1742:
983:, and some parts of Tamil Nadu was under the rule of the Cheras. A branch of the Cheras (and others like the Pandyas and Cholas) with its capital at Ezhil mala (and with second capital at Pazhi), known as the Mushika dynasty ruled the area on behalf of the Cheras. Ezhil mala (Mount Deli in European accounts) and its neighboring regions became dynamic centers of sociopolitical activities in the early centuries of the Christian era. The Ezhil mala kingdom (Konka-nam, a part of the Puzhi-nadu) comprised practically the whole of the ypresent Kannur and Wayanad districts and a portion of the Tulu country and parts of Coorg and Gudalur as well. This was the north-westernmost Tamil speaking area of the ancient Tamil country. Ezhimala kingdom based at
1434:
2381:
kovilakams. In the
Keralolpathi there are four kovilakams sharing the political authority of the Kolaswarupam namely: Talora Kovilakam; Arathil Kovilakam; Muttathil Kovilakam; Karipathu Kovilakam; and Kolath Kovilakam. According to the Keralolpathi Kolathunādu tradition, the Karipathu Kovilakam and Kolath Kovilakam claimed some sort of superiority over the others. However, it was the Palli Kovilakam and the Udayamangalam Kovilakam, as apparent from the Dutch records, which dominated the political scene of Kolathunadu Both these kovilakams had again branched into various kovilakams, thereby, creating a network of political houses within the Kolaswarupam.
957:, the early centuries of the Christian era, both present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu were considered part of a common cultural realm and a common geographical settlement pattern, in spite of being under distinct political entities. More specifically, Tamil anthologies of the early Christian era make no sharp cultural or social distinction between the Pandyas, the Cheras, or the Cholas, and the Velir chiefs, all operating within a common cultural and geographical milieu. Also later, the Hindu temples on the western coast were also included in the sacred geography of the Tamil Bhakti movement and were profusely praised by the
1634:
1065:(Salem-Coimbatore region) under his control. According to Tamil poets he made several victories (including the Battle of Pazhi) over the Cheras. King Narmudi Cheral, the successor of Sel Kelu Kuttuvan, sent Chera forces under General Migili against Nannan. But, he was defeated in the Battle of Pazhi against the Ezhil mala forces. But later, Nannan was defeated in a series of subsequent engagements. He was forcesd to flee his capital Pazhi and seek asylum in Wynad hills. The battles ended when Narmudi Cheral crushed Nannan's forces in the Battle of Vagai Perum Turai. According to
1332:
Chera army, he heard the death of his father and he returned to the capital to prevent the usurpation of the
Mushaka throne by his enemies. On reaching the capital, he defeated his rivals and ascended the throne. Vallabha II also founded the port of Marahi (Madayi) at the mouth of Killa river and the port of Valabha Pattanam (Valiaptam). The city of Valabha Pattanam was protected with lofty towers and high walls. He also annexed Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands in the Arabian sea. Srikantha (also known as Raja Dharma), his younger brother, succeeded Vallabha II.
2563:’ (The epithet of the deity rajarajeswara or king of the kings blatantly indicates the royal status assumed by the deity). As Historian Samuel Mateer; "There seems reason to believe that the whole of the kings of Malabar also, notwithstanding the pretensions set up for them of late by their dependents, belong to the same great body, and are homogeneous with the mass of the people called Nairs, So Namboodiris were reluctant to give Kshtriyahood to all the Nair lords, Consequently, Udayavarman brought 237 Brahmin families (Sāgara Dwijas) from
1657:
hierarchy were desavazhis who were heads of hamlets called "desams". These were divisions of nādus. Desavazhis headed Nair militias ranging from 100 to 500 men. Below the desavazhis were other local potentates called mukhyastans. However, as in any feudal society, the
Kolattiris were unable to centralize their state and the inability of the Kolattiris to monopolize the use of force in the realm on account of their weak economic position meant that the outward appearance of regal authority remained more or less nominal.
838:
1391:
1414:
261:
52:
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of the Cheras. Some scholars have expressed the view that
Mushakas were not under the Cheras, since the ruler of Mushaka does not figure along with the rulers of Eralnadu and Valluvanadu as a signatory in the famous Terisappalli and Jewish Copper Plates. Up to the 11th century, the Mushaka kings followed patrilineal system of succession, and thereafter they gradually switched over to the matrilineal system. In his book on travels (
1225:
2530:. On the restoration of peace in Malabar, while the family went back, three sisters stayed back in Travancore at Mavelikkara. Dissensions resulted in one of them moving to Ennakkad while another settled at Prayikkara and other group settled in Kozhanchery. Thus three matrilinial branches of the Kolathiri family settled in Travancore and established the royal houses of Mavelikkara, Kozhanchery, Ennakkat and Prayikkara.
4940:
709:
2285:
254:
6755:
4894:
445:
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considerable change within the family of
Kolathiris. The Udayamangalam branch was shut out from assuming the title Rājā and the title of Kolathiri fell into disuse. The ruling family (Palli division) monopolized the right of succession as Rāja, leading to the supersession of the ancient title of Kolathiri Rājā to the
2526:) with the English Company according to which "an aggression against Travancore would be viewed as equivalent to declaration of war against the English". Thus at various time points between 1766 and 1792, all female members and many male members of Kolathiri family along with their temples' wealth, had taken refuge in
1477:. This offers a clue that by this time, the capital of Kolathunadu had shifted from Ezhil mala to Balia Patanam, a town located south of Ezhil mala. In the 16th century, a Portuguese official Duarte Barbosa also mentions Balia Patanam ("Balia Patam" in European records) as the residence of the king of Cannanore.
1343:. Another inscription from 10th century AD mentions a chieftain, Udaya Varma, who bore the title "Rama Ghata Muvar"— an epithet used by the Mushaka kings. An inscription from the Tiruvattur temple mentions an Eraman Chemani (Rama Jayamani) who is identifiable with the king who appears as the 109th ruler in the
1714:
conglomerate of 4 Nambiār families (Kandoth, Palliyath, Āyilliath and
Arayath) who were descendants of Edathil Kadāngodan and Ponnattil Māvila and were chieftains of Poyanādu. The "Achanmar's" later came under the special care of the English East India Company.
2380:
By the 17th century, the
Kolaswarũpam had to share its political authority with two other lineages in north Kerala. The Nileswaram (Alladam) Swarũpam and the Arackal Swarũpam claimed independent political identity. Moreover, political power within the Kolaswarũpam was also disseminated into different
2035:
tried to ambition to reaffirm his authority upon his
Vassals to the East India Company concern. Having consolidated his authority, Prince Cunhi Raman embarked on a policy of centralizing the administration of Kolathunād so as to acquire more power over his vassals. He expressed the desire to collect
1461:
fought a number of wars against
Cannanore (Kolathunad). A prince of the Kolattiri royal family was stationed at Pantalayini Kollam as southern Viceroy. Pantalayini Kollam was an important port on the Malabar Coast. During his conquests, the Zamorin occupied Pantalayini Kollam as a preliminary advance
1238:
By the 8th century, the political atmosphere in southern India had changed rather dramatically as a new political culture based on settled agrarian exploitation took root in the region. As in other parts of the Indian sub-continent, Brahmanism provided the ideological support for these newly emerging
2538:
Earlier members of both
Udayamangalam and Palli divisions were eligible to assume the title of Kolathiri Rājā based on their seniority in age. The invasion of the domains of Kolathiri family by Rājā of Bednũr / Ikkeri and subsequent settlement between Kolathiri and the invader in AD 1736-37 led to
1331:
King Vikrama Rama is said to have saved the famous Buddhist vihara of Sri Mulavasa from a terrible sea erosion on the Malabar Coast. Prince Vallabha II was dispatched by King Jayamani to assist the Chera forces during the invasion of the Chola ruler Kulottunga. However, before he could join with the
2521:
from 1766 to 1792 multiple military invasions, plunder and systematic forcible conversions were performed in North and South Malabar alike. Fearing forcible conversion, a significantly large section (Chieftains and Brahmins) of the 'Malabar' region, including the Kolathiri, fled with the material
2000:
unless the Achanmārs agreed. the British arranged to pay the Prince Regent the sum of 30,000 fanams on behalf of the Achanmārs in exchange for the land revenue collection of Randuthara. Thus the debt trap was an important instrument which the British used to secure the monopoly of trade in Malabar.
1297:
Between the 9th and 12th centuries, a dynasty called "Mushaka" controlled the Chirakkal areas of northern Malabar (the Wynad-Tellichery area was part of the second Chera kingdom). The Mushakas were probably the descendants of the ancient royal family of Nannan of Ezhi mala and were perhaps a vassal
1652:
The political lordship of the original kingdom of Kolattiri was partitioned along various matrilineal-divisions of the Kolattiri family and had rulers of the respective parts or Kũrvāzhcha (part-dominions) namely Kolattiri, Tekkālankũr, Vadakkālankũr, Naalāmkũr, and Anjāmkũr. The administration of
2567:
and settled them in five Desams. (Cheruthāzham, Kunniriyam, Arathil, Kulappuram and Vararuchimangalam of Perinchelloor Grāmam). The latter adopted Nambũdiri customs and performed Hiranya-garbhā and conferred Kshatriyahood on the former. Later, on the request of Rājā of Travancore, 185 of these
613:
age. After King Nannan of the Mushika dynasty was killed in a battle against the Cheras, the chronicled history of the dynasty is obscure, except for a few indirect references here and there. However, it is generally agreed among conventional scholars that the Kolathiris are descendants of King
1674:
resources from their respective landed properties and the dependent labour-service classes. The inability of the Kolathiris to monopolize the use of force in the realm on account of their weak economic position meant that the outward appearance of regal authority remained more or less nominal.
