2327:
2217:
2174:
2160:
2152:
1711:
1709:
1317:
1315:
1313:
394:is the coefficient of static friction and
114:, Toko), Briko-Maplus, Dakine, Dominator,
36:
29:
2203:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
2031:
2021:
1874:"Ski Wax Chemicals Can Build Up in Blood"
1662:. Active Interest Media, Inc.. p. 14
1649:
1647:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1139:
1137:
493:
487:
476:
475:
462:
456:
434:
433:
427:
411:
405:
399:
377:
376:
370:
354:
348:
337:
336:
317:
311:
2137:(Revised ed.). Contemporary Books.
1678:
1676:
1622:(3d ed.). Toronto: Copp C. Pitman.
1497:
1495:
1255:IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology
1216:"A Review of Sintering in Seasonal Snow"
2118:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 140.
1765:Lind, David A.; Sanders, Scott (2013).
1529:Polymers on snow: Towards skiing faster
1286:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
909:
907:
903:
798:
539:
2095:Waxing and Care of Skis and Snowboards
2002:Environmental Science & Technology
1901:Environmental Science & Technology
1070:. New Age International. p. 112.
155:âto be minimized with a glide waxâand
1744:"Grip Waxing Your Cross-Country Skis"
945:. Vaage: Skienes Verden. p. 254.
7:
1832:Environmental Science and Technology
1434:friction and high water- repellency.
1424:. New England Nordic Ski Association
1214:Colbeck, Samuel C. (December 1997),
732:Canister of vintage German grip wax.
66:Winter sports equipment and supplies
1973:"PFOS and PFOA General Information"
1386:Ahlbom, Helen (February 29, 1916).
872:per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
444:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {k} }}
387:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {s} }}
477:
435:
378:
365:, for the ski/snow contact, where
338:
259:. Hertel also developed the first
71:Main technologies or sub-processes
25:
2135:Alpine Ski Maintenance and Repair
1683:McKenney, Kim (August 22, 2014).
1508:(Doctoral). Mid Sweden University
1322:Colbeck, Samuel C. (April 1992),
1144:Bowden, F.P. (January 30, 1964).
959:SkĂĽrer: Swix Sport International.
526:), owing to temperature changes,
2839:
2838:
2829:
2828:
1600:(1). Sheffield Hallam University
1505:Interfacial kinetic ski friction
861:Health and environmental effects
825:
813:
801:
586:
574:
562:
542:
42:Vintage ski waxes, once used by
27:Material for use on snow runners
1104:. Wiley and Sons. p. 618.
876:perfluorinated carboxylic acids
666:with 25 to 50 carbon atoms and
219:; both were mainly composed of
2865:Non-petroleum based lubricants
1654:Woodward, Bob (January 1985).
1526:Giesbrecht, Jan Lukas (2010).
1360:"Cross country ski technology"
1278:Yankielun, Norbert E. (2007).
1:
880:perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
1950:Plassmann, Merle M. (2011),
893:International Ski Federation
1689:Cross Country Ski Technique
1449:. skiwax.ca. Archived from
702:lamp, or a "hot box" oven.
298:meltwater retards the ski.
2891:
2133:Masia, Seth (April 1989).
1419:"The science of ski waxes"
1181:Persson, B. N. J. (2000).
750:classic-style waxable skis
511:
285:Science of sliding on snow
147:performance under varying
2824:
2193:
35:
1685:"All About Classic Skis"
842:Wax can be dissolved by
792:use temporarily adhered
201:Argentoratensis LapponiĂŚ
2023:10.1021/acs.est.9b02533
1978:. Public Health England
1588:Coupe, Richard (2008).
1502:Kuzmin, Leonid (2010).
1334:(2): 49, archived from
970:"Longboards at Mammoth"
957:Skismøringens historie.
914:Kuzmin, Leonid (2006).
599:Ski friction properties
415:{\displaystyle F_{n}\,}
145:coefficient of friction
1804:. Swix. Archived from
1417:Talbot, Chris (2008).
