562:
637:, where he continued to fight racism. He still knew there were inequalities among the Japanese, since he experienced them in his everyday life. He found work repairing water tanks in Salt Lake City, but after three months on the job, he discovered he was being paid half of what his white coworkers were being paid. He told his boss that this was unfair and asked to be paid the same amount, but his boss only threatened to call the police and try to get him arrested just for being Japanese, so he left his job. After this incident, Korematsu lost hope, remaining quiet for over thirty years. His own daughter did not find out about what her father did until she was in high school.
848:
721:
987:
904:
626:
927:, on March 30, 2005. One of the last things Korematsu said was, "I'll never forget my government treating me like this. And I really hope that this will never happen to anybody else because of the way they look, if they look like the enemy of our country." He also urged others to "protest, but not with violence, and don’t be afraid to speak up. One person can make a difference, even if it takes forty years." Korematsu was buried at the
580:. Korematsu was thus disdained for his opposition to a government order, and was even seen as a threat in the eyes of many Japanese Americans. When Korematsu's family was moved to the Topaz internment camp, he later recalled feeling isolated because his imprisoned compatriots recognized him and many, if not most, of them felt that if they talked to him they would also be seen as troublemakers.
482:
895:'s bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee. Discussing racial profiling in 2004, he warned, "No one should ever be locked away simply because they share the same race, ethnicity, or religion as a spy or terrorist. If that principle was not learned from the internment of Japanese Americans, then these are very dangerous times for our democracy."
478:, prohibited Japanese Americans from leaving the limits of Military Area No. 1, in preparation for their eventual evacuation to internment camps. Korematsu underwent plastic surgery on his eyelids in an unsuccessful attempt to pass as a Caucasian, changed his name to Clyde Sarah and claimed to be of Spanish and Hawaiian heritage.
2765:
522:. But the national ACLU in fact argued for Besig, its own district director, not to fight Korematsu's case, since many high-ranking members of the ACLU were close to President Roosevelt and the ACLU did not want to be viewed negatively during a time of war. Besig decided to take Korematsu's case despite this.
1199:
The U.S. Supreme Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders, adding, "The provisions of other orders requiring persons of
Japanese ancestry to report to assembly centers and providing for the detention of such persons in assembly and relocation centers were separate, and their
798:
Korematsu spoke out after
September 11, 2001, on how the United States government should not let the same thing happen to people of Middle Eastern descent as what happened to Japanese Americans. When prisoners were detained at Guantanamo Bay for too long a period, in Korematsu's opinion, he filed two
662:
appointed a special commission to investigate the internment of
Japanese Americans during World War II, which concluded that the decisions to remove those of Japanese ancestry to prison camps occurred because of "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership". In 1988, President
740:
formally vacated the conviction. Korematsu testified before Judge Patel, "I would like to see the government admit that they were wrong and do something about it so this will never happen again to any
American citizen of any race, creed, or color." He also said, "If anyone should do any pardoning, I
437:
in high school when a U.S. Army recruiting officer was handing out recruiting flyers to
Korematsu's non-Japanese friends. The officer told Korematsu, "We have orders not to accept you." Even his girlfriend Ida Boitano's Italian parents felt that people of Japanese descent were inferior and unfit to
1044:
campus, sponsored by the
Korematsu Institute, a non-profit program co-founded by Korematsu's daughter Karen Korematsu to advance racial equity, social justice, and human rights as well as the Asian Law Caucus, a San Francisco-based civil rights organization. The event included presentations by the
956:
delivered the keynote speech at the
Department of Justice's Great Hall marking Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month. Developing comments he had posted officially on May 20, Katyal issued the Justice Department's first public confession of its 1942 ethics lapse. He cited the Korematsu
706:
and military intelligence which concluded that
Japanese-American citizens posed no security risk. These documents revealed that the military had lied to the Supreme Court and that government lawyers had willingly made false arguments. Irons concluded that the Supreme Court's decision was invalid
649:
until 1949. He married
Kathryn Pearson in Detroit on October 12, 1946. They returned to Oakland to visit his family in 1949 because his mother was ill. They did not intend to stay, but decided to after Kathryn became pregnant with their first child, Karen. His daughter was born in 1950, and a son,
835:
brief. In the brief, Korematsu warned the
Supreme Court that the restriction of civil liberties can never be justified, and had never been justified in the history of the United States. Furthermore, Korematsu provided examples of specific cases in American history in which the government exceeded
525:
Korematsu felt that "people should have a fair trial and a chance to defend their loyalty at court in a democratic way, because in this situation, people were placed in imprisonment without any fair trial". On June 12, 1942, Korematsu had his trial date and was given $ 5,000 bail (equivalent to $
462:
in order to contribute his services to the defense effort. First, he worked as a welder at a shipyard. He went in one day to find his timecard missing; his coworkers hastily explained to him that he was Japanese so therefore he was not allowed to work there. He then found a new job, but was fired
616:
conceded that Endo was a "loyal and law-abiding citizen" and that no authority existed for detaining loyal citizens longer than necessary to separate the loyal from the disloyal. Endo's case did not address the question of whether the initial removal itself was constitutional, as did Korematsu's
887:
of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. The amici curiae's statement of interest emphasized the similarity of the unlawful detainment of Fred Korematsu during World War II and that of Jose Padilla following the events of 9/11, and warned the American government of repeating mistakes of the past. He
961:
as blots on the reputation of the Office of the Solicitor General, which aspires to deserve "special credence" when pleading cases before the Supreme Court, and thus "an important reminder" of the need for absolute candor in arguing the United States government's position on every case.