2062:
of Iruvalinād threatened to follow suit. The Achanmār of Randuthara appealed to the British for more protection. Kolathunād was being dismembered. The Kolattiri and his Prince Regent were being forced to withdraw to Kolathunād ’proper’ and so restrict their authority to what was to become the
1656:
The administration was conducted through chiefs-in-tenant under the Kolattiri. This included dignitaries called "nāduvazhis", "desavazhis" and "mukhyastans". The nāduvazhis, who were heads of "nādus" or districts headed Nair militias of 500 -20,000. Below the nāduvazhis in the administrative
1673:
This constricted opportunity to exploit the limited agricultural surplus obviously restricted the chances of the Kolathiris to exercise considerable influence over the people of the region. Instead, there emerged a fluctuating field of powerful taravādus of Nāyars exercising control over the
1670:
constraints set by the limits of their economic resource base as the geographical features of Kolathunādu did not guarantee a large-scale agricultural surplus. Shaped by the limited agrarian economy in Kolathunādu, the possibility of a centralized political structure to emerge was limited.
1669:
It appears the Kolathiris never exercised a monopoly of authority in the realm. Authority was a decentralized, shared, and pluralistic entity. The kingly status attributed to the Kolathiris remained more or less a nominal one. The Kolathiris had to sustain their political dignity within the
817:
opined: "There seems reason to believe that the whole of the kings of Malabar also, notwithstanding the pretensions set up for them of late by their dependents, belong to the same great body, and are homogeneous with the mass of the people called Nairs, So Namboodiris were reluctant to give
1713:
etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.The Poyanad (Randu Thara) and a vast area of land including (Anjarakkandy, Chembilod, Mavilayi, Edakkad, and Dharmadam) up to New Mahe was ruled by achanmaar of Randuthara. Randuthara Achanmār is a
1665:
There appears to have been a significant discrepancy between the ideal type of polity presented in Brahmanical texts such as the Keralolpathi, where the Kolathiri Rājā is presented as the custodian of legitimized political power, and the actual working of power relations in the region.
1064:
However, in the beginning of the 1st century AD, the kingdom of Ezhil mala rose to political prominence under Nannan with his capital at Pazhi. Nannan was a warrior king who conducted expeditions deep into the interior regions and brought the Wynad-Gudalur region and a part of Kongunadu
2656:) and Changalavattam Vilakku (This is a heavy bronze lamp used in temple processions and the lamp itself has an oil storage space with a spoon attached to it by chain), as the royal symbols. The Kola-swaroopam dynasty believes that it is this association of theirs with Nenmeni-vaka (
2007:: The direct relations which the factors of Tellicherry were cultivating with the vassals of Kolathunād, however, tended to alienate the Kolattiri. The Prince Regent of Kolathunād accused the factors of Tellicherry of interfering ’too much in the government of his country’.
2013:: Death of Prince Udaya Varman. The disintegration of the Kolathiri's dominion had started and the English fanned dissensions in the royal family. The British started taking control of more and more area by purchasing land through consorts of the royal family.
672:
of Calicut—a permanent feature of Kerala history. The caste restrictions and Korapuzha boundary between North Malabar and the Zamorin's kingdom were established after their rivalry. Some historical accounts also suggest that the Kolathunad kingdom was friendly with the
818:
Kshtriyahood to all the Nair lords, In 1617 A.D Kolathiri Rāja, Udayavarman, wished to further promote himself to Soma Kshatriya by performing Hiranya-garbhā, which the Nambũdiris refused. Consequently, Udayavarman brought 237 Brahmin families (Sāgara Dwijas) from
2384:
The original kingdom of Kolathiri was partitioned along 5 matrilineal-divisions of the Kolathiri family and had rulers of the respective parts/ Kũr-Vāzhcha (part-dominions) namely Kolattiri, Tekkālankũr, Vadakkālankũr, Naalāmkũr, Anjāmkũr.
822:
and settled them in five Desams. (Cheruthāzham, Kunniriyam, Arathil, Kulappuram and Vararuchimangalam of Perinchelloor Grāmam). The latter adopted Nambũdiri customs and performed Hiranya-garbhā and conferred Kshatriyahood on the former.
2660:) that led to their nomenclature as Mooshikan. The Royal flag and the Royal seal of the Kolathiri family therefore was a combination of images namely : Thoni (a boat), Changalavattam Vilakku, Naandakam Vaal and Nenmeni-vaka.
1328:, a Sanskrit poem written by Atula, describes a number of Mushaka kings such as Vikrama Rama, Jayamani, Vallabha II and Srikantha. Atula was the court poet of King Srikantha who ruled towards the end of the 11th century AD.
2680:
The imagery of the seal consisted of a thoni-boat beneath, a changalavattam-lamp above it, further above a vertically placed Naandakam-vaal-sword, followed on either adjacent sides by a Vaakapookkula-infloresense each.
1838:’, excluding the areas where concessions were held by the Dutch who were based at Kannũr. The British were also authorized to ’punish, prevent and driveaway’ ’any other stranger’ who interfered with their concessions.
3163:
Rajan Gurukkal, ‘Antecedent of the State Formation in South India’, in R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, T. R. Venugopalan, (eds.), State and Society in Pre-modern South India (Trissur: Cosmobooks, 2002), pp.
2560:
Kolathiri had no right to ask them to perform a sacrifice since in the jurisdiction of Perumtrikkovilappan (the deity of the Rajarajeswara temple of Perumchellũr, Taliparamba) the order of any king would not be
1462:
to Cannanore. Kolattiri immediately sent ambassadors to submit to whatever terms Calicut might dictate. Cannanore officially transferred the regions already occupied to Calicut and certain Hindu temple rights.
664:, Cotiote and Wynad, Cartinad (Badagara), Irvenaad, and Randaterra. The so-called "Five Friendly Northern Rulers" (Nilesvaram, Kumbla, Vitalh, Bangor, and Chowtwara) were contiguous to Kolattnad, north of the
2592:(Aries) as in other Indian calendars. Although there are several accounts, current, recorded and hearsay about the commencement of the Kollam era, however in erstwhile North Malabar / Kolathunadu, the
2275:'s soldiers during his escape and his dead body was dragged by elephants through Tippu's camp and it was subsequently hung up on a tree along with seventeen of his followers who had been captured alive.
1339:, Rama Ghata Mushaka established the lineage of Kola Swarupam. In addition, an inscription dating to 929 AD mentions about one Vikrama Rama, identifiable with the ruler Vikrama Rama who appears in the
3651:. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)
1072:
The city of Pazhi, the later capital of the Ezhil mala kingdom, was famous for its rich treasures of gold and precious stones. They had close trade relations with the ancient Romans on Malabar Coast.
1741:
2085:
had acquired the monopoly of buying pepper. Following many discussions, the factors managed to convince the Kolattiri (the Senior Rājā of Kolathunād) to dismiss Prince Kunhi Raman and appointed
1057:
Nannan of Ezhil mala was the most celebrated ruler of this dynasty. Surviving Tamil anthologies draw a brilliant picture of Nannan and describe his engagements with ruling elites such as the
2555:, which the Nambũdiris refused. As he attempted to force the Nambũdiri Brahmins of Taliparamba (Perumchellũr) to perform this ritual for him, the Nambũdiri Brahmins refused him by stating:
1441:
The socio-cultural uniqueness of the state called Kolathunadu became more distinctive only after the disappearance of the Second Cheras by the early 12th century. The Indian anthropologist
3596:
2903:
Duarte Barbosa, The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants, II, ed. M. L Dames (repr., London: Hakluyt Society, 1921)
3048:
1956:: Kanarese army was driven out of the whole of North with assistance from the British but the Prince Regent incurs a huge debt with the factors at Tellichery as a result 1737:
2217:. The Rājā and his family flee south to take refuge at the English trading station in Thalassery. He appointed Ali Rājā as his Naval Chief (High Admiral) and the Rājā 's brother
3402:
2818:
A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.
4956:
614:
Nannan, and later literary works point towards kings such as Vikramaraman, Jayamani, Valabhan and Srikandan of the Mushika Dynasty. The Indian anthropologist
1972:
which guaranteed the integrity of British trading concessions in Malabar in the event of future conflicts between the Kanarese and the rulers of Kolathunād.
1653:
Kolattunādu was divided into various segments of authority each of which performed functions similar to those of the superior powers but on a smaller scale.
3903:
3718:
2912:
The Dutch in Malabar: Selection from the Records of the Madras Government, No. 13 (Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Government Press, 1911), 143.
6805:
1433:
6785:
5601:
2648:
is said to have provided Ramaghatha Mooshikan on his day of coronation (1) Naandakam Vaal (a special sword) (2) and assigned the herb Nenmeni-vaka (
932:; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000
6780:
2629:
day 1434160 would work out to be 25 September 825 A.D which corresponds to the beginning of Kollam era in Kolathunadu, i.e. the first day of the
2149:
dismisses the Prince Regent and took charge of the Kolathunād Raj directly and granted the British the right to collect all the custom duties of
475:
6800:
4943:
3985:
3608:
3280:
3246:
3212:
2885:
51:
2227:: Hyder Ali invaded Malabar for a second time in 1773 on the pretext that the Rajas of Malabar had not paid him tribute as agreed in 1768.
1469:, who visited Malabar coast in the 12th century, noticed the independent status of the king of this region. The 14th century narrative of
598:, an ancient dynasty of Kerala, and rose to become one of the major political powers in the Kerala region, after the disappearance of the
1598:, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. The Portuguese arrived at
6810:
3543:
The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon), tr. and commentary by Mahdi Husain (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1953), 186
599:
660:
and Wang Ta-Yuan. In the course of time, their territories were divided into a number of petty vassal principalities, chief among them
6790:
3452:
2841:
2736:
2986:
Srauta Sacrifices in Kerala (Kozhikode: Calicut University, 2002), 98 by V. Govindan Namboodiri;Freeman, ‘Purity and Violence’, 527-8
2668:
The imagery of the flag consisted of two Naandakam-Vaal-swords on either sides with a centrally placed Vaakapookkula-infloresense of
2615:. So if you convert the word "Aa chaa rya vaa ga bhed ya" (meaning Shankaracharya's word/law is unalterable) into numbers in the
2263:
enters Malabar for the second time as all the Rājā and Chieftains of North Malabar had revolted and declared their independence from
3941:
3701:
3495:
3462:
3406:
3185:
3007:
2770:
792:
3631:
2326:, under the general control of the supervisor and chief magistrate of the province of Malabar who had his headquarters at Calicut.