745:
733:
664:microcrystalline waxes
498:
445:
416:
388:
359:
294:
196:
2844:Category:Snowboarding
1067:Engineering Mechanics
1046:US patent 5202041
1027:US patent 5114482
739:
731:
499:
446:
417:
389:
360:
292:
275:sintered polyethylene
235:. In the early 1940s
199:Johannes Scheffer in
190:
49:. Left to right are:
2564:Technique / learning
2294:Cross-country skiing
2228:Cross-country skiing
2099:. Wilderness Press.
1618:Rees, David (1981).
972:. Mic Mac Publishing
955:Jakob Vaage (1977).
549:Dendritic snowflakeâ
455:
426:
398:
369:
310:
63:Industrial sector(s)
2331:Olympic disciplines
2114:Brown, Nat (1999).
2014:2019EnST...5313390G
2008:(22): 13390â13397.
1913:2010EnST...44.7723F
1878:Scientific American
1844:2010EnST...44.2150N
1660:Backpacker Magazine
1472:Brown, Nat (1999).
1223:CRREL Report Series
941:Oberleutnant Hals.
874:(PFASs). Levels of
191:Swedish ski racer,
143:, to improve their
102:Glide wax, grip wax
32:
2662:List of ski brands
2434:Ski mountaineering
2389:Para-alpine skiing
2299:Backcountry skiing
1567:10.1007/BF02844115
1555:Sports Engineering
1453:on 21 January 2015
760:: a traditionally
746:
734:
494:
441:
412:
384:
355:
295:
197:
2852:
2851:
2820:
2819:
2402:
2401:
2367:Other disciplines
2317:
2316:
2198:History of skiing
1921:10.1021/es102033k
1907:(19): 7723â7728.
1852:10.1021/es9034733
1629:978-0-7730-4045-8
1194:978-3-540-67192-3
1111:978-0-471-37299-8
1077:978-81-224-0617-7
169:classic technique
126:
125:
107:Leading companies
16:(Redirected from
2882:
2870:Skiing equipment
2842:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2746:
2555:Snowboard racing
2477:Half-pipe skiing
2449:Freestyle skiing
2328:
2273:Ski orienteering
2218:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2148:
2129:
2110:
2098:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2025:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1691:. Archived from
1680:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1285:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1001:
982:
981:
979:
977:
966:
960:
953:
947:
946:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:
911:
829:
817:
805:
790:Ski mountaineers
644:Moisture content
590:
578:
566:
546:
503:
501:
500:
495:
492:
491:
482:
481:
480:
467:
466:
450:
448:
447:
442:
440:
439:
438:
421:
419:
418:
413:
410:
409:
393:
391:
390:
385:
383:
382:
381:
364:
362:
361:
356:
353:
352:
343:
342:
341:
328:
327:
153:kinetic friction
122:, Startex, Visti
40:
33:
21:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2834:Category:Skiing
2816:
2744:
2683:
2615:
2559:
2550:Snowboard cross
2501:
2443:
2439:Telemark skiing
2398:
2362:
2313:
2282:
2256:
2252:Nordic combined
2207:
2189:
2180:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2090:
2087:
2085:Further reading
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1561:(13): 137â146.
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1328:CRREL Monograph
1321:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1250:
1245:
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1232:
1230:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1112:
1098:Sheppard, Sheri
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1025:
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1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1002:
985:
975:
973:
968:
967:
963:
954:
950:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
920:
913:
912:
905:
901:
888:
868:
863:
851:mineral spirits
840:
833:
830:
821:
818:
809:
806:
726:
708:
696:
659:
630:
601:
594:
591:
582:
579:
570:
567:
558:
547:
538:
516:
510:
508:Snow properties
483:
471:
458:
453:
452:
429:
424:
423:
401:
396:
395:
372:
367:
366:
344:
332:
313:
308:
307:
304:
287:
279:perfluorocarbon
217:Sierra Lighting
185:
157:static friction
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2836:
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2822:
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2818:
2817:
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2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2758:Aerial tramway
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2694:
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2676:
2671:
2666:
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2654:
2649:
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2634:
2629:
2623:
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2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
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2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
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2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
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2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Extreme skiing
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
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2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
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2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:978-0809247189
2143:
2130:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2068:Chemical Watch
2055:
1988:
1963:
1942:
1890:
1872:Katz, Cheryl.