657:
signed a proclamation formally terminating Executive Order 9066 and apologizing for the internment, stated: "We now know what we should have known then—not only was that evacuation wrong but Japanese-Americans were and are loyal Americans. On the battlefield and at home the names of
365:
writing: "The forcible relocation of U.S. citizens to concentration camps, solely and explicitly on the basis of race, is objectively unlawful and outside the scope of Presidential authority." Legal scholars differ as to whether this statement actually overturned
864:
brief, written in April 2004 with the Bar Association of San Francisco, the Asian Law Caucus, the Asian American Bar Association of the Greater Bay Area, Asian Pacific Islander Legal Outreach and the Japanese American Citizens League, Korematsu responded to
741:
should be the one pardoning the government for what they did to the Japanese-American people." Irons described Korematsu's ending statement during the case as the most powerful statement he'd ever heard from anyone. He found the statement as empowering as
558:. As an unskilled laborer, he was eligible to receive only $ 12 per month (equivalent to $ 223.77 in 2023) for working eight-hour days at the camp. He was placed in a horse stall with a single light bulb, and later said "jail was better than this".
1080:
On December 19, 2017, the New York City Council unanimously passed a resolution establishing January 30 annually as Fred T. Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution. The resolution's main sponsor was Council Member Daniel Dromm of
2389:
420:
Kakusaburo Korematsu and Kotsui Aoki, who immigrated to the United States in 1905. Korematsu resided continuously in Oakland from his birth until the time of his arrest. He attended public schools, participated in the
737:
535:
760:, the highest civilian honor in the United States, to Korematsu in 1998, saying, "In the long history of our country's constant search for justice, some names of ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls:
658:
Japanese-Americans have been and continue to be written in history for the sacrifices and the contributions they have made to the well-being and to the security of this, our common Nation." In 1980, President
888:
believed that "full vindication for the Japanese-Americans will arrive only when we learn that, even in times of crisis, we must guard against prejudice and keep uppermost our commitment to law and justice."
2820:
497:
When on May 3, 1942, General DeWitt ordered Japanese Americans to report on May 9 to Assembly Centers as a prelude to being removed to the internment camps, Korematsu refused and went into hiding in the
561:
2795:
518:
in northern California, asked him whether he would be willing to use his case to test the legality of the Japanese American internment. Korematsu agreed, and was assigned civil rights attorney
2121:
939:
401:
2540:"S.Res.126 – A resolution honoring Fred T. Korematsu for his loyalty and patriotism to the United States and expressing condolences to his family, friends, and supporters on his death"
463:
after a week when his supervisor returned from an extended vacation to find him working there. Because of his Japanese descent, Korematsu lost all employment completely following the
2386:
1063:
Since 2010, Hawaii, Utah, Georgia, Illinois, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Michigan and Florida have all commemorated "Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution".
1797:
2830:
584:
1304:
2805:
2008:
1949:
1117:
942:
carries Korematsu's name to continue his work with teachers and community leaders across the country to promote Korematsu's fight for justice and civil liberties.
2365:
946:
2690:"A Conversation on the Constitution with Justices Stephen G. Breyer, Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony M. Kennedy: The Importance of the Japanese Internment Cases"
2063:
2815:
928:
908:
110:
2810:
1384:
1012:
Middle School was renamed The Fred T Korematsu Middle School in El Cerrito, California, at the new campus location formerly Castro Elementary School site.
844:, who imprisoned detainees in Guantanamo Bay by restricting their civil liberties albeit in a time of, according to the respondent, "military necessity".
2387:"The Commonwealth of Virginia Establishes January 30 as 'Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution'", Alexandria News, February 25, 2015
633:
After being released from the camp in Utah, Korematsu had to move east since the law would not allow former internees to move back westward. He moved to
447:
1851:
1742:
641:
said that Korematsu "felt responsible for the internment in a sort of backhanded way, because his case had been lost in the Supreme Court." He moved to
1107:
1067:
949:"advance justice and equality through research, advocacy, and education" and houses The Defender Initiative and the Homeless Rights Advocacy Project.
2825:
404:
was founded in 2009 to carry on Korematsu's legacy as a civil rights advocate by educating and advocating for civil liberties for all communities.
2481:
1102:
351:, after the disclosure of new evidence challenging its necessity, which had been withheld from the courts by the U.S. government during the war.
538:
on September 8, 1942, for a violation of Public Law No. 503, which criminalized the violations of military orders issued under the authority of
2840:
695:
526:
93,238.29 in 2023). After Korematsu's arraignment on June 18, 1942, Besig posted bail and he and Korematsu attempted to leave. When met by
2673:
1429:
971:, the Supreme Court expressly declared that Korematsu's case was wrongly decided and "morally repugnant", but did not formally overrule it.