6795:
4929:
4263:
2139:: Unanamen Tamban (new Prince Regent) had Siben Putteiah, the leader of the pro-British faction in the Kolathunād Raj, blinded.
2708:
Keralolpatti Granthavari: The Kolattunad Traditions (Malayalam) (Kozhikode: Calicut University, 1984) M. R. Raghava Varier (ed.)
2584:
practiced in central/south Kerala excepting North Malabar (Kolathunadu) began on 25 August 825 A. D and the year commences with
1913:
was silenced. The British in return were given exclusive permission over other Europeans to buy spices in Kolathunādu by Prince
5614:
4271:
3785:
1865:
and he approaches the British for succour in return for the privileges and factory granted to them by his uncle the Kolathiri.
1633:
344:
211:
186:
5629:
5609:
3817:
2522:
wealth of the temples in their dominions, to take refuge in the erstwhile kingdom of Travancore. Travancore had an alliance (
905:
857:
843:
730:
1978:
Prince Ockoo, a French supported adversary of the Prince regent and his followers were killed by the factors of Tellichery.
1098:, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of
773:
6070:
5634:
5624:
4775:
4291:
4276:
4003:
3970:
745:
726:
3743:
B. Swai (1985). "From Kolattunad to Chirakkal: British Merchant Capital and the Hinterland of Tellicherry, 1694–1766".
3383:
Kerala Charithrathinte Adisthana Silakal (Malayalam) by M. G. S. Narayanan, (Kozhikode: Lipi Publications, 2000), 85-99
3047:
According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See
5619:
4978:
4970:
4281:
4081:
3964:
3097:
Foundations of South Indian Society and Culture by M. G. S. Narayanan, (Delhi: Bharatiya Book Corporation, 1994), 194
1552:
1095:
637:
Though the Kolattiris were generally credited with superior political authority over the zone between the kingdoms of
468:
364:
3554:
1786:, sent an ultimatum to the then British interlopers in Malabar to let them know that they could continue to trade in
810:
The origin of the Ezhimala rulers, the Mushaka kingdom, and Kolathunad is unclear in terms of conventional history.
6431:
4745:
4018:
752:
421:
231:
3485:
719:
2361:
1886:
1556:
3058:
Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
987:
had jurisdiction over two Nadus - coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of
6220:
6145:
5644:
5561:
5541:
5203:
4515:
4306:
4097:
3901:
2341:: Death of the last Kolathiri Rājā who ceded all his dominions to the British (was commonly known as the first
1123:
1069:, Nannan was killed in the battle. After his death, the control of the Ezhimala kingdom came under the Cheras.
1061:. He was more of a tribal chieftain who engaged primarily in plundering raids in the neighboring territories.
648:
Ezhimala, their ancient capital, was one of the most important trading centres on the Malabar coast along with
512:
430:
2551:
In 1617 A.D Kolathiri Rāja, Udayavarman, wished to further promote himself to full recognition by performing
1042:) kingdom, who were the descendants of the Mushika dynasty, at the peak of its power reportedly extended from
3571:
3526:
The Book of Ser Marco Polo: The Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, III, 3rd edn. ed.
3067:
Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
759:
4988:
3821:
1244:
1228:
631:
609:
The Kolathiris trace their ancestry back to the ancient Mushika kingdom (Ezhimala kingdom, Eli-nadu) of the
56:
2020:
5707:
5261:
5071:
4121:
814:
684:
461:
425:
368:
6741:
2182:
6657:
6195:
5782:
5351:
4836:
4555:
3934:
2310:
and all of them acknowledged the full sovereignty of the Company over their respective territories. The
2081:'s assumption of the title of Rājā, Prince Cunhi Raman declared war on Kadattanad, Iruvalinad where the
2058:
cut the last links of Vassalage with the Kolathunād palace and declared himself Rājā of Kadattanad. The
2032:
1706:
1457:
and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan. Before the arrival the Portuguese,
941:
741:
372:
328:
279:
204:
3122:
2342:
4939:
1957:
1835:
5491:
5256:
5116:
4922:
4208:
3863:
3825:
3145:
3076:
Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.
2805:
1985:
1964:
agreed to sign a peace treaty with the Kanarese which fixed the northern border of Kolathunād on the
1783:
1622:
692:
1775:
5446:
5091:
5081:
5023:
4826:
4046:
2877:
The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: History and State Formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758
2600:(Virgo) (25 September) instead. This variation has two interesting accounts associated with it.
2523:
2323:
2302:: Malabar was formally ceded to the British. The British entered into agreements with the Rājā of
2210:
2090:
1948:
1902:
1694:
1537:
1170:
1091:
837:
416:
392:
2652:) as the tree associated with the dynasty (3) and further assigned Vaakapookkula (infloresense of
2268:
1932:
1914:
1202:
which dates back to the 10th century CE. It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a
5586:
5431:
5411:
5111:
5043:
5028:
5008:
4993:
4961:
4880:
4069:
4031:
3760:
2577:
2527:
2311:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2028:
1906:
1827:
1079:
665:
320:
312:
284:
91:
4907:
3876:
3359:
2307:
2192:
2154:
2047:
2024:
1997:
1961:
1940:
1862:
1831:
1188:
Most of them lie in the erstwhile region of Ezhimala. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an
3897:
2833:
Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu
1993:
1854:
1390:
6726:
6602:
6522:
6436:
6250:
5937:
5516:
5391:
5121:
5106:
5076:
5066:
5018:
5013:
4998:
4650:
4469:
4334:
4063:
4057:
4051:
3959:
3697:
3604:
3491:
3458:
3276:
3270:
3242:
3236:
3208:
3202:
3181:
3003:
2881:
2837:
2766:
2732:
2365:
2333:
2303:
2214:
2206:
2068:
2059:
1936:
1910:
1876:
1815:
1576:
1023:
1004:
988:
544:
520:
336:
316:
239:
111:
80:
2923:
2831:
2760:
1969:
6709:
6672:
6366:
6150:
6125:
5441:
5126:
5086:
5033:
4870:
4851:
4831:
4680:
4645:
4087:
4041:
3950:
3927:
3752:
3635:
2349:
2345:). Major Macleod took charge as the first principal collector of Malabar on 1 October 1801.
1989:
1965:
1944:
1606:
1446:
619:
388:
376:
352:
348:
2940:
2636:(2) The second account is that Kollam era commenced with the proclamation made at Kollam.
2619:
notation it translates into 0 6 1 4 3 4 1 and these written backwards gives the age of the
260:
6731:
6065:
5892:
5316:
5153:
5101:
5096:
5053:
5038:
5003:
4983:
4915:
4865:
4801:
4075:
4026:
3907:
2289:
2267:. He devastated Kadathanād and marries off his son (Abdul Khalic) to the daughter of the
1797:
1618:
1509:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1291:
1260:
1219:
1058:
1043:
1027:
980:
872:
695:, lived in the court of Udayavarman Kolattiri, one of the kings of the Kolathiri Dynasty.
661:
603:
595:
556:
360:
356:
340:
2962:
766:
3335:
VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.
2191:: Prince of Chirakkal recognized the dominant position of Tellicherry in the taluk of
1413:
6472:
6406:
6190:
6155:
5967:
5932:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5747:
5511:
5481:
5341:
5311:
5306:
5193:
5169:
5145:
5061:
4806:
4710:
4685:
4464:
4444:
4429:
4379:
4218:
4198:
4158:
4115:
3813:
2612:
2564:
2540:
2250:
2234:
2172:
2158:
2036:
the land revenue of Randuthara because he felt that the Achanmār no longer obeyed him.
1807:
1768:
Important Events between 1689 and 2000 leading to British colonization of Kolathunādu.
1548:
1378:. The Kolathiris are praised as Vadakkan Perumals ("Kings of the North") by the noted "
1324:
1281:
1224:
1199:
1087:
1031:
819:
1909:
fearing Dutch influence supplied Kolathunād with 20,000 fanams of military stores and
6774:
6719:
6714:
6627:
6592:
6562:
6557:
6462:
6351:
6085:
5862:
5847:
5687:
5506:
5496:
5456:
5346:
5296:
5276:
5236:
4859:
4855:
4630:
4595:
4454:
4324:
4213:
4131:
3764:
3531:
3429:
2353:
2319:
2315:
2150:
1928:
1811:
1787:
1779:
1645:
1529:
1474:
1371:
1351:
1248:
1240:
1189:
1099:
1075:
1019:
972:
954:
900:
888:
884:
630:
and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan. The more famous
536:
508:
384:
380:
296:
288:
191:
3789:
3392:
A History of Mushikavamsa by N. P. Unni, (Trivandrum: College Book House, 1978), 14
1559:
states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary
1014:
It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at
6759:
6677:
6662:
6612:
6552:
6547:
6537:
6517:
6421:
6376:
6371:
6356:
6296:
6245:
6205:
6185:
6095:
6090:
6030:
5962:
5872:
5837:
5792:
5777:
5722:
5566:
5531:
5471:
5436:
5406:
5371:
5356:
5336:
5301:
5286:
5271:
5226:
4898:
4760:
4750:
4720:
4545:
4525:
4364:
4233:
4173:
4126:
2860:
The Golden Tower: A Historical Study of the Tirukkulasekharapuram and Other Temples
2369:
2357:
2272:
2243:: In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India.
1379:
1370:. The Mushaka family has found mention in surviving mythical Indian texts like the
1272:
678:
668:. They engaged in frequent rivalry with their powerful neighbors in the south, the
610:
540:
449:
401:
76:
4700:
1822:
with a view to establishing a factory in Māhe which was only three miles south of
1586:
held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while
3175:
2997:
2875:
2858:
2799:
2724:
2568:
Sāgara dwijans families were sent to Thiruvalla. (Thiruvalladesi Embraanthiris).