1864:
1821:
1790:
1778:978-1475743456
1777:
1757:
1735:
1728:
1705:
1672:
1643:
1628:
1610:
1580:
1545:
1518:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1438:
1404:
1378:
1372:
1347:
1309:
1296:
1270:
1261:(1), Paris: 80
1238:
1206:
1193:
1173:
1146:"Ski and Snow"
1133:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1089:
1076:
1056:
1037:
1018:
983:
961:
948:
933:
902:
900:
897:
887:
884:
867:
864:
862:
859:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
810:
807:
800:
794:climbing skins
786:
785:
778:
777:
725:
722:
707:
704:
695:
692:
668:paraffin waxes
658:
655:
654:
653:
647:
641:
629:
626:
617:hydrophobicity
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
585:
583:
580:
573:
571:
568:
561:
559:
555:Wilson Bentley
548:
541:
537:
536:
532:
509:
506:
490:
486:
479:
474:
470:
465:
461:
437:
432:
408:
404:
380:
375:
351:
347:
340:
335:
331:
326:
323:
320:
316:
303:
300:
286:
283:
184:
181:
124:
123:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Snow grooming
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Dry ski slope
2696:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Ski simulator
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Stem christie
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Parallel turn
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Aerial skiing
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Indoor skiing
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Alpine skiing
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Roller skiing
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Nordic skiing
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2125:9780898866001
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2106:9780899973036
2102:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2033:11250/2680004
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:(6): 2150â5,
1837:
1833:
1825:
1822:
1811:on 2016-10-08
1807:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1729:9788190568562
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1695:on 2016-01-28
1694:
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1531:
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1519:
1507:
1506:
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1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:9780898866001
1481:
1477:
1476:
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1442:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:9781136966590
1369:
1366:, Routledge,
1365:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1338:on 2016-01-26
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1297:9780393732153
1293:
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1210:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1186:
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1177:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:New Scientist
1147:
1140:
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1130:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1004:Masia, Seth.
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
984:
971:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
944:
943:Om Skismøring
937:
934:
919:
918:
910:
908:
904:
898:
896:
894:
885:
883:
881:
878:, especially
877:
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837:
828:
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811:
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771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
755:
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743:
738:
730:
723:
721:
718:
714:
706:Base material
705:
703:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
684:fluorocarbons
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
656:
651:
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635:
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560:
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531:
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402:
373:
349:
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329:
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321:
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301:
299:
291:
284:
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248:
246:
242:
241:Martin Matsbo
238:
234:
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224:
222:
218:
214:
208:
206:
202:
194:
193:Martin Matsbo
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19:
2812:Surface lift
2790:Gondola lift
2678:
2611:Skate skiing
2507:Snowboarding
2424:Night skiing
2407:Other skiing
2394:Speed skiing
2379:Glade skiing
2343:Giant slalom
2287:Recreational
2268:Ski marathon
2187:snowboarding
2134:
2115:
2094:
2072:. Retrieved
2070:. 2019-11-28
2067:
2058:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1966:
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1893:
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1877:
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1813:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1793:
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1693:the original
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1451:the original
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1394:(in Swedish)
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1336:the original
1331:
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1301:. Retrieved
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1187:. Springer.
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1156:(376): 275.
