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214:(D-NJ) was found not guilty, and Otto Passman (D-LA) was indicted on bribery, conspiracy, illegal gratuities and tax evasion. He was tried in his home district in Monroe, Louisiana and was acquitted. Richard Hanna was convicted and sentenced to six to thirty months in prison. Once in the White House, President Carter ultimately decided to maintain the U.S. military presence in South Korea at existing levels.
125:
States military presence. The Park government was also concerned with the approval of a substantial package of assistance for South Korea's military modernization programs. Another reason behind the scandal was to repress or counter increasing criticism of Park's illegitimate policies and human rights violations. According to many, the deceitfulness of Park's objectives would ultimately lead to his downfall.
169:
expected South Korea to cooperate with any pending investigations. On the other hand, South Korean officials believed the story had been exaggerated, spun, or even concocted by
American journalists. Furthermore, South Korea interpreted American action as arising from an anti-Park conspiracy. Political experts on both sides also suspected that the scandal was being framed in this manner to aid
99:
Park was also responsible for providing extra financial incentives to Hanna and other members of
Congress, a task made easy by large rice sale commissions. Such financial incentives reportedly ranged from US$ 100,000 to $ 200,000 at a time per individual. Some 115 members of Congress were supposedly
154:
as ambassador to South Korea, punishment for
Tongsun Park's unethical activities was increasingly pursued. Habib attempted to force Park to register as a lobbyist for the South Korean government, but was unsuccessful. In response to his failure, Habib instructed all embassy personnel in South Korea
124:
The reasons behind the scandal involved political, social, and financial motivations. Korean leaders, including
Tongsun Park and President Park, were angered with candidate Jimmy Carter's promise to withdraw soldiers from South Korea and felt it was urgent to build support for preserving the United
79:
Tongsun Park and U.S. Congressman
Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) were two of the main actors involved in the Koreagate scandal. Tongsun Park represented the Korean side of the secret agreement, while Richard Hanna was largely responsible for the American side of the deal. According to the agreement, both
197:
between the United States and South Korea, Tongsun Park ultimately came to the United States in April 1978 to testify publicly in a House hearing. During the testimony, Park admitted to disbursing cash to thirty members of
Congress. Ten members of Congress were implicated, of whom most decided to
168:
After
Koreagate was publicized, political relations between the United States and South Korea became shaky at best. Animosity between the United States and South Korea was further aggravated by mutual misperceptions and procedural disagreements. The United States adopted a legalistic platform and
145:
and Chung Il Kwon that
Tongsun Park should have to return to South Korea, but to no avail. Later, William Porter described the United States response as "greatly pessimistic" because the United States government did not want to denounce South Korea when it was assisting war efforts in
950:
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who warned Park of these actions and his potential prosecution. Shortly after Porter and Habib's attempts to condemn
Tongsun Park's actions, Habib accepted another job opportunity which forced him to work abroad for three years, which once again left Park's fate uncertain.
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48:
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in an attempt to gain favor and influence in
American politics. Reversing Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter's pledge to withdraw American military forces from South Korea is thought to have been one of their primary objectives.
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testified to Park's involvement. Park fled the United States and the South Korean government refused to send him back unless he received immunity. Immunity was refused and Park remained in South Korea.
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recognized the illegal aspects of Park's action in 1970 and informed the Korean embassy in Washington that such activities were problematic. Former United States Ambassador to the Republic of Korea
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of Louisiana. Passman was acquitted after a trial. Hanna pleaded guilty and served one year in prison. Three other congressmen were reprimanded by the House.
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sales to South Korea and to use them to obtain favorable decisions for Seoul in the United States Congress. Hanna was responsible for aiding
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to cut ties with Park and warned several visiting congressmen about his illegal operations, only to be crossed by former Attorney General
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political figures seeking influence from 10 Democratic members of Congress. The scandal involved the uncovering of evidence that the
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resign, while the statute of limitations expired for three. Park was granted full immunity for his testimony. Congressional members
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Following the publication of a report detailing the scandal, two members of Congress were charged with crimes: Representative
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173:'s election strategy. According to this interpretation, the Ford administration intended to neutralize the
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Political Corruption in America: An encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed" (2003) p. 208.
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and Park in finding effective lobbying techniques, which he did by advising the pair to emulate
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Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations
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Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations
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Science, Sin, and Society: The Politics or Reverend Moon and the Unification Church
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35:(KCIA) was allegedly funneling bribes and favors through South Korean businessman
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194:
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28:
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Political Corruption in America: In encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed
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as issues by linking key Democratic congressmen to the Koreagate operations.
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178:
147:
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Gifts of Deceit: Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park, and the Korean Scandal
93:
89:
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The story was broken by New York Times reporter Richard Halloran.
656:
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Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States
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301:
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to investigate the scandal. During the following hearings,
55:, former director of the KCIA, and various members of the
626:
A Trouble Peace : U.S Policy And The Two Koreas
1125:
1042:
959:
926:
741:
690:
461:
Purdum Government bias to withhold punishment p. 2.
100:involved. Speculation also focused on the role of
1194:Political corruption scandals in the United States
841:United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California
718:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
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319:
317:
210:(D-CA) were censured and reprimanded; Congressman
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543:
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537:
518:
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150:. Following the replacement of William Porter by
646:Time Magazine : Koreagate on Capitol Hill?
592:Boettcher, Robert B.; Gordon Freedman (1980).