645:'s Calicut, their political influence was more or less confined to Kolattunādu.
6617:
6607:
6487:
6346:
6336:
6230:
6225:
6210:
6075:
6050:
6040:
5977:
5947:
5912:
5857:
5832:
5807:
5767:
5732:
5556:
5421:
5386:
5381:
5331:
4846:
4821:
4770:
4640:
4600:
4540:
4530:
4489:
4479:
4295:
4243:
4238:
4223:
4146:
4036:
3998:
3859:
2518:
2293:
2260:
2213:
guided by Ali Rājā and his brother seize the palace of the Rājā of Kolathiri at
2162:
2108:
1894:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1678:
1470:
1442:
1418:
1394:
1363:
1174:
1162:
929:
708:
653:
615:
584:
580:
572:
543:
in India. Traditionally, Kolattunādu is described as the land lying between the
396:
300:
3756:
3680:
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2284:
6736:
6647:
6637:
6567:
6502:
6482:
6477:
6426:
6401:
6361:
6331:
6326:
6275:
6265:
6200:
6160:
6100:
5982:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5842:
5812:
5762:
5757:
5697:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5521:
5416:
5401:
5291:
5246:
4875:
4816:
4695:
4665:
4655:
4625:
4620:
4575:
4565:
4494:
4474:
4394:
4384:
4285:
4228:
4178:
4008:
3527:
3204:
Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean
2785:
Perumal of Kerala by M. G. S. Narayanan (Kozhikode: Private Circulation, 1996)
2645:
2616:
2608:
2233:: In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of
2051:
1943:'s forts in northern Kolathunād. Early in 1734 the Kanarese soldiers captured
1879:
to supply local potentates with ammunition to wage wars at their own expense.
1872:
1823:
1750:
1698:
1513:
1466:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1194:
1178:
674:
657:
548:
332:
304:
6467:
6457:
6441:
6396:
6386:
6316:
6180:
6165:
6115:
6105:
6035:
5867:
5802:
5787:
5752:
5742:
5717:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5662:
5461:
5426:
5376:
5366:
5321:
5266:
5251:
5241:
5231:
5185:
4765:
4725:
4715:
4690:
4615:
4580:
4560:
4414:
4374:
4369:
4354:
4339:
4319:
4188:
4168:
4163:
4110:
2621:
2514:
2218:
2202:
2146:
2104:
1996:
refused. Prince Regent's threatened to assume the collection of tribute in
1968:. The factors of Tellicherry also signed their own treaty with the Nayak of
1754:
1722:
1690:
1686:
1677:
The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e.,
1637:
1602:
1583:
1564:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1458:
1450:
1252:
1182:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1103:
1047:
1035:
996:
992:
976:
969:
933:
623:
591:
568:
564:
560:
532:
292:
253:
118:
2042:: Prince Cunhi Raman threatened to appoint his own sons to administer the
17:
6667:
6597:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6542:
6532:
6492:
6391:
6381:
6306:
6291:
6175:
6170:
6135:
6120:
6110:
6080:
6060:
6025:
5987:
5927:
5902:
5877:
5852:
5827:
5797:
5772:
5737:
5677:
5672:
5581:
5551:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5451:
5396:
5361:
5177:
4755:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4705:
4635:
4570:
4550:
4499:
4459:
4439:
4434:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4359:
4349:
4248:
4203:
4193:
4183:
3660:
DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
3238:
The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine
3130:. Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
2690:
2078:
2055:
1924:
1819:
1682:
1560:
1541:
1481:
1398:
1367:
1317:
1308:
recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included
1256:
1158:
1115:
984:
962:
946:
937:
923:
910:
896:
528:
308:
101:
72:
2314:
divided the province of Malabar into two administrative divisions - the
1465:
Foreign accounts also corroborate the distinct identity of Kolathunadu.
6704:
6652:
6642:
6632:
6587:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6416:
6411:
6321:
6255:
6215:
6140:
6130:
6055:
6045:
6020:
5997:
5922:
5917:
5817:
5657:
5591:
5576:
5501:
5216:
5161:
4785:
4780:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4610:
4605:
4590:
4585:
4535:
4520:
4449:
4389:
4314:
4253:
4105:
3849:
Establishment of British power in Malabar, 1664 to 1799 By N. Rajendran
2118:
1858:
1730:
1726:
1572:
1533:
1355:
1083:
1015:
1000:
918:
862:
733: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
669:
642:
516:
579:
hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of
6691:
6527:
6341:
6311:
6301:
6270:
6260:
5992:
5882:
5822:
5727:
5571:
5281:
4947:
4811:
4424:
4404:
4344:
4329:
4152:
4141:
4136:
3993:
3976:
3678:
Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast, Gough, Kathleen 1955a,
3316:
2360:
till 1956. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the
2264:
2043:
1898:
1890:
1845:
1762:
1641:
1610:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1568:
1525:
1497:
1375:
1359:
1309:
1287:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1232:
1207:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1051:
1039:
1008:
958:
914:
892:
876:
866:
832:
649:
638:
576:
552:
2271:
of Kannũr. One of the princes of the Kolathiri family was killed by
2127:: Death of Prince Cunhi Raman and succession by Prince Rama Varma.
1030:
in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of
3319:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
1567:. During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only
6622:
6235:
5972:
5712:
5667:
5652:
5326:
5221:
5211:
4484:
2283:
2064:
2019:: Minor war between Kolathiri and factors at Tellichery who using
1758:
1746:
1740:
1614:
1595:
1563:
kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of
1432:
1412:
1389:
1223:
1203:
1111:
1107:
836:
524:
504:
324:
3919:
2956:
2954:
2952:
555:) kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from the
6240:
3900:(1996), Kollam era, Indian Journal of History of Science, 31 (1)
3022:
Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris.
1544:
1473:
refers to the ruler of this region as residing at a city called
4911:
3923:
3649:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800
3272:
Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles
1247:), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of
3556:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
2121:
mediated for a settlement between Tellicherry and Kolathunād.
1437:
Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by John Johnston (1795–1801)
1290:
in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the
702:
3304:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the medieval Malabar Coast.
2205:
along with a formidable force is welcomed into Kerala by the
2356:
under Madras presidency till 1947 and later part of India's
1848:
established factory at Māhe by making a deal with Vāzhunor.
1725:
dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the
3696:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666.
3374:
Mushikavamsam. Raghavan Pilla (ed.), Mushikavamsam, 26, 268
3088:
Narayanan, Re-Interpretations in South Indian History, 6-10
2322:, presided over by a superintendent each at Thalassery and
1782:(Vadakkālankũr), to protect the latter from his adversary
3669:
Lectures on Enthurdogy by A. Krishna Ayer Calcutta, 1925.
1362:, and also might have given rise to the royalties of the
2368:(excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with
1875:
informs the Prince Regent that it is the policy of the
991:, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between
975:, northern Malabar like the rest of present-day Kerala,
965:, the main proponents of the movement, in their verses.
1761:, are marked as cities within the present-day state of
1528:, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu kingdom of
1830:’all the trades and farms’ within his ’territory from
1022:, just before his death in a battle, according to the
2175:
to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
2161:, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of
2099:: Prince Cunhi Raman allowed the French to fortify
1893:
and Prince regent asks for military assistance from
1806: : The French claim for a factory was staked at
1826:. Kolattiri through a royal writing granted to the
1790:
only if they agreed to build a factory in the area.
6690:
6450:
6284:
6013:
6006:
5643:
5600:
5202:
5135:
5052:
4969:
4794:
4508:
4305:
4262:
4096:
4017:
3984:
149:
139:
127:
117:
107:
97:
87:
68:
45:
c. 6th century BCE (conventional dating)–modern era
34:
3117:
3115:
2731:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175.
2221:as Chief of Port Authority (Intendant of Marine).
1939:, 30,000 strong Kanarese soldiers, easily overran
1086:tradition, Kolathunadu was home to several of the
652:and Calicut, and found mention in the writings of
503:in later times) was one of the four most powerful
3147:District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011
2718:
2716:
2714:
2103:so as to disrupt the British rice trade between
1861:attacked the then Prince Regent of Kolathunād,
1737:Events leading to British colonization and after
1018:hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to
3430:"Traces of the Mahabharat in Sangam Literature"
3038:A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
1445:states that a powerful and warlike clan of the
928:s starting point. The region probably ended at
618:states that a powerful and warlike clan of the
2195:by ceding the area to the East India Company.
1500:dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern
1050:in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and
590:The ruling house of Kolathunādu, known as the
4923:
3935:
3717:The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011).
3361:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)
634:is a close cousin dynasty of the Kolathiris.
469:
8:
3888:Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore (1962)
3487:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas - Google Books
3364:. Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424.
2922:British Indian Government of Madras (1891).
2185:took over the administration of Kolathunād.
1960:plan another attack on Kolathunādu. Prince
1540:. The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of
1279:records its foundation year as 1124 CE. The
3719:"Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage"
3579:. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
3153:. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
2023:’chastized’ ’ant-British ministers’ in the
1350:They intermarried very frequently with the
6010:
4930:
4916:
4908:
3942:
3928:
3920:
3534:(repr., Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1975), 385
3207:. Columbia University Press. p. 333.
3124:District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)
2793:
2791:
2664:Royal flag/standard (Kodikkoora or dwajam)
879:was located at the northwestern border of
476:
462:
226:
50:
31:
3348:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
3306:Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pg. 98.
2093:of the East India Company at Thalassery.
1814:. They started to wage a war against the
1625:, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India.
1417:A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from
1405:(built in 1505) and on the other side is
1239:regional, primarily agrarian states. An
875:(1st century CE) states that the port of
793:Learn how and when to remove this message
3845:
3843:
3573:1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District
3105:
3103:
3084:
3082:
2982:
2980:
2534:Supersession of the title Kolathiri Rājā
2387:
2281:: Tipu leaves Malabar never to return
1632:
1374:and also in Greek accounts like that of
1271:inscription on a copper slab within the
1026:. Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by the
891:region, which lies north of the port at
145:c. 6th century BCE (conventional dating)
3809:
3807:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3327:
3325:
2701:
2253:was handed over to the French in 1785.