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976:25 September
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916:
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838:Wax solvents
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762:paraffin wax
757:
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261:fluorocarbon
249:
245:paraffin wax
233:Peter Ăstbye
225:
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173:
128:
127:
110:Brav Group (
85:Paraffin wax
54:
50:
2807:Hybrid lift
2571:Carved turn
2520:Backcountry
2429:Ski archery
2278:Ski touring
2240:Ski jumping
2221:Competitive
1447:"Glide Wax"
886:Environment
766:freeze-thaw
740:Soviet-era
694:Application
650:Temperature
528:sublimation
271:Enichem SpA
228:hydrophobic
179:technique.
2859:Categories
2768:detachable
2735:Snowmaking
2725:Ski tunnel
2601:Ski school
2591:Snowplough
2586:Pivot turn
2545:Slopestyle
2530:Freeriding
2497:Slopestyle
2487:Ski ballet
2472:Freeskiing
2467:Freeriding
2384:Heliskiing
2245:Ski flying
2233:Paralympic
2074:2019-12-13
1982:2016-01-23
1815:2016-01-20
1784:2016-01-30
1750:11 October
1699:2016-01-22
1666:2016-01-16
1604:2012-10-20
1539:2012-10-20
1512:2012-10-20
1457:11 October
1428:2016-01-18
1398:2016-03-11
1342:2016-01-19
1303:2016-01-23
1265:2016-01-24
1233:2016-01-24
1200:2016-01-23
1167:2016-01-21
1083:2007-10-21
1011:11 October
927:2012-10-20
899:References
855:citrus oil
717:micrometre
688:molybdenum
657:Properties
551:micrograph
512:See also:
281:segment".
257:Hertel Wax
253:surfactant
213:Black Dope
137:snowboards
116:Hertel Wax
99:Product(s)
51:grip waxes
47:ski troops
2775:Funicular
2763:Chairlift
2750:Ski lifts
2708:Superpipe
2703:Half-pipe
2691:amenities
2669:Snowboard
2620:Equipment
2576:Jump turn
2540:Half-pipe
2535:Freestyle
2492:Ski cross
2309:Skijoring
2261:Endurance
2042:0013-936X
1929:0013-936X
1638:300405310
1575:109349642
1162:0262-4079
844:non-polar
774:colophony
628:Glide wax
520:dendrites
473:μ
431:μ
374:μ
334:μ
221:sperm oil
141:toboggans
81:Feedstock
75:Tribology
55:glide wax
44:U.S. Army
2800:tricable
2720:Ski area
2627:Bindings
2414:Biathlon
2358:Combined
2353:Downhill
2050:31691564
1937:20831156
1860:20158198
1392:Nyteknik
847:solvents
758:Hard wax
724:Grip wax
700:infrared
672:graphite
302:Friction
237:Astra AB
2795:bicable
2785:Funitel
2780:Funifor
2642:Monoski
2525:Big air
2462:Big air
2348:Super-G
2010:Bibcode
1909:Bibcode
1883:4 April
1840:Bibcode
782:Klister
680:silicon
183:History
177:classic
129:Ski wax
31:Ski wax
18:Klister
2689:Resort
2637:Helmet
2515:Alpine
2338:Slalom
2183:Skiing
2141:
2122:
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1074:
1052:
1033:
866:Health
686:, and
676:teflon
161:alpine
139:, and
89:resins
2875:Waxes
2740:Trail
2715:Piste
2652:Skins
2647:Poles
2632:Boots
2482:Mogul
1976:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1746:. REI
1571:S2CID
1533:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
1123:<
921:(PDF)
849:like
770:resin
742:Visti
120:Skigo
2674:Suit
2657:Skis
2185:and
2139:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2046:PMID
2038:ISSN
1933:PMID
1925:ISSN
1885:2017
1856:PMID
1773:ISBN
1752:2014
1724:ISBN
1634:OCLC
1624:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1459:2014
1368:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1229:(10)
1189:ISBN
1158:ISSN
1106:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1013:2014
978:2012
772:and
621:PTFE
514:Snow
266:Swix
215:and
205:Sami
163:and
149:snow
133:skis
112:Swix
2679:Wax
2028:hdl
2018:doi
1917:doi
1848:doi
1563:doi
1288:148
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553:by
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