587:, which granted review on March 27, 1943, but upheld the original verdict on January 7, 1944. He appealed again and brought his case to the
2800:
2272:
1036:, a first for an Asian American in the United States. It was observed for the first time on January 30, 2011. The main celebration of the
1032:
On September 23, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California signed into law a bill that designates January 30 of each year as the
595:, the Court held that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect, was justified during circumstances of "emergency and peril".
1516:
2507:
2430:
2229:
683:
609:
55:
1041:
588:
338:
2210:
1683:
577:
2192:
295:
179:
1294:
2689:
2603:
703:
573:
323:
707:
since it was based on unsubstantiated assertions, distortions and misrepresentations. Along with a team of lawyers headed by
515:
1925:"President Gerald R. Ford's Remarks Upon Signing a Proclamation Concerning Japanese-American Internment During World War II"
1326:
1066:
Korematsu was the first Asian American featured in "The Struggle for Justice", a permanent exhibition at the Smithsonian's
2835:
2657:
2297:
1212:
916:
840:
of 1798 and the Japanese internment of World War II. Korematsu thus reacted critically to the administration of President
757:
249:
2755:
1458:
458:, but it is believed that he was actually rejected on the basis of his Japanese descent. Instead, he trained to become a
1112:
847:
749:" speech. Judge Patel's ruling cleared Korematsu's name, but was incapable of overturning the Supreme Court's decision.
348:
116:
2581:
2373:
2175:
1262:
2256:
1887:
668:
576:
cooperated with the government internment order, hoping to prove their loyalty as Americans, including members of the
555:
551:
434:
1477:
U.S. Census, January 1, 1920, State of California, County of Alameda, enumeration district 145, p. 12-A, lines 29–33.
1073:
On January 30, 2017, to commemorate what would have been his 98th birthday, Korematsu was honored with a front-page
1186:
1022:
788:
772: ... to that distinguished list, today we add the name of Fred Korematsu." That year, Korematsu served as the
343:
203:
31:
2107:
780:
779:
A member and Elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Oakland, Korematsu was twice President of the San Leandro
531:
507:
1006:
The Discovery Academy elementary school in Oakland, California, was renamed Fred T. Korematsu Discovery Academy.
1374:
1026:
924:
792:
765:
613:
547:
486:
397:
passed legislation to make it the second state to permanently recognize each January 30 as Fred Korematsu Day.
98:
2045:
1821:
1750:
1608:
1859:
2559:
1882:
1463:
1000:
991:
837:
720:
503:
475:
430:
161:
1625:
1127:
824:
742:
464:
422:
378:
307:
303:
192:
173:
1060:
established January 30 as "Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution" beginning in 2016.
1801:
880:
784:
490:
311:
1987:
986:
2790:
2785:
2693:
2539:
2173:"Confession of Error: The Solicitor General's Mistakes During the Japanese-American Internment Cases"
1009:
892:
634:
539:
315:
1370:
347:(1944). However, Korematsu's conviction for evading internment was overturned four decades later in
2719:
2681:
2608:
1089:
1085:
912:
867:
499:
413:
167:
79:
511:
2564:
1594:
1439:
1155:
1033:
958:
733:
679:. It provided financial redress of $ 20,000 for each surviving detainee, totaling $ 1.2 billion.
451:
417:
382:
319:
1924:
2456:
572:
Some hailed, but others criticized, Korematsu's actions. Many Japanese residents living on the
2724:
2586:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1524:
1379:
1353:
1299:
979:
806:
with the Supreme Court and warned them not to repeat the mistakes of the Japanese internment.
646:
642:
591:, which granted review on March 27, 1944. On December 18, 1944, in a 6–3 decision authored by
155:
2720:"One person can make a difference. Even if it takes 40 years." Fred Korematsu Day, 1/30/2014
1547:"Evacuation to be Carried Out Gradually 93,000 Nipponese in California Are Affected by Order"
813:
briefs in October 2003 for two cases appealed before the Supreme Court of the United States,
2769:
519:
2171:
from "The Justice Blog" on the U.S. Department of Justice website (retrieved May 24, 2011)
903:
625:
2393:
2260:
2179:
1649:
1434:
967:
676:
527:
390:
385:" was observed for the first time on his 92nd birthday, January 30, 2011, by the state of
357:
2629:
Alonso, Karen (1998). "Korematsu vs. United States: Japanese-American Internment Camps".
485:
Former horse stalls converted for temporary occupation by Japanese American internees at
2322:
2643:
1804:
841:
746:
638:
471:
2405:
2273:"Fred T. Korematsu Day to be celebrated Saturday at El Cerrito school named after him"
2230:"San Leandro School to Be Named for Civil Rights Icon Fred Korematsu » Nichi Bei"
2779:
1074:
1046:
876:
815:
800:
773:
672:
664:
600:
426:
2697:
2613:
1950:"San Francisco attorney Dale Minami to receive 2019 American Bar Association Medal"
1271:
1122:
884:
761:
753:
691:
659:
605:
455:
362:
299:
291:
530:, Besig told Korematsu to go with them. The military police took Korematsu to the
481:
2652:
2081:
953:
828:
725:
713:
708:
687:
654:
1029:
Liberty Bell Award and the American Muslim Voices Korematsu Civil Rights Award.