1609:, thus opening a direct sea route from
238:
3837:Varier, Keralolpatti Granthavari, 52-3
3139:
3137:
2899:
2897:
2089:as Prince Regent in the presence of
1984:Prince regent asked his vassals, the
1551:. They also claimed their origin from
27:Kingdoms on the Malabar Coast in India
3603:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books.
2863:. Cochin Devaswom Board. p. 164.
2625:on the first year of the Kollam era.
2596:era is reckoned from the next month,
1488:(may be by the meaning, 'The land of
551:river in the south. The Kolathunadu (
148:
138:
134:
116:
7:
3866:(Portuguese Traveller and Historian)
3595:Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007).
3517:Varier, Keralolpatti Granthavari, 51
3451:Wilson, Horace Hayman (April 2009).
2759:Sreedhara Menon, A. (4 March 2011).
2376:Constitution of the Kolathiri family
1721:dynasty on the northernmost part of
1192:inscription written in a mixture of
731:adding citations to reliable sources
3553:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942).
3201:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008).
1621:at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom
1579:in addition to the city of Kannur.
1571:Sultanate in the Malabar region -
841:Names, routes and locations of the
691:, a landmark in the development of
6700:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)
2925:Malabar Marriage Commission Report
1992:towards defraying state debt. The
59:, early historic headquarters of
25:
2880:. Leiden University. p. 20.
2672:and five half crescents beneath.
2392:The matrilinial divisions of the
2332:: Malabar was made a part of the
2054:. In the same year, however, the
1931:in 1732 at the invitation of the
1901:. The Dutch demanded the port of
1512:(including present-day Taluks of
936:. Pliny the Elder mentioned that
687:(c. 1375-1475 AD), the author of
527:. Kolattunādu had its capital at
6806:1940s disestablishments in India
6753:
4938:
4892:
3454:The Vishnu Purana - Google Books
3358:Charles Alexander Innes (1908).
3331:Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.),
2961:Namboothiri Websites Kozhikode.
2157:. In 1761, the British captured
2027:. On succession due to Prince
1733:, in the early medieval period.
1165:, and they are among the oldest
707:
443:
259:
252:
209:
184:
6786:Former monarchies of South Asia
3144:Government of India (2014–15).
2963:"The Saagara Dwijans of Kerala"
2607:attributes the introduction of
2352:(an administrative district of
1386:Rise of Kolathunadu (Cannanore)
1161:, were built during the era of
1054:hills on the eastern boundary.
1007:, a hilly region with parts of
718:needs additional citations for
6781:Former countries in South Asia
3275:. Other Books. pp. 179–.
2804:. Department of Publications,
2364:merging the Malabar district,
2133:: Death of Prince Rama Varma
1082:during this era. According to
906:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
895:, was ruled by the kingdom of
858:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
844:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
6801:6th-century BC establishments
3490:. Motilal Banarsidass. 1988.
3235:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987).
3180:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123.
3024:Journal of Roman Archaeology,
2798:Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982).
2762:Kerala History and its Makers
1810:to protect their interest in
1229:Ananthapadmanabhaswamy temple
861:as a port somewhere north of
4292:Kollam Municipal Corporation
3315:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of
2996:Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007).
2723:Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007).
2348:Kolathunād remained part of
1259:(the former headquarters of
1206:king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the
1046:(Mangalore) in the north to
921:mentions only Tyndis as the
855:, which is mentioned in the
3405:. Organiser. Archived from
3241:. Brill. pp. 458–459.
3174:Jonathan Goldstein (1999).
2945:. W.H. Allen & Company.
1484:town was known by the name
1480:Until the 16th century CE,
1312:, the Buddhist pilgrim and
1096:Legend of Cheraman Perumals
940:was prone by pirates. The
6827:
6811:History of Kannur district
3820:(Printed and published by
3757:10.1177/025764308500100107
3333:South Indian Inscriptions.
3269:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007).
2999:A Survey of Kerala History
2857:Induchudan, V. T. (1971).
2644:According to legend, Lord
2640:Royal symbols of Kolathiri
2547:Ascension to Kshatriyahood
1316:, writer and historian of
1217:
830:
594:, were descendants of the
535:and roughly comprised the
511:during the arrival of the
83:and various other capitals
6791:Historical Indian regions
6750:
4954:
4889:
3957:
3694:Malabar Manual (Volume-I)
3109:Kolathupazhama by Kumaran
2942:Native Life in Travancore
2801:The Personality of Kerala
2603:(1) The traditional text
2390:
2362:States Reorganisation Act
1557:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
999:. Karkanadu consisted of
950:was a source of peppers.
606:in the 12th century AD.
325:Venad - Kingdom of Quilon
163:
159:
135:
49:
44:
4979:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01
3824:under the editorship of
2874:de Lannoy, Mark (1997).
1749:in 1804. Note that only
1427:Civitates orbis terrarum
1401:. On one side, there is
1133:at Kodungallur, Kollam,
1124:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
917:and Tyndis. However the
662:Cannanore and Laccadives
571:) in the south with the
6796:Feudal states of Kerala
3875:Historical Sketches by
3692:Logan, William (2010).
3559:. University of Madras.
2939:Mateer, Samuel (1883).
1986:Achanmārs of Randuthara
1935:. Under the command of
1245:Ramanthali inscriptions
1114:during the lifetime of
632:Travancore royal family
600:Cheras of Mahodayapuram
313:Confluence of religions
5708:Chittur-Thathamangalam
5602:Municipal corporations
4817:Kingdom of Kadathanadu
4264:Municipal Corporations
3822:Charitram Publications
3632:"Arakkal royal family"
2830:Singh, Anjana (2010).
2452:(Further divided into
2296:
2288:A 19th-century map of
2171::The British restored
1765:
1649:
1640:'s minister Kuruppu's
1438:
1430:
1410:
1235:
1173:. It is believed that
848:
685:Cherusseri Namboothiri
533:Kolattiri royal family
151:• Disestablished
5783:Kothamangalam, Kerala
4837:Kingdom of Valluvanad
3906:16 March 2012 at the
3302:Prange, Sebastian R.
2513:During the period of
2287:
2021:Prince Raman Unithiri
1988:to contribute 30,000
1885:Chief of Thalassery,
1744:
1636:
1575:- who also ruled the
1436:
1416:
1393:
1294:up until that point.
1227:
942:Cosmas Indicopleustes
840:
813:Christian missionary
547:in the north and the
531:and was ruled by the
515:in India, along with
499:in foreign accounts,
402:Unification of Kerala
373:Battle of Tirurangadi
205:Company rule in India
88:Common languages
4989:Pathanamthitta KL-03
3344:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2806:University of Kerala
1623:Francisco de Almeida
1292:Mushika Royal Family
909:, a region known as
851:The ancient port of
727:improve this article
693:Malayalam literature
596:Mushaka royal family
501:Chirakkal (Chericul)
497:kingdom of Cannanore
345:Minor principalities
4827:Kingdom of Kottayam
3960:Metropolitan cities
3792:on 30 December 2013
3346:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2524:Treaty of Mangalore
2396:family (Kovilakams)
2183:Prince of Chirakkal
1661:Decentralized realm
1605:in 1498 during the
1538:Vijayanagara Empire
1443:Ayinapalli Aiyappan
1171:Indian Subcontinent
1094:. According to the
1092:Indian subcontinent
1038:. The Kolathunadu (
944:mentioned that the
903:. According to the
865:is identified with
616:Ayinapalli Aiyappan
393:Communism in Kerala
141:• Established
6692:Historical regions
5610:Thiruvananthapuram
5542:Thiruvananthapuram
4962:Thiruvananthapuram
4881:Zamorin of Calicut
4795:Historical regions
4082:Thiruvananthapuram
3745:Studies in History
3432:. Hinduwebsite.com
2676:Royal seal (Mudra)
2528:Thiruvananthapuram
2312:British Government
2297:
2083:East India Company
2033:Prince Cunhi Raman
1907:East India Company
1889:, was recalled to
1828:East India Company
1766:
1650:
1439:
1431:
1411:
1255:, can be found at
1236:
1080:Indian Ocean trade
849:
563:) in the north to
513:Portuguese Armadas
361:Rise of Travancore
280:Megalithic culture
6766:
6765:
6742:Travancore–Cochin
6686:
6685:
4905:
4904:
4807:Chirakkal kingdom
3786:"History of Mahé"
3610:978-81-264-1588-5
3282:978-81-903887-8-8
3248:978-90-04-07929-8
3214:978-0-231-70024-5
3177:The Jews of China
2965:. Namboothiri.com
2887:978-90-73782-92-1
2588:(Leo) and not in
2511:
2510:
2366:Travancore-Cochin
2343:Rājā of Chirakkal
2334:Madras Presidency
2153:on behalf of the
1877:Bombay Presidency
1871: : Chief of
1796:: Completion of
1577:Laccadive Islands
1553:Cheraman Perumals
1506:Chandragiri River
1335:According to the
1110:and converted to
989:Sangam literature
803:
802:
795:
777:
545:Chandragiri river
521:kingdom of Cochin
486:
485:
365:Mysorean invasion
353:Portuguese period
317:Mamankam festival
285:Maritime contacts
240:History of Kerala
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
197:
196:
112:Absolute Monarchy
16:(Redirected from
6818:
6760:India portal
6758:
6757:
6756:
6673:Thalayolaparambu
6432:Sreekrishnapuram
6367:Sreemoolanagaram
6011:
5024:Malappuram KL-10
4942:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4899:India portal
4897:
4896:
4895:
4871:Nilambur Kingdom
4852:Malabar District
4832:Kingdom of Tanur
4746:Sreekrishnapuram
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3788:. Archived from
3782:
3769:
3768:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:. Archived from
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3599:Kerala Charitram
3592:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3570:M. Vijayanunni.
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3457:. BiblioBazaar.