668:
629:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8:
501:Lee Dynamics of Structural Adjustment p. 99.
470:Unethical description of behavior Time p. 3.
400:C. Lee political notions of scandal, p. 96.
370:Chae. J. Lee dynamics of adjustment, p. 95.
675:
661:
653:
648:". New York: Time in Partnership with CNN.
409:C. Lee financial notions of scandal p. 96.
141:tried to persuade South Korean President
112:, and former South Korean Prime Minister
80:parties would share the commissions from
602:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1199:Political scandals in the United States
418:C. Lee Social Notions of Scandal p. 96.
297:
282:Unification Church of the United States
96:models that had succeeded in the past.
57:Unification Church of the United States
193:Despite persistent disagreement about
45:United States House of Representatives
1052:Congressional insider trading scandal
452:Lee Porter's concern on ethics p. 98.
7:
379:Lee koreagate investigations, p. 95.
1184:South Korea–United States relations
644:Staff Writer (November 29, 1976). "
510:Lee Koreagate Investigations p. 99.
1209:Korean Central Intelligence Agency
951:Unincorporated territory officials
558:Dobbs Congressional Bad Boys p. 1.
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1204:Political scandals in South Korea
974:Alaska political corruption probe
135:United States Department of State
67:of California and Representative
33:Korea Central Intelligence Agency
728:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
260:
246:
232:
531:Lee Diplomatic Sparring p. 100.
492:Lee Consequences on hold p. 99.
16:1976 American political scandal
522:Lee Diplomatic Sparring p. 99.
1:
723:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
307:Boettcher, Robert B. (1980).
1009:Operation Mississippi Hustle
443:reactions to actions p. 97.
1225:
1174:1976 crimes in South Korea
892:Ciminelli v. United States
876:McDonnell v. United States
823:McCormick v. United States
797:United States v. Helstoski
1159:1976 in American politics
1057:Congressional Post Office
1034:Operation Tennessee Waltz
916:Kousisis v. United States
860:Skilling v. United States
791:United States v. Brewster
785:United States v. Nardello
749:United States v. Germaine
428:Koreagate on Capitol Hill
389:Koreagate on Capitol Hill
1133:Public Integrity Section
900:Percoco v. United States
847:Fischer v. United States
835:Salinas v. United States
816:McNally v. United States
803:United States v. Gillock
778:United States v. Johnson
764:Glasser v. United States
549:Dobbs on Koreagate p. 1.
278:(The "Fraser Committee")
1189:Korean-American history
1138:Speech or Debate Clause
1029:Operation Silver Shovel
908:Snyder v. United States
868:Ocasio v. United States
809:Dixson v. United States
756:Burton v. United States
623:Lee, Chae-Jin. (2006).
323:Irving Louis Horowitz,
108:, former KCIA Director
1179:Congressional scandals
1014:Operation Plunder Dome
884:Kelly v. United States
853:Sabri v. United States
829:Evans v. United States
989:Operation Board Games
771:United States v. Hood
702:honest services fraud
181:and Ford's pardon of
1117:William J. Jefferson
254:United States portal
164:Diplomatic relations
102:Unification movement
1164:1976 in South Korea
1077:James A. Kelly, Jr.
1024:Operation Rocky Top
698:Mail and wire fraud
570:Koreagate (1976-77)
177:'s exploitation of
1067:Jack Abramoff CNMI
1019:Operation Pretense
999:Operation Greylord
330:2008-12-11 at the
240:South Korea portal
27:in 1976 involving
23:" was an American
1146:
1145:
1092:Oregon land fraud
1004:Operation G-Sting
994:Operation Boptrot
984:Operation Bid Rig
936:Federal officials
334:, 1980, MIT Press
204:Charles H. Wilson
25:political scandal
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1102:Salvatore DiMasi
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200:Edward Roybal
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157:William Saxbe
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114:Chung Il-kwon
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86:Chung Il Kwon
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82:American rice
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586:Bibliography
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129:Consequences
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110:Kim Hyong-uk
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69:Otto Passman
62:
53:Kim Hyong-uk
42:
37:Tongsun Park
29:South Korean
20:
18:
1107:Teapot Dome
928:Convictions
391:Time, p. 2.
345:"Koreagate"
206:(D-CA) and
195:extradition
171:Gerald Ford
47:formed the
1153:Categories
1062:Cunningham
742:Precedents
713:Travel Act
576:2022-12-13
430:Time p. 3.
293:References
120:Objectives
1082:Koreagate
708:Hobbs Act
218:Reporting
189:Aftermath
179:Watergate
90:Taiwanese
21:Koreagate
1044:Scandals
691:Statutes
328:Archived
226:See also
202:(D-CA),
104:founder
1112:Wedtech
979:BRISPEC
148:Vietnam
94:Israeli
1126:Topics
969:Abscam
919:(2025)
911:(2024)
903:(2023)
895:(2023)
887:(2020)
879:(2016)
871:(2016)
863:(2010)
855:(2004)
849:(2000)
843:(1999)
837:(1997)
831:(1992)
825:(1991)
819:(1987)
811:(1984)
805:(1980)
799:(1979)
793:(1972)
787:(1969)
781:(1966)
773:(1952)
767:(1942)
751:(1879)
633:
606:
483:p. 99.
631:ISBN
604:ISBN
479:Lee
439:Lee
133:The
92:and
43:The
1087:MBM
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316:^
300:^
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700:(
676:e
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19:"
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