425:(Oakland, California) tennis and swim teams, and worked in his family's flower
2347:
1716:
1147:
1037:
853:
769:
592:
386:
327:
2352:
Educating to advance racial equity, social justice, and human rights for all.
2172:
2147:
1227:
1214:
1018:
There is a Korematsu bronze relief in front of the San Jose Federal Building.
682:
In the early 1980s, while researching a book on internment cases, lawyer and
131:
118:
543:
54:
2729:
2253:
2064:"Aftermath: The Rule of Fear; Another Lesson From World War II Internments"
2034:
Parks, Judi. "Cherry Blossom Festival marks 31st year in S.F". Asian Week.
1546:
2431:"Korematsu Photos to be shown at Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery"
1057:
875:
brief: Geoffrey R. Stone and Dale Minami of Minami, Lew, and Tamaki LLP;
394:
331:
17:
2738:
1670:
Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present
1159:
702:
before the Supreme Court, had deliberately suppressed reports from the
2733:(1943 FILM- viewable for free at not-for profit- The Internet Archive)
2193:"U.S. official cites misconduct in Japanese American internment cases"
1295:"U.S. official cites misconduct in Japanese American internment cases"
1015:
In 1988, a street in San Jose, California was renamed Korematsu Court.
1163:
1151:
923:
Fred Korematsu died of respiratory failure at his daughter's home in
717:
with the federal courts, seeking to overturn Korematsu's conviction.
459:
371:
1401:
1822:"Fred Korematsu – he defied wartime order to internment camp"
985:
902:
846:
719:
624:
560:
480:
2680:. Constitutional Rights Foundation. March 4, 2002. Archived from
566:
330:
camps, but Korematsu instead challenged the orders and became a
261:
2521:
2508:"Racial Justice: A Foundation for FDR's Four Freedoms in 2021"
1498:
1496:
2653:"Racism in the US: lessons to learn from Japanese internment"
2082:"Racism in the US: lessons to learn from Japanese internment"
2725:
Topaz Japanese-American Relocation Center Digital Collection
1003:
is named the Fred T. Korematsu Campus in honor of Korematsu.
645:, where his younger brother lived, and where he worked as a
30:"Korematsu" redirects here. For the Supreme Court case, see
2640:
Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II
1700:
Prisoners Without Trial Japanese Americans in World War II
1158:
coasts, as well as the southern sections of California and
2582:"Fred Korematsu, 86, fought World War II internment, dies"
1034:
Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution
776:
of San Francisco's annual Cherry Blossom Festival parade.
383:
Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution
1901:
Lorraine Bannai interview of Kathryn Korematsu, May 2008.
1084:
On October 27, 2021, Korematsu posthumously received the
945:
The Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality at the
2821:
Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
1730:
Of Civil Wrongs & Rights: The Fred Korematsu Story
823:. Attorneys Arturo J. Gonzalez and Sylvia M. Sokol of
550:, and thereafter he and his family were placed in the
546:. He was taken from the courtroom and returned to the
2753:
978:
Fred T. Korematsu Elementary School at Mace Ranch in
326:
from their homes and their mandatory imprisonment in
2674:"Wartime and the Bill of Rights: The Korematsu Case"
1553:. The Virtual Museum of San Francisco. March 3, 1942
1375:"The Travel Ban Decision and the Ghost of Korematsu"
1051:
Of Civil Wrongs and Rights: The Fred Korematsu Story
974:
Other dedications and honors include the following:
337:
The legality of Roosevelt's order was upheld by the
2796:
American civil rights activists of Japanese descent
2211:"Fred T. Korematsu Elementary School at Mace Ranch"
891:From 2001 until his death, Korematsu served on the
256:
245:
237:
210:
198:
188:
147:
106:
87:
61:
43:
27:
Japanese-American civil rights activist (1919–2005)
2522:"2021 Four Freedom Awards: Freedom Medal Ceremony"
2298:"LegisWeb™ – 2009–10 Session – Assembly Bill 1775"
1667:
1459:"Fred Korematsu Day a first for an Asian American"
2003:
2001:
1914:. Provo, UT: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.
1674:. Verlag für die Deutsche Wirtschaft AG. p.
416:, on January 30, 1919, the third of four sons to
178:Fred. T Korematsu Center for Law and Equality of
1118:List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1040:state was held at the Wheeler Auditorium on the
1977:. Ed. Alex Haley. Austin: Raintree, 1992, p. 95
1430:"California Marks the First Fred Korematsu Day"
1128:Movements for civil rights in the United States
1049:and a screening of the Emmy Award-winning film
952:On May 24, 2011, U.S. Acting Solicitor General
821:Khaled A.F. Al Odah v. United States of America
283:
1146:Military Area No. 1 was defined as the entire
947:University of California, Irvine School of law
724:Korematsu at a press conference regarding the
318:, which authorized the removal of individuals
277:
1975:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1839:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1786:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1773:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1713:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1652:, "Legal Legend Urges Victims To Speak Out",
1504:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1488:When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
1327:"Trump v. Hawaii Is Korematsu All Over Again"
1200:validity is not in issue in this proceeding."