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3110:
3107:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2727:Kerala Charitram
2720:
2709:
2706:
2576:The version of
2495:Kolath kovilakam
2448:at Māvelikkara,
2388:
2350:Malabar District
2077:: Following the
1958:Nayaks of Bednur
1836:Pudupatnam river
1705:, Iruvazhinadu (
1607:Age of Discovery
1231:at Ananthapura,
1102:, who left from
847:(1st century CE)
798:
791:
787:
784:
778:
776:
735:
711:
703:
677:kingdom and the
575:on the west and
478:
471:
464:
450:India portal
448:
447:
446:
389:Battle of Quilon
377:Malabar District
349:Age of Discovery
263:
256:
227:
213:
212:
201:
200:
188:
187:
181:
180:
165:
164:
54:
32:
21:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6762:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6732:Venad (kingdom)
6682:
6446:
6280:
6146:Kottappadi Part
6002:
5639:
5596:
5198:
5154:Indian elephant
5131:
5048:
5044:Kasaragod KL-14
5029:Kozhikode KL-11
5009:Ernakulam KL-07
4994:Alappuzha KL-04
4965:
4950:
4936:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4802:Arakkal kingdom
4790:
4504:
4301:
4258:
4092:
4013:
3980:
3953:
3948:
3918:
3913:
3908:Wayback Machine
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3864:Fra Bartolomaeo
3857:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3826:Dr. C.K, Kareem
3812:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3638:on 5 June 2012.
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3594:
3593:
3584:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3409:on 27 July 2011
3401:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2678:
2666:
2642:
2574:
2572:Calendar system
2549:
2536:
2378:
2306:, Kottayam and
2290:Madras Province
2209:of Kannũr. The
2117:: The Rājā of
1905:in return. The
1798:Thalassery fort
1784:Kurangoth nāyar
1739:
1663:
1631:
1619:St. Angelo Fort
1549:Tuluva Brahmins
1510:Netravati River
1504:wedged between
1423:Frans Hogenberg
1403:St. Angelo Fort
1388:
1261:Mushika dynasty
1222:
1220:Mushika kingdom
1216:
1214:Mushaka dynasty
1200:Grantha scripts
1118:(c. 570–632).
1044:Netravati River
1032:Tuluva Brahmins
1028:Mushika dynasty
873:Pliny the Elder
835:
829:
827:Ezhimala rulers
808:
799:
788:
782:
779:
736:
734:
724:
712:
701:
604:Pandyan Dynasty
557:Netravati River
482:
444:
442:
435:
434:
433:
428:
424:
419:
414:
406:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:Arakkal kingdom
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
277:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
257:
210:
185:
152:
142:
64:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6824:
6822:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6772:
6764:
6763:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6473:Chirayinkeezhu
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:Vadakkencherry
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Muzhappilangad
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6156:Padinharethara
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5968:Thrippunithura
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Sreekandapuram
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5908:Perinthalmanna
5905:
5900:
5898:Pathanamthitta
5895:
5890:
5888:Parappanangadi
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5748:Karunagappalli
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5645:Municipalities
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Sultan Bathery
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:Perinthalmanna
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Karunagappalli
5309:
5307:Karthikappally
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5257:Chirayinkeezhu
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5194:Papilio buddha
5191:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5146:Great hornbill
5143:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:Palakkad KL-09
5016:
5014:Thrissur KL-08
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Kottayam KL-05
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:Padinharethara
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Muzhappilangad
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:Sreekandapuram
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Perinthalmanna
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:Parappanangadi
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4307:Municipalities
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Sultan Bathery
4216:
4211:
4209:Perinthalmanna
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4116:Chirayinkeezhu
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:Malabar region
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3890:
3881:
3868:
3851:
3839:
3830:
3814:Malabar Manual
3803:
3770:
3735:
3709:
3702:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3641:
3623:
3609:
3582:
3562:
3545:
3536:
3519:
3510:
3496:
3477:
3463:
3443:
3420:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3350:
3337:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3281:
3261:
3247:
3227:
3213:
3193:
3186:
3166:
3156:
3133:
3111:
3099:
3090:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3040:
3031:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2976:
2948:
2931:
2914:
2905:
2893:
2886:
2866:
2849:
2843:978-9004168169
2842:
2822:
2787:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2738:978-8126415885
2737:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2641:
2638:
2613:Shankaracharya
2582:Kolla-varsham
2573:
2570:
2553:Hiranya-garbhā
2548:
2545:
2541:Chirakkal Raja
2535:
2532:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2377:
2374:
1776:Kolattiri Rājā
1745:An old map of
1738:
1735:
1662:
1659:
1638:Kolattiri Raja
1630:
1629:Administration
1627:
1522:Maipady Palace
1447:Bunt community
1407:Arakkal palace
1387:
1384:
1325:Mushika-vamsha
1282:Mushika-vamsha
1267:, Kerala. The
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1141:, mMangalore,
1088:oldest mosques
828:
825:
807:
804:
801:
800:
715:
713:
706:
700:
697:
620:Bunt community
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
437:
436:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
369:British Period
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
258:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
236:
235:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
207:
198:
195:
194:
189:
177:
176:
171:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
70:
66:
65:
61:Kola Swaroopam
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6823:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6720:South Malabar
6718:
6716:
6715:North Malabar
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Kanjirappally
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:Vadasserikara
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:Balaramapuram
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Lakkidi-Perur
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Chottanikkara
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Kunnamangalam
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:North Paravur
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Neyyattinkara
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Changanassery
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:North Paravur
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Neyyattinkara
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Kothamangalam
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Kanjirappally
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Changanassery
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Wayanad KL-12
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4900:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:South Malabar
4857:
4856:North Malabar
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Lakkidi-Perur
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Kunnamangalam
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Ramanattukara
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Cherpulassery
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
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3872:
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3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3828:, Trivandrum)
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:William Logan
3815:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3791:
3787:
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3762:
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3703:9788120604476
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3549:
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3537:
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3532:Henri Cordier
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3499:
3497:9788120804661
3493:
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3481:
3478:
3466:
3464:9780559054679
3460:
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3309:
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3278:
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3250:
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3206:
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3187:9780765601049
3183:
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3112:
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3019:
3016:
3011:
3009:9788126415786
3005:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2989:
2983:
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2964:
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2918:
2915:
2909:
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2898:
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2889:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2808:. p. 162
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2772:9788126437825
2768:
2765:. D C Books.
2764:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:Mumosa lebbek
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:Mumosa lebbek
2655:
2654:Mumosa lebbek
2651:
2650:Mumosa lebbek
2647:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:Kolla-Varsham
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Tevanam Kotta
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:Udayamangalam
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:British India
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:Cherpulasseri
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:British India
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Mysorean army
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:North Malabar
2148:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:Thomas Derryl
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:Dharmapatanam
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:North Malabar
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Dharmapatanam
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:north Malabar
1785:
1781:
1780:prince regent
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1646:Vasco da Gama
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:conquests of
1535:
1532:, before the
1531:
1530:North Malabar
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:Balia Patanam
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Vishnu Purana
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1345:Mushika Vamsa
1342:
1341:Mushika Vamsa
1338:
1337:Mushika Vamsa
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:, written by
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1273:Madayi Mosque
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Alupa dynasty
1246:
1243:inscription (
1242:
1241:Old Malayalam
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:Old Malayalam
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:According to
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Chera dynasty
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Kerala Muslim
1081:
1078:was a hub of
1077:
1076:North Malabar
1073:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:Sangam period
951:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:Sangam period
898:
894:
890:
889:North Malabar
886:
885:Chera dynasty
882:
878:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
846:
845:
839:
834:
826:
824:
821:
816:
815:Samuel Mateer
811:
805:
797:
794:
786:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744: –
743:
742:"Kolathunadu"
739:
738:Find sources:
732:
728:
722:
721:
716:This section
714:
710:
705:
704:
698:
696:
694:
690:
689:Krishna Gatha
686:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
666:Kavvayi river
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:North Malabar
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Malabar Coast
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Kola Swarupam
490:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
457:
456:
451:
441:
440:
439:
438:
432:
429:
427:
423:
418:
410:
409:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:South Malabar
382:
381:North Malabar
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Sangam period
286:
281:
273:
272:
262:
255:
245:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:Chera dynasty
190:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
130:
126:
122:
120:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
43:
36:Kola Swarupam
33:
30:
19:
6768:
6699:
6678:Kaduthuruthy
6663:Kuravilangad
6613:Ambalappuzha
6553:Kozhencherry
6548:Kulathupuzha
6538:Pathanapuram
6518:Sasthamkotta
6422:Puthunagaram
6372:Nedumbassery
6357:Udayamperoor
6297:Vandiperiyar
6246:Vellarikundu
6206:Pappinisseri
6186:Anjarakkandy
6096:Thiruvambady
6091:Thamarassery
6031:Puthanathani
5963:Thrikkakkara
5838:Muvattupuzha
5793:Kottarakkara
5778:Kuthuparamba
5723:Irinjalakuda
5587:Vellarikundu
5567:Udumbanchola
5532:Thamarassery
5472:Pathanapuram
5437:Muvattupuzha
5432:Mukundapuram
5412:Manjeshwaram
5407:Mananthavady
5372:Kozhencherry
5357:Kottarakkara
5227:Ambalappuzha
5072:Demographics
5039:Kannur KL-13
5004:Idukki KL-06
4984:Kollam KL-02
4960:
4841:
4761:Thiruvambady
4751:Thamarassery
4721:Pappinisseri
4546:Anjarakkandy
4365:Kuthuparamba
4234:Thamarassery
4174:Mananthavady
3975:
3969:
3963:
3893:
3884:
3871:
3854:
3833:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:the original
3748:
3744:
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3722:
3712:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:the original
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3600:
3597:
3572:
3565:
3555:
3548:
3539:
3522:
3513:
3503:13 September
3501:. Retrieved
3486:
3480:
3470:13 September
3468:. Retrieved
3453:
3446:
3436:13 September
3434:. Retrieved
3423:
3413:13 September
3411:. Retrieved
3407:the original
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3271:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3237:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3203:
3196:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3146:
3123:
3093:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3043:
3034:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3002:. DC Books.