791:Bar Association presented Korematsu with the
8:
2110:. The Constitution Project. August 17, 2012.
2831:Overturned convictions in the United States
1852:"Looking Back at Japanese Internment Camps"
831:of Keker & Van Nest LLP, worked on the
787:, San Francisco Bay Council. In 1988, the
671:which had been sponsored by Representative
448:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
361:, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), with Chief Justice
355:was discussed seventy-four years later in
53:
40:
2560:"Fred Korematsu: Why ignore a true hero?"
1609:"Overturning a wartime act decades later"
1396:
1394:
1108:Japanese American redress and court cases
450:, Korematsu was formally rejected by the
2806:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1841:. Ed. Alex Haley. Raintree, 1992, p. 80.
1788:. Ed. Alex Haley. Raintree, 1992, p. 38.
1775:. Ed. Alex Haley. Raintree, 1992, p. 70.
1728:Fournier, Eric Paul (Director). (2000).
1571:Public Proclamation No. 4 (7 F.R. 2601).
1506:. Ed. Alex Haley. Raintree, 1992, p. 10.
1490:. Ed. Alex Haley. Raintree, 1992, p. 20.
871:. The following attorneys worked on the
836:constitutional authority, including the
502:. He was arrested on a street corner in
446:When called for military duty under the
227:
2760:
2364:La Ganga, Maria L. (January 31, 2011).
2062:Garrow, David J. (September 23, 2001).
1988:"Bad landmark; righting a racial wrong"
1743:"Fred T. Korematsu – Internment Record"
1583:, 1944 WL 42849, Appellate Brief, p. 4.
1253:
1139:
1103:Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)
883:of the Brennan Center for Justice; and
608:her liberty from the camps because the
534:. Korematsu was tried and convicted in
506:on May 30, 1942, and held at a jail in
166:Fred T. Korematsu Discovery Academy in
154:Fred T. Korematsu Elementary School in
1387:from the original on October 31, 2023.
728:petitioned for with the federal courts
711:, Irons petitioned for writs of error
696:Solicitor General of the United States
412:Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu was born in
389:, the first such commemoration for an
7:
2651:Sitomer, Curtis (November 3, 1983).
2506:Badjie, Mariama (November 3, 2021).
2228:Web, Nichi Bei (December 24, 2009).
2108:"The Liberty and Security Committee"
1453:
1451:
1449:
1424:
1422:
1349:
1347:
783:, and for 15 years a volunteer with
738:U.S. District Court in San Francisco
510:. Shortly after Korematsu's arrest,
288:, January 30, 1919 – March 30, 2005)
2816:People from San Leandro, California
2254:Fred T. Korematsu Discovery Academy
1702:. New York: Hill & Wang, p. 65.
684:University of California, San Diego
172:Fred T. Korematsu Middle School in
2811:Activists from Oakland, California
2739:"Densho interview: Fred Korematsu"
2604:"Hirabayashi Speaks on Internment"
2602:Kyle D. Hawkins (March 24, 1999).
2482:"NYC Council Resolution 0792-2015"
2366:"A civil rights hero gets his day"
2146:Seattle University School of Law.
1858:. December 5, 2007. Archived from
1630:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1438:. January 29, 2011. Archived from
1042:University of California, Berkeley
957:case and the similar precedent of
565:Tanforan Assembly Center, line to
552:Central Utah War Relocation Center
339:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2580:Claudia Luther (March 31, 2005).
2191:Savage, David G. (May 24, 2011).
1912:California Birth Index, 1905–1995
1811:decision courtesy of Findlaw.com)
1626:"Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34"
1307:from the original on June 9, 2011
1293:Savage, David G. (May 24, 2011).
621:Later adult life and compensation
578:Japanese American Citizens League
2763:
2457:"Fred Korematsu's 98th Birthday"
1261:Ford, Matt (November 19, 2015).
851:Korematsu during interview with
598:However, the Court also decided
542:, and was placed on five years'
377:To commemorate his journey as a
296:internment of Japanese Americans
180:Seattle University School of Law
2826:Deaths from respiratory failure
1881:Bai, Matt (December 25, 2005).
1175:Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34
1021:Awards in his name include the
940:The Fred T. Korematsu Institute
868:Donald Rumsfeld v. Jose Padilla
704:Federal Bureau of Investigation
583:Korematsu then appealed to the
393:in the United States. In 2015,
223:
919:is displayed on his tombstone.
907:Fred Korematsu's grave at the
816:Shafiq Rasul v. George W. Bush
516:American Civil Liberties Union
370:or was merely a "disapproving
1:
2841:Castlemont High School alumni
2696:at Sunnylands. Archived from
2658:The Christian Science Monitor
917:Presidential Medal of Freedom
915:; an enlarged replica of the
827:LLP, and Jon B. Streeter and
758:Presidential Medal of Freedom
250:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1719:. Raintree, 1992, pp. 67–68.
1113:List of civil rights leaders
809:He wrote the first of these
732:On November 10, 1983, Judge
160:Fred T. Korematsu Campus of
2801:Japanese-American internees
1888:The New York Times Magazine
1656:, November 24, 1984, p. 25.
1615:, December 12, 2004, p. D3.
1521:Fred T. Korematsu Institute
1406:Fred T. Korematsu Institute
1360:(June 26, 2018) (PDF) p. 38
669:Civil Liberties Act of 1988
589:United States Supreme Court
470:On March 27, 1942, General
402:Fred T. Korematsu Institute
284:
2857:
2694:Annenberg Foundation Trust
2046:KOREMATSU, Fred Toyosaburo
2009:"Peter Irons Interview II"
1883:"He Said No to Internment"
1187:Korematsu v. United States
700:Korematsu v. United States
690:came across evidence that
604:in December 1944 to grant
344:Korematsu v. United States
294:activist who resisted the
204:Korematsu v. United States
33:Korematsu v. United States
29:
2052:, April 10, 2005, p. Z99.
1807: (Full transcript of
1592:"3 Japanese Defy Curbs",
1209:The street is located at
1068:National Portrait Gallery
982:, is named for Korematsu.
860:Similarly, in his second
629:Fred Korematsu and family
278:
273:Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu
66:Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu
52:
2678:Bill of Rights in Action
2259:January 5, 2016, at the
1228:37.220935°N 121.880976°W
1058:Commonwealth of Virginia
999:The auxiliary campus at
994:Fred T. Korematsu Campus
925:Marin County, California
793:American Bar Association
614:War Relocation Authority
548:Tanforan Assembly Center
487:Tanforan Assembly Center
99:Marin County, California
2638:Daniels, Roger (2004).
2410:The Korematsu Institute
2392:April 23, 2015, at the
2050:San Francisco Chronicle
1828:, April 1, 2005, p. B7.
1826:San Francisco Chronicle
1698:Daniels, Roger (2004).
1613:San Francisco Chronicle
1464:San Francisco Chronicle
1001:San Leandro High School
992:San Leandro High School
838:Alien and Sedition Acts
825:Morrison & Foerster
438:mix with white people.
431:San Leandro, California
162:San Leandro High School
2178:July 20, 2011, at the
1598:, June 13, 1942, p. 8.
1551:The San Francisco News
1233:37.220935; -121.880976
995:
929:Mountain View Cemetery
920:
909:Mountain View Cemetery
857:
743:Martin Luther King Jr.
729:
630:
569:
514:, the director of the
494:
465:attack on Pearl Harbor
423:Castlemont High School
308:attack on Pearl Harbor
304:Imperial Japanese Navy
193:Castlemont High School
132:37.83500°N 122.23667°W
111:Mountain View Cemetery
2376:on February 17, 2011.
2277:The Richmond Standard
1666:Niiya, Brian (1993).
1190:for more information.
989:
906:
881:Stephen J. Schulhofer
850:
785:Boy Scouts of America
723:
628:
610:Department of Justice
585:U.S. Court of Appeals
564:
491:San Bruno, California
484:
379:civil rights activist
312:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2836:Transitional justice
2684:on January 10, 2011.
2631:Enslow, Incorporated
2406:"Fred Korematsu Day"
1994:. November 21, 1983.
1527:on December 15, 2019
1442:on February 2, 2011.
1162:along the border of
893:Constitution Project
795:Liberty Bell Award.
635:Salt Lake City, Utah
540:Executive Order 9066
476:Western Defense Area
320:of Japanese ancestry
316:Executive Order 9066
302:. Shortly after the
285:Korematsu Toyosaburo
137:37.83500; -122.23667
2741:. November 15, 1983
2731:Japanese Relocation
2609:The Harvard Crimson
2524:. October 27, 2021.
1954:www.americanbar.org
1929:Ford Library Museum
1467:. January 29, 2011.
1331:www.tuckerellis.com
1224: /
1090:Roosevelt Institute
913:Oakland, California
653:In 1976, President
474:, commander of the
414:Oakland, California
128: /
80:Oakland, California
2437:. January 31, 2012
2152:Seattle University
2148:"Korematsu Center"
2126:Archive.densho.org
2088:. November 3, 1983
2068:The New York Times
2015:. October 27, 2000
2013:Archive.densho.org
1862:on January 5, 2016
1654:The New York Times
1595:The New York Times
1025:Bar Association's
996:
959:Gordon Hirabayashi
921:
858:
734:Marilyn Hall Patel
730:
631:
593:Justice Hugo Black
570:
495:
262:korematsuinstitute
2616:on April 12, 2009
2587:The Seattle Times
2370:Los Angeles Times
2215:Los Angeles Times
2197:Los Angeles Times
1581:Korematsu v. U.S.
1373:(June 28, 2018).
1300:Los Angeles Times
980:Davis, California
643:Detroit, Michigan
433:. He encountered
349:US District Court
300:World War II
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
2848:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:on March 5, 2016
2685:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2647:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2612:. Archived from
2598:
2596:
2594:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:. April 27, 2005
2526:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2372:. Archived from
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2327:Amuslimvoice.org
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1973:Chin, Steven A.