2998:
2991:
2969:13 September
2967:. Retrieved
2941:
2934:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2852:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2810:. Retrieved
2800:
2781:
2761:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2728:
2725:
2704:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2605:Kerololpathi
2604:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:Simha-raasi
2585:
2581:
2575:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2489:
2478:
2467:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2424:
2413:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2370:Madras State
2358:Madras State
2347:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2277:
2269:Arackal Bibi
2256:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2198:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2115:January 1752
2114:
2113:
2097:October 1751
2096:
2095:
2074:
2073:
2039:
2038:
2017:October 1747
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1953:
1952:
1933:Arackal Raja
1920:
1919:
1915:Udaya Varman
1882:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1859:Arackal Raja
1851:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1716:
1689:or Poyanad (
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1582:The port at
1581:
1521:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1464:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1380:Keralolpathi
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1299:
1296:
1280:
1237:
1193:
1187:
1166:
1155:Panthalayani
1129:
1122:
1120:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1024:Sangam works
1013:
967:
952:
945:
922:
904:
880:
871:
856:
852:
850:
842:
812:
809:
789:
780:
770:
763:
756:
749:
737:
725:Please help
720:verification
717:
688:
683:
647:
636:
627:
611:Tamil Sangam
608:
589:
541:Kerala state
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
426:Architecture
420:
413:Other topics
357:Dutch period
283:
174:Succeeded by
173:
168:
77:Valapattanam
60:
29:
6658:Puthuppally
6618:Mararikulam
6608:Charummoodu
6488:Chathannoor
6347:Malayattoor
6337:Kunnathunad
6231:Cheruvathur
6226:Thrikaripur
6211:Kalliasseri
6076:Vallikkunnu
6051:Kuttippuram
6041:Angadipuram
6007:Other towns
5978:Tirurangadi
5948:Taliparamba
5913:Perumbavoor
5858:Nileshwaram
5833:Mavelikkara
5808:Kunnamkulam
5768:Kodungallur
5733:Kalamassery
5562:Tirurangadi
5517:Taliparamba
5422:Mavelikkara
5387:Kunnathunad
5382:Kunnamkulam
5332:Kodungallur
5170:Golden rain
4847:Kurumbranad
4842:Kolathunadu
4822:Kavalappara
4771:Vallikkunnu
4641:Kuttippuram
4601:Kalliasseri
4541:Angadipuram
4531:Anchuthengu
4509:Other towns
4490:Tirurangadi
4480:Taliparamba
4296:Thangassery
4244:Tirurangadi
4224:Taliparamba
4147:Kodungallur
4037:Lakshadweep
3999:Lakshadweep
3860:East Indies
3728:24 November
3428:V.Jayaram.
2631:Kanya-raasi
2590:Mesha-raasi
2519:Tipu Sultan
2504:Kāvinishery
2458:Māvelikkara
2408:Sub-branch
2261:Tipu Sultan
2163:Kadathanadu
2137:August 1760
2109:Tellicherry
2101:Mount Delli
2087:Ambu Tamban
2075:April 1751
2029:Kunhi Homos
1869:August 1727
1719:Nileshwaram
1711:Kurumbranad
1703:Nileshwaram
1679:Kadathanadu
1555:of Kerala.
1492:Trees') in
1486:Kanhirakode
1471:Ibn Battuta
1453:was called
1419:Georg Braun
1397:harbour at
1395:Mappila Bay
1364:Lakshadweep
1210:of Kerala.
1175:Malik Dinar
1163:Malik Dinar
953:During the
930:Kanyakumari
654:Ibn Battuta
626:was called
585:Arabian Sea
581:Lakshadweep
573:Arabian Sea
489:Kolattunādu
397:Lakshadweep
333:Kolattunadu
309:Ezhil Malai
301:Spice trade
169:Preceded by
39:Kolathunadu
6775:Categories
6737:Travancore
6648:Karukachal
6638:Mundakayam
6568:Mallapally
6503:Neendakara
6483:Parippally
6478:Kilimanoor
6427:Malampuzha
6402:Chelakkara
6362:Varappuzha
6332:Puthencruz
6327:Kolenchery
6276:Manjeshwar
6266:Mangalpady
6201:Cherukunnu
6161:Meenangadi
6101:Kodencheri
5983:Valanchery
5958:Thodupuzha
5953:Thiruvalla
5943:Thalassery
5843:Nedumangad
5813:Malappuram
5763:Kayamkulam
5758:Kattappana
5698:Chengannur
5547:Thodupuzha
5537:Thiruvalla
5527:Thalassery
5522:Thalapilly
5442:Nedumangad
5417:Mannarkkad
5402:Mallapally
5292:Kanayannur
5247:Chengannur
5117:Government
4876:Parappanad
4866:Mannarghat
4696:Nelliyalam
4666:Meenangadi
4656:Malampuzha
4626:Kottappadi
4621:Kodencheri
4576:Devarshola
4566:Cherukunnu
4495:Valanchery
4475:Thalassery
4395:Mannarkkad
4385:Malappuram
4298:area only)
4288:area only)
4286:Fort Kochi
4229:Thalassery
4179:Mannarkkad
4047:Malappuram
4009:Tamil Nadu
4004:Puducherry
3986:States/UTs
3971:Malappuram
3879:, Vol. II.
3877:Col. Wilks
3858:Voyage to
3751:: 87–110.
3528:Henry Yule
3029:, 334-350.
2697:References
2646:Parasurama
2617:Katapayadi
2609:Kollam era
2598:Kanya-rasi
2490:Thekumkure
2446:Prāyikkara
2308:Kadathanād
2300:March 1792
2193:Randuthara
2155:samastanom
2052:Kadattanad
2048:Iruvalinad
2025:samastanom
1998:Randuthara
1962:Cunhi Homo
1941:Cunhi Homo
1873:Thalassery
1863:Cunhi Homo
1832:Canharotte
1824:Thalassery
1751:Thalassery
1699:Thalassery
1687:Randathara
1644:letter to
1514:Manjeshwar
1467:Marco Polo
1429:, Volume I
1314:Ibn Batuta
1306:Marco Polo
1301:Il Milione
1195:Vatteluttu
1179:Thalangara
1011:(Coorg).
973:Sangam Age
881:Keprobotos
831:See also:
806:Background
753:newspapers
675:Travancore
658:Marco Polo
592:Kolathiris
549:Korappuzha
539:region of
329:Valluvanad
155:modern era
108:Government
18:Kolathiris
6523:Kunnathur
6468:Kattakada
6458:Parassala
6442:Thrithala
6397:Pavaratty
6387:Puthukkad
6317:Devikulam
6181:Dharmadom
6166:Panamaram
6116:Nadapuram
6106:Balussery
6036:Kottakkal
5868:Ottapalam
5803:Koyilandy
5788:Kottakkal
5753:Kasaragod
5743:Kanhangad
5718:Guruvayur
5703:Cherthala
5693:Chavakkad
5683:Chalakudy
5663:Alappuzha
5615:Kozhikode
5462:Ottapalam
5427:Meenachil
5392:Kunnathur
5377:Kozhikode
5367:Koyilandy
5322:Kattakada
5317:Kasaragod
5267:Devikulam
5252:Cherthala
5242:Chavakkad
5232:Chalakudy
5186:Jackfruit
5092:Geography
5082:Education
4971:Districts
4766:Thrithala
4726:Pavaratty
4716:Panamaram
4701:O' Valley
4691:Nadapuram
4616:Kavaratti
4581:Dharmadom
4561:Balussery
4415:Ottapalam
4375:Koyilandy
4370:Kottakkal
4355:Koduvally
4340:Guruvayur
4320:Chavakkad
4272:Kozhikode
4189:Ottapalam
4169:Kozhikode
4164:Koyilandy
4111:Chavakkad
4070:Ernakulam
4032:Kozhikode
4019:Districts
3965:Kozhikode
3898:K.V Sarma
3765:161182476
3723:The Hindu
3403:"Content"
2836:. BRILL.
2633:(Virgo).
2622:Kali Yuga
2515:Hyder Ali
2479:Padinjāre
2450:Ennakkāt'
2430:Chirakkal
2402:Division
2394:Kolathiri
2304:Chirakkal
2219:Sheik Ali
2215:Chirakkal
2203:Hyder Ali
2147:Kolattiri
2105:Mangalore
2069:Chirakkal
1994:Achanmārs
1834:down the
1755:Kozhikode
1723:Kolathiri
1691:Dharmadom
1603:Kozhikode
1584:Kozhikode
1565:Tulu Nadu
1518:Kasaragod
1502:Tulu Nadu
1494:Malayalam
1455:Kola Bari
1451:Tulu Nadu
1425:'s atlas
1366:and the
1284:Mahakavya
1265:Cannanore
1253:Mangalore
1183:Kasaragod
1151:Dharmadam
1143:Kasaragod
1104:Dharmadom
1067:Agananuru
1048:Korapuzha
1036:Tulu Nadu
997:Kozhikode
993:Mangalore
977:Tulu Nadu
934:sesterces
913:began at
783:July 2023
681:kingdom.