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1837:Chin, Steven A.
1835:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1795:
1789:
1784:Chin, Steven A.
1782:
1776:
1771:Chin, Steven A.
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1753:on June 22, 2017
1749:. Archived from
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1711:Chin, Steven A.
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1616:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1502:Chin, Steven A.
1500:
1491:
1486:Chin, Steven A.
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1258:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1144:
990:Exterior of the
877:Eric K. Yamamoto
520:Wayne M. Collins
418:Japanese parents
290:was an American
289:
287:
281:
280:
266:
263:
231:
229:
225:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
94:
76:January 30, 1919
75:
73:
57:
41:
21:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2716:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2644:Hill & Wang
2637:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2533:Further reading
2530:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2435:The Rafu Shimpo
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2394:Wayback Machine
2385:
2381:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2180:Wayback Machine
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:David Margolick
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1371:Jurecic, Quinta
1369:
1368:
1364:
1356:Trump v. Hawaii
1352:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1263:"The Return of
1260:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1099:
968:Trump v. Hawaii
937:
901:
885:Evan R. Chesler
677:Alan K. Simpson
623:
528:military police
444:
410:
381:posthumously, "
358:Trump v. Hawaii
275:
260:
233:
221:
217:
216:Kathryn Pearson
189:Alma mater
184:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
113:
102:
96:
92:
83:
77:
71:
69:
68:
67:
48:
46:
45:Fred Korematsu
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2751:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2714:External links
2712:
2711:
2710:
2686:
2670:
2648:
2635:
2626:
2599:
2577:
2556:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2498:
2473:
2448:
2422:
2397:
2379:
2356:
2339:
2314:
2289:
2264:
2246:
2220:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2138:
2113:
2099:
2073:
2054:
2048:" (obituary),
2037:
2026:
1997:
1979:
1966:
1941:
1916:
1910:Ancestry.com.
1903:
1894:
1873:
1843:
1830:
1813:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1734:
1721:
1704:
1691:
1684:
1658:
1642:
1617:
1600:
1585:
1573:
1564:
1538:
1508:
1492:
1479:
1470:
1445:
1418:
1390:
1362:
1343:
1318:
1285:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1202:
1192:
1177:
1168:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1030:
1023:Alameda County
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
984:
983:
936:
933:
900:
897:
842:George W. Bush
789:Alameda County
747:I Have a Dream
650:Ken, in 1954.
622:
619:
472:John L. DeWitt
456:stomach ulcers
443:
440:
409:
406:
391:Asian American
322:living on the
268:
267:
258:
254:
253:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
212:
208:
207:
200:
199:Known for
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
108:
104:
103:
97:
95:(aged 86)
91:March 30, 2005
89:
85:
84:
78:
65:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2239:September 11,
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2086:CSMonitor.com
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:. p. 38.
1890:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:Annie Nakao,
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:Ex parte Endo
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1685:0-8160-2680-7
1681:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:Annie Nakao,
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1336:September 10,
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1237:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:Freedom Medal
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:Google Doodle
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:In 2015, the
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:Jesse Jackson
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
988:
981:
977:
976:
975:
972:
970:
969:
963:
960:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
934:
932:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
905:
898:
896:
894:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
863:
856:
855:
849:
845:
843:
839:
834:
833:amicus curiae
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
807:
805:
803:
802:amicus curiae
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
774:Grand Marshal
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
727:
722:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
673:Norman Mineta
670:
666:
665:Ronald Reagan
661:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
627:
620:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
601:Ex parte Endo
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:federal court
533:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:San Francisco
505:
501:
492:
488:
483:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
333:
329:
328:incarceration
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:launched its
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
274:
265:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
213:
209:
206:
205:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
181:
177:
175:
171:
169:
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
152:
150:
146:
141:
112:
109:
107:Resting place
105:
100:
90:
86:
81:
64:
60:
56:
51:
42:
39:
35:
34:
19:
2743:. Retrieved
2730:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:the original
2682:the original
2677:
2662:. Retrieved
2656:
2642:. New York:
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2607:
2591:. Retrieved
2585:
2569:. Retrieved
2563:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:Congress.gov
2543:
2516:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2382:
2374:the original
2369:
2359:
2351:
2348:"What we do"
2342:
2332:December 27,
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2323:"AMV Awards"
2317:
2307:December 27,
2305:. Retrieved
2302:Legisweb.com
2301:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:
2141:
2131:December 27,
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2102:
2092:December 27,
2090:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2067:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2029:
2019:December 27,
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1886:
1876:
1866:December 27,
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1855:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1612:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1520:
1511:
1503:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1462:
1440:the original
1433:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1378:
1365:
1355:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:The Atlantic
1270:
1264:
1256:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1142:
1123:Minoru Yasui
1050:
973:
966:
965:In 2018, in
964:
951:
944:
938:
922:
890:
872:
866:
861:
859:
852:
832:
820:
814:
810:
808:
801:
797:
778:
756:awarded the
754:Bill Clinton
751:
731:
712:
699:
692:Charles Fahy
681:
675:and Senator
660:Jimmy Carter
652:
632:
606:Mitsuye Endo
599:
597:
582:
571:
524:
512:Ernest Besig
500:Oakland area
496:
469:
445:
442:World War II
411:
399:
376:
367:
363:John Roberts
356:
352:
342:
336:
310:, President
292:civil rights
272:
271:
202:
93:(2005-03-30)
38:
32:
2791:2005 deaths
2786:1919 births
2620:November 4,
2593:November 4,
2571:January 30,
2550:January 31,
2491:January 30,
2486:NYC Council
2466:January 30,
2441:January 30,
2415:January 30,
2282:January 30,
2157:January 28,
1959:October 29,
1934:January 30,
1757:January 30,
1635:January 30,
1557:January 30,
1278:January 30,
1231: /
1219:121°52′52″W
954:Neal Katyal
829:Eumi K. Lee
726:coram nobis
714:coram nobis
709:Dale Minami
698:who argued
688:Peter Irons
667:signed the
655:Gerald Ford
639:Peter Irons
556:Topaz, Utah
504:San Leandro
135: /
123:122°14′12″W
2780:Categories
2565:Al Jazeera
1747:MooseRoots
1717:Alex Haley
1517:"Lifetime"
1311:August 10,
1248:References
1216:37°13′15″N
1156:Washington
1148:California
1038:California
854:60 Minutes
781:Lions Club
752:President
686:professor
574:West Coast
429:in nearby
387:California
324:West Coast
174:El Cerrito
120:37°50′06″N
72:1919-01-30
2770:Biography
2234:Nichi bei
2122:"Content"
1531:March 29,
1402:"Welcome"
1265:Korematsu
1088:from the
745:'s 1963 "
647:draftsman
567:mess hall
544:probation
452:U.S. Navy
374:" of it.
368:Korematsu
353:Korematsu
148:Monuments
18:Korematsu
2745:June 13,
2704:June 14,
2664:March 3,
2390:Archived
2257:Archived
2176:Archived
1411:June 15,
1385:Archived
1305:Archived
1097:See also
532:Presidio
395:Virginia
332:fugitive
238:Children
1380:Lawfare
1160:Arizona
1081:Queens.
1010:Portola
454:due to
427:nursery
314:issued
298:during
257:Website
232:
220:
168:Oakland
2756:Portal
2461:Google
1715:. Ed.
1682:
1164:Mexico
1154:, and
1152:Oregon
935:Legacy
873:amicus
862:amicus
811:amicus
804:briefs
762:Plessy
694:, the
617:case.
493:, 1942
460:welder
435:racism
372:dictum
252:(1998)
246:Awards
226:
211:Spouse
101:, U.S.
82:, U.S.
1800:
1134:Notes
1045:Rev.
899:Death
770:Parks
766:Brown
408:Youth
279:是松豊三郎
230:)
222:(
218:
156:Davis
47:是松豊三郎
2747:2021
2706:2010
2666:2011
2622:2007
2595:2007
2573:2017
2552:2017
2493:2018
2468:2017
2443:2017
2417:2017
2334:2015
2309:2015
2284:2017
2241:2018
2159:2020
2133:2015
2094:2015
2021:2015
1992:Time
1961:2022
1936:2017
1868:2015
1802:U.S.
1759:2017
1680:ISBN
1637:2017
1559:2017
1533:2019
1435:Time
1413:2016
1338:2020
1313:2019
1280:2017
1184:See
819:and
612:and
400:The
264:.org
228:1946
88:Died
62:Born
1856:NPR
1805:283
1798:323
1732:. .
1676:210
1027:ABA
911:in
736:of
554:in
341:in
2782::
2692:.
2676:.
2655:.
2606:.
2584:.
2562:.
2542:.
2484:.
2459:.
2433:.
2408:.
2368:.
2350:.
2325:.
2300:.
2275:.
2232:.
2213:.
2195:.
2150:.
2124:.
2084:.
2066:.
2011:.
2000:^
1990:.
1952:.
1927:.
1885:.
1854:.
1824:,
1745:.
1678:.
1628:.
1611:,
1549:.
1519:.
1495:^
1461:.
1448:^
1432:.
1421:^
1404:.
1393:^
1383:.
1377:.
1346:^
1329:.
1303:.
1297:.
1269:.
1150:,
931:.
879:,
768:,
764:,
489:,
467:.
334:.
282:,
224:m.
2758::
2749:.
2708:.
2668:.
2646:.
2633:.
2624:.
2597:.
2575:.
2554:.
2510:.
2495:.
2470:.
2445:.
2419:.
2336:.
2311:.
2286:.
2243:.
2217:.
2199:.
2161:.
2135:.
2096:.
2070:.
2044:"
2023:.
1963:.
1938:.
1870:.
1761:.
1688:.
1639:.
1561:.
1535:.
1415:.
1358:"
1354:"
1340:.
1315:.
1282:.
1267:"
1240:.
1166:.
1092:.
1077:.
1070:.
1053:.
276:(
241:2
74:)
70:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