628:Kola Bari
624:Tulu Nadu
569:Kozhikode
565:Korapuzha
561:Mangalore
417:Geography
293:Tamilakam
119:Kolattiri
98:Religion
92:Malayalam
81:Chirakkal
6668:Uzhavoor
6598:Parumala
6583:Kulanada
6578:Aranmula
6573:Kumbanad
6543:Thenmala
6533:Kadakkal
6493:Kottiyam
6392:Manaloor
6382:Kodakara
6307:Rajakkad
6292:Peermade
6196:Azhikode
6176:Peravoor
6171:Pulpally
6136:Chundale
6121:Kuttiady
6111:Perambra
6081:Olavanna
6061:Areekode
6026:Thavanur
5988:Vatakara
5928:Shoranur
5903:Payyanur
5878:Palakkad
5853:Nilambur
5828:Mattanur
5798:Kottayam
5773:Kondotty
5738:Kalpetta
5678:Attingal
5673:Angamaly
5630:Thrissur
5582:Vatakara
5552:Thrissur
5487:Peermade
5482:Payyanur
5477:Pattambi
5467:Palakkad
5452:Nilambur
5397:Kuttanad
5362:Kottayam
5342:Kondotty
5178:Karimeen
5112:Wildlife
4756:Thavanur
4741:Pulpally
4736:Peravoor
4731:Perambra
4706:Olavanna
4636:Kuttiady
4571:Chundale
4556:Azhikode
4551:Areekode
4500:Vatakara
4460:Shoranur
4440:Payyanur
4435:Pattambi
4420:Palakkad
4410:Nilambur
4400:Mattanur
4360:Kondotty
4350:Kalpetta
4249:Vatakara
4204:Pattambi
4199:Pandalur
4194:Palakkad
4184:Nilambur
4159:Kondotty
4064:Thrissur
4058:Palakkad
4052:Nilgiris
3916:See also
3904:Archived
3796:19 April
2691:Mannanar
2685:See also
2565:Gokarnam
2454:Ennakkāt
2320:Southern
2316:Southern
2279:May 1790
2257:Feb 1789
2207:Ali Rājā
2199:Feb 1766
2079:Boyanore
2060:Nambiārs
2056:Boyanore
1937:Gopalaji
1927:invaded
1925:Kanarese
1911:Ali Rājā
1855:Ali Raja
1820:Badagara
1816:Vāzhunor
1778:and his
1695:Kottayam
1683:Vadakara
1561:Malayali
1542:Malayali
1534:Carnatic
1482:Kasargod
1399:Ayikkara
1368:Maldives
1358:and the
1318:Tangiers
1257:Ezhimala
1177:died at
1159:Chaliyam
1116:Muhammad
985:Ezhimala
963:Nayanars
947:Limyrike
938:Limyrike
924:Limyrike
911:Limyrike
897:Ezhimala
820:Gokarnam
670:Zamorins
602:and the
529:Ezhimala
505:kingdoms
232:a series
230:Part of
102:Hinduism
73:Ezhimala
57:Ezhimala
6710:Malabar
6705:Zamorin
6653:Pampady
6643:Vazhoor
6633:Erumely
6588:Omallur
6513:Oachira
6508:Chavara
6498:Kundara
6417:Nemmara
6412:Alathur
6322:Adimali
6285:Central
6256:Karadka
6251:Parappa
6221:Alakode
6216:Irikkur
6141:Meppadi
6131:Vythiri
6126:Lakkidi
6071:Vengara
6066:Wandoor
6056:Karipur
6046:Mankada
6021:Edappal
5998:Varkala
5923:Punalur
5918:Ponnani
5893:Paravur
5818:Manjeri
5658:Anthoor
5592:Vythiri
5577:Varkala
5502:Punalur
5497:Ponnani
5277:Hosdurg
5262:Chittur
5217:Alathur
5162:Coconut
5136:Symbols
5122:Tourism
5107:History
5077:Economy
5067:Culture
4957:Capital
4786:Wandoor
4781:Vythiri
4776:Vengara
4676:Minicoy
4671:Meppadi
4661:Mankada
4646:Lakkidi
4611:Karipur
4606:Kalpeni
4591:Irikkur
4586:Edappal
4536:Andrott
4521:Alathur
4516:Alakode
4450:Ponnani
4390:Manjeri
4335:Gudalur
4315:Anthoor
4254:Vythiri
4214:Ponnani
4132:Gudalur
4122:Chittur
4106:Alathur
4088:Wayanad
3616:19 July
3288:25 July
3254:25 July
3220:24 July
2812:27 July
2744:19 July
2405:Branch
2119:Cotiote
2031:death,
1976:1739-42
1970:Bedanur
1921:1732-34
1812:Malabar
1731:Calicut
1727:Zamorin
1573:Arakkal
1520:) from
1490:Kanhira
1459:Calicut
1356:Pandyas
1263:) near
1208:Muslims
1130:Masjids
1090:in the
1016:Wayanad
1005:Gudalur
1001:Wayanad
968:In the
919:Ptolemy
899:during
887:). The
863:Muziris
767:scholar
699:History
643:Zamorin
583:in the
517:Zamorin
507:on the
422:Economy
321:Calicut
128:History
69:Capital
6727:Cochin
6603:Mannar
6528:Anchal
6342:Kalady
6312:Munnar
6302:Kumily
6271:Uppala
6261:Kumbla
6151:Muttil
5993:Vaikom
5883:Panoor
5823:Maradu
5728:Iritty
5635:Kannur
5625:Kollam
5572:Vaikom
5337:Kollam
5302:Kannur
5287:Iritty
5282:Idukki
5272:Eranad
5204:Taluks
5190:Insect
5166:Flower
5150:Animal
5127:Sports
5054:Topics
4948:Kerala
4812:Eranad
4681:Muttil
4596:Kadmat
4425:Panoor
4405:Mukkam
4345:Iritty
4330:Feroke
4277:Kannur
4155:(part)
4153:Kollam
4149:(part)
4142:Kannur
4137:Iritty
4127:Eranad
4118:(part)
4098:Taluks
4084:(part)
4078:(part)
4076:Kollam
4072:(part)
4066:(part)
4060:(part)
4054:(part)
4027:Kannur
3994:Kerala
3977:Kannur
3763:
3700:
3607:
3494:
3461:
3317:Kerala
3279:
3245:
3211:
3184:
3006:
2884:
2840:
2769:
2735:
2594:Kollam
2441:Chenga
2265:Mysore
2044:taluks
1990:fanams
1966:Madday
1945:Kudali
1899:Cochin
1891:Bombay
1846:French
1763:Kerala
1757:, and
1707:Panoor
1648:(1524)
1642:Arabic
1617:. The
1611:Europe
1600:Kappad
1594:, and
1592:Kollam
1588:Kannur
1569:Muslim
1526:Kumbla
1498:Kumbla
1496:. The
1376:Strabo
1360:Cholas
1354:, the
1352:Cheras
1310:Faxian
1288:Athula
1277:Kannur
1269:Arabic
1233:Kumbla
1167:Masjid
1157:, and
1147:Kannur
1139:Barkur
1135:Madayi
1127:, the
1059:Cheras
1052:Kodagu
1040:Kannur
1020:Cheras
1009:Kodagu
959:Alwars
893:Tyndis
877:Tyndis
867:Kannur
833:Nannan
769:
762:
755:
748:
740:
650:Quilon
639:Canara
577:Kodagu
553:Kannur
525:Quilon
519:, the
337:Cochin
297:Cheras
234:on the
131:
123:
6623:Aroor
6563:Ranni
6558:Konni
6451:South
6236:Bekal
6014:North
5973:Tirur
5938:Tanur
5713:Eloor
5668:Aluva
5653:Adoor
5620:Kochi
5557:Tirur
5507:Ranni
5347:Konni
5327:Kochi
5222:Aluva
5212:Adoor
5182:Fruit
5102:Ports
5097:Roads
4944:State
4526:Amini
4485:Tirur
4470:Tanur
4282:Kochi
4239:Tirur
3761:S2CID
3577:(PDF)
3164:39-59
3151:(PDF)
3128:(PDF)
2561:valid
2425:Palli
2273:Tippu
2065:taluk
1895:Dutch
1887:Adams
1852:1720s
1759:Kochi
1747:India
1615:India
1596:Kochi
1545:Nairs
1204:Hindu
1169:s in
1112:Islam
1108:Mecca
1034:from
981:Coorg
970:Tamil
961:and
915:Naura
853:Naura
774:JSTOR
760:books
495:, as
431:Forts
6377:Mala
6241:Udma
5873:Pala
5174:Fish
5158:Tree
5142:Bird
5087:Film
5062:Arts
4380:Mahe
4042:Mahe
3798:2021
3730:2016
3698:ISBN
3618:2020
3605:ISBN
3530:and
3505:2011
3492:ISBN
3472:2011
3459:ISBN
3438:2011
3415:2011
3290:2012
3277:ISBN
3256:2012
3243:ISBN
3222:2012
3209:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2971:2011
2882:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2814:2018
2767:ISBN
2746:2020
2733:ISBN
2627:Kali
2517:and
2456:and
2339:1801
2330:1800
2318:and
2259::
2251:Mahé
2247:1785
2241:1783
2235:Mahé
2231:1779
2225:1773
2201::
2189:1765
2179:1764
2173:Mahé
2169:1763
2159:Mahé
2143:1761
2131:1760
2125:1756
2107:and
2050:and
2040:1749
2011:1746
2005:1745
1982:1741
1954:1736
1947:and
1883:1728
1842:1725
1808:Māhe
1804:1722
1794:1708
1772:1689
1717:The
1547:and
1516:and
1508:and
1421:and
1198:and
995:and
746:news
679:Tulu
641:and
523:and
276:Main
4946:of
3862:by
3816:by
3753:doi
2611:to
2580:or
2292:in
2181::
2067:of
2046:of
1897:at
1857:of
1844::
1818:of
1729:of
1701:),
1693:),
1685:),
1613:to
1524:at
1449:of
1382:".
1304:),
1275:in
1251:of
1185:.
1181:in
1106:to
729:by
622:of
305:Ays
6777::
4959::
4858:,
3974:,
3968:,
3962::
3842:^
3806:^
3773:^
3759:.
3747:.
3721:.
3585:^
3324:^
3136:^
3114:^
3102:^
3081:^
3027:14
2979:^
2951:^
2896:^
2816:.
2790:^
2713:^
2543:.
2460:)
2372:.
2249::
2237:.
2165:.
2145::
2111:.
2071:.
1923::
1917:.
1800:.
1774::
1753:,
1709:,
1590:,
1347:.
1320:.
1153:,
1149:,
1145:,
1137:,
979:,
869:.
656:,
587:.
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75:,
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3732:.
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